prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
ROMANIAN NORMS IN LINE WITH
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
FOR
VENTILATION AND AIR
CONDITIONING
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OF
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR BUILDINGS
Mc001/2005
COMPENDIUM FOR THE CALCULATION OF
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR BUILDINGS – 2009 guide
DESIGN, EXECUTION AND MAINTENANCE ’S NORM
OF VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
I5/2009
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OF
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR BUILDINGS Mc001/2005
1st PART: THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
2nd PART: ENERGY PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT EQUIPMENT:
1. HEATING
2. VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING - EPBD standards
3. WARM TAP WATER PRODUCTION
4. LIGHTING
5. ALTERNATIVE METHODS - NP 047 regulation
3rd PART: ENERGY AUDIT AND CERTIFICATION
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR BUILDINGS - Quality of one building to
consume energy in order to meet the needs of the normal use of the
building (mainly for: heating, hot water preparation, cooling, ventilation
and lighting).
THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING is determined
according to a specific calculation methodology and is expressed by
one or more numeric indicators which are calculated by taking into
account the thermal insulation characteristics, the technical
characteristics of the building and its equipments, the operating
conditions inside the building, the exterior climatic factors, the
influence of the neighboring buildings, its own sources of energy
production and other factors that influence the energy necessary.
BUILDING - a set of spaces with well-defined functions, defined by
structured elements that form the building envelope, including the
related equipments and facilities, in which energy is used to provide
thermal comfort indoors.
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
II.2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
2.1 Terminology, classification of the ventilation and air conditioning
systems
2.2 Symbols and abbreviations
2.3 Calculation of internal temperatures during summer; checking the
thermal comfort parameters; air conditioning opportunity
2.4 Calculation of energy requirements for cooling of buildings – monthly
calculation method
2.5 Calculation of energy requirements for cooling of buildings – hourly
calculation method
2.6 Air flows calculation for mechanical and natural ventilation
2.7 Calculation of energy consumption for the ventilation of buildings
2.8 Calculation of annual energy consumption for the centralized and
decentralized air conditioning systems
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
III.2. AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION INSTALLATION (2009 compendium)
III.2.1. General approach
III.2.2. Evaluation of energy consumption for cooling, considering only the
sensible heat; flow charts of the calculation procedures III.2.2.1. Calculation of energy need for cooling, the monthly method, considering only the sensible
heat
III.2.2.2. Annual energy need for cooling
III.2.2.3. Electricity consumption of air conditioning (cooling) systems
III.2.3. Calculation of energy consumption for mechanical ventilation
III.2.3.1 General content and scope III.2.3.2. Calculation of the thermal loads for air treatment
III.2.3.3. Electricity consumption of ventilation systems
III.2.4. Calculation of energy consumption for air conditioning installations
considering the latent and sensible thermal load
III.2.4.1 General content and scope III.2.4.2. Main input and output data of the calculation method
III.2.4.3. Energy consumption for cooling and dehumidification
III.2.4.4. Electricity consumption of auxiliary devices, Qaux
III.2.4.5. Electricity consumption for humidification
III.2.4.6. Electricity consumption of the refrigeration unit
III.2.4.7. Total energy consumption of the air conditioning system
III.2.5. Annual duration of the cooling season
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 iunie 2009
For evaluation from national standards
- climatic data - unpublished
- thermal comfort evaluation criteria
- operative temperature
- calculation temperature of the indoor air for
cooling/air conditioning
- calculation air flows for ventilation (fresh air)
and for air conditioning - I5 NORM
- calculation of the heat flow from internal sources
- conditions for the choice and the sizing of
the installations
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Regulations and EPBD Standards on which is based “Calculation
methodology of the energy efficiency of buildings”:
-DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL on the energy performance of buildings
“The residential and tertiary sector, the major part of which is buildings,
accounts for more than 40% of final energy consumption in the Community
and is expanding, a trend which is bound to increase its energy
consumption and hence also its carbon dioxide emissions.”
- Romanian Law 372/2005 concerning the Energy performance of buildings
- EN ISO 13790 Thermal performance of buildings Calculation of energy
use for space heating
CONTENT: Gives calculation methods for assessment of the annual energy use for
space heating and cooling of a residential or a non-residential building, or a part
of it.
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
-EN 15241 Ventilation for buildings Calculation methods for energy losses
due to ventilation and infiltration in commercial buildings
-EN 15242 Ventilation for buildings Calculation methods for the
determination of air flow rates in buildings including infiltration
- EN 15255 Energy performance of buildings Sensible room cooling load
calculation General criteria and validation procedures
-EN 13779 Ventilation for non residential buildings – Performance
requirements for ventilation and room conditioning systems
- EN ISO 13792 Thermal performance of buildings Calculation of internal
temperatures of a room in summer without mechanical cooling Simplified
methods
CONTENT: Specifies the required input data for simplified calculation methods for
determining the maximum, average and minimum daily values of the operative
temperature of a room in the warm period.
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Typical meteorological year for calculating energy consumption in
buildings
The meteorological data from the years 1995 – 2005, for all district capitals,
were processed using the method presented in EN ISO 15927-4/2005.
For each weather feature and time unit (one month), the characteristic
distribution functions were constructed throughout the entire considered period
and for each year.
The distances between the global distribution function and the one year
distribution functions were calculated corresponding to a given time unit
(month). This time unit is taken into consideration by giving “notes” to each
candidate month to be the “characteristic month”, in inverse order of the
Filkenstein-Schaffer (FS) statistics value.
3 candidate months having the greatest mean are chosen. A classification was
made between them depending on the wind speed as a secondary
parameter. The characteristic month was chosen so that the dispersion of the
wind velocity values was the closest to the dispersion calculated for that month
with data from of all years.
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
The characteristic months are disposed on one evolution curve by smoothing the transition between them using 6 adjacent hours from two neighboring hours.
A simplified method of smoothing with weights was used
Horary meteorological data smoothing, using w=[0.3, 0.4, 0.3]
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Finally, the following parameters of the mean reference characteristic meteorological
year were obtained, for 43 locations of meteorological stations in all the districts
(including Bucharest with 2 stations):
- air temperature [°C];
- relative humidity [%];
- dew point temperature [°C];
- moisture content [g/kg];
- wind speed [m/s].
For meteorological stations Bucharest-Afumati, Constanta, Galati, Iasi, Cluj-Napoca,
Craiova and Timisoara, the reference year has also been built for direct and diffuse
radiation [cal/cm2].
N° Month Day Hour
Air
Temperature
[0C]
Humi
dity
[%]
Dew-point
temperature
[0C]
Humidity
content
[g/kg]
Wind
speed
[m/s]
Direct
radiation
[cal/cm²]
Diffuse
radiation
[cal/cm²]
1 1 1 0 2.3 100 2.3 5.67 4 0 0
2 1 1 1 1.8 100 1.8 5.49 4 0 0
3 1 1 2 1.1 100 1.1 5.23 4 0 0
4 1 1 3 1 99 0.9 5.14 3 0 0
5 1 1 4 0.2 98 -0.1 4.82 3 0 0
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
1. General content and scope, general criteria
2. Terminology
3. Ventilation of buildings 3.1 Criteria for achieving ventilation
Indoor air quality
Compliance of ventilated buildings with regulations
3.2 Ventilation systems
4. Air conditioning of buildings
5. General calculation parameters 5.1 Definition of room conditions
5.2 Climatic data
5.2 Thermal load of the building
5.3 Air flow rates for ventilated spaces I5 ‘s content 5.5 Sizing of air ducts
6. General components of ventilation/air conditioning systems
7. General regulations for ventilation/air conditioning equipment
8. Solutions of ventilation/air conditioning for different destinations of buildings
9. Solutions and measures for improoving energy efficiency in ventilation/air conditioning
installations 9.1 Thermal insulation of installations
9.2 Heat recovery and storage and use of renewable sources
10. Execution of ventilation/air conditioning installations
11. putting into operation and reception of ventilation/air conditioning installations
12. Operation, maintenance, revisions and service of ventilation/air conditioning
installations
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
European/Romanian standards being reference documents for N I5:2009:
- SR CR 1752:2002 Ventilation for buildings - Design criteria for the indoor
environment
-ISO 7730 :2005 Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical
determination and interpretation of thermal confort using calculation of the PMV
and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria
- SR EN 15251 Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment
of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal
environment, lighting and acoustics
-SR EN ISO 13779 :2005 – Ventilation for non-residential buildings. Performance
requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems
-SR EN 12599:2002 Ventilation for buildings - Test procedures and measuring
methods for handing over installed ventilation and air conditioning systems
- SR EN 12792:2004 Ventilation for buildings - Symbols, terminology and
graphical symbols
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Compliance of ventilated buildings with regulations
● The compliance of ventilated buildings with the regulations helps to increase
comfort and energy savings; it must be made based on the concept of
integrated design, depending on the destination of the building, its
compactness, its climatic conditions and its location.
● In order to achieve an economic ventilation, the compliance of ventilated
buildings with the regulations aims to:
- Reduce the heat load of the building,
- Achieve as possible a natural ventilation
- Control ventilation and cooling of the building during the night or the summer
- Achieving a balanced circulation of air within the building.
Example: In order to reduce the thermal load of buildings, will be considered:
- A convenient relation between the building’s fingerprint on the ground and its
volume,
- Designing the envelope of the building in order to limit the heating / cooling
loads through: thermal insulation of the opaque and transparent elements of
the envelope, double ventilated envelope, windows having efficient adjustable
sunscreens....
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Indoor air quality
• For rooms where the ambient criteria are determined by the human
presence, indoor air quality will be ensured through the ventilation flow
(fresh air) which is determined according to the destination of the rooms,
the number of occupants and their activities and the of pollutant emissions
of the building (from the construction elements, finishes, furnishings and
the installations).
• For rooms without a specific destination (e.g. storage spaces), the
classification of the air quality and of the ventilation air flow, which may be
introduced from outside or transferred from other rooms, shall be
determined depending on the useful area of the floor.
• For civil and industrial spaces where there are other sources of pollutants
than the building itself and the bio-effluents, the indoor air quality must be
ensured by compliance with the values of the allowed concentration in the
occupied zone. For this purpose, the interior concentration of pollutants
and the ventilation flow rate must be calculated.
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
From I5 Norm (ventilation / air conditioning)
In all rooms of a building the indoor air quality must be ensured.
Indoor air quality is ensured through ventilation depending on the
destination of the room, type of pollutant sources and activities taking
place in the room. In particular cases, the air quality can be ensured
through specific methods (active carbon filters, deodorization devices
etc..).
Indoor air quality class Description
IDA 1 High quality indoor air
IDA 2 Average quality indoor air
IDA 3 Moderate quality indoor air
IDA 4 Low quality indoor air
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Thus, for civil buildings in which the main source of pollution are the
human bioefluents, the air quality in rooms where smoking is prohibited, is
classified by the allowed indor concentration of carbon dioxide up to the
exterior concentration beyond the exterior concentration, as displayed in
the Table:
Classes of indoor air quality depending on the concentration of CO2
beyond the exterior concentration (from SR EN 13779).
Classes CO2 level beyond the exterior level, in
ppm
Typical range Value by default
IDA 1 ≤ 400 350
IDA 2 400 – 600 500
IDA 3 600 – 1000 800
IDA 4 ≥ 1000 1200
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
From I5 Norm (ventilation / air conditioning) Depending on the pollutant emissions from civil spaces, buildings are classified
in: very low-polluting buildings, low-polluting buildings and polluting buildings.
Low-polluting building; building made of traditional natural materials like
stone, glass, metal or other materials having low emissions. Informatively, the
emissions (TCOV, formaldehyde, ammonia, etc..) are given in Annex C of the
standard SR EN 15251: 2007.
Very low-polluting building; a building made of traditional natural materials
like stone, glass, metal or or other materials having low emissions and where
smoking was and is always prohibited. Informatively, the emissions (TCOV,
formaldehyde, ammonia, etc..) are given in Annex C of the standard SR EN
15251: 2007.
Polluting building; a building which does not correspond to the classes of
very low or low polluting building
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 iunie 2009
Thus, for a room where the ambient criteria are determined by the
human presence the resulting flow is q [l/s]:
q = N qp + A qB
where: N – number of persons,
qp – fresh air flow rate per person, from Table 1,
A – floor surface area,
qB – fresh air flow rate per 1 m2 of floor, from Table 2,
Table 1
Ambient class Percentage of dissatisfied [%]
Flow rate per person [l/s]
Flow rate per person [m3/h]
I 15 10 36
II 20 7 25
III 30 4 15
IV >30 <4 <15
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 iunie 2009
Ambient classes
Flow rate per m2 floor area [l/(s.m2)]
Flow rate per m2 floor area[m3/(h.m2)]
Very low polluting buildings
Low polluting buildings
Others Very low polluting buildings
Low polluting buildings
Others
I 0,5 1 2,0 1,8 3,6 7,2
II 0,35 0,7 1,4 1,26 2,52 5,0
III 0,3 0,4 0,8 1,1 1,44 2,9
IV Larger values than for the class IV
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Ventilation systems, mechanical or natural, must be dimensioned so that the
values of the extracted flows, given Table…, to be completed in average
weather conditions of winter season.
These flows must be provided by the system both simultaneously or separately.
Table… Air flows for ventilation of dwellings
Number of the
main rooms in
the dwelling
Extracted air flows in m3/h
Kitchen Bathroom or
shower with toilet
Other
shower
Toilets
single multiple
1 75 15 - - -
2 90 15 15 15 15
3 105 30 15 15 15
4 120 30 15 30 15
5 or more 135 30 15 30 15
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Number of the main rooms in the dwelling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Minimum
total flow
rate
[m3/h]
35 60 75 90 105 120 135
Minimum
kitchen flow
rate [m3/h]
20 30 45 45 45 45 45
Minimum total flow rate for ventilation of dwellings
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Type of room or building
Class
Calculation air temperature [0C]
Heating temperature;
clothing 1,0 clo
Cooling temperatre
clothing 0,5 clo
Residential buildings (living
room, bedrooms)
sedentary activity - 1,2 met
I 21,0 – 25,0 23,5 – 25,5
II 20,0 -25,0 23,0 – 26,0
III 18,0 – 25,0 22,0 – 27,0
Residential buildings (other
rooms)
standing, walking - 1,5 met
I 18,0 – 25,0
II 16,0 – 25,0
III 14,0 – 25,0
Individual offices or landscape
type, meeting rooms, cafes,
restaurants, classrooms
sedentary activity - 1,2 met
I 21,0 – 23,0 23,5 – 25,5
II 20,0 – 24,0 23,0 – 26,0
III 19,0 – 25,0 22,0 – 27,0
Nurseries, kindergartens
standing, walking - 1.4 met
I 19,0 – 21,0 22,5 – 24,5
II 17,5 – 22,5 21,5 – 25,5
III 16,5 – 23,5 21,0 – 26,0
Large department stores
standing, walking - 1,6 met
I 17,5 – 20,5 22,0 – 24,0
II 16,0 – 22,0 21,0 – 25,0
III 15,0 – 23,0 20,0 – 26,0
Calculation interior temperature for comfort air conditioning (from SR EN 15251:2007)
prof.dr. ing. Iolanda COLDA
24 June 2009
Humidity control is achieved only in buildings where the nature of activity
requires this control (e.g.: museums, laboratories, some special rooms in
hospitals, industrial spaces with different technological processes).
Humidity might also be controlled, at the written request of the beneficiary,
which should indicate that it was notified of the additional energy
consumption that occurs in this case. The design theme will specify
distinctively the rooms in which the humidity control has to be done; these
rooms will be a separate thermal zone, supplied from a dedicated air handling
unit.
For civil buildings where the humidity control is adopted, the recommended
relative humidity of the indoor air is given in Table... Checking the status of
comfort will be done through the calculation of PMV