Role of Nuclear Engineering, Dr Xoubi

NE 101

Basics of Nuclear Engineering & Technology

الدكتور نضال الزعبي

Fall Semester 2007/ 2008

Chapter 1:

Introduction

Role of Nuclear Engineering

Dr. Ned Xoubi

Founder of the Nuclear Engineering Department

Nuclear Engineering Department

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Course Topics

1. Introduction / Role of Nuclear Engineering2. History of Nuclear Energy3. Atomic Structure4. Radioactivity5. Fission Process6. Nuclear Reactors7. Radiation Sources and Exposure8. Non Power Applications of Nuclear Technologies9. Nuclear Energy and its Roll in Society10. Nuclear Development in the Arab World11. National and International Nuclear Laws12. Nuclear Safety and Security


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B.Sc. Nuclear Engineering program

Reference Paper:

DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING EDUCATION

IN JORDAN

Xoubi_ IAEA-CN-153-4-P14

www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/documents/nkmCon2007/fulltext/

FP/IAEA-CN-153-4-P-14fp.pdf


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Nuclear Engineering

Nuclear engineeringis the engineering discipline concerned with the application and utilization of nuclear energy and radiation.


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Microscopic to the Gigantic World

This unique engineering discipline, spans engineering systems

from the microscopic world of atoms and subatomic particles to

the gigantic world of devices and power systems.


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Ability to Think

Nuclear engineer must have the ability to think on both of these levels, and to switch his thinking from the subatomic level and what happened on that level, to the gigantic level of huge engineering systems of power and how both of these worlds interact and effect each other.


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The Scope of Nuclear Engineering

Design, analysis, development, construction, testing, operation and maintenance of nuclear fission / fusion systems and components, specifically,

Nuclear reactors

Nuclear power plants

Nuclear weapons


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The Scope of Nuclear Engineering

The field extends to the utilization of radiation in

Manufacturing

Agriculture

Medicine

Biomedical devices

Disposal of HLW


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CHAPTER 2

History ofHistory ofHistory ofHistory of

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

Copy rights All rights reserved

© 2007 xoubi

This is unedited copy, please do not copy or circulate


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History of Nuclear Energy

Four different periods

� Before 1939

� Nuclear Age

� 1939 – 1945

� 1945 – 1980

� 1980 – 2005

� Revival of Nuclear Energy


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The Discovery Period

� The basics of science and physics of the atom, atomic radiation, radioactivity, atomic change were discovered and developed.

� 1789 Martin Klaproth discovers Uranium

� 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovers ionizing radiation, by producing X-rays.

� 1905 Albert Einstein developed his theory of the relationship between mass and energy


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Discovery of Neutrons

�1931 Harold Urey discovers deuterium

�1932 James Chadwick proves the existence of neutrons

� 1934 Enrico Fermi irradiates uranium with neutrons. He believes he has produced the first transuranic element

Enrico Fermi(DOE)


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Nuclear Fission

�1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann split the uranium atom (nuclear fission) by bombarding it with neutrons and show that the elements barium and krypton are formed.

�Meitner used Einstein’s theory to show the lost mass changed to energy. This proved fission occurred. Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch

(DOE)


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Dawn of the Nuclear Age (1939)

� Meitner & Frisch publish theory of nuclear fission

� Scientists around the world conduct experiments on uranium fission

� First US fission experiment at Columbia University

� Einstein send a letter to President Roosevelt

Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein

signing a letter to President

Roosevelt, August 2, 1939.


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The world’s first Reactor

� World's first controlled and self-sustaining nuclear fission reaction, on Dec. 2, 1942

� 350,000 kg of graphite

� 36,588 kg of U oxide

� 5,630 kg of U metal

� It cost about $1 million

� 7.50 m wide and 6.0 m high


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First Atomic Bomb (1945)

� The world's first atomic

bomb test is conducted

in the US, at Alamogordo,

New Mexico, on July 16,

1945, at 5:29:45 AM

� The world had entered

the nuclear age

� The "Gadget" had a yield

equivalent to 19 kilotons

of TNT.

Picture: Los Alamos National Laboratory


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First Atomic Bomb (1945)

Since then 2411 nuclear bombs have been testedPictures: LANL


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US Attack Japan

� The first atomic bomb against another nation was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The uranium bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, killed about 140,000 people.


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US Attack Japan

� An atomic bomb made out of plutonium and nicknamed Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945, killing about 74,000 people. are killed.

Smoke over Nagasaki, Japan after

the atomic bomb was dropped


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Atoms for Peace

� 1951 The Experimental Breeder Reactor I, produces the first electric power from nuclear energy

� 1953 US Navy's first nuclear submarine, Nautilus, starts its nuclear power units for the first time.

The EBRI Nuclear Reactor In Arco, Idaho


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Atoms for Peace

� 1951 The Experimental Breeder Reactor I, produces the first electric power from nuclear energy

� 1953 US Navy's first nuclear submarine, Nautilus, starts its nuclear power units for the first time.

The EBRI Nuclear Reactor In Arco, Idaho


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World’s First Nuclear Power Plant

� 1954 The first nuclear power plant, goes on line in the Soviet union on July 27

� The Obninsk plant is a water cooled graphite moderated reactor

� Electrical power 5 MW Obninsk nuclear power plant, Russia


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Nuclear Power Comes to the Arab World

� 1955 The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) is established

� 1957 IAEA is created

� 1958 Israel constructs a 26MW, HW reactor at Dimona

� 1959 The first Russian nuclear icebreaker was put into operation.


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Nuclear Power Comes to the Arab World

� 1960 The first French nuclear bomb test occurs at Algeria

� 1960 Israel RR at Soreq is commissioned, 5 MW, USA.

� 1961 The first Egyptian research reactor is commissioned.

� First radioisotope-powered remote weather station installed,


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Nuclear Power Goes to Space

� 1961 The first RTG used in a space mission was launched

� 1965 First nuclear reactor in space (SNAP-10A) is launched by the US.

� 1965 World’s first commercial irradiation plant for food processing, Canada

� 1967 Iraq’s first RR is commissioned, 5MW, supplied by Russia.


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Nuclear Power In Space

� 1967 Iran’s first RR is commissioned, 5MW, pool type water cooled and moderated reactor

� 1969 Nuclear electric power arrived on the moon for the first time the SNAP-27 nuclear generator is deployed on the lunar


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Nuclear Power Plant Construction

� 1967 26

� 1968 35

� 1970 37

� 1972 27

� 1973 26

� 1974 28

� 1975 33

� 1976 32

� 1979 25

� 1980 20

� Number of NPP that started construction that year


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Power Reactors in Operation

� By 1970 81 NPR were in operation – 16 GWe

� 1975 167 NPR in operation – 73 GWe



� 1999 436 354 GWe

� 2005 435 370 GWe

� 1990 419 337 GWe

� 1995 435 340 GWe


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TMI Accident

� 1979 The worst accident in U.S occurs at the TMI nuclear power station, Pennsylvania

� No one is injured, and minimal radioactive material is released


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Osirak Reactor

� 1981 Israeli aircraft destroys Iraq's Osirakreactor on June 7

� 1981 Libya’s first nuclear research reactor at Tajourabegin operation, the reactor is 10MW, pool type reactor, supplied by the soviet union


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Chernobyl

Massive amounts of radioactive material are

released � The worst nuclear accident

1986

Operator error causes two

explosions at the Chernobyl

No. 4 plant resulting in a

reactor meltdown


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2006

• 442 nuclear power plants in operation with a total net installed capacity of 369.588 GW(e)

• 28 nuclear power plants under construction

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