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Role of Minerals and Vitamins in Dairy Rations Sponsored by Multimin USA
Role of Minerals and Vitamins in Dairy Rations
Sponsored by Multimin USA
Why Should You Listen?
• Your milk check is too small, need to reduce feed costs.
• Pulling minerals and vitamins will not reduce milk yield short term.
• Minerals and vitamins are needed for health, immunity, and reproduction.
• World shortage of vitamin A and E
Your Have Decisions to Make
• How much can I remove (save a dime)?• What about organic trace minerals?• Should I consider injectable trace
minerals?• What’s new with chromium?• Is blood calcium important?
So We Made A Decision and Changed!
MineralBasics 101
Mineral Factors to Consider• Relation to milk production (Ca, P, K)• Effect of gestation/immunity/oxidative
function (Se, Zn, Cu, carotene, Vit E & A)• Ration cost (benefit to cost)• Stage of lactation
– Early lactation cows– Transition and dry cows– Open cows
Key Factors• Availability of minerals in feeds and
interactions• Balance to other minerals (ratios)• Mineral requirements
–deficiency –health (immune system)
• Economics (small investment– less than 8% of total feed costs)
Clinical Deficiency Signs
Mineral Status
Adequate Subclinical Clinical
Effect of declining trace mineral status on animal performance
Trac
e m
iner
al s
tatu
s
↓Immunity and Enzyme Function
↓Maximum Growth/Fertility
↓Adequate Growth/Fertility
MineralGuidelines
Macro-mineral Recommendations
Mineral 1989 NRC
2001 NRC
U of IExtension
Calcium 0.66 0.60 0.70Phosphorous 0.41 0.38 0.38Magnesium 0.25 0.21 0.30Sodium 0.25 0.22 0.22*Potassium 1.00 1.07 1.20**Chloride 0.25 0.29 0.30Sulfur 0.20 0.20 0.23
* Heat stress, K - 1.60**Heat stress, Na - 0.50
Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD)Dietary Cation-Anion Balance (DCAB)
• Cations: Sodium and potassium• Anions: Chloride and sulfur• Close up dry cows: 0 to -100 meq/kg • 0 to -10 meq/100 g• Milk cows: + 150 to 250 (no heat stress)
+ 350 to +400 (heat stress)Sodium bicarb and potassium carbonate
Microminerals in ppmNRC NRC
Mineral Required IL MaxCobalt 0.1 0.1 10Copper 10 15 100Iodine 0.6 0.6 50Iron 50 100 1000
Manganese 40 60 500Selenium 0.3 0.3 2
Zinc 40 60 500
Mineral Amount in mg/dayCobalt 1.5 to 2.0
Copper 200 to 250Iodine 10 to 12
Iron 900 to 1,000Manganese 1,000 to 1,200
Selenium 3 to 6Zinc 1,000 to 1,200
Chromium (No NRC requirement, FDA max = 0.5 ppm from Cr prop)
▪ Part of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF)
▪Enhances insulin sensitivity (early lactation cows are insulin resistant)
▪Reduces lipolysis and lowers NEFA which can stimulate DMI in early lactation
▪ Enhances cellular immunity ( cortisol?)
6.7
3.1
5.9
4.2
7.5
0.7
1.8
0.4
5.5
1.1
11.0
-3.7
1.1
3.2
4.0
10.2 10.4
2.1
2.8 2.6
7.3
7.9
5.5
8.8
11.9
5.5
10.1
5.76.1 6.5
3.5
-0.4
5.7
7.4
-1.5
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Resp
onse
in da
ily m
ilk yi
eld co
mpar
ed to
cont
rol w
ithin
study
, lbs/
h/d
Relative Days in Milk (DIM) When Response Was Measured
Effect of chromium supplementation in lactating dairy cow diets on response in daily milk yield, lbs/h/d
1 - 30 DIMAve = 3.7 lbs.
31 - 100 DIMAve = 5.7 lbs.
> 100 DIMAve = 3.7 lbs.
Projected Lactation Curve
Each square represents the effect of a specific treatment within a given measurement period within an individual study.
1.15.5
5.76.1
6.73.1
5.97.3
7.93.5
-0.44.2
8.811.9
7.50.7
2.12.8
2.61.8
5.510.1
5.73.2
4.010.2
10.40.4
5.57.4
-1.56.5
1.111.0
-3.7
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0
8888888886.212.466610.410.43.67.210.81010101011.2811.2822.5622.563.77.546.25103.87.615.1
Response in daily milk yield, lbs/h/d
Effect of chromium supplementation in lactating dairy cow diets on response in daily milk yield, lbs/h/d Cr suppl., mg/h/d
*
*** **
**
*** *
***
**
**
* Denotes significance or trend for difference from control within study.
Hayirili et al., 2001
Smith et al., 2005
Terramoccia et al., 2005
McNamara & Valdez, 2005
An-Qiang et al., 2009
Sadri et al., 2009
Soltan, 2010
Nikkhah et al., 2011
Rockwell & Allen, 2011
Pechova et al., 2002
Al-Saidy et al., 2004Bryan et al., 2004
Yasui et al., 2014
Ferguson, 2013*Kafilzadeh et al., 2012
Rodriguez et al., 2014
* Targhibi et al., 2012
Transition/early lactation trial Heat stress trial Reproductive trial
Nikkhah et al., 2011
Effect of Chromium Supplementation in Lactating Dairy Cow Diets on Response in Daily Milk Yield
and Dry Matter Intake Under Heat Stress Conditions
Difference from control within each specific trial, lbs./h/dKemin Internal Document 2015-00066
*Denotes significant (P<0.05) difference from control within that specific study
12 studies, 30 trt
Typical rate:~1 ppm dry0.5 ppm lactating
Typical duration-3 wk to +4 WOL
Multiple Cr sources
Production Responses
Trt ComparisonsCr vs. Cont
10%: Cr<Cont23%: < 3 lbs/d
30%: 3 to 6 lbs/d37% >6 lbs/d
~2/3 of trt comp. >3 lbs/d increase
MineralManagement
Zinc : Copper
Iron : Copper
Potassium : Magnesium
Zinc : Manganese
Copper : Molybdenum
Potassium : Sodium
Nitrogen : Sulfur
4 : 1
40 : 1
4.5 : 1
1 : 1
6 : 1
3 : 1
10 : 1
• Testing– Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn (Yearly)– Ca, P, K, Mg (Quarterly)
• Inorganic– Sulfate– Carbonate– Nitrate
• Organic– Zn, Cu, Se, & Cr(Yes)– Mn and Co (???)
Delivery System• Top dress• TMR
– 10% lead factor– 1 to 2 lb carrier feed
• Free choice– Salt (sodium chloride)– Sodium bentonite (< 0.25 lb/cow/day)– Sodium bicarb ( < 0.1 lb/cow/day)
• Injected trace minerals• Water injected
Injectible Trace Mineral
• Cleared by FDA as an Rx product• “Top-off” current trace mineral
program during time of stress• Avoids absorptive interactions• Field response is reproduction and
mastitis improvement• Multimin™, $2 to $2.50 /shot, 2-3 shots
Recommended Company Protocol
• Three shots– Dry off– 30 days pre-partum– 35 days post-partum
• Dosage– 1 ml per 100 lb BW heifers under 1 yr– 1 ml per 150 lb BW heifers from 1 to 2 yr– 1 ml per 200 lb BW in cows
• Subcutaneous and intramuscular administration
New York Research(Vet. J.--2013)• 1416 cows in three NY commercial herds• No difference in milk or components• Health aspects Control Injected
----------%----------• Stillbirth 6.1 4.3 (P 0.039)
• Endometritis 34.1 28.6 (P 0.028)
• Metritis 11.5 11.8• D.A. 2.6 1.3• Retained placenta 6.7 6.8
New York Data (JDS—2016)
• 620 Holstein cows with SCC > 200,000
• No difference in cure rate of subclinical, but a trend in cows with 3+ lactations.
• Reduced cows with clinical mastitis in 3+ lactation cows – Control cows 18.4% vs. injected 7.6% (P <
0.02)
Forms of Organic Minerals• Metal amino acid complex • Metal amino chelate• Metal proteinate• Metal polysaccharide complex• Hydroxyl ligand
CH3S
CH2 CH2
CC
H
O
O
ZnH2Hydr
oxyN
+
- HSO4-
Update of Hydroxy Trace Minerals
• FDA/AAFCO recognized trace mineral• Covalent bonds to the mineral with
hydroxyl ligand• 10 studies with similar results compared
to organic trace minerals• Cost is 1/3 of the average organic TM• IntelliBond Z, M, and C by Micronutrients
Organic/Hydroxyl Trace Mineral• May be better absorption, especially
with antagonist present• Form of mineral more important• Stimulate biological processes• Enter different pools in the body• Organic trace minerals cost 10 to 15
times more than inorganic / hydroxyl is 1/3 the cost of organic forms
Strategies with Organic / HydoxylTrace Minerals
• Provide 25 to 30% of the total trace mineral requirement
• Embryo transfer cows• Environmental stressed cows• Far off, close up, and early lactation
cows until cows are pregnant• Future: Focus on amount of available
Organic Trace Mineral Guidelines
• Consider zinc and copper replacing 25 to 33% of trace mineral guidelines
• Organic selenium (yeast source)– 100 percent for dry cows– 50 percent for lactating cows
• Heifers can utilize inorganic sources• Organic iodine for heifers and dry cows
Feeding Organic Iodine • Ethylene diamine dihydroiodide (EDDI)• Adding 3.8 ppm to the total ration DM (NOT
ALLOWED FOR LACTATING COWS BY FDA)
• Feed this level for 60 to 90 days before lesions appear
• Response is earlier in younger animals• Maximum level for lactating cows is 49.9 mg
of EDDI / animal / day
WU Heifer Study Digital Dermatitis (DD)
• 153 heifers were followed for 16 weeks• All heifers were fed iodine for a minimum of 49 days• 6.1% of control heifers had DD
while iodine fed group had 2.5% DD (P < 0.05%)• Risk was 1.59 greater for control heifer to have DD• Fewer repeat cases of DD with iodine
WI Steer Digital Dermatitis (DD) • 120 Holstein steers from 300 to 595 lbs• Added 3.8 ppm iodine as EDDI• Results:
Item Control Iodine DD lesion (cm) 1.71 1.10 (P <0 .08)M2* lesions (%) 55 30 < 0.11)* M2 lesion: acute, active, and ulcer > 2.0 cm
Maintain Blood Calcium Levels in Transition Cows(Avoiding hypocalcemia)
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Plas
ma
tota
l Ca,
mg/
dL
Days relative to calving
Plasma Ca Around CalvingFresh cows with (n=8) or without (n=19) milk fever
Cows with MFCows without MF
Kimura et al., J. Dairy Sci. 89:2588, 2006
Effects of Subclinical Hypocalcemia
• Subclinical hypocalcemia was associated with:– increased risk for metritis (3.2X)– increased risk for post-partum fever (2.4X)– increased post-fresh BHBA (1.0 vs. 0.7 mmol/L)– longer median days open (124 vs. 109 days)
• Identified immune suppression associated with hypocalcemia– reduced neutrophil concentration– reduced percentage of neutrophils undergoing phagocytosis and
oxidative burstsMartinez et al., J. Dairy Sci. 95:7158, 2012
Anionic Product Update• Target -5 meq/100g or -50 meq/kg DM• Formulas (most common)
– Cation: meq Na + meq K– Anion: meq Cl + meq S
• Chloride products are stronger acidifiers• Add magnesium to raise the levels up to 0.4 percent (with or without
anionic products)• Check urine pH
– Holsteins (6.0 to 6.8)– Jersey (5.5 to 6.0)
(DCAD Continued)
• SoyChlor, BioChlor, and Animate (2nd generation); avoid ammonium salts
• 125 grams of calcium (20+ g inorganic)• Not needed for heifers• Test feeds for sodium, potassium,
chlorine, and sulfur (wet chemistry)
Calcium Bolus Use
• Provide one treatment at calving• Repeat at 12 hours as needed• Check the level of added calcium (50 to
60 grams for Holsteins)• Check calcium source:
– Calcium propionate– Calcium chloride
Remember WaterWater with 350 ppm Sulfate-S
= +0.2% dietary S
Water with 700 ppm Sulfate-S
= +0.4% dietary S
Take water samples occasionally
Diet’ Sulfur Concentrations
•‘Typical diet’: ~0.2%
•Typical diet with 20% DDGS: ~0.28%
•Typical diet with 20% DDGS + medium sulfate water: 0.45%
•Typical diet, 20% DDG, high S water: 0.6%
Vitamin Update
Vitamin Recommendations• Vitamin A 75,000 IU per day
100,000 IU per day (trans)
• Vitamin D 21,000 IU per day25,000 IU per day (trans)
• Vitamin E 545 IU per day1211 IU per day (dry)2000 IU / day –dry (IL)1824 IU per day (trans)
B-vitamins and choline• Synthesized via rumen
microbial population• Choline is a “pseudo-
vitamin”• Ruminal disappearance of
unprotected forms is extensive
• Biotin supplemented unprotected
• RP Niacin and Choline and blend products available
• Has been some Vit C work in calves and cows
B-Vitamin Dose (mg/d) R.D. (%)
Thiamin 300 67.8
Riboflavin 1600 99.3
Niacin 12,000 98.5
B6 800 41.0
Biotin 20 45.2
Folic acid 2600 97.0
B12 500 62.9
Santschi et.al JDS 88:2043
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