ENTABLATURE (DORIC)

CORINTHIAN ORDER

COMPLUVIUM

`

ROMAN WALLS• OPUS QUADRATUM – Rectangular blocks of stone, with or without mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels • OPUS INCERTUM – Masonry formed of small rough stones set irregularly in mortar, sometimes traversed by beds

of bricks or tiles • OPUS RECTICULATUM – wall facing, backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones with their

points embedded in the wall, their exposed square bases, set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern.

PULPITAn elevated enclosed stand

in a church in which the preacher stands.

CROSSETTES

MUQARNAS, HONEYCOMB WORK,STALACTITE WORK

BATTLEMENT

TYPES OF TIMBER CHURCH ROOFS

FAN VAULT

HAMMER BEAM ROOF

MACHICOLATION

FAN VAULT

RAM REVIEWHISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

6 GENERAL INFLUENCES1. Geographical2. Geological3. Climatic

4. Religious5. Social6. Historic

4 CONSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLES1. Post and lintel or column & beam – Ttrabeated ( Roman)2. Arch and vault ( Byzantine)3. Cantilever or corbel (Romanesque)4. Trussed construction (Early Christian architecture)

PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURESAVAGE STAGE STONE AGE

a. Paleolithic ( old stone age)BARBARIAN STAGE b. Mesolithic (middle stone age)

c. Neolithic (new stone age)BRONZE AGEIRON AGE

CHARACTERISTICS:1. Rock cave2. Dwelling houses – made from bark of trees, leaves, weeds and animal skin3. Religious structures

MENHIR - a single upright standing stoneDOLMEN - two upright stones supporting a horizontal slabCROMLECH - a stone circleTRILITHON – two parallel upright Stone with a horizontal stone placed on top.. ex. StonehengeTUALA – a straight standing stone, topped with another forming a ‘T’ shape.

4. TUMULI OR BARROWS- a burial mound of several to a couple of hundred of people. Prototype of the pyramids of Egypt.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

LIERNE VAULT

A.bossB. diagonal ribsC. ridge ribsD. transverse ribE. liernesF. tiercerons

Characterized by Massiveness, Monumentality and Simplicity. System of construction is essentially Columnar & Trabeated. Exterior and interior walls, as well as the columns and piers, were covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial frescoes

and carvings painted in brilliant colors. Motifs of Egyptian ornamentation are the scarab, or sacred beetle, the solar disk, and the vulture. Other common

motifs include palm leaves, the papyrus plant, and the buds and flowers of the lotusOBELISK – a tall, thin, four sided tapering monument which ends an a pyramidal top.

This pillars stood in pairs at the front of Egyptian temples.3 TYPES OF TOMBS – Mastaba, Pyramids- are structures whose sides faces the four cardinal points.

Rock-hewn / Rock cut tombsTYPES OF PYRAMID – Step ( pyramid of Zoser), Slope (Pyramid of Giza), Bend (pyramid of Seneferu)TEMPLES – Mortuary temples – worship of Pharaohs …. Cult temples – built in honor of a god.

EGYPTIAN TEMPLES: Temple of Ammon, Karnak – the GrandestTemple of Abu Simbel – example of a rock cut templeTemple of Hatshepsut, Der El-Bahari

MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE / West Asiatic architecture refers to Persia, Assyria and Babylon system of construction is Arch & Vault Persian Architecture is character is described as Serene and airy magnificence. In Babylonian & Assyrian uses mythical creature as ornaments and details

ZIGGURAT- ‘Holly Mountains’- are structures whose corners faces the four cardinal points.HANGING GARDENS – found in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar

MEGARON – the principal hall of the Mycenean PalaceDROMOS – Mycenean beehiveHAREM – Private family ApartmentsSERAGLIO – palace proper found in Assyrian palacesCHISELLED ALABASTER SLAB – chief architectural ornament of the Assyrians

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Simplicity and Beauty, purity of lines Columnar & Trabeated

Marble common construction material used.

ACROTERION - Strictly, a pedestal at the corners or peak of a roof to support an ornament. More usually, the ornament itself.

ANTEFIX - a decorated upright slab used in classical architecture and derivatives to close or conceal the open end of a row of tiles which cover the joints of roof tiles.

ANTHEMION - A common Greek ornament based upon the honeysuckle or palmette. Used singly on stelae or antefixes, or as a running ornament on friezes, etc.

AGORA – City square or market placeBOULEUTERION – Council houseMEGARON – domestic houses

INTERCOLUMNATION PYCNOSTYLE – 1 ½ DSYSTLE – 2 DEUSTYLE – 2 ¼ DDIASTYLE – 3 DAREOSTYLE – 4 DOrnamentsWater-leaf & tongue – Cyma ReversaAnthemion or Honey suckle – Cyma RectaEgg & Dart or Egg & tongue – OvoloBead & Reel – AstragalGuilloche – Torus

3 Methods of Admitting Light Clerestory Skylight Temple Doors

Column Proportions4-6.5 D – Greek Doric column 9 D – Greek Ionic column 10 D – Greek Corinthian colu

Number of columns at the entrance1 column – Henostyle 2 columns – Distyle

Bird’s beak moldingFound in Doric order

Chevron

Guilloche

3 columns – Tristyle4 columns – Tetrastyle5 columns – Pentastyle

6 columns – Hexastyle

7 columns – Heptastyle8 columns – Octastyle9 columns – Enneastyle10 columns – Decastyle12 columns - Dodecastyle

Arrangement of Columns IN-ANTIS – Arrangement of columns between anta and the frontAMPHI-ANTIS – Arrangement of columns at the front and the rearPROSTYLE – Arrangement of single line of columns at the frontAMPHI-PROSTYLE – Arrangement of single line of columns at the front and rearPERIPTERAL – Arrangement of columns on all sidesPSEUDO-PERIPTERAL - having columns all the way around, those on the flanks and rear being engaged, not freestanding.DIPTERAL – having two rows of free columns, rather than a single row, surrounding the cella.PSEUDO-DIPTERAL - arrangement of columns similar to the dipteral, but with the essential difference of the omission of the

inner row, thus leaving a wide passage around the cella.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Character is described as Ostentation and Ornateness, Vastness & magnificence Develop the Arch & vault made by the Etruscans Combination of Column, beam & arch is the keynote of the Roman style. Principle materials are concrete, stone, brick, marble and terra cotta Etruscans- great builders whose methods were adopted by the Romans. Credited for the ‘True Radiating Arch’ and

invention of the new order called ‘Tuscan’. Introduced the atrium type of house & south orientation of temples.CIRCUSES – for chariot racesAMPHITHEATRES – gladiator contestTHEATRES – for dramasNECROPOLIS – city of the dead BASILICAS – for lawsuits

FORUM – center of public life & commerceTHERMAE – public bath

VILLA – palatial country house INSULA – multi story residence AQUEDUCTS – for distribution of water

GREEK THEATER

DIAZOMA - The wide horizontal walkway between the lower and upper tiers of seats in a Greek theater.

GATEWAYSPYLON - Egyptian GatewaysPROPYLAEA – Greek Temple Gateway in the AcropolisGOPURAM – Gateway to a Dravidian TempleTORANA - Gateway to a StupaTORII – Japanese GatewayPAI-LOU – Chinese Gateway

ORIENTATION EAST – GREEK TEMPLEWEST – MEDIEVAL CHURCHESSOUTH – ETRUSCAN TEMPLE, ROMAN TEMPLE – faced adjacent forum

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Influence by Roman Architecture Simplicity in design & treatment, coarseness in execution Ornaments were Mosaics & Fresco Paintings Roofs were Timber truss roof, vault ( semi-circular) & dome 2 types of truss introduced – Queen post Truss & King Post truss

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Simplicity in exterior design, richness in internal treatment Use of Domes, Adoption of the Roman system of hand laid concrete construction. Brick finish for exterior walls Interior usually glass mosaic, Greek cross- church plans

For the Dome: Head & shoulder of ChristPendentives: Picture of the 4 Evangelist

Aps : Virgin & childWall : Representation of saints & pictures of incidents in the life of jesus

St.Sophia (Hagia Sophia) – best example of Byzantine architecture. Architect: Anthemius of Tralles, Isidorus of Liletus

COMPARATIVE ANALYSISByzantine: Absence of Campanile

Vertical Expression (Dome)Early Christian: Presence of Campanile

Horizontal Expression (length of nave)

3 type of Roofing: Simple Dome, Compound Dome, Melon Shaped dome.Ornaments: Peacock – symbol of Immortal life, Endless Knot – symbol of Eternity, Sacred Monograms of Jesus Christ

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Sober and Dignified Arctuated & developed the principles of Equilibrium as evident in the rib & panel Vault

I. ITALIAN ROMANESQUE North Italy – Influenced by Muslim Architecture South Italy – Influenced by Byzantine Church (Greek Cross Plan) Central Italy – Church plan was obtained from the plan of the Basilica. Ex. Pisa Cathedral

II. FRENCH ROMANESQUE Southern France – aisleless nave, pointed arch Northern France – design of western passage with 2 towers

III. GERMAN ROMANESQUE Used the western & eastern apse as the main entrance. Ex. Worm’s Cathedral

TYPES OF VAULTS:

vault: 1, barrel vault; 2, intersecting vault;

3, domed vault; 4, stilted vault

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Characteristic features: Structural Honesty & Economy in Design

Flying Buttress & PinnaclesRib & Panel vaultingTracery windows

Pointed ArchStained GlassOblong Bay

Gothic Cathedral emanates the Latin Cross Two types of Tracery windows: BAR- type using stone bars. PLATE- cut from plate of stone

3 PERIODS OF FRENCH GOTHIC1. LANCET – primary period characterized by the use of pointed arch & geometric tracery window2. RAYONNANT – characterized by circular windows with rose tracery & designed with cusps & foils3. FLAMBOYANT – characterized by the flame light or free flowing tracery window

Examples: NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL – one of the oldest French Gothic Cathedral RHEIMS CATHEDRAL – remarkable fro its 130 stained glass windows

CHATRESS CATHEDRAL – famous for the 500 statues found at the western facade

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE Defined as the Rebirth of the Classic. Characteristic features:

Dignity & formalityEmployment of the classical Roman Order

Rustication of masonry Dome on drum

Balustrades which covers the roof

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE Architecture of the curve line Characteristic features:

Freedom in plan design & ornamentationColumns & twisted shafts

Curve & broken pedimentHuge wavy scroll

ROCOCO DESIGN Extreme forms of architecture in baroque which was developed in France. More of a style of decoration rather than a style of Architecture

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT/ CONTEMPORARY PERIOD – 20TH C. movement led to the development of Art Noveau

ART NOVEAU – Style of decoration in architecture developed in France & Belgium.- Organic & dynamic form, Curving Design, whiplash line.

Versions of Art Noveau:Le Modern Style - FranceJugendstil – GermanSezessione – Austria

Stile liberty – ItalyModernismo - Spain

AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE Father of Modern Architecture:

Louis Sullivan – USAOtto Wagner – AustriaPeter Behrens – Germany

Auguste Perret – FranceHennrik Berlage – Holland

SKYSCRAPER – Americas single contribution Development of a Skyscraper: Metal framing construction, curtain wall, development of elevator

DICTUMS:

LOUIS SULLIVAN‘ Form follows function’

ANTONIO GAUDI

‘ Form does not necessarily follows function’‘copiers do not collaborate’

KEN YEANG‘Form follows context’

EERO SAARINEN‘Function influence but does not dictate form’

ADOLF LOOS‘ Ornament is a crime’

LE CORBUSIER‘ A house is a machine for living in’‘cube within a cube’

ROBERT MAILLART‘ A bridge is like a house’

LOUIS KAHN‘ What a material wants to be’‘ a house is a house’

WALTER GROPIUS‘Art and architecture; the new unity’‘Architecture begins where engineering ends’

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE‘ Less is more’

ROBERT VENTURI‘ Less is bore’‘ More is more’

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT‘ Less is lore only when lore is too much’

KENZO TANGE‘ Modern architecture need not be western’

VITRIVIUS‘Strength, utility, beauty’

WILLIAM MORRIS‘ Art can be valid with the absense of machinery’

PHILIP JOHNSON‘all architects want to live beyond their deaths’‘architecture is the art to waste space’

MICHAEL GRAVES‘ I don’t believe in morality in architecture’

FRANK GEHRY ‘Architecture should speak of its time & place,

but yearn for timelessness