Romanesque Architecture

Romanesque Romanesque ArchitectureArchitecture

Architectural HistoryArchitectural HistoryACT 322ACT 322

Doris KempDoris Kemp

TopicsTopics Carolingian Pre-RomanesqueCarolingian Pre-Romanesque Carolingian Pre-Romanesque: Carolingian Pre-Romanesque:

StructuresStructures Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture: Early Romanesque Architecture: Early

Romanesque in Germany and Romanesque in Germany and NormandyNormandy

Carolingian Pre-Carolingian Pre-RomanesqueRomanesque

After the move of the seat of the Roman After the move of the seat of the Roman Empire to Constantinople, the Greco-Empire to Constantinople, the Greco-Roman culture went into collapseRoman culture went into collapse Latin was displaced as the common Latin was displaced as the common

languagelanguage Disintegration of Roman lawDisintegration of Roman law Cessation of urban lifeCessation of urban life A major decline in monumental art and A major decline in monumental art and

architecturearchitecture


CharlemagneCharlemagne King of the Franks who vowed to restore King of the Franks who vowed to restore

the Roman culture to its heightthe Roman culture to its height Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the

Roman pope on Christmas Day, 800 A.D.Roman pope on Christmas Day, 800 A.D. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance

Latin for Charles the Great (Charlemagne)Latin for Charles the Great (Charlemagne) Renewal of the Latin language, literature, Renewal of the Latin language, literature,

art, and architectureart, and architecture Birth of Pre-Romanesque architectureBirth of Pre-Romanesque architecture


Pre-RomanesquePre-Romanesque Architecture looked back to Rome in its Architecture looked back to Rome in its

glory daysglory days The style was never recaptured despite the The style was never recaptured despite the

efforteffort Structures were reinterpretations of Structures were reinterpretations of

antiquity, forward-looking and innovativeantiquity, forward-looking and innovative Non-Roman qualities of abstraction, Non-Roman qualities of abstraction,

fragmentation, and volumetric energyfragmentation, and volumetric energy

Carolingian Pre-Carolingian Pre-Romanesque:Romanesque:

StructuresStructures Traits of Carolingian Pre-Traits of Carolingian Pre-

Romanesque structures:Romanesque structures: Strongly defined spatial unitsStrongly defined spatial units Chains of modular constructionChains of modular construction fragmentationfragmentation


StructuresStructures Palatine ChapelPalatine Chapel

c. 796 – 805c. 796 – 805 Located at Charlemagne's palace at Located at Charlemagne's palace at

AachenAachen DomedDomed Double-shelledDouble-shelled Two-storied octagon planTwo-storied octagon plan Monumental façadeMonumental façade


StructuresStructures Palatine ChapelPalatine Chapel

Reminiscent of Reminiscent of early Christian and early Christian and Byzantine Byzantine ArchitectureArchitecture

Was a rebuilt Was a rebuilt version of S. Vitaleversion of S. Vitale

One of the most One of the most impressive of late impressive of late antique Roman antique Roman structuresstructures

Photo: Sullivan


StructuresStructures

Photo: Sullivan



Photo: Sullivan


StructuresStructures St. RiquierSt. Riquier

Transformed the fundamental concept Transformed the fundamental concept of the early Christian basilicaof the early Christian basilica More complex, composed of many More complex, composed of many

independent group formationsindependent group formations Powerful vertical massings at both endsPowerful vertical massings at both ends



Photo: Sullivan

http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/DebraToBrowse/Art101B-7-EarlyMedieval/index.html


StructuresStructures Gatehouse/TorhalleGatehouse/Torhalle

Located in Lorsch, GermanyLocated in Lorsch, Germany c. 767 – 774c. 767 – 774 Saddle-roofed central block flanked by twin Saddle-roofed central block flanked by twin

vertical stair towersvertical stair towers Features a chapel originally dedicated to St. Features a chapel originally dedicated to St.

MichaelMichael Resembles Roman triumphal archesResembles Roman triumphal arches

Two-storied facadesTwo-storied facades Richly ornamentedRichly ornamented



Photo: Sullivan



Photo: Sullivan


StructuresStructures Germigny-des-PresGermigny-des-Pres

Located on the Located on the Loire RiverLoire River

c. 806 c. 806 Reflects the Reflects the

influences of both influences of both Byzantium and Byzantium and IslamIslam

Photo: Sullivan



Photo: Sullivan


StructuresStructures The main aspects of the standard The main aspects of the standard

monastery were conceived during the monastery were conceived during the Carolingian periodCarolingian period St. Gall planSt. Gall plan

Ideal architectural plan of a traditional Ideal architectural plan of a traditional monasterymonastery

Was never builtWas never built Plan included:Plan included:

A small city featuring a medical center and a A small city featuring a medical center and a cemeterycemetery

U-shaped corridor to provide orderly traffic flowU-shaped corridor to provide orderly traffic flow


Charlemagne’s death in 814 led to a Charlemagne’s death in 814 led to a dark century for Europe due ton dark century for Europe due ton invadersinvaders Slavic, Magyar, Arab pirates, and VikingsSlavic, Magyar, Arab pirates, and Vikings

When the invasions ceased economic When the invasions ceased economic conditions improvedconditions improved Cultural revival and religious enthusiasm Cultural revival and religious enthusiasm

brought about a wave of church-buildingbrought about a wave of church-building

Romanesque Architecture:Romanesque Architecture:Early Romanesque in Germany and Early Romanesque in Germany and

NormandyNormandy Imperial Romanesque (Germany)Imperial Romanesque (Germany)

Antithetical tendenciesAntithetical tendencies Conservative and nostalgicConservative and nostalgic Looked back fondly to the works of Looked back fondly to the works of

CharlemagneCharlemagne Inventive and progressiveInventive and progressive Drew on early Christian, imperial Roman, Drew on early Christian, imperial Roman,

and Byzantine modelsand Byzantine models


NormandyNormandy Munster CathedralMunster Cathedral

Located in Essen, GermanyLocated in Essen, Germany Late 10Late 10thth century century Retrospective, loosely based on St. Riquier Retrospective, loosely based on St. Riquier

and St. Galland St. Gall Freedom in design and energy that Freedom in design and energy that

contrast with the perfectionist spirit of the contrast with the perfectionist spirit of the cathedral’s Byzantine models and the cathedral’s Byzantine models and the determination of Charlemagne's determination of Charlemagne's architecturearchitecture


NormandyNormandy

Photo: Sullivan


NormandyNormandy St. Michael’s St. Michael’s

CathedralCathedral Located at Located at

Hildesheim, Hildesheim, GermanyGermany

More contemporary More contemporary style than at style than at MunsterMunster

Square schematicSquare schematic c. 1001 - 1033c. 1001 - 1033

Photo: Sullivan


NormandyNormandy Imperial Cathedral of SpeyerImperial Cathedral of Speyer

Located in Speyer, GermanyLocated in Speyer, Germany c. 1030 – 1060c. 1030 – 1060 Built by Emperor Konrad IIBuilt by Emperor Konrad II Impressive wall articulationImpressive wall articulation

Crucial for the development of Romanesque Crucial for the development of Romanesque architecturearchitecture

Wall shaped into powerful multilayer Wall shaped into powerful multilayer configurationconfiguration


NormandyNormandy

Photo: Sullivan


NormandyNormandy Norman RomanesqueNorman Romanesque

In the early tenth century the Vikings In the early tenth century the Vikings settled in Normandy, Francesettled in Normandy, France Buildings in Normandy were crucial to the Buildings in Normandy were crucial to the

development in Francedevelopment in France


NormandyNormandy Mont-Saint-Mont-Saint-

MichaelMichael Medieval shrine in Medieval shrine in

Normandy, FranceNormandy, France Norman Norman

counterpart to the counterpart to the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer Cathedral in GermanyGermany

Photo: Sullivan


NormandyNormandy Abbey Church of Notre Dame de JumiegesAbbey Church of Notre Dame de Jumieges

Notable for the immense height of its crossing Notable for the immense height of its crossing towertower

Facade was derived from Carolingian Facade was derived from Carolingian westwork traditionwestwork tradition

Central structure was set forward between twin Central structure was set forward between twin bases of square towers that rise as octagons above bases of square towers that rise as octagons above lines of the rooflines of the roof

Set precedence for the twin-towered facades that Set precedence for the twin-towered facades that dominated the exteriors of the major French dominated the exteriors of the major French Gothic cathedralsGothic cathedrals


NormandyNormandy

Photo: Sullivan


NormandyNormandy

Photo: Sullivan

ReferencesReferences Sullivan, Mary; Sullivan, Mary;

http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/

wdpt1.htmlwdpt1.html Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From

Prehistory to PostmodernityPrehistory to Postmodernity Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western

ArchitectureArchitecture


Architectural HistoryArchitectural HistoryACT 322ACT 322

Doris KempDoris Kemp

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Romanesque Architecture

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