Round one

1. Round one consist of 30 questions

2. Each team will be appointed a judge

3. A moderator will preside and read the questions and the corresponding answers.The response time is 10 sec, one the moderator is complete saying the last possible answer

4. Students will use A,B,C,D flash card to inform the teams judge of their answer

5. Moderator will read the correct answer and the rationale

6. The judges, will record,calculate and submit individual team answers and scores to the master judges at the end of round one

7. Correct answers will be a point,incorrect answers will deduct one point. Teams may pass without a penalty

1. Which of the following projections/methods will best demonstrate the abnormality involving the scaphoid bone?

• A) Lateral wrist

• B) PA Ulnar deviation

• C) PA Radial flexion

• D) Gaynor- Hart method (Carpal tunnel)

1.Answer:(C) Radial Flexion is used to better demonstrate the medial carpals.

2. With all other factors remaining the same , as grid ratio increases :

•A) Recorded detail decreases

•B) Optical density decreases

•C) Focal spot distortion decreases

•D) The scale of contrast increases

2.Answer: (B) Because lead content increases as grid ratio increases , more scattered radiation ( and remnant radiation ) is absorbed before reaching the image receptor ,with results in decrease optical density as grid ratio increases (Carlton & Adler, p. 396)

3. What is the minimum total amount of filtration (inherent plus added) is required in x-ray equipment operated above 70 kvp?

•A) 2.5 mm Al equivalent

•B) 3.5 mm Al equivalent

•C) 2.5 mm Cu equivalent

•D) 3.5 mm Cu equivalent

3.Answer: (A) The x-ray tube glass envelope and oil coolant are considered inherent (built in) filtration. Thin sheets of aluminum are added to make a total of at least 2.5 mm Al equivalent filtration in equipment operated above 70 kvp.This is done to remove the low energy photons that serve to contribute only to patient skin dose (Sherer et al, p. 155)

4. The following statement(s) is (are) accurate with respect to the differences between the male and female bony pelvis1. The female pelvic outlet is wider.2. The pubic angle is 90 degrees or fewer in the male3. The male pelvis is more shallow

• A) 1 onlyB) 1 and 2 onlyC) 2 and 3 onlyD) 1,2, and 3

4. Answer:(D) The female pelvis differs from the male pelvis in that it is more shallow and its bones are generally lighter and more delicate .The pelvic outlet is wider and more circular in the female, the angle formed by the pubic arch is also greater in the female. (Saia, p. 106)

5. The function of the developer solution chemicals is to:

• A) Reduce the manifest image to a latent image

• B) increase production of silver halide crystals

• C) reduce the latent image to a manifest image

• D) remove the unexposed crystals from the film

5. Answer:(C) The latent image is the invisible image produced within the film emulsion as a result of exposure to radiation . The developer solution converts this to a visible , manifest image. The exposed silver halide grains in the emulsion undergo chemical change in developer solution and the unexposed crystals are removed from the film during the fixing process ( Shephard, p. 135)

6. Which of the following is the most proximal structure on the adult ulna?

• A) capitulum

• B) styloid process

• C) coronoid process

• D) olecranon process

6.Answer: (D) the distal humerus articulates with the proximal radius and ulna to form the elbow joint.At its proximal end the ulna presents the olecranon process., found at the proximal and posterior end of the semi lunar (trochlear) notch .(Saia, p. 88)

7.To produce a perceptible increase in radiographic density,the radiographer must increase the:

•A) mAs by 30 %•B) mAs by 15%•C) kVp by 15 %•D) kVp by 30%

7.Answer:

(A) if a radiograph lacks sufficient blackening ,an increase in mAs is required. The mAs regulates the number of x-ray photons produced at the target. An increase or decrease in mAs will have a perceptible difference.Increasing the kVp by 15% will have the same effect as doubling mAs (Carlton & Adler , p. 370)

8. Protective or “reverse” isolation is required in which of the following conditions ?

1. Tuberculosis

2. Burns

3. Leukemia

• A) 1 only

• B) 1 and 2 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2, and 3

8.Answer:(C) Protective or “reverse” isolation is used to keep the susceptible patient from becoming infected.Patient that have suffered burns have lost a very important , their skin, and therefore have increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion.Patients whose immune system are depressed lose the ability to combat infection, and hence are more susceptible to infection.Active tuberculosis requires airborne precautions (Gurley & Callaway , p.153)

9. A radiograph made with a parallel grid demonstrates decreased density on its lateral edges.This is most likely caused by:

• A) static electrical discharge

• B) The grid off – centered

• C) improper tube angle

• D) decreased SID

9.Answer: (D) The lead strips in a parallel grid are parallel to each other and therefore not to the x-ray beam. The more divergent the x-ray beam the more likely there to be cutoff/decreased density at the lateral edges of the radiograph.This problem becomes more pronounced at a short SID.If there were a centering or tube angle problem, there would more likely be a noticeable density loss on one side or the other ( Shepard, p. 260)

10. Which of the following would be appropriate cassette front material

1.tungsten2.magnesium3.Bakelite

• A) 1 only

• B) 1 and 2 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

10. Answer:(C ) The cassette is used to support the intensifying screens and x-ray film.It should be strong and provide good screen- film contact.The cassette front should be of a sturdy material with a low atomic number , because of attenuation of the remnant beam is undesirable.Bakelite (the forerunner of today's plastics) and magnesium (the lightest structural metal) are most commonly used materials for cassette fronts.The high atomic number of tungsten makes it inappropriate as a cassette front

11. Which of the following criteria is (are) required for accurate visualization of the greater tubercle in profile?

1.epicondyles parallel to the image receptor2.arm in external rotation3.humerus in AP position

• A) 1 only

• B) 1 and 3 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

11.Answer:(D) The greater and lesser tubercles are prominences on the proximal humeras separated by the bicipital groove. The AP projection of the shoulder/humerus places the epicondyles parallel to the image receptor and the shoulder in external rotation and demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile. (Ballinger & Frank, Vol 1, p. 156)

12.The manubrial notch, a bony landmark used in radiography of the sternoclavicular joints, is located at the same level as the:

• A) vertebra prominens

• B) first thoracic vertebra

• C) third thoracic vertebra

• D) ninth thoracic vertebra

12.Answer:(C) The manubrial notch is the depression on the superior border of the manubruim and is located at the level of the third thoracic vertebra.The vertebra prominens is at the level of the seventh cervical vertebra (Ballinger & Frank Vol 1, p,62)

13.The most effective method of sterilization

• A) dry heat

• B) moist heat

• C) pasteurization

• D) Freezing

13. Answer:( C) The most effective way of sterilization is moist heat, using steam under pressure.This is known as autoclaving. (Adler & Carlton, p. 208)

14.What should be the radiographers main objective regarding personal radiation safety?

• A) not to exceed his or her dose limit

• B) to keep personal exposure as far below the dose limit as possible

• C) to avoid whole body exposure

• D) to wear protective apparel when “holding” patients for exposures

14. Answer:(B) Even the smallest exposure to radiation can be harmful. It must,therefore, be every radiographers objective to keep his or her occupational exposure as far below the dose limit as possible.Radiographer should never hold patients during an x-ray examination. (Bushong p.8)

15.In the lateral projection of the foot, the1. Plantar surface should be perpendicular to the

image receptor2. Metatarsals are superimposed3. Talofibular joint should be visualized

• A) 1 only’

• B) 1 and 2 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

15. Answer:(B) When the foot is positioned for a lateral projection , the plantar surface should be perpendicular to the image receptor, so as to superimpose the metatarsals.This may be accomplished by patient lying on either affected or unaffected side(usually affected).The talofibular joint is best demonstrated in an oblique projection of the ankle (Ballinger& Frank, Vol 1, p.268)

16.Factor(s) that can be used to regulate radiographic density is (are)

1. Milliamperage2. Exposure time3. kilovoltage

• A) 1 only

• B) 2 0nly

• C) 1 and 2 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

16. Answer:(D) Factors that regulate the number of x-ray photons produced at the target are be used to control radiographic density,namely milliamperage and exposure time (mAs). Although kvp is used to control contrast, it may also be used to regulate density in variable kvp techniques, according to the 15% rule (Selman, p.332)

17.The term that refers to part closer to the source or beginning is:

• A) cephalad

• B) caudad

• C) proximal

• D) medial

17. Answer:(C) There are many terms ( with which the radiographer must be familiar) that are used to describe radiographic positioning techniques.Structures close to the source or beginning are said to be proximal. (Ballinger & Frank, Vol1, p.75)

18. Developer solution is prevented from entering the fixer tank in automatic processing by the

• A) guide shoes

• B) rollers

• C) switch

• D) timer

18.Answer:(B) The processor transport rollers serve to squeeze the solution from the film surface, and the acid fixer stops the (alkaline) development process. (Bushong ,p.210)

19.Radiographers use monitoring devices to record their monthly exposure to radiation. The types of devices suited for this purpose include:

1. Pocket dosimeter2. TLD3. OSL

• A) 1 only

• B) 1 and 2 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

19.Answer:( C) The OSL is rapidly becoming the most commonly used personnel monitor today.Film badge and TLDs have been successfully used for years.A pocket dosimeter is used primarily when working with large amounts of radiation and when a daily reading is desired ( Selman,p.401)

20. Which ethical principal is related to the theory that patients have the right to decide what will be done to them?

• A) Autonomy

• B) Beneficence

• C) Fidelity

• D) Veracity

20.Answer:(A) Autonomy is the ethical principle related to the theory that patients have the right to decide what will or will not be done to them. (Adler & Carlton , p.308)

21. The type(s) of radiation produced at the tungsten target is /are:

1. Photoelectric2. Characteristic 3. Bremsstrahlung

• A) 1 only

• B) 1 and 2 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

21.Answer:(C) X-ray photons are produced in two ways as high- speed electrons interact with target atoms.First, if the high – speed electron is attracted by the nucleus of a tungsten atom and changes its course , the energy is given up as the electron is “braked”.Characteristic radiation comprises only approximately 15% of the primary beam ( Saia, p.217)

22. The energy of ionizing electromagnetic radiations is measured in

• A) mA

• B) mAs

• C) keV

• D) kVp

22.Answer:(C ) The unit keV is used to identify the x-ray photon energies produced by diagnostic x-ray equipment.(Bushong pp. 156-158)

23. The exposure factors used for a particular nongrid radiograph were 400 ma,0.02 seconds,and 90 kVp.Another radiograph using an 8:1 grid is requested.Which of the following groups of factors is most appropriate?

•A) 400 mA, 0.02 second, 110kVp

•B) 200 mA,0.08 second, 90 kVp

•C) 300 mA, 0.05 second,100 kVp

•D) 400 mA, 0.08 second, 90 kVp

23.Answer:(D) The addition of a grid will help clean up scatter radiation produced by higher kVp, but it requires an mAs adjustment.According to the grid conversion factors the addition of an 8:1 grid requires that the original mAs be multiplied by a factor of 4 ( Saia, p. 324)

24.An ambulatory patient is one who:

• A) is able to walk

• B) is unable to walk

• C) has difficulty breathing

• D) arrives by ambulance

24.Answer: (A) An ambulatory patient is one who is able to walk with minimal or no assistance . Outpatients as well as many inpatients are usually ambulatory. Patients who are not ambulatory are usually transported to the radiology department via stretcher (Saia, p.24)

25. The energy of a photon has an inverse relationship with1. Photon wavelength2. Applied mA3. Applied kVp

• A) 1 only

• B) 1 and 2 only

• C) 1 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

25.Answer:(A) As kVp is increased ,more high – energy photons are produced and the overall energy of the primary beam is increased.Photon is inversely related to wavelength. AN increase in mA is related to an increase in number of photons and is unrelated to energy of photons

26.The photoelectric process is an interaction between an x-ray photon and:

• A) an inner shell electron

• B) an outer shell electron

• C) a nucleus

• D) another photon

26.Answer:(A) In the photoelectric effect, a relatively low-energy incident photon uses all of its energy to eject an inner-shell electron, leaving a vacancy.An electron from the next shell will drop to fill the vacancy, and a characteristic ray is given up in the transition (Bushong,pp.176-178)

27.Most laser film must be handled:

• A) under Wratten 6B safelight

• B) in total darkness

• C) under GBX safelight

• D) with high temperature processors

27. Answer:(B) Most laser film is sensitive to both the Wratten 6B and the GBX safelight filters.Laser film will fog if handled under these safelight conditions.Most laser film is loaded into a film magazine in total darkness (Shephard,p. 232)

28.Which of the following medical equipment is used to determine blood pressure?

1. Pulse oximeter2. Stethoscope3. sphygmomanometer

• A) 1 and 2 only

• B) 1and 3 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) 1,2 and 3

28.Answer:( C) A pulse oximeter is used to measure a patient pulse rate and oxygen saturation level. A stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer are used together to measure blood pressure.( Adler & Calton ,pp.161-167)

29.Underexposure of a radiograph can be caused by all of the following except:

• A) insufficient mA

• B) insufficient exposure time

• C) insufficient kVp

• D) insufficient SID

29.Answer:(D) insufficient mA and or exposure time will result in insufficient density.Insufficient kVp will result in under penetration and excessive contrast.Insufficient SID, however will result in increased exposure rate and radiographic overexposure ( Selman, pp.331-333)

30.When examining the third to fifth fingers in the lateral position, which side of the forearm should be closest to the image recorder:

• A) anterior

• B) posterior

• C) medial

• D) lateral

30.Answer:(c) When examining the third through fifth in the lateral position , the medial side of the forearm (ulnar side) should be closest to the image receptor (Ballinger and Frank, Vol 1,p.103)