2/5/2018 IB Psychology: Rogers & Frantz (1961) https://www.thinkib.net/psychology/page/24244/rogers-frantz-1961- 1/5 Presentation mode Print this page Favourite Feedback Share this page Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Google + Email Sitemap Teaching materials Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Google + Email Rogers & Frantz (1961) Rogers and Frantz (1961) carried out a study to see whether stereotypes could be the result of conformity to group norms. This study can be used in the sociocultural approach to answer questions about the following content: The origin of stereotypes
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Rogers & Frantz (1961)
Rogers and Frantz (1961) carried out a study to see whether stereotypes could be the result of conformity to group norms. This study can beused in the sociocultural approach to answer questions about the following content:
One of the principles of the Sociocultural approach is that humans are social beings with a fundamental need to belong. Part of this need tobelong is shown in our conformity to social norms. Norms give us feelings of connectedness. New members to a group learn how to speak,what thoughts and feelings are appropriate, and how to act. Following these norms allows people to find a role within a group and experiencea sense of belonging. By adopting group norms we demonstrate our commitment to the group and our pride in “who we are.” Psychologistssay that the group has a normative influence on its members.
In virtually every society, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, regardless of ethnicity, are seen as ignorant, lazy, dirty and untrustworthy.The social roles of individuals shape stereotypes. Economic, political and historical factors create social roles which are assigned to certaingroups. By ignoring the effects of the roles and attributing behaviour to dispositional factors, stereotypes are formed. New members to thegroup conform to their new social role and adopt the stereotypes that are the norm.
When most people move to the Czech Republic, they have no stereotypes about the Roma people. The Roma, often referred to as gypsies,are a socioeconomically disadvantaged ethnic group that has a long history of discrimination in Europe. Someone moving from Australia orColumbia to the Czech Republic probably does not have any preconceived stereotypes of this ethnic group. After living in the CzechRepublic, many expatriates adopt the prevailing stereotypes of the majority Czech population about the Roma people - even though they donot have any personal experience with the Roma people themselves.
In 1961 Rogers & Frantz carried out a study to see if people new to Zimbabwe - then called Rhodesia - would adopt the stereotypes andfeelings of prejudice about the local African population.
Rogers & Frantz wanted to test the hypothesis that in South Rhodesia (today's Zimbabwe) the attitudes of European settlers aboutAfricans would be inversely correlated to the amount of time that they had lived in the country - that is, as the length of their residenceincreased, race attitudes would become more “conservative.” The researchers defined conservatism as wanting to maintain a system ofracial segregation.
The sample consisted of 500 White Europeans aged 20 and over, living in Rhodesia for a period of fewer than five years to over fortyyears. The sample was a stratified sample according to sex, country of birth, age and length of residence. There were eight othervariables that were accounted for in the demographics of the sample, including the level of income and occupation. It was felt by theresearchers that the sample was highly representative of the local white community.
The method was a survey containing sixty-six examples of laws and customs in which White Europeans and Africans were treateddifferently - this included the use of racially segregated lands, lack of political representation, the use of public facilities, and cross-racialsexual relations. Four response choices were provided with 0 for it is very important to maintain the current system, 2 for a weak feelingof importance, 4 is for a preference for discontinuing the law and 6 for is very important to discontinue the law. This was a Likert Scalesurvey but with only four options, which makes gravitation toward the mean less likely -- that is, when five options are given, participantstend to choose option "3" unless they have strong opinions.
Results
The mean score of the sample was 2.45 (SD 1.12) illustrating that the majority of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia favoured theretention of the status quo. 348 of the 500 participants (almost 70 percent) fell below a mean score of 3.00.
Age, sex, district of residence and income were not found to be statistically correlated with attitudes about race in any significant way.Significant statistical correlations were found between the Europeans’ country of birth, occupation, length of schooling, religiousaffiliation, political party preference and length of residence in Southern Rhodesia.
The Europeans who support the status quo least strongly were those who had been living in Southern Rhodesia for fewer than fiveyears.
To evaluate the significance of the correlation between length of residence and "conservatism," a correlation was calculated and thelevel of significance was p < 0.001
The scores indicate that new arrivals would inevitably change their attitudes over time. In other words, they would modify their beliefsand attitudes in the direction of the norm of the European population. For example, compared to newcomers, residents who were therefor 5 - 9 years were 27% more conservative about maintaining segregated social and recreational facilities. It appears that thestereotypes and attitudes about the African population were integrated into the identities of the newcomers as they began to identify withtheir new group and accept their new "social role."
Although this study supports the idea that we conform to social roles and thus stereotype or develop attitudes toward out-groups, thereare, of course, strengths and limitations to this study.
First, the sample was very large and highly representative. This means that it is highly likely that this could be generalized to theremaining members of this population without any problem. However, because this is qualitative in nature, it is questionable to whatextent this study could be transferred to other situations. For example, could we apply this research to people moving to the UnitedStates, the Czech Republic or Singapore? Other research has supported the theory that we adopt the stereotypes about out-groupsthat are held by our in-group.
One of the limitations of this study is that it was not longitudinal - it was cross-sectional. Therefore, the researchers cannot determinewhether individuals’ attitudes changed over time.
In addition, considering that the scores could range from 0 - 6, a standard deviation of 1.12 means that there was a lot of variation withinthe sample.
As admitted by the researchers, other factors besides the length of residency play a complimentary role in developing attitudes aboutthe out-group. It is impossible to isolate these factors and determine how they interact.
Lastly, when people answer a survey, they may present a stronger opinion than they would if they were put into an authentic situationand observed. A person may check that they support having racially segregated parks, but when they actually see someone of anotherrace in a park, would they act to have them removed? Would they be upset? Or are they simply saying what is "collective wisdom" (inthis case, collective racism) without really thinking about how this would affect their behaviour?
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