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Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 20 Terrestrial Biomes.

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Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 20 Terrestrial Biomes
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Robert W. ChristophersonCharlie Thomsen

Chapter 20Terrestrial

Biomes

Biogeographer: A geographer who studies the spatial distribution of natural vegetation and its relationship to abiotic conditions.

Structure: The growth forms of the dominant plants and their organization and arrangement in space.

Flora: List of plants found in a region

Spatial Patterns of Vegetation

Life FormsSize and stratificationCoverage: the degree to which the foliage of plants cover the ground beneath them.

BarrenVery sparseDiscontinuousContinuous

Periodicity: response of plant foliage to annual climatic cycle.DeciduousEvergreen

Leaf Shape and Size:Broad leafNeedle leaf

Leaf TextureMembranous: average thicknessFilmy: thin and delicateSclerophyllous: hard, thick and leathery

Vegetation Structure

Life FormsTrees: A perennial woody plant having a single upright main trunk. Shrubs: a woody plant having several stems branching near the groundLianas: woody vines that climb on trees.Herbs: small tender plants lacking woody stems. Broadleaved herbs are termed forbs in distinction with grass.Epiphytes: plants using other plants as supporting structures and thus live above ground level.

Vegetation Structure

Life Forms

Forbs

Grass

Trees

Epiphytes

Shrub

Lianas

Biome: a broad major grouping of natural ecosystems that include animal life as well as plants. The major biomes are recognized primarily based on vegetation.

Forest SavannaGrasslandDesertTundra

The Major Biomes

Tropical Rainforest(1) Trees are smooth barked and unbranched in the lower 2/3, and trunks commonly buttressed at the base; (2) Broadleaf evergreen trees dominate the forest;(3) Crowns form two or more layers of trees(4) large number of species of trees coexist (up to 300 species/ha).

Subtropical Evergreen Forest(1) compared to tropical rainforest, BEF has fewer species, smaller leaves and more leathery, and canopy is less dense(2) Annual range of temperature is small or moderate, and rain fall is abundant and well distributed throughout the year.(3) Includes both broad and needleleaf evergreen trees.

Midlatitude Deciduous Forest(1) Almost entirely limited to the midlatitude landmasses of the northern hemisphere.(2) dominated by tall, broadleaf trees that provide a continuous canopy in summer but shed leaves completely in winter.

Forest Biome

Needleleaf Evergreen Forest(1) straight-trunked, conical trees with relatively short branches and small narrow needlelike leaves.(2) leaves are evergreen.(3) species are few, thus one or two species can make a large tracts of forest.

Needleleaf Deciduous Forest(1) straight-trunked, conical trees with relatively short branches and small narrow needlelike leaves.(2) trees shed needles during the winter.(3) primarily distributed in central and eastern Siberia.

Sclerophyll Forest(1) low tree with short, hard, leathery leaves(2) Associated with Mediterranean Climate(3) California coastal ranges, Chaparral.

Forest Biome-2

Rainforest Canopy

Figure 20.5

Buttressed Trees

Figure 20.6

Amazonian Rain Forest

Figure 20.6

Rainforest Canopy

Figure 20.5

Mixed Broadleaf Forest

Figure 20.10

Mediterranean Chaparral

Figure 20.16

Savanna woodland(1) Consists of trees spaced rather widely apart, permitting development of dense lower layer grasses.(2) Primarily distributed in wet-dry tropical climate;(3) Crowns are flattened or umbrella-shaped(4) Fire is frequent during the dry season

Thorntree-tall grass Savanna(1) A transition to the desert biome.(2) Trees are larges thorny species, and more widely scattered than savanna woodland.

The Savanna Biome

Prairie(1) Consists of dominant herb and subdominant forbs. (2) Trees and shrubs are almost totally absent.

Steppe(1) also called short-grass prairie.(2) short-grass occurring in sparsely distributed clumps or bunches.(3) Ground coverage is low and much bare soil is exposed.

Grassland Biome

Midlatitude Grasslands

Figure 20.17 Figure 20.18

Thorntree semidesert(1) found in low latitude region associated with tropical and subtropical climates. (2) xerophytic trees and shrubs adapted to a climate with a very long, hot dry season and only a very brief but intense rainy season.(3) the thorntrees shed leaves during dry season.

Semidesert(1) xerophytic shrub vegetation with poorly developed herbaceous lower layer.(2) the middle and southern Rocky Mountain region and Colorado Plateau have seen expansion of semidesert into previously steppe grassland due to over grazing.

Dry Desert(1) Xerophytic plants widely dispersed and providing no important degree of ground cover..(2) Small hardleaved or spiny shrubs, succulent plants or hard grasses..

Desert Biome

Prairie(1) Consists of dominant herb and subdominant forbs. (2) Trees and shrubs are almost totally absent.

Steppe(1) also called short-grass prairie.(2) short-grass occurring in sparsely distributed clumps or bunches.(3) Ground coverage is low and much bare soil is exposed.

Grassland Biome

Sonoran Desert

Figure 20.19

Arctic tundra(1) Arctic tundra has long daytime in the summer, melting top layer ice. (2) Plants are low and mostly herbaceous though dwarf willow occurs.(3) Sedge, grasses, mosses, and lichens dominate the low layer.

Alpine tundra(1) resembles arctic tundra.(2) can develop in any latitude given sufficient altitude.

Tundra Biome

Tundra Sedge

Arctic Tundra

Figure 20.20

Alpine Tundra

Figure 20.21

Major Terrestrial Biomes

Figure 20.4


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