RootsMyco_KVogt

8/12/2019 RootsMyco_KVogt

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Hidden Half controls

SUSTAINABLE PlantPRODUCTIVITY and

Ecosystem Resilience inthe Face of Climate

Change

Kristiinas lens October 9, 2013


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Todays Points: Mycorrhizal Symbioses/Fine Roots are the Interfacebetween Natural Forests, Soils and Climates

Climate constrains foliage production; soil nutrients or toxicelements constrain total tree productivityTree adaptation & resilience to climate change occurs at theroot [mycorrhizal] level - a diverse, multiple forms ofadaptation existFine roots/mycorrhizas NPP allow trees to grow inenvironments where soils are nutrient poor, chemically toxic,or prone to droughts

Many plants have OBLIGATE RELATIONSHIPS withmycorrhizas (not grow without them)Land-use activities that increase soil N levels will decrease,eliminate fine roots & symbiont relationships and thereforedecrease forest resilience, change species composition


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Detritus

SOIL

Mineralization

Mineralization

Decomposition

Plants

DissolvedOM (eg, P,

Si, Al) Mycorrhizas, Fine rootsUptake

Uptake

Litterfall,Root litter

NaturalControls on

PlantProductivity

RESILIENCE =NO loss of ecosystemservices or productive

capacity when plantProductivityappropriate for siteconstraints


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NutrientAvailability

Water Availability

LeafArea

RootArea

Regulationpoint

Mycorrhizas

control this andtherefore PLANTPRODUCTIVITY

NOTE: Plants neednutrients and water togrow, i.e., be productive


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Soil nutrient levelsClimateSoil physical/chemicalPlant secondary

chemistryBiological/ non-biological

disturbancesSymbiontsHerbivoresDecomposition


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Old soils

(highlyweathered)

Young soils

(lessweathered)

Find roots &

mycorrhizas30 metersdown in thesoil orGROWING

OUT FROMTHE SOIL

EXTREMES of SOILWEATHERING Generalizations : Soils low in Ca, K, N (except where

find N fixing trees) Dependent upon mycorrhizas & roots

to get enough nutrients to grow

The REALITY most soils not produce high totalforest productivity under un-managed conditions


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Brief Intermission on multiple fine

root/mycorrhzas adaptation to edaphicenvironments:

THE HIDDEN COMPONENTS REVEALED -we cant see them which is why we want to

ignore them but shouldnt ??


8/52http://www.mycorrhiza.eu/uploads/images/mycorrhiza%20npk.jpg

SUN +Carbon

dioxide

Mycorrhizas & TREES:Obligate relationship Cant survive alone Symbiotic relationship fair trade forresources easier for one partner to acquiretrade [NOTE trees cant make carbonmolecules - food or sugars without nutrients]

FUNGI

ScavengesNutrients &Not take upchemicaltoxins toxic

to plants


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The fungus gains carbon and other essentialorganic substances from the tree and helps treestake up water, mineral salts and metabolites, fightoff parasites, predators such as nematodes and soil

pathogensMost forest trees are highly dependant on theirfungal partners to get soil or decomposing litternutrients

http://www.nifg.org.uk/ecto.htm


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The fungus becomes part of theroot system of the planthttp://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/cnotes/sec3/myco.htm

This is a fungus and theMUSHROOM it producesand connected to a root

This is the mycorrhizas

You dont see mycorrhizas but dosee their reproductivestructures, i.e., mushrooms


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BIODIVERSITYSPECTACULAR:

Between 60,000 and 1.2million individualmycorrhizas were foundin one square meter offoresthttp://www.nifg.org.uk/ecto.htm

1 tree may haveup to 25 differentspecies of

mycorrhizas!!90% of plants havemycorrhizas!! It is unusual tonot have these fungi on plantroots


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Pacific silver fir tip-over, Findley Lake, Washington

www.conifers.org/pi/ab/amabilis05.jpg

Wood_Tree_Fall.mp3


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OR

someone isdoingresearch

Temperate

DeciduousForests

Canada Rootexcavation; Rootgrowth is extensive can be 30 metersfrom base of the tree


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Root Grafting - between sameor different species of plants;PURPOSE - borrow or stealcarbon, nutrients


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Sign forbidding firewood

gathering, to preventspread of oak wilthttp://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5030084

Root grafts onTexas live oak.

These are themain means bywhich oak wiltspreadshttp://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0758076

expand ingoak wil tpockethttp://www.invas ive.org/browse/detail.cf m?imgnum=5039095
http://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/5039095.jpghttp://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/5039095.jpghttp://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/5039095.jpghttp://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/5039095.jpghttp://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/0758076.jpghttp://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/5039095.jpghttp://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/5030084.jpg


16/52http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/rainforests-


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http://travel.mongabay.com/malaysia/images/malaysia1016.html

Lets go back to the tropics - Plants hungry fornutrients which are hard to find in soils so plants

1) Partner with mycorrhizas and pay for it with

photosynthetic carbon2) Steal from other plants

3) Form root-mycorrhizal mats on surface of the soil

4) Get nutrients directly from streams


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http://travel.mongabay.com/malaysia/images/malaysia1016.html

Steal from other plants1) Graft to another plant and

take other plants carbon andnutrients OR

2) Grow roots up trunk of treesand get nutrients fromrainwater flowing down

trunks


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Mycorrhizalmats keepecosystemnutrientsfrom leachinginto the soil


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Tabonuco root mat (> 40cm deep) on the surfaceof forest floor

Whathappens tonutrients thatmove into thesoil past theroot mat??


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http://travel.mongabay.com/indonesia/images/singapore5485.html

http://travel.mongabay.com/indonesia/images/singapore5456.html

Why are roots growingout of the soil in wettropical forests??


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Apogeous rootsof Tabonucoclimbing up aSierra palm to

acquire stemflow nutrients[Luquillo LTER,Puerto Rico]

Roots instreams

Nitrogen fixingnodules fromInga spp .

Other Examples Roots not in the SOIL


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Southwest Mexico nutrient poor soils reasonadd pine needles to agricultural fields

Nutrients are in theVEGETATION & Not in the SOILS


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QUESTION: How do fineroots & mycorrhizas

make forests resilientand adaptive to climate

change??


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- Do big old growthDouglas-fir need

MYCORRHIZAS orcan they growwithout any help

from mycorrhizas??

WHAT ABOUT TemperateConiferous Forests?


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Note in PNW conifer forestshave the higher CarbonSequestration potentials and

the largest trees in theworld. WHY??

Mycorrhizas are superbSCAVENGERS of the World

ANSWER: Possiblebecause of thesymbiotic microbialassociations, i.e.,mycorrhizas, whocompensate for thenutrient poor soils


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BACK TO OUR STORY:

So what does all of thishave to do with productivity

and plant resilience toclimate change or land-use

changes??


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HIGH Soil Nutrients

- higher aboveground NPP,higher soil N, more soil water

Same

Person

Both 10 year old Douglas-fir, Washington

LOW Soil

Nutrients- lowerabovegroundNPP, lowersoil N, less

soil water

Which stand is moreproductive?

NOTE: We canconvert a low to

a high siteclass with N

fertilizers but itdecreases a

forestsresilience to

climatechange!!


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Douglas-fir(% of Total Annual Production)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Aboveground Belowgr > 2mm Belowgr < 2mm

ControlFertilized

Control:30% totalNPP in fineroots

Fertilized:18% totalNPP infine roots

N fertilization mimics natural changes in productivitydue to soils of naturally low or high nutrient status


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High Site Quality:Amount of mycorrhizas on roots doesntchange in relationship to the N cycle,i.e., loss of adaptation to the N cycle

Low Site Quality:Amount of mycorrhizas on rootsincreases as more N is tied up in

decomposing organic materials & lessavailable to plants, i.e., continues to

adapt

POINT: Natural forests situation


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Detritus

Plants

DissolvedOM (eg, P, Si,Al)

Other crystalline &non-cryst Al-SilicatePO4-3 exch sites

Imogoliteparacrystalline Al-SilicatePO4-3 exch

sites/complexOrganic exchsites/complex

SOIL

Solution

Mineralization

Uptake

Mineralization

Decomposition

Uptake

LitterfallCHEMICALLYTOXIC SOIL

ENVIRONMENT:HIGH

ALLOCATION TOROOTS &

MYCORRHIZAS


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Bhs

Bhs horizon -high solublealuminumtoxic tomany plants

Do you want to

decrease rootbiomass when

soil has highaluminum

levels??


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0123456789

Litterfoliage

ForestFloor

Oa E Bhs

Ca/Al ratio

SOIL Fine roots < 1mm diam

Ca/Al ratio -< 0.2 critical, mortality10 parts Ca and 50 parts Al = 0.2 ratio

10 Ca,1 Al

10 Ca,11 Al

10 Ca,50 Al 10 Ca,

100 Al

Deeper into the soil


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Root appearance when not affected by high aluminum levelsand properly functioning roots

Brief Intermission: roots and aluminum


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Roots dying from aluminum toxicity and no longer able to takeup nutrients


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Image ofroots taken

in spruceforests inGermanywhere trees

were dyingfrom acidrain


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Ab ies am abi li s [Pacific silver fir] is not an aluminumaccumulator

avoids taking up Al at the root level with mycorrhizas &low in foliage

(foliage 110-260; fine roots 730 ppm)

Tsu ga m ertens iana [mountain hemlock] is aluminumaccumulator

takes Al into foliage and roots, poisons plants nottolerant of Al

(- foliage 500-1,120; fine roots 1320 ppm)


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Iceland -

Non-nativeKarelianLarch withmycorrhizas

Chantrelles

We knowthat somesites sodegradedthat nothingelse willgrowi.e., mine

spoil sitesbeingreplanted
http://www.thomaslaupstad.com/blog/pictures/golden_chanterelle_800.jpg


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So what happens ifincrease site nutrientlevels beyond natural soillevels? Can we increase

total productivity??[Could be fertilizers, air pollution,

etc]


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Land-use activities that changenitrogen levels may decrease orincrease forest resilience at the fineroot/mycorrhizal level

e.g., Agricultural clearing of forests andplanting of nitrogen fixing trees, as coffeeoverstory plants, will increase soil Nlevels but not at toxic levels


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http://luq.lternet.edu/research/projects/environmental_setting_description.html#Figure1

Forestsalmost

completelycleared in

early 1900s

Subtropicalforests with

stronglegacies ofagriculture

i.e. fruit trees,N-fixing treesused to shadecoffee plants


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Date

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9 6

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BasalAreaIncrease(cm

2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

EV

B3

B5

Agriculture N legacy coffee with N-fixing trees

so higher productivity atthese locations

NO Agriculture N-fixing legacy lower productivity

Positive impact ofland-use activity

on forestresilience


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Negative impact of increasing soil N due to human activitiesCASE STUDY 1: Wet Nitrate Deposition (kg/ha) 1995-1998

[NADP/NTN Monitoring Data]

Nitrogen uniqueelement that altersplant carbon allocation,i.e., decreases plant

carbon transferred toroots & mycorrhizasPollution or fertilizationwill increases N so youwill lose speciesadapted to low N &dependent uponmycorrhizas to gettheir nutrients


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http://www.hubbardbrook.org/research/gallery/soil/HB_115_Spodosol.jpg

Soils naturallylow in nitrogen

and most N

stored indecomposing

litter

Spruce

dominatedstands with co-associates fir,birch, maple


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Aboveground productivity

Picea rubens(spruce)

Acer spp.(maple)

Betula spp.(birch)

Ca

N

After 6 yearstreatment

Nitrogen and calcium fertilizer eliminatesmycorrhizas on roots and shifts speciesdominance in natural forestsLose conifers (spruce) that are dependent

upon mycorrhizas to survive in forests andincrease hardwoods that are lessdependent upon mycorrhizas


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Half of the forest missing here that allowstrees to adapt to cycles of disturbances!!


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Mycorrhizas and fine root GIVENS:

Plants without mycorrhizas do not survive in highlyweathered (low nutrients, high toxic chemicals) orlow weathered soils (low nutrients)

FACT: High plant diversity & grow in more differentenvironments when diverse mycorrhizas on roots

Mycorrhizas facilitate plants adaptation todisturbances & climate change

FACT: reason why find trees old as 1,000 years


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The mycelium of some forest fungi canextend enormous distances:

Single individual of Armillariabulbosa has been discovered that

permeates more than 30 acres offorest soil in northern Michigan andmay be one of the world's largest livingorganisms

Another Armillaria in Washington wasrecently found to consist of asubterranean mycelial network witherect, above-ground mushroomscovering more than a thousand acresof forest soil

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm

Armillariamellea orHoneyMushroom http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plfeb98b.htm#armila


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So now you know the answerto:

What is the forest ecosystem impact & abilityof trees to adapt to climate change ifeliminate mycorrhizas & fine roots??

Is Carbon sequestration better on morenutrient rich sites??

Do you need to think about how much

fertilizer you apply to a natural forest??

How does land-uses and managementpractices impact natural forests & resiliencein face of climate change??

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