Rockwood and wilkins’ Fractures in Children - …media.axon.es/pdf/101229_1.pdf · Rockwood and...

Rockwood and wilkins’

Fractures in Children

EiGHTH EdiTion

LWBK1326-FM_i-xviii.indd Page 1 07/05/14 9:47 PM f-024 /27A/LWBK1326-Flynn/work/Chapters/FM




EiGHTH EdiTion

EDITORS

John M. (Jack) Flynn, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineAssociate Chief of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

David L. Skaggs, MDChief of Orthopaedic SurgeryChildren’s Hospital Los AngelesProfessor of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineLos Angeles, California

Peter M. Waters, MDClinical Chief of Orthopaedic SurgeryBoston Children’s HospitalProfessor of Orthopaedic SurgeryJohn E. Hall Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryHarvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts


Acquisitions Editor: Brian BrownProduct Development Editor: David MurphyProduction Project Manager: David OrzechowskiDesign Coordinator: Joan WendtManufacturing Coordinator: Beth WelchPrepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc.

8th edition

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health Two Commerce Square2001 Market StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19103 USALWW.com

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmit-ted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above- mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer Health at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services).

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in China

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

<CIP DATA TO COME>

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The author(s), editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of informa-tion relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly impor-tant when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.

LWW.com


I want to acknowledge my wife Mary and children Erin, Colleen, John, and Kelly for patience and understanding while I dedicated many hours to this project. They understand that Dad has homework too. Also, I would like to recognize the injured children, medical students, residents, and fellows who count on this textbook to be the trusted source of information for fracture care; their needs are the inspiration that drive us to create an excellent final product.

Jack Flynn

I want to most of all thank my wife Val for her never-ending support, and tolerance of when I am “too busy”. Thanks to my children Clay, Jamie, and Kira for being good friends, helping me with work-life balance, and assisting me with the many children who come to our home with injuries. And thanks to my PA Alison and nurse Elaine who take such good care of my patients.

David L. Skaggs

I wish to thank my wife Janet, expanding family of James, Rebecca, Billy, and Izzy, They, along with our unique collection of friends, supported me doing the binge work of this book early in the morning, on our vacations and reported free time together before the real fun began. And of course, my partners and patients who constantly teach me about fracture care every day.

Peter M. Waters



contributors

Joshua M. Abzug, MD Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Timonium, Maryland

Benjamin A. Alman, MD A.J. Latner Professor and Chair of Orthopaedics, Vice Chair Research, Department of Sur-gery, University of Toronto, Head, Division of Orthopaedics and Senior Scientist, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Alexandre Arkader, MD Director, Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumor Program, Children’s Orthopaedic Center, Chil-dren’s Hospital Los Angeles, Assistant Professor, Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California

Donald S. Bae, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

James H. Beaty, MD Professor, University of Tennessee, Campbell Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic, Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Faculty, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee

Laurel Blakemore, MD Associate Professor, Division Chief, Pediatric Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida

Brian Brighton, MD, MPH Attending Pediatric Orthopae-dic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center/Levine Children’s Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina

Paul D. Choi, MD Assistant Professor, Clinical Ortho-paedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California

Haemish A. Crawford, MB, ChB, FRACS Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand

John P. Dormans, MD, FACS The Richard M. Arm-strong, Jr. Endowed Chair in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Chief, Orthopedic Surgery, Professor, Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Eric W. Edmonds, MD Assistant Professor, University of California, San Diego, Co-Director, Sports Medicine Program, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California

Mark Erickson, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Rose Brown Chairman of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado

Kristin A. Fickenscher, MD Vice Chair, Radiology, Assis-tant Professor, Radiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri

John M. Flynn, MD Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Sur-gery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Associ-ate Chief, Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Steven L. Frick, MD Chair of Orthopedic Surgery, Depart ment of Orthopedics, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, Florida

Sumeet Garg, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado


viii contributors

Michael P. Glotzbecker, MD Instructor, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Chil-dren’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Matthew Halanski, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin

Daniel J. Hedequist, MD Assistant Professor, Orthopae-dic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Attending Orthopae-dic Surgeon, Division of Spinal Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

William L. Hennrikus, MD Professor, Pediatric Ortho-paedic Surgery, Sports Medicine, Penn State Hershey Bone and Joint Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania

Martin J. Herman, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medi-cine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Benton E. Heyworth, MD Attending Orthopaedic Sur-geon, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Ortho-paedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Clinical Instructor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

James R. Kasser, MD Catherine Ormandy Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Surgeon-in-Chief, Orthopaedic Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Robert M. Kay, MD Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Vice Chief, Children’s Ortho-paedic Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Harry K.W. Kim, MD, MS, FRCSC Director of Research, Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Associate Professor, Orthopaedics, UT South-western Medical Center, Dallas, Texas

Young-Jo Kim, MD Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Mininder S. Kocher, MD, MPH Associate Director, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Scott H. Kozin, MD Chief of Staff, Shriners Hospital for Children, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Temple Univer-sity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

J. Todd Lawrence, MD, PhD Attending Physician, Chil-dren’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Assistant Professor, Ortho-paedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH Attending Physician, Harvard Medical School, Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Nina Lightdale-Miric, MD Director, Pediatric Hand & Upper Extremity Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Assistant Clinical Professor, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California

Scott J. Luhmann, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Shriner’s Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri

Travis H. Matheney, MD Staff Physician, Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

James McCarthy, MD Division Director, Pediatric Ortho-paedic Surgery, Alvin H Crawford Chair, Pediatric Orthopae-dics, Cincinnati Children’s Hosptial, Professor, University of Cincinnati,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinatti, Ohio

Charles T. Mehlman, DO, MPH Pediatric Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeon, Professor, Pediatrics & Pediatric Ortho-paedic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

James F. Mooney, MD Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Chief, Pediatric Ortho-paedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina

Scott J. Mubarak, MD Professor, University of Califor-nia, San Diego, Director, Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California

Blaise A. Nemeth, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin

Peter O. Newton, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California

Kenneth J. Noonan, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin


contributors ix

Karl E. Rathjen, MD Professor, Department of Ortho-paedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Staff Orthopaedist, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas

Wudbhav N. Sankar, MD Assistant Professor, Depart-ment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Attending Surgeon, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Jeffrey R. Sawyer, MD Associate Professor, Director, Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellowship, University of Tennes-see, Campbell Clinic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Faculty, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennesee

Susan A. Scherl, MD Professor, Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Nebraska, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska

Jonathan G. Schoenecker, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Assistant Professor, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Assistant Profes-sor, Pharmacology, Assistant Professor, Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

Richard M. Schwend, MD, FAAP Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Director, Orthopaedic Research Program, Chair, American Academy of Pediatrics, Uni-versity of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri

Apurva S. Shah, MD, MBA Assistant Professor, Depart-ment of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Frances Sharpe, MD Clinical Instructor, Orthopedic Hand and Microsurgeon, USC Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, California

Kevin G. Shea, MD Medical Staff, St. Luke’s Children’s Hospital, Boise, Idaho

Benjamin Shore, MD, FRCSC Instructor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospi-tal, Boston, Massachusetts

Ernest L. Sink, MD Co-Director, Center for Hip Pres-ervation, Hospital for Special Surgery, Associate Attending

Orthopaedic Surgeon, Co-Director of Hospital for Special Surgery’s Center for Hip Preservation, Hospital for Special Surgery, Associate Professor, Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Associate Attending Ortho-paedic Surgeon, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York

David L. Skaggs, MD Chief, Orthopaedic Surgery, Chil-dren’s Hospital Los Angeles, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Brian G. Smith, MD Professor of Orthopaedics and Reha-bilitation and of Pediatrics and Clinical Professor of Nursing, Director, Yale Pediatric Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Residency Program Director, Department of Orthopaedics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

Anthony A. Stans, MD Consultant, Department of Ortho-pedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

Milan V. Stevanovic, MD, PhD Professor, Orthopaedics and Surgery, Hand and Microsurgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Depart-ment of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, California

Michael Vitale, MD, MPH Ana Lucia Professor of Clini-cal Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York, Associate Chief, Division of Pediatric Ortho-paedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chief, Pediat-ric Spine and Scoliosis Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York, New York

Eric J. Wall, MD Director, Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Director, Orthopaedic Fellowship, Professor, UC Depart-ment of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

William C. Warner Jr, MD Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee, Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee

Peter M. Waters, MD Clinical Chief, Orthopaedic Sur-gery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, John E. Hall Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts



Preface

The eighth edition of Rockwood & Wilkins’ Fractures in Children has new editors with our promotion from associate editors of the seventh edition. We are grateful to Drs. Jim Beaty and Jim Kasser for trusting us with carrying on their tradition of excellence. Jim and Jim have been great mentors and we are indebted. All texts are dependent on the outstanding contribu-tions of the authors. This edition is no exception. All of the chapters have up-to-date information on techniques, treatment options, clinical outcomes, and the basic science information that guides care.

This edition has further expanded our electronic and visual content. Both the print and improved electronic versions are

available. We have added a video section of operative cases for quick reference and visual-based learning. We reorganized the chapters and added new ones to make the book more clinical and in depth. We updated the illustrations and added more color clinical and surgical photographs to ease your learning. Our goal is to keep pace with the rapid changes around us in how we all receive and process information.

We hope this edition continues the excellent work started by Drs. Rockwood, Wilkins, and King, carried on by Drs. Beaty and Kasser, and now under our stewardship. Our goal is to help you provide better and safer care for your patients with pediatric musculoskeletal injuries.



acknowledgments

This book has immense value for practicing pediatric and gen-eral orthopedic surgeons because our authors are willing to share their expertise openly and honestly. Each chapter has a complete and fair review of the literature, well-illustrated cases, and technical tips on how to avoid and treat unintended com-plications. We are indebted to our authors for their hard work and timely completion of their chapters.

The staff at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins provided excel-lent support and guidance. As times have changed their indus-try, they have adapted and reorganized to bring to all of us another outstanding edition of this text. Specifically, we thank Brian Brown who took over for Bob Hurley and seamlessly led

this project; Dave Murphy, who had added responsibility but still managed to get it done so well; and to Abhishan Sharma for his assistance in organization of a unified final product. Per-sonnel at our respective institutions kept each of us on task. We recognize their outstanding assistance in the timely and professional completion of this book. Specifically, Jim Koepfler, Virginia Brunelle, Rebecca Baron, Daryl MaClaren, and Jenny Martinez.

John (Jack) M. Flynn David L. Skaggs Peter M. Waters



contents

Contributors viiPreface xiAcknowledgments xiii

SECTIOn OnE: BaSIC PRInCIPlES

1 Epidemiology of Fractures in Children 1Brian Brighton and Michael Vitale

2 The Immature Skeleton 19Benjamin A. Alman

3 Pain Management and Procedural Sedation for the Injured Child 31Lois K. Lee and Travis H. Matheney

4 Cast and Splint Immobilization, Remodeling and Special Issues of Children’s Fractures 57Matthew Halanski, Blaise A. Nemeth, and Kenneth J. Noonan

5 Management of the Multiply Injured Child 95Susan A. Scherl and Robert M. Kay

6 Compartment Syndrome in Children 117Paul D. Choi, Frances Sharpe, and Milan V. Stevanovic

7 Physeal Injuries and Growth Disturbances 133Karl E. Rathjen and Harry K.W. Kim

8 Pathologic Fractures 165Alexandre Arkader and John P. Dormans

9 The Orthopedic Recognition of Child Maltreatment 231Richard M. Schwend, Laurel C. Blakemore, and Kristin A. Fickenscher

SECTIOn TWO: UPPER ExTREmITy

10 Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand and Carpal Bones in Children 263Nina Lightdale-Miric and Scott H. Kozin

11 Fractures of the Distal Radius and Ulna 349Jonathan G. Schoenecker and Donald S. Bae

12 Diaphyseal Radius and Ulna Fractures 413Charles T. Mehlman and Eric J. Wall

13 Radial Neck and Olecranon Fractures 473Mark Erickson and Sumeet Garg

14 Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation in Children 527Apurva S. Shah and Peter M. Waters

15 Evaluation of Pediatric Distal Humeral Fractures 565James H. Beaty and James R. Kasser

16 Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus 581David L. Skaggs and John M. Flynn

17 T-Condylar Distal Humerus Fractures 629Benjamin Shore and Peter M. Waters

18 Dislocations of the Elbows, Medial Epicondylar Humerus Fractures 651Anthony A. Stans and J. Todd R. Lawrence

19 Lateral Condylar and Capitellar Fractures of the Distal Humerus 701Jeffrey R. Sawyer and James H. Beaty

20 Distal Humeral Physeal, Medial Condyle, Lateral Epicondylar, and Other Uncommon Elbow Fractures 725Michael P. Glotzbecker and James R. Kasser

21 Humeral Shaft and Proximal Humerus, Shoulder Dislocation 751Donald S. Bae

22 Clavicle and Scapula Fractures: Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries 807Joshua M. Abzug and Peter M. Waters

SECTIOn ThREE: SPInE

23 Cervical Spine Injuries in Children 843William C. Warner Jr. and Daniel J. Hedequist

24 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures 901Peter O. Newton and Scott J. Luhmann

SECTIOn FOUR: lOWER ExTREmITy

25 Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures 921James McCarthy, Martin J. Herman, and Wudbhav N. Sankar


xvi contents

26 Fractures and Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip in Children 953Ernest L. Sink and Young-Jo Kim

27 Femoral Shaft Fractures 987John M. Flynn and David L. Skaggs

28 Fractures of the Distal Femoral Physis 1027Martin J. Herman and Brian G. Smith

29 Proximal Tibial Physeal Fractures 1057Eric W. Edmonds and Scott J. Mubarak

30 Intra-Articular Injuries of the Knee 1077Benton E. Heyworth and Mininder S. Kocher

31 Fractures of the Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula 1137James F. Mooney, III and William L. Hennrikus

32 Ankle Fractures 1173Kevin G. Shea and Steven L. Frick

33 Fractures and Dislocations of the Foot 1225Haemish Crawford

Index 1271




EiGHT EdiTion



Date post:	11-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vuongdung
View:	234 times
Download:	5 times

Rockwood and wilkins’ Fractures in Children - …media.axon.es/pdf/101229_1.pdf · Rockwood and...

Documents