Handbook for Investments 2

012/2013ROMANIA BIOMASS MARKET

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ROMANIA BIOMASS MARKET: HANDBOOK FOR INVESTMENTS 2012/2013

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This Handbook represents complete, unique and the most complete guide for

investments in Romanian biomass market. If you already have some background

information about the market but you are wondering how to take decision to invest,

then this is the Handbook you can use. In view of maturing biomass markets in Germany,

Austria, France, UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Italy, Romania represents a stable

investment environment in South-East Europe with clear rules and fair FIT rates. The

report provides a complete picture of the market situation, dynamics, current issues and

future prospects. It contains more than 180 pages of valuable information in this very

detailed and in-depth investments guide. With comprehensive up-to date market data

this handbook brings clear and concise insights, to help investors in their decision

making process. For your convenience we offer opportunity for orders with customized

book content. Reasons to buy this handbook include:

Romanian political and economic environment overview, including PEST Analysis Biomass resource potential in Romania Historical data provided from 2007 to 2012 and forecasts until 2020

Overview of Romanian biomass market development 2000 ÷ 2020 Grid connected and major upcoming biomass installations for 2012/2013 Development scenario of Romanian biomass sector until 2020 Current market prices of biomass projects with scenario to 2020 Porter Analysis, SWOT Analysis Detailed overview of Romanian legal and regulatory framework for RES generation Key organizations affecting development of the biomass sector Detailed review of most relevant financing and supporting incentives

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ROMANIA BIOMASS MARKET: HANDBOOK FOR INVESTMENTS 2012/2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................ 9

1. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 10

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................... 12

3. ROMANIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT. PEST ANALYSIS ........ 17

3.1. Basic country data ............................................................................................... 17

3.2. Political Climate and Ruling Party ....................................................................... 20

3.3. GDP and Economic Growth ................................................................................. 21

3.4. Labor market and unemployment rate ............................................................... 24

3.5. Electricity Imports and Exports. Electricity prices for business and households 25

3.6. Industrial Output and Private Consumption ....................................................... 27

3.7. Foreign direct investments (FDI) ......................................................................... 27

3.8. Taxes .................................................................................................................... 29

3.8.1. VAT ............................................................................................................... 29

3.8.2. Income and Corporate Taxes ....................................................................... 30

3.8.3. Property Tax ................................................................................................. 31

3.8.4. Transfer Tax.................................................................................................. 31

3.8.5. Types of corporation in Romania ................................................................. 31

3.9. Inflation ............................................................................................................... 32

3.10. Monetary indicators ............................................................................................ 34

3.11. Banking and Credit Market ................................................................................. 35

3.12. Monetary Indicators ............................................................................................ 37

3.13. Ease of doing business in Romania ..................................................................... 38

4. EUROPEAN BIOMASS ENERGY MARKET ........................................................... 40

4.1. Installed capacity ................................................................................................. 40

4.2. Key facts and trends ............................................................................................ 41

5. DRIVERS OF THE BIOMASS ENERGY MARKET ................................................... 43

5.1. Co-firing and cogeneration.................................................................................. 43

5.2. Livestock and livestock growth ........................................................................... 44

5.3. Agriculture ........................................................................................................... 45

5.4. Forestry ............................................................................................................... 47

6. RESISTANCE AGAINST BIOMASS POWER MARKET ........................................... 49

6.1. High capital costs ................................................................................................. 50

6.2. Need for secure biomass stock supply ................................................................ 51

6.3. Significance of unconventional gas ..................................................................... 52

6.4. Liquid biofuels for transport ............................................................................... 53

7. BIOMASS ECONOMICS .................................................................................... 54

8. ROMANIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET ..................................................... 56

8.1. General electricity market information .............................................................. 56

8.1.1. Electricity Consumption and Production ..................................................... 57

8.1.2. RES targets ................................................................................................... 57

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8.1.3. Romanian renewable energy action plan .................................................... 61

8.2. Country attractiveness index for renewable investments .................................. 62

9. ROMANIAN BIOMASS ENERGY MARKET .......................................................... 64

9.1. Summary ............................................................................................................. 64

9.2. Romanian biomass energy market ...................................................................... 64

9.2.1. Biomass in Romanian energy mix ................................................................ 65

9.2.2. Porter Five Forces Analysis .......................................................................... 70

9.2.3. Renewable energy support schemes ........................................................... 74

9.2.4. Overview of Romanian biomass market development ............................... 76

9.2.5. Market prices for biomass projects in Romania .......................................... 78

9.2.6. Key biomass project developments in Romania .......................................... 79

9.3. Biomass supply .................................................................................................... 83

9.3.1. Biomass from agricultural land and by products ......................................... 84

9.3.2. Biomass from forestry .................................................................................. 85

9.3.3. Biomass from waste sector .......................................................................... 87

9.4. Heat from biomass .............................................................................................. 88

9.4.1. General overview ......................................................................................... 89

9.4.2. District heating and cooling ......................................................................... 90

9.5. Electricity from biomass ...................................................................................... 91

9.5.1. Generation ................................................................................................... 92

9.5.2. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) ................................................................ 94

9.6. Biofuels for transport .......................................................................................... 96

9.6.1. Overview ...................................................................................................... 97

9.6.2. Bioethanol and biodiesel ............................................................................. 98

9.7. Pellets .................................................................................................................. 99

9.7.1. Pellets production ...................................................................................... 100

9.7.2. Pellets trade ............................................................................................... 101

9.7.3. Pellets consumption................................................................................... 102

9.8. Biogas ................................................................................................................ 103

9.8.1. General overview ....................................................................................... 104

9.8.2. Resource potential ..................................................................................... 105

9.8.3. Biogas for electricity .................................................................................. 106

9.8.4. Biogas for heat ........................................................................................... 107

1.1.1. Key biomass companies operating on Romanian market ......................... 108

10. EUROPEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY LANDSCAPE ................................... 111

10.1. Romanian RES Regulations and EU Directives .................................................. 111

10.1.1. Precedent EU regulations .......................................................................... 111

10.1.2. Most recent EU renewable energy policy developments ......................... 112

10.2. Renewable energy mandatory targets for Romania set out by the EU ............ 113

10.2.1. Interim targets set out by the EU .............................................................. 113

10.2.2. National support schemes flexibility allowed by the EU ........................... 114

10.3. RES LEGAL Project ............................................................................................. 115

11. ROMANIAN RENEWABLE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ................. 117

11.1. Main laws and regulations ................................................................................ 118

11.2. Zoning, planning and construction related authorizations ............................... 119

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11.2.1. Availability of Land ..................................................................................... 120

11.2.2. DZP ............................................................................................................. 120

11.2.3. Change of Designation of Agricultural Land .............................................. 121

11.2.4. Design Visa ................................................................................................. 121

11.2.5. National Institute for Protection of Immovable Cultural Valuables .......... 121

11.2.6. Parcel Plans for Power Lines ...................................................................... 122

11.2.7. Approval of an Investment Project ............................................................ 122

11.2.8. Construction Permit ................................................................................... 122

11.2.9. Operating Permit ....................................................................................... 123

11.3. Environmental related authorizations .............................................................. 123

11.3.1. Ecological Assessment ............................................................................... 123

11.3.2. Environment Impact Assessment .............................................................. 124

11.3.3. Natura 2000 Network ................................................................................ 125

11.3.4. Joint Implementation ................................................................................. 126

11.4. Energy law authorizations ................................................................................. 127

11.4.1. Power Generation Licensing ...................................................................... 127

11.4.2. Grid Interconnection .................................................................................. 127

11.4.3. Power Off-Take .......................................................................................... 129

11.4.4. Green certificate prices .............................................................................. 130

11.4.5. Guarantees of Origin (Green certificates).................................................. 131

11.4.6. Scheme of Administrative procedure for biomass energy plants in Romania 132

11.5. Financial Incentives and Support for RES electricity ......................................... 135

11.6. Future market pricing mechanisms................................................................... 136

11.7. Key Co-financing opportunities ......................................................................... 137

11.7.1. Romanian Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Credit Line .............. 137

11.7.2. European Local Energy Assistance ............................................................. 143

11.7.3. Operational Program Competitiveness ..................................................... 144

11.7.4. Implementing Energy Saving Technologies in Enterprises Scheme .......... 144

12. KEY ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS ..................................................... 145

12.1. Government ...................................................................................................... 145

12.1.1. The Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism (MEET) ............................ 145

12.1.2. The State Energy and Water Regulatory commission (SEWRC) ................ 146

12.1.3. Agency for Sustainable Energy Development (ASED) ................................ 146

12.1.4. Ministry of Agriculture and Food ............................................................... 147

12.1.5. BEH ............................................................................................................. 147

12.1.6. NEC ............................................................................................................. 148

12.1.7. ESO ............................................................................................................. 148

12.1.8. MOEW and RIEW ....................................................................................... 149

12.1.9. MOH and RIPCP .......................................................................................... 149

12.1.10. Napoitelni Sistemi EAD ......................................................................... 149

12.2. Electricity Distribution Companies (EDC’s) ....................................................... 150

12.2.1. Transelectrica ............................................................................................. 150

12.2.2. Electrica S.A. ............................................................................................... 151

12.2.3. E.ON Romania ............................................................................................ 152

12.2.4. CEZ .............................................................................................................. 153

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12.2.5. ENEL ........................................................................................................... 154

12.3. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ............................................................. 155

12.3.1. Romanian Biomass Associations (RBIOM) ................................................. 155

12.3.2. Romanian Biogas Association (ARPB) ........................................................ 156

12.3.3. Energy Utilization Biomass Association (EUBA) ......................................... 157

12.3.4. Centre for Promotion of Clean And Efficient Energy In Romania(ENERO) 158

12.3.5. American Chamber of Commerce – RES Group ......................................... 159

12.4. Key biomass companies operating in Romanian market .................................. 160

12.5. Lobby groups ..................................................................................................... 162

12.6. Stаkeholder Аnаlysis ......................................................................................... 162

13. RISKS ABOUT RENEWABLE INVESTMENTS IN ROMANIA ................................ 165

13.1. Risks Associated with the Renewable Energy Industry in Romania ................. 165

13.1.1. Regulatory Risk ........................................................................................... 165

13.1.2. Competition within the Renewable Energy Industry................................. 166

13.1.3. Public Attitudes towards Renewable Energy Projects ............................... 167

13.1.4. Emerging Market Risk ................................................................................ 167

13.1.5. Insurance Risk ............................................................................................ 168

13.1.6. Force Majeure Risk .................................................................................... 168

13.2. Risks Associated with the Investor’s Finance Arrangements ............................ 168

13.2.1. Asset Sale Risk ............................................................................................ 168

13.2.2. Borrowing Risk ........................................................................................... 168

13.2.3. Foreign Exchange Risk ................................................................................ 169

13.3. Risks Associated with the Development of Renewable Energy Plants ............. 169

13.3.1. Variability in the Source of Renewable Energy .......................................... 169

13.3.2. Development of the Project and Construction Risk .................................. 170

13.3.3. Capital Cost Risk ......................................................................................... 170

13.3.4. Permits ....................................................................................................... 171

13.3.5. Land Options .............................................................................................. 171

13.3.6. Construction ............................................................................................... 172

13.3.7. Dependency on Suppliers .......................................................................... 172

13.3.8. Technology Risk.......................................................................................... 172

13.3.9. Operation and Maintenance Risk .............................................................. 173

13.3.10. Market Price of Electricity ...................................................................... 173

14. SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 174

15. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 180

16. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... 183

17. REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 186

18. DISCLAIMER .................................................................................................. 196

19. APPENDIX I. BIOMASS MAPS OF EUROPE AND ROMANIA .............................. 197

LIST OF MAPS, CHARTS AND TABLES

Map 1: Where is Romania on the European map ............................................................. 17

Map 2: Major transport corridors passing through Romania............................................ 18

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Map 3: Romanian regions .................................................................................................. 19

Map 4: Biomass potential of Romania ............................................................................... 73

Map 5: Biomass potential in Romania according to Romanian Academy of Science ....... 76

Map 6: NATURA 2000 areas in Romania ......................................................................... 125

Map 7: Electricity grids networks of Transelectrica ........................................................ 151

Map 8: Districts covered by E.ON Romania ..................................................................... 153

Map 9: Districts covered by CEZ ...................................................................................... 154

Chart 1: Real GDP growth for the period 2000-2012 (including estimates) ...................... 22

Chart 2: Romanian GDP growth compared to EU-27 for the period 2002-2011(Q1) ....... 23

Chart 3: Unemployment rate in % from 2000 to 2011 ...................................................... 25

Chart 4: Electricity imports and exports for the period 2004-2011 (in million MWh) including estimations ......................................................................................................... 26

Chart 5: FDI for the period 2000-2011 (in million EUR) ..................................................... 28

Chart 6: Lowest corporate income tax rate in Central / Eastern Europe ........................ 31

Chart 7: Inflation Rate per year for the period 2004-2012 ................................................ 34

Chart 8: Structure of Romanian electricity market ............................................................ 56

Chart 9: Gross electricity production 2011 ........................................................................ 57

Chart 10: Romanian RES targets in % set by the EU .......................................................... 58

Chart 11: Biomas indices May 2012 by E&Y analysis, ........................................................ 62

Chart 12: Comparison of the recent biomass installations growth (in MW) in the EU including estimations ......................................................................................................... 68

Chart 13: Trajectory to reach share of renewable energies in the EU in 2020 ................. 70

Chart 14: Biomass equipment supply in Romania in % by countries for 2012 .................. 85

Chart 15: Cumulative developments of biomass power plants in Romania in MW from 2000 to 2020, including estimates ..................................................................................... 87

Chart 16: Scheme of administrative procedure for biomass energy plants in Romania . 132

Chart 17: BEERCL structure .............................................................................................. 138

Chart 18: Structure of BEH ............................................................................................... 148

Chart 19: Market Shares by Sales of the Major Utility Companies in Romania in 2011 . 150

Chart 20: Structure of E.ON Romania .............................................................................. 152

Table 1: Electricity prices for business and households .................................................... 26

Table 2: Support schemes for RES generation in the EU countries ................................... 69

Table 3: Market prices for biomass projects in Romania for 2011 .................................... 79

Table 4: Selected operational, under construction and planned biomass projects in Romania ............................................................................................................................. 82

Table 5: Market prices for biomass equipment supply in Romania in 2012 ..................... 86

Table 6: Feed-in-tariffs for electricity from biomass sources in Romania ....................... 131

Table 7: Types of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects Financed by ERECL .......................................................................................................................................... 139

Table 8: Benefits of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects .......................... 139

© 2012, Inea Consulting Ltd., Romania; All rights reserved. Last Edition on 18.06.2012