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Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media...

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Roland Barthes Semiotics Media Language Roland Barthes (1915–1980) was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician. Barthes’ ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of schools of theory including structuralism, semiotics, social theory, design theory, anthropology and post-structuralism. The idea that texts communicate their meanings through a process of signification The idea that signs can function at the level of denotation, which involves the ‘literal’ or common-sense meaning of the sign, and at the level of connotation, which involves the meanings associated with or suggested by the sign The idea that constructed meanings can come to seem self-evident, achieving the status of myth through a process of naturalisation. Elements of Semiology (1968), S/Z (1970), Mythologies (1989)
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Page 1: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Roland BarthesSemiotics

MediaLanguage

Roland Barthes (1915–1980) was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician. Barthes’ ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of schools of theory including structuralism, semiotics, social theory, design theory, anthropology and post-structuralism.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that texts communicate their meanings through a process of signification

The idea that signs can function at the level of denotation, which involves the ‘literal’or common-sense meaning of the sign, and at the level of connotation, which involves the meanings associated with or suggested by the sign

The idea that constructed meanings can come to seem self-evident, achieving the status of myth through a process of naturalisation.

Elements of Semiology (1968), S/Z (1970), Mythologies (1989)

Page 2: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Tzvetan todorovNarratology

MediaLanguage

Tzvetan Todorov (1939- ) is a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist. He is the author of many books and essays, which have had a significant influence in anthropology, sociology, semiotics, literary theory, thought history and culture theory.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that all narratives share a basic structure that involves a movement from one state of equilibrium to another

The idea that these two states of equilibrium are separated by a period of imbalance or disequilibrium

The idea that the way in which narratives are resolved can have particular ideologicalsignificance.

The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre (1975), Genres in Discourse (1990)

Page 3: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Steve NealeGenre Theory

MediaLanguage

Stephen Neale (1958- ) is a British Analytic philosopher and specialist in the philosophy of language who has written extensively about meaning, information, interpretation, and communication, and more generally about issues at the intersection of philosophy and linguistics.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that genres may be dominated by repetition, but are also marked by difference, variation, and change

The idea that genres change, develop, and vary, as they borrow from and overlap with one another

The idea that genres exist within specific economic, institutional and industrial contexts.

Genre and Hollywood (2005), Genre and Contemporary Hollywood (2008), Contemporary Hollywood Cinema (2013)

Page 4: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Claude Lévi-StraussStructuralism

MediaLanguage

Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 – 2009) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist whose work was key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology. Structuralism has been defined as “the search for the underlying patterns of thought in all forms of human activity.”

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that texts can best be understood through an examination of their underlying structure

The idea that meaning is dependent upon (and produced through) pairs of oppositions

The idea that the way in which these binary oppositions are resolved can have particular ideological significance.

The Savage Mind (1962), Structural Anthropology (1973)

Page 5: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Jean BaudrillardPostmodernism

MediaLanguage

Jean Baudrillard (1929 – 2007) was a French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator, and photographer. His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and specifically post-structuralism.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that in postmodern culture the boundaries between the ‘real’ world and the world of the media have collapsed and that it is no longer possible to distinguish between reality and simulation

The idea that in a postmodern age of simulacra we are immersed in a world of images which no longer refer to anything ‘real’

The idea that media images have come to seem more ‘real’ than the reality they supposedly represent (hyperreality).

Simulacra and Simulation (1981), The System of Objects (1996).

Page 6: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Curran and SeatonPower and Media Industries

MediaInsititutions

James Curran - Professor of Communications at Goldsmiths CollegeJean Seaton Professor of Media History at the University of Westminster

Their work covers the history, sociology, theory and politics of the media in Britain.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that the media is controlled by a small number of companies primarily driven by the logic of profit and power

The idea that media concentration generally limits or inhibits variety, creativity and quality

The idea that more socially diverse patterns of ownership help to create the conditions for more varied and adventurous media productions.

Power without Responsibility : Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain (2011)

Page 7: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Livingstone & LuntRegulation

MediaInsititutions

Peter Lunt - University of Leicester, UKSonia Livingstone - London School of Economics, UK

Their work critically analyses issues at the heart of today's media, from the saturation of advertising to burdens on individuals to control their own media literacy.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that there is an underlying struggle in recent UK regulation policy between the need to further the interests of citizens (by offering protection from harmful or offensive material), and the need to further the interests of consumers (by ensuring choice, value for money, and market competition)

The idea that the increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk

Media Studies' fascination with the concept of the public sphere (2013), Talk on Television (1993), Media Regulation (2011)

Page 8: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

David HesmondhalghCultural Industries

MediaInsititutions

David Hesmondhalgh (1963- ) is a lecturer at Leeds University. His work analyses changes and continuities in television, film, music, publishing and other industries since the 1980s, and of the rise of new media and cultural industries during that time.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that cultural industry companies try to minimise risk and maximise audiences through vertical and horizontal integration, and by formatting their cultural products (e.g. through the use of stars, genres, and serials)

The idea that the largest companies or conglomerates now operate across a number of different cultural industries

The idea that the radical potential of the internet has been contained to some extent by its partial incorporation into a large, profit-orientated set of cultural industries

The Cultural Industries (2002 - 3rd edition), Media Production (2006)

Page 9: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Stuart HallTheories of Representation

Representation

Stuart Hall, FBA (1932 – 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist, political activist and sociologist who lived in the UK from 1951. Hall, along with Hoggart and Williams, was one of the founding figures of the school of thought that is now known as British Cultural Studies.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that representation is the production of meaning through language, with language defined in its broadest sense as a system of signs

The idea that the relationship between concepts and signs is governed by codes

The idea that stereotyping, as a form of representation, reduces people to a few simple characteristics or traits

The idea that stereotyping tends to occur where there are inequalities of power, as subordinate or excluded groups are constructed as different or ‘other’ (e.g. through ethnocentrism)

Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse (1973), Encoding/Decoding (1980), Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices (2013)

Page 10: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

David GauntlettTheories of Identity

Representation

David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved towards a focus on the everyday making and sharing of digital media and social media, and the role of such media in self-identity and self-expression.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that the media provide us with ‘tools’ or resources that we use to construct our identities

The idea that whilst in the past the media tended to convey singular, straightforwardmessages about ideal types of male and female identities, the media today offer us amore diverse range of stars, icons and characters from whom we may pick and mixdifferent ideas.

Media, Gender and Identity (2002), TV Living: Television, Culture and Everyday Life (2002) Making Media Studies: The Creativity Turn in Media and Communications Studies (2015)

Page 11: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Liesbet van zoonenFeminist Theory

Representation

Liesbet van Zoonen is a professor of Popular Culture in Rotterdam, as well as a part-time professor in Communication and Media Studies at Loughborough University. Her work concerns gender and (new) media, politics and popular culture.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that gender is constructed through discourse, and that its meaning varies according to cultural and historical context

The idea that the display of women’s bodies as objects to be looked at is a coreelement of western patriarchal culture

The idea that in mainstream culture the visual and narrative codes that are used toconstruct the male body as spectacle differ from those used to objectify the female

Feminist Media Studies (1994), Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge (2004)

Page 12: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

bell hooksFeminist Theory

Representation

bell hooks (1952-) is an American author, feminist, and social activist. Hooks’ writing has focused on the intersectionality of race, capitalism, and gender, and what she describes as their ability to produce and perpetuate systems of oppression and class domination.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that feminism is a struggle to end sexist/patriarchal oppression and theideology of domination

The idea that feminism is a political commitment rather than a lifestyle choice

The idea that race and class as well as sex determine the extent to which individualsare exploited, discriminated against or oppressed.

States of Desire (1991), Reel to real: race, sex, and class at the movies (1996)

Page 13: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Judith ButlerTheories of gender performativity

Representation

Judith Butler (1956-) is Professor of Comparative Literature and Rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley, and is well known as a theorist of power, gender, sexuality and identity - specifically related to Media.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that identity is performatively constructed by the very ‘expressions’ that are said to be its results (it is manufactured through a set of acts)

The idea that there is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender

The idea that performativity is not a singular act, but a repetition and a ritual.

Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990), Undoing Gender (2004)

Page 14: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Paul GilroyTheories around ethnicity and

postcolonial theory

Representation

Paul Gilroy (1956- ) is a Professor of American and English Literature at King’s College London. His work focuses on race, nations and politics - in particular comparing modern representations and their colonial influences.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that colonial discourses continue to inform contemporary attitudes to raceand ethnicity in the postcolonial era

The idea that civilisationism constructs racial hierarchies and sets up binaryoppositions based on notions of otherness.

After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture (2004), Between Camps: Nations, Culture and the Allure of Race (2000), The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (1993)

Page 15: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Albert BanduraMedia Effects

Audiences

Albert Bandura (1925- ) is a psychologist at Stanford University. He has been responsible for contributions to the field of education and to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory. He is known as the originator of social learning theory, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that the media can implant ideas in the mind of the audience directly

The idea that audiences acquire attitudes, emotional responses and new styles of conduct through modelling

The idea that media representations of transgressive behaviour, such as violence or physical aggression, can lead audience members to imitate those forms of behaviour.

Social Learning through Imitation (1962), Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication (2001)

Page 16: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

George GerbnerCultivation Theory

Audiences

George Gerbner (1919–2005) established the Cultural Indicators Research Project to document trends in television content and how these changes affect viewers’ perceptions of the world. He coined the phrase “mean world syndrome” to describe the fact that people who watch large amounts of television are more likely to perceive the world as a dangerous and frightening place.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that exposure to repeated patterns of representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way in which people perceive the world around them (i.e. cultivating particular views and opinions)

The idea that cultivation reinforces mainstream values (dominant ideologies).

Violence and Terror in the Mass Media (1988), The Global Media Debate: Its Rise, Fall and Renewal (1993)

Page 17: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Stuart HallReception Theory

Audiences

Stuart Hall (1932 – 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist, political activist and sociologist who lived in the UK from 1951. Hall, along with Hoggart and Williams, was one of the founding figures of the school of thought that is now known as British Cultural Studies.

Famous Works:

Key Features:The idea that communication is a process involving encoding by producers and decoding by audiences

The idea that there are three hypothetical positions from which messages and meanings may be decoded:* the dominant-hegemonic position: the encoder’s intended meaning (the preferred reading) is fully understood and accepted* the negotiated position: the legitimacy of the encoder’s message is acknowledged in general terms, although the message is adapted or negotiated to better fit the decoder’s own individual experiences or context * the oppositional position: the encoder’s message is understood, but the decoder disagrees with it, reading it in a contrary or oppositional way.

Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse (1973), Encoding/Decoding (1980), Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices (2013)

Page 18: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Henry JenkinsFandom

Audiences

Henry Jenkins III (1958- ) is an American media scholar and Professor of Communication, Journalism, and Cinematic Arts. His work focuses on cross media convergence, transmedia and the participatory nature of media in the 21st century.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that fans are active participants in the construction and circulation of textual meanings

The idea that fans appropriate texts and read them in ways that are not fully authorised by the media producers (‘textual poaching’)

The idea that fans construct their social and cultural identities through borrowing and inflecting mass culture images, and are part of a participatory culture that has a vital social dimension.

Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (1992), Convergence Culture (2006), Fans, Bloggers and Gamers (2006)

Page 19: Roland Barthes - Keswick Sixth Form...David Gauntlett (1971 - ) is a British sociologist and media theorist. His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved

Clay Shirky‘End of Audience’ Theories

Audiences

Clay Shirky (1964- ) is an American writer, whose work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks - using peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting.

Famous Works:

Key Features: The idea that the Internet and digital technologies have had a profound effect on the relations between media and individuals

The idea that the conceptualisation of audience members as passive consumers of mass media content is no longer tenable in the age of the Internet, as media consumers have now become producers who ‘speak back to’ the media in various ways, as well as creating and sharing content with one another.

Voices from the Net (1995), Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaborators (2010)


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