R O MA N

R E P U B L I C

& E M P I R E5 . 3 : R O M E U N I T E S

A V A S T E M P I R E

CHAP 3: ROME UNITES A VAST

EMPIREOctavian becomes emperorTriumph over Marc Antony ended a century

of political murder and civil warAll over the Mediterranean, people hoped

for peace and an orderly governmentRome needed a strong ruler to unify them,

the people realized that the Republican system no longer worked.

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDOctavian won the support of the Senate by

allowing it to keep its powers and encouraging the senate to give him advice, some powers over the provinces and its own treasury

27 BC, the Senate grants Octavian a new name--Augustus Caesar—August meaning “honored, majestic” and Caesar an honorary title w/c was became title of honor in other countries; kaiser(Germany) and czar (Russia)

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDAugustus restores order by:

1. Dismantled private armies of the generals and took control of the army

2. Improved gov’t in the provinces by making governors accountable and the Senate to oversee the provinces that might cause trouble

3. Granted citizenship to outsiders earning their loyalty

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDAugustus restores order by:

4. Giving benefits to old, retired or former soldiers & their families

5. Restored—tried—to restore the qualities that made the Roman people great: devotion to Roman state, close family ties, hard work, simple living, discipline.

6. Infrastructure projects

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDAugustus restores order by:

7. Incentives to those who marry and raise families

8. Free or low-cost grain to the poor to alleviate hunger for the poor & unemployed

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN END

The Pax Romana

means “the Roman Peace”

period in Roman history known for peace, stability & a just and orderly government.

lasted for 200 years, from 27 BC – 180 AD

Augustus died in 14 AD

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDAugustus’ successors the Empire had no law of succession, most rulers

just pick their heirs from members of their family1st 4 emperors after Augustus were related to

him or to his second wife Livia—Julio-Claudiandynasty. All 4 lacked Aug’s statesman skills

1. Tiberius – Augustus’ stepson (AD 14-37), during his reign plot & violence again became the norm

Augustus’ successors 2. Caligula – Tiberius’ stepson (AD 37-41), assassinated

by the Praetorian Guard due to maniacal and perverted behavior

3. Claudius– Caligula’s uncle, last adult male in the family, made Emperor at the insistence of the Praetorian Guard (AD 41-54)

4. Nero– Claudius’ stepson (AD 54-68) noted for his tyranny and extravagance. Said to have “fiddled while Rome burned” in AD 64. Blamed fire on the Christians and began to persecute them. Committed suicide 4 years later after the army rebelled

Tiberius Claudius Nero Tiberius Julius Caesar

Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar GermanicusGaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

Tiberius Claudius DrususTiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

Lucius Domitius AhenobarbusNero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDMilitary leaders become emperors

• After Nero’s death, lawlessness shook Rome and military officers competed for the throne. After 3 more dead emperors—2 by execution, 1 by suicide—Vespasian took the throne (AD 69-79)

• Restored discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire.

The “Good Emperors” bring stable rule1. Titus – son of Vespasian, went to war against

rebels of Judaea. Captured Jerusalem and burned the Temple

2. Domitian – brother of Titus, assassinated in AD 963. Nerva – a respected senator, introduced the

“adopt-a-son-and-make-him-heir” policy and named a successor that had a proven ability to lead. This practice was later adapted by future rulers to avoid conflict, succession of competent rulers and power vacuums

CHAP 2: THE REPUBLIC COMES

TO AN ENDThe “Good Emperors” bring stable rule4. Trajan – (AD 98-117) Nerva’s adopted son,

Spanish born governor of the northern region of Italy.

5. Hadrian – (AD 117-138) devoted reign to making Empire more secure instead of adding more provinces. Built Hadrian’s Wall, a defensive barrier on the frontlines of Britain.

The Pax Romana EndsMarcus Aurelius – last of the emperors chosen

by the adoptive system; scholarly man who followed Stoic principle of lifeCommodus – son of M.A. and heir, he was not

a fit ruler and his succession to the throne ended Pax RomanaFeats of engineering – Colosseum, Pantheon,

arch, Basilica, aqueduct, Appian Way, Forum/plaza

CHAP 4: ROMAN SOCIETY

CHANGESRoman cities are centers of culture – urbane

and cosmopolitan connected to other cities with a network of roads. Public amenities include: schools, libraries, theaters, & public bathsClass divisions now based mainly on wealth –

most distinguished families were from the old senatorial families; poor people were unemployed & depended on free food from gov’t and lived in slums

Roman societies include slaves

Republic era slaves were poorly treated

Empire era slaves had some form of protection/rights due to laws passed by some Emperors

Some slaves became respected teachers, some were skilled artisans. Others still suffered harsh/brutal treatment in Roman navy, latifundas and stone quarries

Paterfamilias – the father, head of the household; had absolute authority over every person in the family

By 2nd c. AD, family discipline was much laxer, resulting in spoilt and less disciplined children. Also more freedom for Roman women

Could no longer be forced into marriage

Could own property and keep money if divorced

Could make business dealls and wills w/o consulting husband

Could no longer be forced into marriage

Could own property and keep money if divorced

Could make business dealls and wills w/o consulting husband

Could go out shopping or visiting

Had more opportunities for education

Prominent Senatorial Wives, Mothers, Daughters

1. Cornelia – Gracchus Bros’ mother, influenced Roman politics

2. Livia - dynamic wife of Augustus, advised him on decisions

3. Julia Domna – mother of Emperor Caracalla, in charge of govt while son was at war

4. Julia Mamaea – neice to #3 & mother to Emperor Alexander Severus, also made decisions during son’s reign

Litterator – teacher who taught young boys to read and write

Calculator – teacher who taught young boys arithmetic

Roman values and attitudes were taught at home Older boys went to grammar school to learn music,

geometry, astronomy, literature and oratoryCircus Maximus and Colosseums provide

entertainment Chariot races, gladiator fights and animals pitted

against one another or against slaves

CHAP 5: ROMANS BUILD ON

GREEK CULTUREGreco-Roman Culture – blended Greek and Roman

influences

1. Virgil – Augustus’s propagandist & pastoral writer

- glorified the Roman talent for governing by writing the Aeneid (Carthage also destroyed in epic)

2. Horace – son of a freed slave, another great poet during Augustus’ time, also a pastoral writer

3. Ovid – writer, contrast to previous 2 was a city-dweller; spoke for the upperclass

- wrote of fashion, wealth, romance, Metamorphoses is a retelling of R & G myths

4. Juvenal – last great Roman writer

Roman architecture and engineering is practical

Roman’s take practical approach to science

1. Galen – a Greek whose theories dominated the world of Roman medicine

2. Ptolemy - a mathematician, geographer and astronomer who worked in Alexandria, he wrote Amalgest

Roman thinkers follow Stoic tradition

Marcus Aurelius – wrote the book Meditations in which he expressed the Stoic belief that Romans should live simple lives

Romans have a knack for law making

Cicero – writer and orator, said, “law should not be bent by influence or broken by power or spoiled by money”

SEATWORK1. What was Greco-Roman culture?

How did it develop?

2. According to Virgil, what quality set the Romans apart from other people?

3. On what did Horace blame the fall of the Republic?