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Ron Bradbury, Presenter
MarijuanaOne of the Oldest Known Drugs
Part 11
Drugs and Our Society
1.1. Medicinal valueMedicinal value- described by ancients in writings- described by ancients in writings-- Chinese / Greeks / Persians / RomansChinese / Greeks / Persians / Romans- muscle spasms / pain / indigestion- muscle spasms / pain / indigestion
a. a. Euphoric effectsEuphoric effects- 20- 20thth century century- “- “heinous drugheinous drug””- -
b. Use restricted b. Use restricted - - Marijuana Tax ActMarijuana Tax Act (1937) (1937)
2.2. Hemp plantHemp plant
-- “ “cannabis sativa”cannabis sativa”
a. delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (THC)a. delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (THC)
- grows throughout the world- grows throughout the world
b. Several factors influence THC levelsb. Several factors influence THC levels
- gender / soil / climate / harvesting / - gender / soil / climate / harvesting / etcetc
c. Between 4% and 24% THCc. Between 4% and 24% THC
Chemical Makeup of Chemical Makeup of MarijuanaMarijuana3.3. Contains more than 500 chemicalsContains more than 500 chemicals
-- 60 unique to plant60 unique to plant
-- called ‘called ‘CannabinoidsCannabinoids’’
a. Carcinogenic compound in smokea. Carcinogenic compound in smoke
- called - called benzopyrenebenzopyrene
- 50% to 70% more- 50% to 70% more
b. Inhalation of marijuana smokeb. Inhalation of marijuana smoke
- 5 times as much tar- 5 times as much tar
Species of MarijuanaSpecies of Marijuana
4.4. Three primary speciesThree primary species
a. a. Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa
- higher THC level- higher THC level
b. b. Cannabis indicaCannabis indica
- grown for psychoactive properties- grown for psychoactive properties
c. c. Cannabis ruderalisCannabis ruderalis
- low potency of THC- low potency of THC
Marijuana TerminologyMarijuana Terminology5.5. Wording used in the marijuana drug Wording used in the marijuana drug
cultureculture
a. a. GanjaGanja
- top and flowers of female - top and flowers of female cannabis cannabis plant plant
b. b. BhangBhang
- lower leaves / stems / and seeds- lower leaves / stems / and seeds
c. c. SinsemillaSinsemilla (without seeds) (without seeds)
- unfertilized female cannabis plant- unfertilized female cannabis plant
Other Forms of MarijuanaOther Forms of Marijuana
6.6. Hashish and hash oilHashish and hash oil
a.a. HashishHashish
- ‘- ‘resinresin’ of the cannabis plant’ of the cannabis plant
- THC more potent- THC more potent
- smoked in a pipe- smoked in a pipe
b. b. Hash oilHash oil
- THC content of 60%- THC content of 60%
- mixed with tobacco and smoked- mixed with tobacco and smoked
THC LevelsTHC Levels
7.7. Up to 1990: average THC was 2% to 5%Up to 1990: average THC was 2% to 5%-- much stronger today much stronger today-- from 8% to 16% from 8% to 16%
a. Varies from grower to growera. Varies from grower to grower
b. Depends on type of fertilizers used / b. Depends on type of fertilizers used / soil conditions / cultivation / etc. soil conditions / cultivation / etc.
Points of OriginPoints of Origin8.8. Marijuana plant: resilient / grow anywhere Marijuana plant: resilient / grow anywhere
a. Areas of productiona. Areas of production
- high growth rate in Columbia / - high growth rate in Columbia / MexicoMexico
- other Latin American countries- other Latin American countries
- Caribbean and Asia- Caribbean and Asia
b. Grows freely in former Soviet Unionb. Grows freely in former Soviet Union
Areas of Production, Areas of Production, cont.cont.
- produce 11,000 metric tons on - produce 11,000 metric tons on 2.5 2.5 million acres million acres
c. 25% used in US is domesticc. 25% used in US is domestic
- important to economy: - important to economy: California / Kentucky / No. California / Kentucky / No. Carolina / Oregon / Tennessee Carolina / Oregon / Tennessee
- federal / state / private lands - federal / state / private lands
Extent of UseExtent of Use
9.9. 44thth most commonly used drug worldwide most commonly used drug worldwide
-- 7% of Americans used in past 30 days 7% of Americans used in past 30 days
-- 40.4% in lifetime (sporadic) 40.4% in lifetime (sporadic)
a. India / Jamaica / Greece / Egypta. India / Jamaica / Greece / Egypt
- daily / greater quantities- daily / greater quantities
b. Male high school athletesb. Male high school athletes
- higher rate (non-athletes)- higher rate (non-athletes)
- female athletes less (non-athletes)- female athletes less (non-athletes)
Extent, contExtent, cont
c. Correlation: c. Correlation:
- lower grades - lower grades
- higher truancy- higher truancy
- less religious commitment- less religious commitment
d. Cost varies greatly:d. Cost varies greatly:
- Boston to Honolulu- Boston to Honolulu
- $150.00 to $300.00 per ounce- $150.00 to $300.00 per ounce
Pharmacology of MarijuanaPharmacology of Marijuana
10.10. Smoked or ingestedSmoked or ingested
-- commonly smoked in UScommonly smoked in US
-- ingested: other countriesingested: other countries
a. a. SmokedSmoked
- takes effect more quickly- takes effect more quickly
- THC: 3 times more potent- THC: 3 times more potent
- effects: 2 to 4 hours- effects: 2 to 4 hours
Pharmacology, contPharmacology, cont
b. b. IngestedIngested
- effects last longer (3 – 12 hours)- effects last longer (3 – 12 hours)
c. Rolled into cigarettesc. Rolled into cigarettes
- reefer / joint / stick / rock / etc.- reefer / joint / stick / rock / etc.
c. Made into a “c. Made into a “bluntblunt””
d. Smoked in pipes / bongsd. Smoked in pipes / bongs
- bongs: filtered through water - bongs: filtered through water
Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.
11.11. AbsorptionAbsorption
-- reaches brain in secondsreaches brain in seconds
-- psychological / physical effects psychological / physical effects
a. a. EuphoricEuphoric
- sensory effects- sensory effects
- last several hours- last several hours
- intensive: felt in 30 minutes - intensive: felt in 30 minutes (peak)(peak)
Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.
b. b. SmokedSmoked
- half THC absorbed in lungs- half THC absorbed in lungs
- - ingestedingested: much less: much less
12.12. ToleranceTolerance
-- no physical tolerance develops no physical tolerance develops (animal(animal
studies)studies)
-- disputed as to humans disputed as to humans
Tolerance, cont.Tolerance, cont.
- likely among daily users- likely among daily users
b. No evidence of reverse toleranceb. No evidence of reverse tolerance
- get high with less - get high with less
- usually the setting / familiarity- usually the setting / familiarity
13.13. Physical dependencePhysical dependence
-- does not occur does not occur
Physical Dependence, cont.Physical Dependence, cont.
- young people it may (sensitive)- young people it may (sensitive)
a. Withdrawal symptoms (vary)a. Withdrawal symptoms (vary)
- nervous / tension / restlessness /- nervous / tension / restlessness /
appetite changeappetite change
- sleep disturbance (70 mos. daily use)- sleep disturbance (70 mos. daily use)
b. Immediate effect: reduce aggressionb. Immediate effect: reduce aggression
Psychological DependencePsychological Dependence
1.1. Believe it can result in dependenceBelieve it can result in dependence
- most occasional - most occasional
- do not become compulsive- do not become compulsive
2.2. Drug itself = not lead to increased useDrug itself = not lead to increased use
a. Perceived need is responsiblea. Perceived need is responsible
- compulsive use / dependence- compulsive use / dependence
- need is psychosocial- need is psychosocial
Decriminalization and LegalizationDecriminalization and Legalization
1.1. 1972: 1972: Presidential Commission on Presidential Commission on Marijuana and Drug AbuseMarijuana and Drug Abuse-- recommended decriminalizationrecommended decriminalization
a. 1973 to 1978: 11 states decriminalizeda. 1973 to 1978: 11 states decriminalized - Oregon was first- Oregon was first - still illegal to possess (infraction)- still illegal to possess (infraction)
b. Illegal in every state except Alaskab. Illegal in every state except Alaska - 4 ounces (grown / possessed)- 4 ounces (grown / possessed)
Decriminalization / Legalization, cont.Decriminalization / Legalization, cont.
c. 1998: Oregon referendum re-criminalizec. 1998: Oregon referendum re-criminalize
d. d. Recent reform initiatives:Recent reform initiatives:
- - Alaska HempAlaska Hemp: yes = 41% / no = 59%: yes = 41% / no = 59%
- - California Prop. 36California Prop. 36: drug treatment : drug treatment yes = 61% / no = 39%yes = 61% / no = 39%
Reform Initiatives, cont.Reform Initiatives, cont.e. e. Mendocino County Measure GMendocino County Measure G - legal cultivation / personal - legal cultivation / personal
possessionpossession - yes = 58% / no = 42%- yes = 58% / no = 42%
f. f. Colorado Amendment 20Colorado Amendment 20 - medical use: yes = 54% / no = 46%- medical use: yes = 54% / no = 46%
g. g. Massachusetts Question 8Massachusetts Question 8 - drug treatment: yes = 48% / no = 52%- drug treatment: yes = 48% / no = 52%
Reform Initiatives, cont.Reform Initiatives, cont.h. h. Nevada Question 9Nevada Question 9
- medical use / creation of legal supply - medical use / creation of legal supply
- yes = 65% / no = 35%- yes = 65% / no = 35%
i. i. Oregon Measure 3Oregon Measure 3
- prohibition of asset forfeiture without- prohibition of asset forfeiture without
convictionconviction
- yes = 67% / no = 33%- yes = 67% / no = 33%
- - UtahUtah: yes = 69% / no = 31%: yes = 69% / no = 31%
Behavioral EffectsBehavioral Effects1.1. A new user has to learn howA new user has to learn how
a. a. First stepFirst step:: - deeply inhaling the smoke- deeply inhaling the smoke - hold in lungs (20 to 40 seconds)- hold in lungs (20 to 40 seconds)
b. b. Second stepSecond step:: - learn to identify effects- learn to identify effects
c. c. Third stepThird step::
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont. - learning to control effects- learning to control effects
d. d. Final stepFinal step::
- labeling effects as “pleasant”- labeling effects as “pleasant”
e. Because of this learning process:e. Because of this learning process:
- first time user- first time user
- does not achieve euphoric - does not achieve euphoric “stoned” or “high” of repeat user“stoned” or “high” of repeat user
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.
2.2. Effects by experienced userEffects by experienced user
- well established- well established
- cannabis high has several stages- cannabis high has several stages
a. Initial effects:a. Initial effects:
- often somewhat stimulating- often somewhat stimulating
- elicit mild tension / anxiety- elicit mild tension / anxiety
b. Replaced by feeling of well-being b. Replaced by feeling of well-being
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.
c. c. Later effectsLater effects::
- feel introspective / tranquil- feel introspective / tranquil
- rapid mood changes- rapid mood changes
- periods of hilarity- periods of hilarity
- followed by contemplative - followed by contemplative silencesilence
3.3. One of the most consistent effects:One of the most consistent effects:
- short term memory- short term memory
- tasks such as learning is difficult- tasks such as learning is difficult
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.- remembering new information- remembering new information
- remembering / following a sequence- remembering / following a sequence
of directionsof directions
3.3. Everyday use while intoxicated:Everyday use while intoxicated:
-- unable to easily recall information toldunable to easily recall information told
seconds or minutes beforeseconds or minutes before
a. One researcher (A. Wikler) said:a. One researcher (A. Wikler) said:
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.
““The drunkard staggers only The drunkard staggers only when when he walks . . . the pothead he walks . . . the pothead forgets forgets only when he talks.” only when he talks.”
b. No comprehension of timeb. No comprehension of time
- more time passed than actual- more time passed than actual
- most reported psychological - most reported psychological effect effect
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.
c. Loss of concentration c. Loss of concentration demonstrateddemonstrated
- in interpersonal - in interpersonal communicationscommunications
4.4. Half-Life of THCHalf-Life of THC
- rapidly absorbed into bloodstream- rapidly absorbed into bloodstream
- distributed first to the brain- distributed first to the brain
- then rest of body- then rest of body
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.
a. Within 30 minutesa. Within 30 minutes
- most already gone from brain- most already gone from brain
b. THC remaining in bloodb. THC remaining in blood
- half-life of 19 hours- half-life of 19 hours
c. c. MetabolitesMetabolites formed in liver formed in liver
- half-life of 50 hours- half-life of 50 hours
Behavioral Effects, cont.Behavioral Effects, cont.
d. After one week:d. After one week:
- 15% to 20% - 15% to 20%
- THC and its metabolites- THC and its metabolites
- might still remain in the body- might still remain in the body