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Rome & Julius Caesar
Change in Rome• There was a change in Romans from the
Rome first ideal • Roman leaders start to put their own
needs first• There are a few men who represent this
but no one more than Julius Caesar• Though they were selfish they still did
some good things
Famous Figures• Pompey Magnus• Marcus Crassus• Mark Antony• Cleopatra• Julius Caesar
Pompey Magnus• Also known as Pompey
the Great• He was a plebian and a
Roman general • He became famous at a
young age for defeating a group of pirates
Pompey Magnus (contd.)• He was loved by the people because
of his victories in Spain• As he grew older and stayed in
Rome his fame faded• As Julius Caesar became more
popular and powerful Pompey sided with the Senate and the rich
Marcus Crassus• He was the richest man
in Rome• He was a patrician and
a Roman general• He was famous for
stopping a famous slave rebellion
Spartacus Rebellion
Marcus Crassus (contd.)• Crassus was extremely selfish and obsessed
with wealth and power• He became rich but he never became as
famous as he wanted• He was older when the two more famous
and skilled generals Pompey and Julius Caesar came to power• He faded from power as they both rose into
positions of power
Mark Antony• He was a patrician and
a Roman general • He was Julius Caesar’s
second-in-command• He was a great military
leader but a failure at everything else
• He would fight along side his troops
Mark Antony (contd.)• He was known for his violent nature,
loose moral living, and gambling• He was not qualified for the political
positions he was given • He would become one of the most
powerful men in Rome even though he was not very “sharp”
Cleopatra• She was the last pharaoh of
Egypt• She was very plain looking
but legend talks about her being very beautiful
• She was a master of seduction and used that skill to become leader of Egypt
• She was highly intelligent
Cleopatra (contd.)• She originally shared the rule of Egypt
with her brother• After seducing Julius Caesar she convinced
Caesar to make her sole leader of EgyptThey would have a love child that would
be Caesar’s only son by blood• She would do the same thing to another
famous Roman
Julius Caesar• He was a patrician and a
Roman general• One of the most famous
people in Roman history• He was very ambitious• He was famous for
conquering Gaul (modern day France) and sharing his troops hardships
Julius Caesar (contd.)• His popularity grew with the people
because of his many victories• Caesar was also liked because he
talked about changing things to make it better for the people• This led to tension between him and
the rich and powerful of Rome
The First Triumvirate• A group of the three most powerful
men in Rome• It was made up of Marcus Crassus,
Pompey Magnus, and Julius Caesar• The group had no official government
power• They agreed to share power instead of
competing against one another
Competition Intensifies• The competition became worse as the year
went on between Pompey and Julius Caesar• They were both friends and Pompey was
even married to Caesar’s daughter• The competition heated up for a few
reasons:Julius Caesar was becoming more popular
for his victories
Competition Intensifies Pompey’s popularity fades as he stays in
Rome and he sides with the richJulia, Caesar’s daughter, dies so the men
no longer share a family connectionMarcus Crassus dies so there is no one
to slow the competition downJulius Caesar is talking about making
changes to help the common people
The Final Straws• Pompey, with the help of the
senators, is elected sole consul instead of sharing it with Caesar• The Senate decides to vote to force
Caesar to come home• Caesar is told to leave his army and
to return to Rome alone
The Decision• Caesar has a decisionReturn home embarrassed and
maybe face criminal chargesInvade the city of Rome with his
army and break every ancient Roman rule and tradition
Crossing the Rubicon• The Rubicon river is the natural border that
marks the start of the ancient city of Rome• A Roman general could not enter the city
of Rome with a battle ready armyIt was one of the worst crimes a Roman
could commit It was one of the biggest insults to the gods
Crossing the Rubicon• A Roman army had to remove their armor
and weapons once they entered the city of Rome• By crossing the Rubicon Caesar is declaring
war on RomeIt is one of the most important events in
Roman history• Pompey and the senators are not prepared
so they leave Rome to prepare to fight
Civil War• Pompey and some important senators fight
against Caesar• The final battle is in 48 BCE in Brundisium,
GreeceCaesar & Antony are outnumbered about 2 to 1They still winCaesar allows the senators who surrender to
livePompey escapes to Egypt
Egypt• Pompey goes to Egypt to recruit an armyThe ruler of Egypt has his head cut off
as a peace offering to CaesarEgypt’s ruler wants to stay an
independent nation instead of being controlled by Rome• Caesar become furious about his friend’s
death and demands justice
Egypt (contd.)• With his soldiers Caesar replaces the
ruler of Egypt with Cleopatra• Egypt now become a client kingdom
of RomeIt is allowed to have its own ruler
and laws but they must pay taxes and provide crops to Rome
Caesar in Rome• Caesar is forced to return quickly to Rome
because Antony cannot run it• He begins reforms to make the country
betterHe forgives debts for many peopleHe expands the amount of senatorsHe starts public building projects and puts
Romans to workHe expands the calendar