Roman Catholic Mariology

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Roman Catholic Mariology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about Roman Catholic perspectives, and does not reflect the views of other segments of the Catholic Church such

as Eastern Catholics . For general Christian views, see Mariology .

A series of articles on

Roman Catholic

Mariology

General articles Mariology Veneration of the Blessed Virgin History of

Mariology Mariology of the saints Mariology of the popes Marian

Societies

Devotions

Rosary Scapular Immaculate Heart Seven Joys Seven

Sorrows First Saturdays Acts of Reparation Hearts of Jesus &

Mary Consecration to Mary

Dogmas and Doctrines

Mother of God Perpetual virginity Immaculate

Conception Assumption Mother of the Church Mediatrix Co-

Redemptrix

Expressions of devotion

Art Hymns Music Architecture

Key Marian apparitions
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ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_to_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_devotionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Redemptrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Redemptrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_the_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_virginityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_doctrines_of_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Saturday_Devotionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sorrows_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sorrows_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_devotionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BVM(RC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCTermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)


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(approved or worthy of belief)

Guadalupe Miraculous Medal

La

Salette Lourdes Pontmain Laus Banneux Beauraing Ftima Akita

Papal Bulls

Ineffabilis Deus Munificentissimus Deus Bis Saeculari

Papal encyclicals

Redemptoris Mater Ad Caeli Reginam Fulgens Corona Deiparae

Virginis Mariae Ingruentium Malorum Ad Diem Illum

Papal Apostolic Letters and other teachings

Rosarium Virginis Mariae Marialis Cultus

Key Marian Feast Days

Dec 8 Immaculate Conception Jan 1 Mother of God

Mar 25 Annunciation Aug 15 Assumption

Roman Catholic Mariology is theology concerned with the Virgin Mary , the mother of Jesus Christ and developed by

the Catholic Church . "The Blessed Virgin, because she is the Mother of God , is believed to hold a certain infinite dignity from the

infinite good which is God. "[1][2] Theologically, Roman Catholic Mariology deals with not only her life but also with veneration of

her in daily life, prayer, hymns , art (where she has been a favorite topic), music , and architecture in modern and ancient

Christianity throughout the ages .[3][4][5]

The development of Roman Catholic Mariology is ongoing. It continues to be shaped not only by papal encyclicals but also by

the interplay of forces ranging from sensus fidelium , to the writings of the saints , to the construction of major Marian churches at

the sites of Marian apparitions . In some cases, sensus fidelium has influenced Marian papal decisions, providing Mariology with

a "theology of the people " component that distinguishes it from other parts of formal theology.

In terms of popular following, membership in Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies has grown significantly in the

20th century. This has continued to be matched by support from the Holy See , with Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (later

Pope Benedict XVI ) stating: " It is necessary to go back to Mary, if we want to return to the truth about Jesus Christ ".[6] The

ongoing development of Mariology continued in the 20th century, e.g. in his Angelus address in September 1985 Pope John

Paul II coined the term The Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary , and in 1986 addressed the international conference onthat topic held at Ftima, Portugal .[7][8][9]

In parallel to the traditional views, since the late 19th century, a number of other perspectives have been presented as a

challenge to Roman Catholic Mariology. These have ranged from feminist criticisms that consider the image of Mary a construct

of the patriarchal mindset which limits equal opportunity for women, to other Christian views that see Mariology as a distraction

from Christ, to modern psychological interpretations of Mary as the equivalent of mythical Goddesses ranging

from Diana to Kwan Yin .[10][11][12]
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c_Mariology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_to_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_to_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_to_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus_fideliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus_fideliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus_fideliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Ratzingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Ratzingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Ratzingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-vatican.va-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-vatican.va-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-Mary_1986-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-Mary_1986-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwan_Yinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwan_Yinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-JillLevine-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-JillLevine-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-Leeming-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-Leeming-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-Leeming-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-JillLevine-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-JillLevine-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwan_Yinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-Mary_1986-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-vatican.va-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-vatican.va-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Ratzingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus_fideliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_to_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_feast_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marialis_Cultushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_papal_encyclicals_and_Apostolic_Lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Diem_Illumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingruentium_Malorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgens_Coronahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_papal_encyclicals_and_Apostolic_Lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis_Saecularihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_papal_encyclicals_and_Apostolic_Lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Akitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1timahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Beaurainghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Banneuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Laushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pontmainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_Medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_(Roman_Catholic)


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Contents

[hide ]

1 Mariology and Christology

2 History and development

3 Papal teachings on the Blessed Virgin Mary

4 Dogmatic teachings

o 4.1 Perpetual virginity of Mary

o 4.2 Mother of God

o 4.3 Immaculate Conception of Mary

o 4.4 Assumption of Mary

5 Other Marian doctrines

o 5.1 Mary is Mother of all Christians

o 5.2 Mary as Mediatrix

o 5.3 Co-Redemptrix

o 5.4 Queen of Heaven

o 5.5 Reparations to the Virgin Mary

6 Mariology as theology of the people

o 6.1 Influence of visions

o 6.2 Impact on the Catholic Church

7 The multitude of perspectives

o 7.1 Traditional views

o 7.2 Liberal perspectives

8 Eastern Catholic differences

o 8.1 Assumption of Mary

o 8.2 Immaculate Conception

9 Centers for Mariological studies

10 Further reading

11 See also

12 Notes

13 References

[edit ]Mariology and Christology

In Roman Catholicism, Mariology is a logical and necessary consequence of Christology : Jesus and Mary are son and mother,

redeemer and redeemed .[13]Mariology is Christology developed to its full potential .[14] In Catholic theology, Mary and her son

Jesus are very close but not identical. Therefore, Marian teaching, while contributing to the teaching of Christ, is also a separate

discipline, called Mariology. The figure of Mary contributes to a fuller understanding of who Christ is and what he did. In the

Roman Catholic view, a Christology without Mary is incomplete because it is not based on the total revelation of the Bible .[15]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_and_Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_and_Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#History_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#History_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Papal_teachings_on_the_Blessed_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Papal_teachings_on_the_Blessed_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Dogmatic_teachingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Dogmatic_teachingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Perpetual_virginity_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Perpetual_virginity_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mother_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mother_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Immaculate_Conception_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Immaculate_Conception_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Assumption_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Assumption_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Other_Marian_doctrineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Other_Marian_doctrineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mary_is_Mother_of_all_Christianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mary_is_Mother_of_all_Christianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mary_as_Mediatrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mary_as_Mediatrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Co-Redemptrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Co-Redemptrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Queen_of_Heavenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Queen_of_Heavenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Reparations_to_the_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Reparations_to_the_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Influence_of_visionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Influence_of_visionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Impact_on_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Impact_on_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#The_multitude_of_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#The_multitude_of_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Traditional_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Traditional_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Liberal_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Liberal_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Eastern_Catholic_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Eastern_Catholic_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Assumption_of_Mary_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Assumption_of_Mary_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Centers_for_Mariological_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Centers_for_Mariological_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Centers_for_Mariological_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Assumption_of_Mary_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Eastern_Catholic_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Liberal_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Traditional_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#The_multitude_of_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Impact_on_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Influence_of_visionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_as_theology_of_the_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Reparations_to_the_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Queen_of_Heavenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Co-Redemptrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mary_as_Mediatrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mary_is_Mother_of_all_Christianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Other_Marian_doctrineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Assumption_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Immaculate_Conception_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mother_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Perpetual_virginity_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Dogmatic_teachingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Papal_teachings_on_the_Blessed_Virgin_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#History_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#Mariology_and_Christologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology


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Christ and Mary, mosaic, Chora Church , 16th century. " To Christ through Mary ", taught by St. Louis de Montfort , is a key theme in Roman

Catholic Mariology.[16]

Early Christians and numerous saints focused on this parallel interpretation. Popes highlighted the inner link between Marian

dogmas and the full acceptance of christological dogma .[17] The Church is the people of God as she is the Body of Christ . [18] The

Church lives in its relation to Christ. Being the Body of Christ, the Church has also a relation to his mother, which is the subject

of Catholic Mariology. She is seen as the original image of the Church, or, as Vatican II states, Mother of the Church .[19]

In his 1946 publication Compendium Mariologiae , respected Mariologist Gabriel Roschini explained that Mary did not only

participate in the birth of the physical Jesus but also, with conception, she entered with him into a spiritual union. The divine

salvation plan, being not only material, includes a permanent spiritual unity with Christ. Most Mariologists agree with this

position .[20] This echoed the sentiments of Pope Saint Pius X who in Ad Diem Illum stated: " there is no more direct road than by

Mary for uniting all mankind in Christ ."[21]

Mariology is ongoing. It includes dogmas, traditions, confirmed and hypothetical theological positions on Mary, contemporary as

well as historical. Mariology is not simply a theological field studied by a few scholars, but a devotional concept embraced bymillions of Catholics who venerate the Blessed Virgin Mary . As discussed below, it differs from other parts of theology in that its

progress has quite often been driven from the ground up , from the masses of believers, and at times from religious experiences

of young and simple children on remote hilltops, which have then influenced the higher levels of the Holy See in Rome

via sensus fidei .

Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church , including the four dogmas mentioned below, are the central part of Mariology consisting

of confirmed teachings and doctrines regarding Mary's life and role, but excluding the overall perspectives, the controversies and

the cultural aspects of Marian devotion. Mariology is both part of abstract doctrine and an important part of church life: Marian

prayers, pilgrimages to Marian shrines, Marian devotions during the months of May and October, Marian apparitions, Marian

titles, and Marian Feast days are detailed in Blessed Virgin Mary . Therefore, this article on Roman Catholic Mariology presents

an overview of the major issues, developments and controversies of the ecclesiogical movement.

[edit ]History and development

Main article: History of Roman Catholic Mariology

Santa Maria Antiqua , in the Forum Romanum , 5th century, seat of Pope John VII .
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ntiquahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholic_Mariologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_doctrines_of_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus_fideihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BVM(RC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Diem_Illumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Saint_Pius_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Roschinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology(RC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_the_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCTermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCTermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Montforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church


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The history of Mariology goes back to the 1st century. Early Christians focused their piety at first more upon the martyrs around

them. Following that, they saw in Mary a bridge between the old and the new . [22] The earliest recorded prayer to Mary, the sub

tuum praesidium , is dated in its earliest form to around the year 250.

In the 5th century, the Third Ecumenical Council declared Mary as Theotokos (God-bearer). Churches dedicated to Mary were

constructed across the Christian world, among the most famous being Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Teaching of

the Assumption of Mary became widespread across the Christian world. The Middle Ages saw growth and development for

Mariology and brought major champions of Marian devotion to the fore, including Ephraim the Syrian , John

Damascene and Bernard of Clairvaux . Prayers to Mary included the Ave Maria , and chants such as Ave Maris Stella and

the Salve Regina emerged and became staples of monastic plainsong. Devotional practices grew in number.

The Renaissance period witnessed a dramatic growth in Marian art and masterpieces by Boticelli, Leonardo da

Vinci and Raphael were produced. In the 16th century, the Council of Trent confirmed the Catholic tradition of paintings and

artworks in churches. This resulted in a great development of Marian art and Mariology during the Baroque Period . During

the Reformation , the Catholic Church defended its Mariology against Protestant views. With the victory at Battle of Lepanto

(1571) accredited to her, it "signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. "[23] The baroque literature on

Mary experienced unforeseen growth. More than 500 pages of Mariological writings were published during the 17th century

alone .[24]

Mariology in the 19th century was dominated by discussions about the Immaculate Conception and in 1854, Pope Pius

IX proclaimed it a dogma .[25] Mariology in the 20th century was dominated by a genuine Marian enthusiasm. Pope Pius

XII issued the Dogma of the Assumption and the Second Vatican Council declared Mary to be the Mother of the Church .[26]

[edit ]Papal teachings on the Blessed Virgin Mary

Main article: Mariology of the popes

Crowned Madonna Della Strada in the Church of the Gesu in Rome.

Popes have been an important element in shaping both the theological and the devotional aspects of the Roman Catholic

perspective on the Blessed Virgin. Theologically, popes have highlighted the inner link between Virgin Mary and the full

acceptance of Jesus Christ as son of God, the encyclicals Mystici Corporis , Lumen Gentium and Redemptoris Mater being
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gy&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_Della_Stradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_Della_Stradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_Della_Stradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystici_Corporishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystici_Corporishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystici_Corporishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Gentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Gentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Gentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madonnadellastrada_churchofthegesu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madonnadellastrada_churchofthegesu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madonnadellastrada_churchofthegesu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madonnadellastrada_churchofthegesu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Gentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystici_Corporishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_Della_Stradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-B.C3.A4umer_534-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_of_the_Assumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salve_Reginahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_Maris_Stellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_Mariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Damascenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Damascenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_the_Syrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Maryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Ecumenical_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology#cite_note-21


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examples. Furthermore, popes have fostered the veneration of the Blessed Virgin through the promotion of Marian

devotions, feast days , prayers , initiatives, the acceptance and support of Marian congregations, and, the formal recognition of

Marian apparitions such as in Lourdes and Ftima .[27][28]

Popes have at times followed on devotions initiated by previous popes, for instance in the 16th century, Pope Clement

VIII started the venerative practice of crowning Marian images, a practice that was followed by pope Pius XII in the 20th century

via the crowning of the Salus Populi Romani icon, as he declared the Queenship of Mary .[29][30] Similarly, popes Alexander

VII and Clement X both promulgated the veneration of the Heart of Jesus and the Heart of Mary , a concept which was embraced

by pope John Paul II in the 20th century as the Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary .[31][32][33][34]

A number of Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters have been issued since the 16th century. Pope Leo XIII issued 11

encyclicals just on the Rosary. In Ecclesiam Suam Pope Paul VI called Mary the "ideal of Christian perfection". "[35] These papal

documents reflect the support of the popes for both Marian devotions and Marian doctrines . The two Marian dogmas

of Assumption and Immaculate Conception were established by popes in the 20th century. In 1904 at the 50th anniversary of

the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception , Saint Pope Pius X with the encyclical Ad diem illum encouraged the entire Church to

honor the Virgin Mary .[36]

In recent years, popes have emphasized the role of Mary as the Mother of the Church and the Marian elements of Christology

In his 2002 Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae , Pope John Paul II quoted Saint Louis de Montfort , and said:

Since Mary is of all creatures the one most conformed to Jesus Christ, it follows that among all devotions that which

most consecrates and conforms a soul to our Lord is devotion to Mary, his Holy Mother, and that the more a soul is

consecrated to her the more will it be consecrated to Jesus Christ. " [37]

[edit ]Dogmatic teachings

Main article: Roman Catholic dogma

Marian Roman Catholic dogmas have two functions: they present infallible Church teachings about Mary and her relation to

Jesus Christ, and they praise Mary and, through Mary, God's deed on Mary. All Marian dogmas teach about her divine son

and highlight the divine nature of Jesus Christ.

De Fide Definita or De Fide Credenda doctrines have the highest degree of dogmatic certainty. These doctrines come in

several forms, namely teachings which have been specifically defined as Revealed by an extraordinary definition by a Pope

or Ecumenical council, or those teachings infallibly taught to be Revealed by the ordinary universal Magisterium. As in the

case of the Immaculate Conception or the Assumption , these doctrines were held by the Church prior to the date of official

definition, but open for discussion. The date of definition must be accepted by all faithful members of the Catholic Church as

contained specifically in the Deposit of Faith and owed supernatural faith in itself (de fide credenda)

There are four Marian dogmas among a large number of other teachings about the Blessed Virgin :[38]

Name First Magisterial Definition Dogma content

Perpetual virginity Baptismal symbols since Third 'Perpetual virginity of Mary', means that Mary was a virgin before, during
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Century and after giving birth

Mother of God Council of Ephesus (431) Mary is truly the mother of God, because of her unity with Christ, the Sonof God

Immaculate

Conception

Pope Pius IX (1854) Mary, at her conception, was preserved immaculate from Original Sin

Assumption intoheaven Pope Pius XII (1950)

Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed bodyand soul into heavenly glory

For a discussion of a proposed fifth Marian dogma, see the section on Mediatrix and Co-Redemptrix below.

[edit ]Perpetual virginity of Mary

Main article: Perpetual virginity of Mary , Mariology , and Virgin birth of Jesus

'Perpetual v irg in i ty of Mary ' , means that Mary was a virgin before, during and after giving birth. (De fide) This oldest

Marian Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox doctrine affirms Mary's "real and perpetual virginity even

in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. "[39] Thus, by the teaching of this dogma , the faithful believe that Mary

was ever-Virgin (Greek ) for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her only biological son,

whose conception and birth are miraculous.

In the year 107, Ignatius of Antioch described the virginity of Mary as "hidden from the prince of this world ... loudly

proclaimed, but wrought in the silence of God." The affirmation of the doctrine of Mary's virginity before, during and after the

birth of Jesus was the principal aim of the early 2nd century work, the Protoevangelium of James ( c . 120-150). The work,

concerned with the character and purity of Mary, claims that Joseph had children from a marriage previous to Mary.

However, the text does not explicitly assert the doctrine of perpetual virginity. The earliest such surviving reference is

Origen's Commentary on Matthew , where he cites the Protoevangelium in support.

By the 4th century, the doctrine was generally accepted. Athanasius described Mary as "Ever-Virgin", Orations against the

Arians , as did Epiphanius in his Medicine Chest Against All Heresies . Hilaryargued in favor of the doctrine in

his Commentary on Matthew and to this may be added Didymus (The Trinity ) Ambrose of Milan, Jerome , in Against

Helvetius , Siricius ' and others.

Further important statements of the belief include the Lateran Synod of 649, Thomas Aquinas's teaching ( Summa

Theologiae III.28.2) that Mary gave birth painlessly in miraculous fashion without opening of the womb and without injury to

the hymen , and Pope Paul IV 's Cum quorundam of 7 August 1555 at the Council of Trent . Before this last extraordinary

papal/concilliar definition, really an afterthought, the teaching can be considered to have been always taught infallibly by the

ordinary and universal magisterium as a truth contained in the deposit of faith, as opposed to by any specific extraordinary

definition.

Virginity before birth

Mary conceived by the Holy Spirit without participation of any man. (De fide). Non-Christians questioned this belief of

the early Church [40] Jews and Christians differed on the prediction in Isaiah 7,14 [41] Along with other Christian groups the
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Catholic Church continues to teach today, that Mary bore her son Jesus while still a virgin. From the first formulations of her

faith, the Church has confessed that Jesus was conceived solely by the power of the Holy Spirit in the womb of the Virgin

Mary, affirming also the corporeal aspect of this event: Jesus was conceived "by the Holy Spirit without human

seed" .[42] The Fathers see in the virginal conception the sign that it truly was the Son of God who came in a humanity like

our own. Catechism of the Catholic Church ,[43][44]

Virginity during birth

Mary gave birth without losing her corporal virginity (De fide). Her corporal integrity was not affected by giving birth.

The Church does not teach how this occurred physically, but insists that virginity during child birth is different from virginity

of conception. Pope Pius XII in Mystici Corporis "Within her virginal womb she brought into life Christ our Lord in a

marvellous birth." [45] indicating the miraculous nature of the Virgin birth. Numerous early Church writers used analogies to

explain this mystery, like Christ leaving the sealed tomb on Easter Sunday, or, Christ walking through closed doors, or, light

and sun penetrating through glass windows .[46]

Virginity after birth

Mary remained a virgin after giving birth (De fide). This belief of the Church was questioned in its early years [47]

Todaymost Protestants disagree with this teaching, although Martin Luther and his contemporaries believed in the ever Virgin

Mary [48] The scriptures say little about this, mentioning the brothers of Jesus, but never "sons of Mary," suggesting to the

patristical writers a broader family relationship .[49]

[edit ]Mother of God

Main articles: Theotokos and First Council of Ephesus

Madonna and Child from Saint Catherine's Monastery , c. 600

Mary is truly the mother of God (De fide). After Church fathers found common ground on Mary's virginity before, during

and after giving birth, this was the first specifically Marian doctrine to be formally defined by the Church. The

definition Mother of God (in Greek :Theotokos ) was formally affirmed at the Third Ecumenical Council held

at Ephesus in 431 . The competing view, advocated by Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople, was that Mary should be
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called Christotokos , meaning "Birth-giver of Christ," to restrict her role to the mother of Christ's humanity only and not his

divine nature.

Nestorius' opponents, led by Cyril of Alexandria , viewed this as dividing Jesus into two distinct persons, the human who was

Son of Mary, and the divine who was not. To them, this was unacceptable since by destroying the perfect union of the

divine and human natures in Christ, it sabotaged the fullness of the Incarnation and, by extension, the salvation of humanity.

The council accepted Cyril's reasoning, affirmed the title Theotokos for Mary, and anathematised Nestorius' view as heresy .

(See Nestorianism )

In letters to Nestorius which were afterwards included among the council documents, Cyril explained his doctrine. He noted

that "the holy fathers... have ventured to call the holy Virgin [T]heotokos , not as though the nature of the [W]ord or his

divinity received the beginning of their existence from the holy Virgin, but because from her was born his holy body,

rationally endowed with a soul, with which [body] the [W]ord was united according to the hypostasis , and is said to have

been begotten according to the flesh" (Cyril's second letter to Nestorius).

Explaining his rejection of Nestorius' preferred title for Mary ( Christotokos , Mother of Christ), Cyril wrote: "Confessing the

Word to be united with the flesh according to the hypostasis, we worship one Son and Lord, Jesus Christ. We do not dividehim into parts and separate man and God as though they were united with each other [only] through a unity of dignity and

authority... nor do we name separately Christ the Word from God, and in similar fashion, separately, another Christ from the

woman, but we know only one Christ, the Word from God the Father with his own flesh... But we do not say that the Word

from God dwelt as in an ordinary human born of the holy virgin... we understand that, when he became flesh, not in the

same way as he is said to dwell among the saints do we distinguish the manner of the indwelling; but he was united by

nature and not turned into flesh... There is, then, one Christ and Son and Lord, not with the sort of conjunction that a human

being might have with God as in a unity of dignity or authority; for equality of honor does not unite natures. For Peter and

John were equal to each other in honor, both of them being apostles and holy disciples, but the two were not one. Nor do

we understand the manner of conjunction to be one of juxtaposition, for this is insufficient in regard to natural union....

Rather we reject the term 'conjunction' as being inadequate to express the union... [T]he holy virgin gave birth in the flesh to

God united with the flesh according to hypostasis, for that reason we call her Theotokos ... If anyone does not confess that

Emmanuel is, in truth, God, and therefore that the holy virgin is Theotokos (for she bore in a fleshly manner the Word from

God become flesh), let him be anathema ." (Cyril's third letter to Nestorius)

[edit ]Immaculate Conception of Mary

Mary was conceived without original sin (De fide ). The Immaculate Conception is, according to Roman

Catholic dogma , the conception of Mary, the

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Roman Catholic Mariology

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