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8/9/2019 Roots, Nature of Psychology, Perspective in Psychology
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THE NATURE AND ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGYTHE NATURE AND ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
PsychologyPsychology the scientific study of behavior andthe scientific study of behavior andthe mindthe mind
BehaviorBehavior refers to action and responses thatrefers to action and responses that
can be directly observedcan be directly observedMindMind refers to internal states and processesrefers to internal states and processes
such as thoughts and feelingssuch as thoughts and feelings that canthat can
not be seen directly and must benot be seen directly and must beinferred from observable, measurableinferred from observable, measurable
responsesresponses
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Psychology as science can be seen as eitherPsychology as science can be seen as either
basicbasic andand applied science.applied science.
Basic science (research)Basic science (research) refers to the questrefers to the quest
for knowledge purely for its own sakefor knowledge purely for its own sake
Applied science (research)Applied science (research) which is designedwhich is designed
solve specific, practical problemssolve specific, practical problems
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The Goals of Psychology:The Goals of Psychology:
1.1. to describe how people and other speciesto describe how people and other species
behavebehave
2.2. to understand the causes of these behaviorsto understand the causes of these behaviors
3.3. to predict how people and animals will behaveto predict how people and animals will behave
under certain conditionsunder certain conditions
4.4. to influence behavior through the control ofto influence behavior through the control of
its causesits causes
5.5. to apply psychological knowledge in ways thatto apply psychological knowledge in ways that
enhance human welfareenhance human welfare
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The debate on how our behavior is primarilyThe debate on how our behavior is primarily
shaped: is it by nature (biological endowment) orshaped: is it by nature (biological endowment) orby nurture ( our environment and learningby nurture ( our environment and learning
history)?history)?
To understand more fully why people act, think,To understand more fully why people act, think,
and feel as they do , psychologists examineand feel as they do , psychologists examine
behavior at thebehavior at the biological,biological, thethe psychologicalpsychological
and theand the environmentalenvironmental levels of analysis.levels of analysis.
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Perspectives on BehaviorPerspectives on Behavior -- because has rootsbecause has roots
in such varied disciplines asin such varied disciplines asphilosophy,philosophy,
medicine,medicine, and theand the biological and physicalbiological and physicalsciences,sciences, different ways of viewing peopledifferent ways of viewing people
calledcalledperspectivesperspectives became part ofbecame part of
psychologys intellectual traditions.psychologys intellectual traditions. Roots:Roots:
mindmind--body dualismbody dualism
monismmonismBritish empiricismBritish empiricism
StructuralismStructuralism
FunctionalismFunctionalism
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Psychodynamic perspectivesPsychodynamic perspectives
PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic
Modern psychodynamic theoriesModern psychodynamic theories
Behavioral perspectiveBehavioral perspective
behaviorismbehaviorismCognitive behaviorismCognitive behaviorism
Humanistic perspectiveHumanistic perspectiveHumanismHumanism
Positive psychologyPositive psychology
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Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective
Gestalt psychologyGestalt psychologyCognitive psychologyCognitive psychology
Cognitive neuroscienceCognitive neuroscience
SocioSocio--cultural perspectivecultural perspective
Cultural psychologyCultural psychology
cultureculture
IndividualismIndividualism
collectivismcollectivism
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Behavioral perspectivesBehavioral perspectives
Behavioral neuroscienceBehavioral neuroscience
Behavior geneticsBehavior geneticsEvolutionary psychologyEvolutionary psychology