Role of the Smart Grid in Facilitating the Integration of Renewables
Invited Talk
IEEEPower&EnergySocietyTallahasseeChapterWebinar, 13 August 2020
Professor Saifur RahmanDirector, Advanced Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
President, IEEE Power & Energy Society 2018 & 2019
What is a Smart Grid
2
"Smartgrid"isaconceptwithmanyelementswheremonitoringandcontrolofeachelementinthechainofgeneration,transmission,distributionandend-useallowtheelectricitydeliveryandusetobemoreefficient.
ElectricPowerGrid
3Source: www.sxc.hu
MotivationforaSmartGrid
Desire to make the grid smarter, safer, reliable and more cost-effective using advanced sensors, communication technologies and distributed computing.
DifferenceBetweenaNormalGridAndaSmartGrid
5©Saifur Rahman
Normal Phone Smart Phone
Power PlantTransmission
DistributionHome
BusinessEnd-use
Appliances
StartingandEndPointsofaSmartGrid
From Generator to Refrigerator
SmartGridBuildingBlocks
© Saifur Rahman
EvolutionoftheGrid
Source: Altalink, Alberta, Canada
Intelligent LoadDemand or price-driven control of appliances
SensorsDetect outages, fluctuations, and disturbances
Distributed Arch.
Distribution NetworkInterconnected micro grids
Smart Inverters and Storage
Minimize voltage and power fluctuations
Control Room FunctionsBalance electricity Supply/demand across the grid
Bulk PowerPlant
Wind Power Park
IntelligentInterconnectedMicrogrids
© Saifur Rahman
MicrogridLocal Monitoringand Control
Merging Power Flow with Information Flow:
Integrated Communications
10
ElectricPower&CommunicationInfrastructures
Central GeneratingStation
Step-Up Transformer
DistributionSubstation
ReceivingStation
DistributionSubstation
DistributionSubstation
Commercial
Industrial Commercial
Gas Turbine
RecipEngine
Cogeneration
RecipEngine
Fuel cell
Micro-turbine
Flywheel
Residential
Photovoltaics
Batteries
Residential Data Concentrator
Control Center
Data network Users
2. Information Infrastructure
1.Power Infrastructure
Source: EPRI 11
12
ChangingLandscapefortheElectricUtility
IssueswithDistributedGeneration
• Wind and solar are intermittent• Hydro is space limited• Resource is free but not always usable
14
Off-shore Wind turbines, Blyth, U.K.
Wind Energy
BPAWindOutputandLoadMismatch(January2013)
15
BPAWindOutputandLoadMismatch(April2013)
16
BPAWindOutputandLoadMismatch(July2013)
17
BPAWindOutputandLoadMismatch(Oct2013)
18
19Source: NREL
Wind output can drop 43.7 MW in 1 minute for a single 150-MW wind farm
20Source: NREL
Wind output can drop 113 MW in 10 minutes, and increase 106 MW in 10 minutes
Hourly wind power variation (MW) in Texas, USA (01 and 02 Jan 2008)
21
0.0
500.0
1,000.0
1,500.0
2,000.0
2,500.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Series1
0.0
500.0
1,000.0
1,500.0
2,000.0
2,500.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Series1
01 Jan 2008 02 Jan 2008
Installed Capacity 4,541 MW
Hourlywindpowervariation(MW)inTexas,USA(03and04Jan2008)
22
03 Jan 2008 04 Jan 2008
Installed Capacity 4,541 MW
0.0
500.0
1,000.0
1,500.0
2,000.0
2,500.0
3,000.0
3,500.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Series1
0.0
500.0
1,000.0
1,500.0
2,000.0
2,500.0
3,000.0
3,500.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Series1
Roof-topSolarPhotovoltaicsinVirginia
23
SolarPanelsinWinter
24
7-DaySolarPVOutput
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
25
7-DaySolarPVOutput(intermittent)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
26
DailyPVOutputLocation:
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
27
DailyPVOutput(intermittent)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
28
CantheIntermittencybeAbsorbedbytheNetwork?
29
Battery storage
Compressed Air Storage
Pumped Storage
“Demand Response is a customer action to control load to meet a certain target. Here the customer chooses what load to control and for how long”.
This is different from Demand Side Management (DSM) where the load is controlled by the electric utility and the customer has no control beyond the initial consent.
DemandResponse
NewParadigmforthePowerSystem
• Historically: Demand driven supply (supply responds to demand)
• New Reality: Supply driven demand(demandneedstoadjusttomeetfluctuatingsupplywithhelpfromstorage)
THESMARTGRIDECOSYSTEM
32
THE SMART GRID ECOSYSTEM Smart Grid
Smart City
Smart Campus
Smart Buildings
Smart grid: Bi-directional flows of energy, remote control/automation of power, integrated distributed energy…
Smart city: Complex system of interconnected infrastructures and services…
Smart buildings: Intelligent building automation systems, smart devices, productive users, grid integration…
Supported by ICT and distributed networks of intelligent sensors, data centers/clouds
Smart Campus: A collection of buildings managed by the same facility manager…
WhatmakesaBuildingSmart
AsingleplatformformonitoringandcontrolofHVAC,lighting,watersupply,sensornetworks,securitycamera&fireemergency
Source: Smart Building Market To Grow 30% by 2020, http://www.iotsolutionprovider.com/smart-building/smart-building-market-to-grow-30-by-2020, December 2015.
CumulativeBenefitsofBuildingLoadControl
• A large number of buildings can be controlled to absorb large fluctuations of supply in the short term
• Minimal storage is required• Investment is for monitoring and control
AddressingtheIntermittencyinRenewableGeneration
• Smart vs. not-so-smart load control(adjust temperature set points in an air conditioner or water heater vs. turning the unit off)
• Size the storage to take advantage of demand dynamics
• Control the renewable generation to avoid instability (output control from PV inverters)
IwouldliketoseeabroaderIEEE
Weneedtoensurethatweare“READYFORRECOVERY”,whenwegetbacktothe“NEWNORMAL”afterCOVID-19.Letusenhancecooperation,collaborationandcommunityspirit.
ForthisweneedtomakeIEEEbroadersothatIEEEismorerelevanttotheworkourmembersdoregardlesswheretheywork.
WeneedmoreparticipationfromvolunteersgloballyinIEEEgovernance.AbroaderbasedIEEEwillmaketheInstitutemorerelevanttotechnologistsandacademicsfromallpartsoftheworld.
36
37
Prof.SaifurRahman([email protected])
Past-PresidentofIEEEPower&EnergySocietyPast-Chair,IEEEPublicationServices&ProductsBoard
PESaccomplishments:PESUniversityPESCorporateEngagementProgramPESChapters’CouncilsinChina,India,AfricaandLatinAmerica
website: https://www.srahman.org.
