ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN - World...

RP- 26VOL.2

ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS

DIVISION OF ROADS

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICEHIGHWAYS AND ROADS

2nd DRAFT

Urs Schaffner & Karma Jimba, Thimphu,

September 1999

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

I

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE

HIGHWAYS AND ROADS

This draft living document (ECP) is commissioned by the Division ofRoads under The World Bank and the Netherlands Development

Organization Technical Assistance

Urs Schaffner & Karma Jimba, Thimphu

September 1999

I

ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank

DoP Division of Power

DoR Division of Roads

DYT Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogchung

EA Environmental Assessment

ECP Environmental Codes of Practice

FSD Forestry Services Division

GSoB Geological Survey of Bhutan

GYT Geog Yargye Tshogchung

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

MoC Ministry of Communications

MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs

NA Not Applicable

NEC National Environmental Commission

PIU Project Implementation Unit

RGoB Royal Government of Bhutan

RoW Right of Way

RSTA Road Surface Transport Authority

SMEC Snowy Mountain Engineering Company

SoB Survey of Bhutan

ToR Terms of Reference

WB The World Bank

I

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Environmental Codes of Practice

According to the Blhutaniese Environmental Assessment Sectoral Guidelines, February 1999, all new roadprojects of any classification are subject to a comprehensive Environmental Assessment (EA) and itsclearance by the National Environment Commission (NEC) before any project work can start. This EAforms the basis for the environmental management of the project.

In order to manage the road project on the execution level in an environmental soulid way and inaccordance with the recommendations of the sectoral guidelines issued by NEC, Environlmenltal Codes ofPractice (ECP) are a requirement. The ECP include all stages of a project such as planning, study, survey,design, tendering, contract documentation, project execution and supervision, operation, maintenance, andrehabilitation.

Tlhe ECP are to be used by all parties involved witih road construction and maintenance activities suchi asgovernment agencies concerined (Division of Roads, Forest Services Division/Forest DevelopmentCorporation, Ministry of Trade and Industry), consultants and contractors.

The ECP are to be considered as part of the standard operating practices for all DOR road construction,maintenance and rehabilitation activities and must also become part of the project tender documents andcontract documents packages.

With the help of the ECP, DOR and the other proponents concerned will be able to fulfil their obligationswith regard to the "Institutionalising and Strengthening of the Environmental Assessment Process inBhutan" (Reference Document 1999) and the "Sectoral Guidelines" for Highways and Roads.

In preparing the Bhutanese ECP, Highways and Roads, reference was also made on the Nepalese andFijiai Einvironimental Codes of Practice.

The ECP in its present form contains only basic environmental rules, which will allow taking the firstimportant steps towards environmental friendly road works. Later on, when their implemiienitationi hasbecome common practice among the actors concerned, these rules may become more rigtid in order tointroduce furthier steps in that direction. Therefore, the ECP has to be considered as a "living document"which, from time to time, may need revision.

1.2 Content of Environmental Codes of Practice and its Use

The ECP consist of a simple and summarized environmental management plan for every project stage.This management plan can be used as Environmental Manual.

Tlle following project stages are covered:

E Plannling, studying and surveyilg

* Design7

* Tender documents

* Constructioni and supervision

* Operation and maintenianice

Since road rehabilitationi can be treated in the same way as road constructioni it is not covered separately.

The individual management plans for each project stage contain a short introduction whiere importantaspects of that project stage are mentioned like e.g. the institutionial responsibility for that project stage,the basic DOR manuals to be followed, the existing laws, rules and regulations to be followed, the correctwork sequence and other matters, if any.

Urs Schaffner & Karma Jimba Pa-C I ol 21


The management plan is kept in table form and summarizes the following:

a the sequence of the project activities to be carried out

e the potential negative environmental impacts for each activity

* the proposed mitigation measures

* the need for public participation and co-ordination with other government agencies

e socio-economic and cultural considerations

* the need to budget mitigation measures

* the supervision requirements (only for construction, operation and maintenance)

* the monitorinig and evaluation requirements

Very often, the time required to plan and prepare a road construction project is underestimated. Therefore,the managemenit plans for these project stages contain an average time frame for the executioll of all therequired stage activities.

Since the proposed management plans are new for DOR and kept very short and to the point, it was feltnecessary to explain them in more detail. Therefore, each management plan is supplemented with anannex where the required explanations and suggested instructions and/or specificatiions can be foulid.

T=he involvement of environmental activities at various project stages is illustrated in the followinig page.

Urs Schaffner & Karna Jimba l'agc 2 oi 21


Project Stage Stakeholder EAComponentInvolvement

I - - - GYT, DYT, Planning gCommission, Donor agency,

Project Identification etc. Environmentaland Prioritization Screening I

- - _ _ _ _ _ - I I __ DoR and GSoB

I Pre-feasibility < to guide TOR for EA j

I. .I3 Feasibility If EA

3 ~~~~~~~DoR, EA Consultant and3

Survey & Desin |Incorporation of Env. -Mitigation Measures EL

Supervision,Construction Monitoring, Mid Term r

Evaluation o j

Contractor, DoR & Consultant.

Evaluation, Monitoring,Operation and Revise Mitigation _3 Maintenance . Measures

I o , _ - _a

Integrating EA at Various Project Stages, Highways and Roads.

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMEH I )LANb

2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS

2.1 Planning, Studying and Surveying

The planiing, study and surveying stage of the project has the greatest impact with regard to ecologyand economy of a road project. It is imperative to assign these tasks to highly experienced engineersonly. Geologically weak and ecologically sensitive areas have to be avoided if ever possible and theroad must be optimally integrated into the terrain.

The DOR "Survey Manual" is the technical basis for any road survey activities. The institutionalresponsibility for planning, studying and surveying lie with the DOR.

The work sequence for planning, studying and surveying follows as below:

0 Planning- ordering of topographical map- geological assessment based oni aerial photos- input of all available data (e.g. social, cultural, environmental and aeological) into

topographical map

a Pre-feasibility Study- desk study based on topographical map- ground reconnaissance for all alignment options- proposal of best alignment

= Feasibility Study (preliminary survey)- select optimal road corridor and peg line fixation

E Environmental Assessment (EA and feasibility study should be conducted interactively)- identify all significant environmental issues- draw environmental management plan

* Detailed Survey- comprelhensive mapping of road corriclor

2. 1. 1 Time Frame

Enoughi time must be alldwed for the initial project phase to allow for enviroiinenital friendly andeconomical solutions.

TIME FRAME

I Activity Time required (months)

Planning 11

topographical map 110

geo-technical and socio-ecological assessment (screening) I

Studying and Surveying 10

pre-feasibility study (desk study, ground reconnaissance & project proposal)

government clearance for project proposal I

EA and feasibility study (coordinated and integrated) 3

government clearance for EA 1

detailed survey (10 km road section) 2

TOTAL 21

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

2.1.2 Enivironmenetil Managemiient Plan appliedfor Planning, Studying and Surveying

Tlhe environmenital management plan is shiown in the following table.

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Participation and Socio-Economic and Budgeting Supervision MonitoringEnvironmental Impacts Coordination Cultural Considerations

Planning * future temporary or * order topo map from SoB (scale * coordinate the production of NA * cost of SoB NA NApermanent large scale 1:25000, 1 Om contour lines) topo map with SoB topo mapslope failures * geo-technical assessment by * coordinate the assignment of * cost of

* temporary or engineering geologist on aerial engineering geologist engineeringpermanent photo basis geologistdisturbance of social, * socio-ecological assessment oncultural and available data basis e.g. land useenvironmental map and satellite imagerysensitive sites/areas _

Pre-feasibility . future temporary or * desk study based on topo map * inform local population about * optimize road length NA NA NAStudy permanent large scale and geological and socio- planned road alignment options . assess access options(Reconnaissan slope failures ecological assessments . cotlect important data for all to all villages andce Survey) * temporary or . careful ground reconnaissance alignment options from local infrastructure of the road

permanent a proposal of best alignment based population areadisturbance of social, on weighted selection criteria . consider existingcultural and network of mule tracksenvironmental and footpathssensitive sites/areas . identify affected private

land and property* consider land use along

the alignments* consider cultural sites .

Feasibility * too high road * identify optimal road corridor and * collect data on previous slope NA * cost of NA NAStudy construction costs peg line failures engineering(Preliminary * high restoration costs * improve alignment if it minimises * collect data on springs, flood geologistSurvey) every year environmental and social impact levels of streams and rivers * cost of

* large scale ecological * identify geological features by environmentdamages engineering geologist al specialist

* soil erosion damages . identify ecological features byat surface water environmentalistoutlets * determine adequate water

management requirements ______ _ _ _ _ _ __

Urs Schaffner & Karma Jimba Page 5 of 21


Environ,nenttal Manalgement Plan applied for Planning, Studying and Surveying

Activity Potential Negative MHtigation Measures Public Participation and Soclo-Economic and Bludgeting Supervision MonitoringEnvironmental Impacts Coordination Cultural Considerations

EA * future environmental * EA team' based on clear * assign the team for the EA * detailed identification of * cost of EA NA NAproblems not realized in TOR * inform local population affected private land and teamadvance * EA clearance by NEC about the selected property

alignment * detailed identification ofcollect specific and detailed affected infrastructureinformation from local * detailed consideration ofpopulation for the selected affected cultural sitesalignment option

Detailed Survey * inappropriate design due to * careful mapping of road * exchange of any NA NA NA NAmissing survey data corridor terrain information if required

a shallow slope failures (tree * careful mapping of otherfelling) relevant data like potential

spoil locations, quarrysites, fragile slopes,seepage areas, etc.

* no tree felling within roadcorridor for visibility, only

Urs Sch cr Karma Jimba fbush clearing

Urs Schaffncr & Karina Jim-ba Page 6 or 21

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAULEMEN I VLAIN

2.2 Design

The DOR "Road Design Manual" is the technical basis for any road design activities. All datacollected during the previous project stages (pre-feasibility, feasibility and detailed suivey) must bemade available to the design engineer. In order to get a realistic picture of the prevailing siteconditions the design engineer must visit the road alignment before he starts with the design to be ableto produce a realistic and sound design.

The institutional responsibility for the design lies with the DOR.

The work sequence for design follows as below:

Alignment- preliminary drafting of vertical alignment- preliminary drafting of horizontal alignment- optimization of vertical/horizontal alignment- cross sections- mass haul diagram

Other design features- permanent structures / slope stabilization- water management

- temporary facilities

2.2.1 Time Frame

Due to accessibility problems, road construction must be executed section-wise. In average, a sectionof 10 km is a suitable contractor workload. Hence, the design work must be staged accordingly. Tocover all aspects required for a careful and sound road design the following time frame is suggested.

TIME FRAME

Activity Time required (months)

Horizontal and Vertical Alignment, Cross Sections 2.5

input of all survey data 0.5

draft horizontal/vertical alignment 1.0

cross sections and draft mass haul diagram 0.5

final horizontal/vertical alignment and mass haul diagram 0.5

Structures 0.5

Plan Printing 0.5

TOTAL 3.5


2.2.2 Environmiiiental Management Plan applied for Designi

Tlhe environimlenital managemenit plan is as provided in the following table.

Activity Potential Negative Environmental Mitigation Measures Public Participation Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervision MonitoringImpacts and Coordination and Cultural

Considerations

Vertical Alignment * requirement of re-alignment for * fix alignment so that re-alignment is NA NA NA NA NAroad up-grading not required for upgrading

* fast surface scouring * road length should not exceed 100_________ ____ ____________________ ___ m for grades 8 - 10%

Horizontal Alignment * temporary or permanent slope * relax design standard, if necessary NA NA NA NA NAfailures and road user safety is not

* destruction of up and down slope compromisedvegetation and valuable forest by * keep earthwork volume minimal touncontrolled dumping of spoil limit disturbance to fragile slopesmaterial . balance cut/fill within the cross

* wide and barren road corridors section for slopes of less than 70%restrict the free movement of wild * balance cut and fill over short roadanimals sections for slopes of more than

70%* minimize the transportation of spoil

material* in forest areas, use log barriers* draw mass haul diagram..

Permanent Structures structure failure in unstable areas * select flexible structures (gabions) NA NA NA NA NA(sinking) when the site conditions require it

Water management . massive soil erosion due to * cross-fall always to the mountain NA NA NA NA NAincreased volume of discharge side for low standard roadswater * use only, but every stream crossing

. road sinking due to seepage water to discharge side drain waterbelow the road * specify erosion protection

• up-slope failure due to seepage measures for all dischargewater structures locations if required

* side drains and up-slope catchdrains must be lined in areas with

_______ ____ high water table (seepage) _ _ _ .____ __

Environmental Managenment Plan appliedjbr Design



Activity Potential Negative Environmental Mitigation Measures Public Participation Socio-Economic i3udgeting Supertvision MonitoringImpacts and Coordination and Cultural

Considerations

Slope Stabilization * slope erosion and shallow slope * bio-engineering measures must be NA NA NA NA NAfailures tailor made for the prevailing site

conditions* structures (breast and toe walls) in

combination with bio-engineeringmeasures

* close co-operation with engineeringgeologist

Temporary Facilities * soil and air pollution * indicate suitable sites (camps, spoil NA NA NA NA NA* disturbance of river flow patterns disposal, quarries, borrow pits for

soil, gravel and sand) in the____________________ __ .alignment plans

Urs Schaffn;er & Karna Jimba Page 9 of 21

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE ENVIRONMtN IAL fVANAU1IVrAN i rLtAIL

2.3 Tender Documents

All work items concerning environmental issues must be included in the Tender Documents:as quantified work items in the Bill of Quantity (BoQ) and as clauses in the Technical Specifications(TS). This forces the contractor to calculate their costs and to execute them technically correct.

To enable an environmental friendly road construction, formation cutting and permanent works mustbe tendered as one package because support structures for safe spoil material deposits or retainingwalls have to be built before spoil material deposition or back filling of retaining walls can start.

The institutional responsibility for the tender procedure lies with the DOR.

The work sequence for preparation of tender documents follows as below:

* Bill of Quantity- preparation of work items list- calculation of quantities- preparation of schedule of rates

* Contract clauses- special clauses- techn7ical specifications

2.3.1 Time Frame

For the introduction of environmental friendly construction methods many new work items will berequired. These items will have to be specified (Technical Specifications) and rated (Schedule ofRates) to be included in the Tender Documents. This will lengthen the present tendering procedure toat least 2.5 months.

TIME FRAME

Activity Time required (months)

Preparation of Tender Documents 1.0

Revise and complement TS and BoQ and prepare schedule of rates of rates for 0.5new work items

Calculate work quantities and prepare BoQ and Cost Estimate 0.5

Tendering of Works and Contract Award 1.5

TOTAL 2.5


2.3.2 Envirotmnenltal Management Plan appliedfor Tender Docinnents

The environmental managemenit plan is as provided in the following table.

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Participation Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervision MonitoringEnvironmental Impacts and Coordination and Cultural

Considerations

Preparation of * intended measures are not * define all mitigation work items NA NA * to review NA * review ofTender executed properly or not at all for inclusion in the standard Bill environmental environmentalDocuments of Quantities (include opening, items items by EA

. intended measures are not running and closure of specialistpriced and hence not executed temporary facilities like

. opening, running and closure of contractor camps, spoil disposaltemporary facilities (contractor sites, quarries, borrow pits forcamps, spoil disposal areas, soil, gravel and sand)quarries, borrow pits for soil, * prepare the schedule of rates forgravel/sand extraction pits in such work itemsrivers)

. prepare contract clauses forsuch work items for inclusion inthe Conditions of Work andTechnical Specifications(including opening, operationand closure of temporaryfacilities)

Tendering of . Insufficient awareness of * include the ECP in the Tender NA NA NA NA NA

Works environmental requirements Documents I.

Urs Schat'tner & Karma Jimba Page II of 21

I

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE ENVIK0NMbN 1AL tV1ANAUtIVir\1 I LaiL4

2.4 Construction and Supervision

It is in this stage of the project where corrective environmental mitigation measures are considerable.In identifying the best possible mitigation measures, it is important to know which area of constructionactivity needs corrective action. The area requiring corrective measures can therefore be scoped intoII broad headings:

I. Quarries and gravel/sand extraction from river beds

2. Spoil disposal (including temporary stockpiling of materials)

3. Slope stability

4. Drainage

5. Work camp location, operation and closure, restrictions on workers (sanitationi, fuelwoodcollection, poaching)

6. Use of bitumen

7. Explosives and toxic waste management

8. Management of stone crushing plants

9. Water management

10. Air and noise management

I I. Road use and safety operation

This document should be used along with DoR "Blasting Manual" and "Bio-Engineering Manual inBhutain".

In addition the following documents should be followed:- Rules and Regulations for construction of temporary, semi-permanent and pernanent houses on

either sides of the roads, 1995* Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995* Road Safety and Transport Act, 1997* Land Compensation Rate, 1996- [nstitutionalizing and strengthening of the environmental assessment process in Bhlutan, Volume

13 -Appendices, 1999

The work sequence for preparation of tender documents follows as below:

I St contract- site clearing- retaining structures- formation cuttiing / embankment- water management (catch drains, French drains and temporary side drains)- breast walls- bioengineering

l 2iid contract- stone soling- side drains- cross drainage structures/bridges- layer works- additional bioengineering

* 3rd contract- pavement works



2.4.1 E,i'iron,mewicl Managemienit Plact applied for Constrilction cand Supervision

The environmiiienital maniagemenit plan is as provided in the following table.

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervision MonitoringlEvaluation

Environmental Participation and and CulturalImpacts Coordination Considerations

1. Quarries and * landscape instability * careful siting and * GSoB . consider local * restoration cost * project * DOR (as may be needed)

gravel/sand * dust pollution investigations * FSD resource include in the implementation * external team

extraction from river * aesthetics * proper operation * Dzongkhag demand project and paid unit (PIU), DOR * evaluated by external team

beds * damages to a rehabilitation Administration by BoOvegetation and locals

2. Spoil Disposal . disruption of local * use of excavator * bioengineering . consider local . include in . PIU, DOR . DOR (as may be needed)'

(including temporary hydrology * balance cut and fill specialist water supply project * external team

stockpiling of * landslide * deposit cut material (domestic * evaluated by external team

material) * damage to in suitable irrigation)vegetation depression

. damage to existing . bioengineering oninfrastructure exposed slopes

3. Slope Stability * slope failure * execute slope . engineering . consider local * bioengineering * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may be needed)* clog side drain stability study by geologist land use and cost * external team* hinder traffic engineering * bioengineering grazing * protection cost . evaluated by external team

geologist specialist* bioengineering on

slopes and protectfrom grazing

* erect retainingstructures

4 Drainage . surface runoff along * design structures to . involve * consider local * include in the * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may be needed)Drainage road accommodate Dzongkhag drinking water project budget . external team

* siltation of water discharge administration supply and * evaluated by external team

down stream * check adequacy of and locals irrigation* slope failures culverts/drains and channels* water seepage its functions

* clearing of debris &vegetation, cloggingculverts

* line drainagestructures whererequired

Ur s Schaffiter & Karma Jimba Page 14 of 21


Environmental Managelmtent Plain appliedfor Construction and Stupervision

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Participation Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervislon Monitoring/EvaluationEnvironmental and Coordination and CulturalImpacts Considerations

5. Work Camp * conflict with locals * proper siting * Dzongkhag * consider local * providing * PIU DOR a DOR (as may beLocation, * garbage, oil & * provide sanitary facilities administration and culture, land sanitation & needed)Operation & grease pollution * restoration after closure local people expropriation and restoration of * external teamClosure, * damage to . provide fuel * fSD compensation camps * evaluated by externalrestrictions on vegetation and * awareness of including * compensation teamworkers wildlife labors temporary sites * fuel for labors(sanitation,fuelwoodcollection,poaching)

6. Use of * deforestation * use bitumen emulsion * FSD * consider local * provide budget * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may beBitumen * soil and water wherever feasible fuelwood demand for waste clean needed)

pollution * use bitumen heaters * drinking water up after the . External team* air pollution * discourage or prohibit activity * Evaluated by external

fueiwood use (depending teamon site)

7. Explosives & . fire & explosion . do not store near surface * contact Ministry of * consider local . hazard * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may beToxic Waste hazard waters Home Affairs in drinking water compensation * sometimes by needed)Management * ground & surface * use plastic sheeting case of hazard, or sources and other safety Home of Ministry * External team

water pollution under hazardous material needing material measures Affairs . Evaluated by external* collect wastes properly annihilation. included in the team

and dispose off safely project

8. Management * damage to local * locate away from l locals, & * consider local . rehabilitation * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may beof Stone crops and surface population centers and Dzongkhag crops and cost of site to needed)Crushing waters from dust ecologically sensitive administration damages to the be included in * External teamPlants * excessive noise areas * involve FSD and cultural the project * Evaluated by external

* operate during day only GSoB monuments team* refer section 4.10

9. Water * sedimentation of . build check dams . involve locals * irrigation channel * additional water * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may beManagement surface waters . tap excess water by when deciding and drinking water management needed)

slope failures catch drains and dispose about discharge qiinnlipi nppi trcturieirc * External teamcreation of new off natural gully location -- c-id_eration _ . * Evaluated by externalgullies . Dzongkhag I I team

* water seepage administration l l

Urs Schaffner & Karma Jinba Page 15 of 21


Envir-oannental Maanagement Plan appliecifor Con7sirutction and SUpervision

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Participation Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervision Monitoring/Evaluation

Environmental and Coordination and Cultural

Impacts Considerations

10. Air and Noise * emission of toxic * conduct blasting during . coordinate with * health of local * contingency * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may be needed)

Management pollutants day hours locals people budget should * External team

o high concentration * conduct controlled * Ministry of Home * damage to local be kept in the * Evaluated by external

of airborne dust blasting Affairs crops project for team

* excessive noise * gravel road through * livestock compensation

disrupting livestock populated areas is of health &

and wildlife suggested to be black livestock loss

topped* provide safety gadgets

for labors. use bitumen emulsion

where feasible

11. Road Use and . loss of human life * the sign be distinct and . Road Safety NA * signs and paints * PIU, DOR * DOR (as may be needed)

Safety . loss of property visible Transport * External team

Operation * all danger sites should Authority (RSTA) * Evaluated by externalhave signs indicating the team

type of problem .



2.5 Operation and Maintenance

It is often a tendency to emphasize the importance on providing a road thereby occasionallyoverlooking the backup maintenance required for road, in which case the whole project objectives andsustainability concept might just be self defeated. The environmental consequences resulting duringoperation period are: wearing road surface, development of potholes, landslides, pollution of watersnear work campsites, and often health hazards due to accidents. To eliminate the above problems thearea requiring mitigation has been scoped into the following:

I. Quarries and gravel/sand extraction from river beds

2. Spoil disposal (including temporary stockpiling of materials)

3. Slope stability

4. Drainage

5. Work camp operation

6. Use of bitumen

7. Explosive and toxic waste management

8. Management of stone crushing plants

9. Water management

10. Air and noise management

11. Road use and safety operation

12. Road surface

Though some of the mitigation measures reflected here are similar to the construction phase. asoperation and maintenance being an independent work phase there is a necessity to mention here. Thiscodes of practice may become more productive if used along with DOR "Field Manual of RoadMaintenance" and "Bioengineering manual in Bhutan".


2.5.1 Eni'ronmnental Maanagemiient Plan applied for Operation and Maintenance

The envirolimenital managemenit plan is as provided in the following table.

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervision Monitoring


1. Quarries and * landscape instability * careful siting and * GSoB * consider local * restoration cost * specific site * specific site engineer

gravel/sand . dust pollution investigations . FSD resource include in the engineer * DoR

extraction from river * aesthetics * proper operation * Dzongkhag demand project and paid . DoR * external team (requested by

beds * damages to . rehabilitation Administration by BoQ Dzongkhag or other)vegetation and locals

2. Spoil Disposal . disruption of local * use of excavator . bioengineering * consider local * include in * specific site * specific site engineer

(including temporary hydrology * balance cut and fill specialist water supply project engineer * DoR

stockpiling of * landslide a deposit cut material (domestic * DoR * extemal team (requested by

material) * damage to in suitable irrigation) DzongKhag or other)vegetation depression

. damage to existing * bioengineering ofinfrastructure exposed slopes

3. Slope Stability * slope failure * execute slope * engineering * consider local * bioengineering * specific site * specific site engineer* clog side drain stability study by geologist land use and cost engineer * DoR

. hinder traffic engineering * bioengineering grazing . protection cost * DoR * external team (requested by

geologist specialist Dzongkhag or other)

* bioengineering onslopes and protectfrom grazing

* erect retainingstructures

4 Drainage . surface runoffalong * design structuresto * involve . consider local * include in the * specificsite * specific site engineer

road accommodate Dzongkhag drinking water project budget engineer * DoR

* siltation of water discharge administration supply and * DoR * external team (requested by

down stream * check adequacy of and locals irrigation Dzongkhag or other)

. slope failures culverts/drains and channels* water seepage its functions

* clearing of debris &vegetation, cloggingculverts

. line drainagestructures whererequired

Urs Schiaffner & Karma .imba Page 19 of 21


Env'ironmnental Mantagemnent Plcatt appliecdfor Operation and Mainttentantce

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Participation Soclo-Economic Budgeting Supervision MonitoringEnvironmental and Coordination and CulturalImpacts Considerations

5. Work Camp . conflict with locals . proper siting * Dzongkhag . consider local . providing . specific site * Specific site engineerLocation, * garbage, oil & . provide sanitary facilities administration and culture, land sanitation & engineer * DoROperation & grease pollution * restoration local people expropriation and restoration of * DoR * external teamClosure, * damage to * provide fuel * FSD compensation camps (requested byrestrictions on vegetation and * awareness of including . compensation Dzongkhag or other)workers wildlife labors temporary sites . fuel for labors(sanitation,fuelwoodcollection,poaching)

6. Use of * deforestation * use bitumen emulsion * FSD * consider local * provide budget * specific site * specific site engineerBitumen * soil and water wherever feasible fuelwood demand for waste clean engineer * DoR

pollution * use bitumen heaters * drinking water up after the * DoR * external team* air poilution . discourage or prohibit activity (requested by

fuelwood use (depending Dzongkhag or other)on site)

7. Explosives & . fire & explosion * do not store near surface * contact Ministry of * consider local * hazard * specific site * specific site engineerToxic Waste hazard waters Home Affairs in drinking water compensation engineer * DoRManagement * ground & surface * use plastic sheeting case of hazard, or sources and other safety * DoR . external team

water pollution under hazardous material needing material measures (requested by* collect wastes properly annihilation. included in the Dzongkhag or other)

and dispose off safely project

8. Management . damage to local . locate away from * locals, & . consider local . rehabilitation * specific site * specific site engineerof Stone crops and surface population centers and Dzongkhag crops and cost of site to engineer * DoRCrushing waters from dust ecologically sensitive administration damages to the be included in * DoR - external teamPlants * excessive noise areas i involve FSD and cultural the project (requested by

* operate during day only GSoB monuments Dzongkhag or other)* refer section 4.10

9. Water * sedimentation of * build check dams * involve locals * irrigation channel * additional water * specific site * specific site engineerManagement surface waters * tap excess water by when deciding and drinking water management engineer * DoR

*sop scatch drains and dispose about discharge supplies need structures . DoR . external team. creation of new off natural gully location consideration I (requested by

gullies . Dzongkhag I Dzongkhag or other). water seepage administration -



niironmewtal Management Plan1 appliedfor Operaoimi and Maintenance

Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Public Socio-Economic Budgeting Supervision Monitoring


10. Air and Noise . emission of toxic . conduct blasting during * coordinate with . health of local * contingency * specific site * specific site engineer

Management pollutants day hours locals people budget should engineer * DoR* high concentration * conduct controlled * Ministry of Home * damage to local be kept in the * DoR * extemal team (requested

of airborne dust blasting Affairs crops project for by Dzongkhag or other)

. excessive noise * gravel road through * livestock compensationdisrupting livestock populated areas is of health &

and wildlife suggested to be black livestock losstopped

* provide safety gadgets forlabors

* use bitumen emulsionwhere feasible

11. Road Use and . loss of human life . the sign be distinct and * Road Safety NA * signs and paints . specific site * specific site engineer

Safety . loss of property visible Transport engineer * DoR

Operation * all danger sites should Authority (RSTA) . DoR * external team (requestedhave signs indicating the by Dzongkhag or other)

type of problem

12. Road Surface . shoulder erosion * monitor potholes and * involve * consider * compensation . specific site * specific site engineer* potholes patch it (NEVER fill with Dzongkhag compensating cost engineer * DoR

. traffic skidding soil) administration people already * DoR * external team (requested

* settlement of . enforce Rules & settled along the by Dzongkhag or other)

structures Regulations for erection of road side if needsstructures on sides of relocationroads issued by Ministryof Home Affairs, 1995

Page 21 of 21

ANNEXES

ANNEX I

1 PLANNING, STUDYING AND SURVEYING

The planning, studying and surveying phase is the most important phase of all the project stages.It is in this phase where all the fundamental decisions are made to achieve an alignment, whichcan be constructed and maintained with least cost, minimum instability and a tolerableenvironmental impact.

Tlherefore, only a highly experienced and multi-disciplinary team of specialists can adequatelyhandle these tasks.

1.1 PLANNING

1.1l. Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

Often, large slope failures of temporary or even permanent nature occur after construction. Inmany cases, these failures require comprehensive stabilization measures such as costly supportstructures or other recurrent restoration measures after every monsoon. Sometimes, such failuresare so deep rooted that there is no chance of stabilization and re-alignment over severalkilometers is the only solution.

But slope stability is not the only factor. Also the social, cultural and ecological environmentcan be negatively affected or even destroyed during or after road construction.

1.1.2. Mitigation Measures

With the existing aerial photographs of 1:35,000 scale covering most of the country, SoB canproduce topographical maps of 1:25,000 scale with, depending on the ruggedness of the area,I Om or 20m contour lines. These maps are a solid basis for the designing of topographicaloptimal alignments at this early project stage.

These aerial phiotographs also allow a first comprehensive assessment of the geo-technicalsituation of the project area. An interpretation of the photographs enables an experiencedengineering geologist to indicate the geological weak spots oln the topographical map.

The assessment of all known socio-ecological data, viz. taken from land use maps, propertymaps and satellite imageries, such as existing infiastructures, location of prime agricultural land,sensitive ecosystems and important cultural and religious sites, and its indication il thetopographical map further allows the engineer to avoid such sites or areas when selecting suitableroad alignment options at the pre-feasibility study stage.

1.1.3. Public Participation and Coordination

The planning stage requires co-ordination between DoR and other government bodies suchi as tileSoB.

Page I of 39

ANNEX I

The production of an accurate topographical map is time consuming and must tilerefore beordered from SoB well in advance to have it available when the pre-feasibility project pilasestarts.

The same timely (early) assignment of an engineering geologist is required for the assessmenit ofthe geo-techinical situation of tile project area.

1.1.4. Budgeting

For the planning phase the costs for the production of the topographical map and for theassignment of the engineering geologist must be duly budgeted.

1.2 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY

1.2.1. Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

What has been said under para 1.1.1 is equally valid for pre-feasibility study phase. Besides this,also protected areas and species habitats can be negatively affected or even destroyed during orafter road construction.


The desk study must be based on all available data known at this stage. This inclCLdes thetopographical map, the geo-technical and socio-ecological assessments. Wherever possible, theproposed alignment options must avoid geo-technical weak spots, not affect socio-ecologicalsensitive areas and cultural sites and be practical and direct as possible.

The ground reconnaissance must include a complete walkover of all the selected alignimlelitoptions-to determine the topographical and geological feasibility and to collect as much data aspossible to gain a sound basis for the physical, environmental, economic and social comparisonof the alignment options.

Based on the groulid reconnaissance, out of the available alignment options, the best alignmentmust be choseni by weighing the given set of selection criteria.


Public participation is an important and necessary component for a road project. The publicinvolvement is likely to result in a more sustainable project withi the people feeling a sense oflocal ownership, acceptability and a commitbment for maintaining the road. It involves atwo-wayflow of information. Firstly, the study tearn has the duty to inform the local population in theroad area of all aspects of the project for all the project stages (adverse impacts and benefits).Secondly, the public is knowledgeable about local conditions and issues that are crucial for agood project design, the project management and the road operation. During the execution of thepre-feasibility study, the local population must be informed about the available options for givingmotorable access to their area. The better they are informed about advantages and disadvantagesof the available alignment options the easier will be tihe dialogue later on with them whien theyare confronted with the disadvantages of the new road during construction, operation andmainteniance.

Page 2 of 39

ANNEX I

At this project stage, all available data concerning physical, socio-economical, cultural andecological factors mtist be collected from the locals to receive a broad and valid infomlilationbasis for all the proposed alignment options.

1.2.4. Socio-Economic and Cultural Considerations

A very crucial factor is the road length. The shorter the road, the lower the constructioni.operationi and maintenance costs and the less environmental damage. But from a purely socialpoint of view, all people of the project area should profit by a direct access to the new road.However, this can lead to a high increase of road length, which would no more be economical asa whole.

In addition, the existing network of mule tracks and footpaths should be taken into accoulit toarrive at the optimal access.

A careful weighing of all factors involved will lead to an optimal solution and show whicil villageor infrastructure can be accessed directly or only indirectly by the planned road.

A careful identification of affected private land and property for each individual alignmelntoption is essential because it is an important criterion with regard to the selection of the bestalignment.

Likewise, the land use and the location of cultural sites along the alignment options are of higheconomical, cultural and ecological significance for the selection of the best alignment

1.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY


The less accurate the information on the future road area the greater is tile potential tilatunexpected factors crop up during the construction which may result in a considerable increase ofcost. This is not only valid for the construction costs but also for recurrent costs for operationand maintenance.

Inaccurate or missing information on the ecological factors of a road area also may lead to large-scale damages or even to a substantial destruction of the ecological environment.

Negligenice or inaccurate information on the discharge volume of surface water can trigger large-scale soil erosion especially at outlets.


The road corridor and the peg line must carefully consider the topographical, geo-techlnical (slopestability, rock strata, quarries and material disposal sites) and hydrological factors (wvet zones) tocome up with an optimal road corridor and peg line.

If there are possibilities to minimize negative environmental and social consequenices, tilen thealignmenit should be adapted accordingly.

An engineering geologist can only effectively assess the geological features.

Page 3 of 39

ANNEX I

The same is valid for the ecological features. An experienced environmentalist only is suitablefor this task.

At this stage already, also the hydrological features need close attention to come tip withadequate and suitable water management measures.

In addition, suitable sites for temporary facilities such as contractor camps, spoil disposal areas,potential quarries (aggregate extraction) and borrow pits (soil, gravel and sand extraction) have tobe identified. This will help to realize early whethier there are serious resource bottlenecksrequiring the search for additional resources further away from the planned aliognimenit and thefeasibility for its access.


Often the local population can offer essential and valid information about thestability of slopes.They know where and how previous slope failures had occurred and where soil erosioll is likelyto occur.

They also know about the location of water sources and the water table levels (danger ofseepage) at various places. For suitable dimensioning of water crossings (bridges, culverts, andcauseways), the local population must be consulted about the flood level of streams and rivers.

1.3.4. Budgeting

The works of all the other specialists, other than DoR engineers, contributing to th:is project stagemust be budgeted. This involves the engineering geologist and the environmental specialist.

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN'T


The negligence or inadequate recording of all the prevailing environmental factors may lead tosignificanit and costly environmental problems later onl.


The most important factor to optimally guide the EA is a clear ToR for the EA Team. It isobvious that such a task must be given to an experienced team of specialists. The team muistpropose mitigation measures wherever required and come up with improvements whleni necessaryto protect the environment effectively. The team must assess whethler the project isenvironmentally feasible or not.

The potential stakeholders such as all government agencies involved, NGOs and private peoplehave to be approached for their input with regard to potential environmental problems caused bythe road project.

The government clearance by the NEC is the official environmental approval of the project.

Page 4 of 39

ANNEX 1

1.43. Public Participation and Coordination

For this project stage, the assignment of the EA Team needs some preparation and co-ordination. The team can be assigned by DoR only when NEC has worked out the ToR for theEA. The assignment itself by DoR is also a matter, which requires some time and procedures.

The EA Team must inform the local population which alignment option has been selected forexecution and for what reasons. Complete information on the process of alignment selectionagain helps to secure the full co-operation of the local population for the further project stages.

More specific and detailed information on important project issues can Ilow be collected fromthe local population for the selected alignment option.


The EA Team now must identify in detail all affected private land and property with regard tosize, value and owner.

Furthermore, the team-n must identify affected infrastructure and cultural sites withi regard tothe potential damages and to the means of mitigation and protection.

1.4.5. Budgeting

DoR must have a budget for the cost of the EA Team.

1.5 DETAILED SURVEY


Missing or incomplete survey data result in a faulty or inadequate design and thus oftenlead to higher construction, operation and maintenance costs.

Unnecessary tree cutting for better visibility during the survey weakens the stability of thesurface soil layers and can result in shallow slope failures. The wide corridor opening alsoresults in loss of wildlife habitat particularly birdlife.


The road corridor needs careful and complete mapping of all important terrain features anldmust be wide enough at places where spoil deposits are feasible. Other relevant data like landuse, infrastructure, cultural sites, fragile slopes, seepage areas, etc. must also be mapped.

In addition, campsites, spoil locations, quarry and borrow pit sites have to be mapped too.

The felling of trees for visibility during the detailed survey is weakening the surface soil layersand i-nay trigger shallow slopes failures later on. Therefore, tree felling should be avoidedwherever possible at this project stage.

Page 5 of 39

ANNEX I


Whenever and wherever required, the further mutual exchange of informatiion betweenproject staff and locals should be encouraged and supported.

Page 6 of 39

ANNEX 2

2 DESIGN

2.1 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT


Requirement of re-alignment at the time of road upgrading and rehabilitation due to inadequateand too steep grades.

Fast road scouring due to vehicle pressure and surface runoff.


Compared to the horizonital alignment thevertical alignment must satisfy also the requiremiienitsof the next higher road class because once it needs upgrading, this should be possible witiloutrequiring re-alignments with the corresponding high cost.

For the gradient of 8 - 10% the road stretch should not exceed I 00m.

2.2 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT


Large-scale slope failures of temporary or even permanent nature may occur after constructiollcompletion. In many cases, these failures require comprelhensive stabilization measures sucih ascostly support structures or other recurrent restoration measures after every m71on1soo01.Sometimines, such failures are so deep rooted that there is no chance of stabilization and re-

-alignment over several kilometers is the only solution.

The destruction of up- and down-slope vegetation and of valuable forest over wide areas dueto uncontrolled dumping of spoil material.

Wide road corridors, bare of any vegetation, restrict the free movement of wild animiialsconsiderably.


For the construction of feeder roads, the general rule must be to keep the amount of earthworkminimal. In steep mountainous terrain, this can only be achieved if the horizontal alignmelitfollows as closely as possible the contour lines. Tile advantages of minimal earthwork are lowconstruction costs and most important, least negative impact on the up- and down-slopes such asup-slope failures, damages to vegetation, valuable forest and agricultural land and uliconitrolleddeposition of large volumes of spoil materials.

In areas with less than 70% slope grade, a balanced cut and fill within the cross section shouldbe applied. In areas with over 70% slope grade, the balance should be achieved over short road

Page 7 of 39

ANNEX 2

sections. This requires a certain amount of support structures like toe walls, retaining walls andbreast walls.

Full cut can be applied when the risk of slope failure is minimal and frequent locations for safedeposition of spoil material exist.

Full fill is recommended whien the prevailing rock has persistent joints, bedding or foliationplanes dipping parallel to the slope, when scree or similar deposits are in a critical stability angle.when eroding or highly erodible soils have to be crossed and wheni, for pavemelit drainagepurposes, terraces have to be crossed.

In steep forest areas, spoil material can be deposited below the road in a controlled way by tileapplication of log barriers.

A valuable tool concerining the arrangement of spoil material deposition is the mass hauldiagram whicil indicates where and how much spoil material exists and where it can be safelydeposited.

2.3 PERMANENT STRUCTURES


Structure failures often occur in unstable areas (sinking) or when the structure cannot befounided on solid rock.


In unstable areas or when the structure is not founded on bedrock, flexible gabion structuresshiould be choseni to withstanid the unfavorable site conditions successfully. Suitable supportstructures for spoil material deposits are toe walls and log barriers.

2.4 WATER MANAGEMENT


Unconitrolled surface water discharge over the road edge creating large-scale erosion on thedowni-slopes.

The sinking of road sections and up-slope failures due to down- and up-slope seepage.


The limited width and the design speed of feeder roads allow for a constant cross-fall towards themountainiside. This prevents an unconitrolled surface water discharge over the road edge.

Side drain water must be discharged at every available stream crossing so that the amount ofdischarge water can be kept minimal and no erosion is caused at the water outlets. No other thannatural stream crossings must be used for water discharge.

Page 8 of 39

ANNEX 2

Where an increased discharge of surface water endangers the stability of the water outlet, erosionprotection measures mu1st be applied (bioengineering measures, ripraps, check darns, etc.).

In areas with high water table (seepage), side drains and up-slope catch drains must alwaysbeen lined so that no surface water can penetrate into the subsoil. This avoids building up of porewater pressure, which increases the risk of slope failure.

2.5 SLOPE STABILISATION

235.1 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

After construction, bare slopes tend to erode and fail under difficult site conditions (geologicalweak areas, erodible soils).

2.52. Mitigation Measures

Bare slopes must always be covered with vegetation (grass, shrub and trees) as soon as the worksoln the slopes are completed to avoid erosion and shallow slope failures. These bioengineeringmeasures are cheap and perfectly suitable in most of the cases. But they must be tailor made foreach individual site responding to the prevailing site conditionis.

For unfavorable site conditions (deep-rooted instability) support structures such as breast, toeand retaining walls are required. But very often, such permanent structures can be kept smallerand cheaper when applied in combination with bioengineering measures.

To find suitable and long-lasting solutions slope stabilization measures must always be designedin close co-operation with engineering geologists.

2.6 TEMPORARY FACILITIES


Temporary facilities such as road camps, borrows pits, spoil disposal sites, quarries andstone crushing plants can produce soil and air pollution.

Spoil disposal activities may disturb river flow patterns.


These temporary facilities must be incorporated in the design to guide the project properly.

Page 9 of 39

ANNEX 3

3 TENDER DOCUMENTS

3.1 PREPARATION OF TENDER DOCUMENTS


Intended measures aiming at environmentally sound construction are not executedproperly or not at all because they are not described in the Contract Clauses and notpriced as work items in the Bill of Quantities.

Temporary facilities such as contractor camps, spoil disposal areas, quarry sites and borroNv pitareas can have serious negative effects on the environmenit if they are not managed carefulily.


The intended mitigation measures must also be included as work items in theBill of Quantitieswith the estimated amount of work volume so that the contractor can calculate the item price andthe total cost for their execution.

Likewise, all mitigation measures must be individually defined and described in detail in theContract Clauses of the Tender Documents so that the contractor knows how to perform themproperly.

Withi regard to the cost estimate of the work contract, DoR must prepare a schedule of rates forall the intenided mitigation measures.

DoR must also include special clauses in the Conditions of Contract with regard to theenvironimental project management such as:

e the contractor must comply with the environmental mitigation measures as per ECP

* besides the work program, the contractor lias also to submit an environmental managementplan, specific to the works, that conforms with the requirements stated in the ECP. This plan,prepared by the contractor, shall include specific methods to be employed for: location ofwork and labor camps, drawings indicating how storage areas and adjacent surface waterswill be protected against contamination, methods of spoil disposal, quarry and borrow areasite operation, protection and restoration procedures.

* the Engineer has the authority to immediately stop the works in areas of concern when theenvironmental supervision activities reveal a serious existing or imminent envirolilnielitalhazard

* the Engineer has the authority to extend the contract duration and increase the cost of thlecontract for the implementation of remedial actions, provided the environmelital problem wasnot caused due to negligenice or non-compliande to the ECP by the contractor

* final acceptance of the completed works will not occur until the environmental clauses havebeen satisfactorily implemented

Page 10 of 39

ANNEX 3

* operation, restoration and renovation of all quarry sites and borrow areas must be inaccordance with the environmental mitigation measures as per ECP

v disposal of spoil and excess material as per ECP

3.1.3. Budgeting

The review of tender documents regarding environemnt requirements by an EA specialist mustbe budgeted.

3.1.4. Monitoring

It is suggested that the tender documents are reviewed by an EA specialist before tendering toassure that all measures are taken to prevent unnecessary environmental hazards to the projectarea.

3.2 TENDERING OF WORKS


Insufricient awareness of the environmental requirements may lead to halfhearted andinadequate quoting of such measures and thus to unsatisfactory implementation of the works.


Tlherefore, the ECP must explicitly become an integral part of the Tender Docunnents.

Page I I of 39

ANNEX 4

4 CONSTRUCTION AND SUPERVISION

4.1 QUARRY


The impacts resulting out of quarry activities are: slope instability as a break in natural contoursoften causing slope failures, dust pollution, surface water disruption, health hazard, and areaesthetically unpleasing as vegetation are removed and surroundings covered by pollutants.


In addition to the indicated quarry sites (by EA report) the construction responsible shouldplhysically identify and thoroughly investigate other suitable quarry sites involving engineeringgeologist. Thle location shiould be away from population centers, cultural sensitive sites, drinkinigwater intake points, potential croplands, and protected biological areas.

When opening the site, care should be attended to keep the vegetation clearing at the minimumpossible. The blasting operations should be conducted in a controlled manner, not overchargiligthe holes and proper warnings/signals relayed to the surrounding people prone to danger on time.The blasting is always recommended to follow by benches (series of holes blasted at a time andthe next series following few seconds later and so on..). For stone quarrying, the operation shouldbegin from the crown of the slope and then move gradually downward. Shot hole blasting is NOTRECOMMENDED. In case of dry weather the contractor should wet the site by spraying waterto keep dust pollution low.

Sand quarrying along tile riverbed should not be concentrated at one spot to avoid natural flowvdisruption. Quarrying near bridges or river training structures should not take place.

Quarries should be restored through proper site trimming and bioengineerinig measures.


To enhiance the environlmental mitigation measures it is important that DoR initiates consultationand coordination withi relevant government agencies and local people. GSoB and FSD sIhould heinvolved in identifying and locating quarries. GSoB can ensure that the site is teciinicallyfeasible. As botlh of these agencies issue quarrying permits conflict arising later due toduplication of permit for the same site can be resolved by involving both agencies at a time.Bioengineering specialist can help to restore the sites by suggesting and identifying suitablevegetation species.

Equally importanit isX the involvement of the Dzongkhag administration and local people indesignatinig the sites, and its distinct boundaries. This can avoid road damages resultin1g out ofrandom quarrying.

Page 13 of 39

ANNEX 4


When considering a quarry it shiould also iticorporate the local interest. The commercial quarriessihould not deprive the resources of local people. Their agriculture-based livelilhood shiould berespected.

4.1.5. Budgeting

It is a traditional practice that the quarries are not restored after the operation, as this lias not beenbudgeted. Budgeting provision lias to be covered in the project under site restoration and slopestabilization head. The contractor shall be paid as per actual work performed and on thlesatisfaction of the DoR engineer (BoQ).

4.1.6. Supervision

The success of environmental mitigation measures entirely depends oln quality supervision. Thesupervisor should know the measures to be implemented at each site. He should be equipped withiall relevant documents suchi as project and contract document, road construction manlual, blastingmanual and bioengineering manual.

It is assumed that the daily supervision is executed by the contractor's engineer. However, theperiodic supervision shiould be conducted by the project implementation unit (PIU), DoR. All thesupervision activities planned and executed must be well documented.

4.1.7. Monitoring / Evaluation

The monitoring can be segregated into two: daily monitoring and periodic monitoring. Again it isassumed that the daily monitorinig will be carried out by the contractor's engineer. Wlhile periodicmonitoring should be carried out by DoR on need basis and biannually by an external team. Allfindings and instruCtiolIs imparted must be well documented.

Tlle evaluations carried out at project midterm or at its completion can also be called airnonitorinig in the sense that findings can alter the ongoing as well as future projectimplemenitationi modalities.

The indicators are: sites look relatively leveled and vegetation is outcropping, engineer's report ofsite closure and executed restorations.

Remarks: all rehabilitation/restoration works should be completed before the DoR issuesthe completion certificate. This applies to all the following construction activitiies.

4.2 SPOIL DISPOSAL

4.2.1. Potential impact

A series of adverse impacts can result from improper spoil disposal like: disruption of locallhydrology, manmade landslides, loss of vegetation cover, pastureland ancl aesthieticallyunpleasing sites.

Page 14 of 39

ANNEX 4


To keep the damage at the minimum, excavators must be used for constructioni. The excavatedmaterial such as topsoil and stones should be stacked at safe places for reuse at a later stage ofconstruction.

For slope gradients of less than 70%, a concept of balancing cut and fill should be applied.Minimizing the cut material can eliminate/reduce the environmental damages (refer designmitigation measures). The recommended spoil disposal sites are small natural depressions.abandoned quarries and degraded areas. Spoil material should be filled in benciles to preventslope overloading. The spoil deposits should be trimmed well and bioengineering measuresapplied.


To ensure that spoil is deposited at the right places prior consultation of the local people isrequired. This can prevent spoil depositing in their cultural and other sensitive areas (localbeliefs). For bioengineering measures, bioengineering specialist shiould be consulted withi regardto suitable vegetation species.


The experiences elsewhere in the country and in the region have revealed that casual spoildisposal has deprived local drinking and irrigation water facilities and at the same tilme lhasdamaged tile agricultural land. The road activities should consider avoiding such damages. Inaddition complaints from the locals can hinder project progress.

4.2.5. Budgeting

Spoil hiaulage must be budgeted for the distances required.

4.2.6. Supervision

The responsible agencies and the frequency of monitoring are as discussed in section or para4.1.6.


The responsible agencies and the frequency of monitoring are as discussed il section or para4.1.7.

The parameters to be monitored are: spoil disposal sites, bioengineering applications and successrates, conflicts withi the locals.

The success indicators are: less landslides, vegetated construction sites, no local conflict, andenginieers completion report.

Page 15 of 39

ANNEX 4

4.3 SLOPE STABILITY

4.3.1. Potential Negative Environmentall Impacts

Unstable up and downhill road slopes can result in: soil erosion, clogging of side drains, rulloffspillover on tle road surface and down the slope causing landslides, and hindering the trafficmovement.


Maintain the batters' gradient as specified in the Road Design Manual, developed by DOR. Theexisting vegetation on the slopes outside the immediate construction corridor should remilainundisturbed during road construction and/or upgrading. Bioengineer barren slopes to stop soilerosion and protect thiem from grazing. Erect support structures whiere slope failures areanticipated or occurred. Monitor slope failures and initiate remedial actions at the earliestpossible.


To carry out slope stability investigations, DOR shiould consult and coordinate with engineerin-geologist for professional inputs. ln addition the DOR should also refer to bioengineeringspecialist to suggest suitable vegetation species wihen applying bioengineering measures.


Wlhen applying mitigation measures consideration should be given to the local land use andgrazing lhabits.

4.3.5. Budgeting

Thie cost for engineering geologist advice, bioengineering measures and grazing protection costshiould be included in the overall budget of thlle project.

4.3.6. Supervision

As discussed in section 4. 1.6.

4.3.7. Monitoring/Evaluation

As discussed in the section 4.1.7.

The success indicators are: no landslides; and bioengineering measures visible.

4.4 DRAINAGE


Excess surface ruioff along the road due Ito inadequate drainage structures, siltation of wvatercourses down stream due to erosion from unlined drains, slope failures or landslides and xvaterseepage.

Page 16 of 39

ANNEX 4


The adequacy of culverts, chaninels, bridge waterways and other drainage structures and theirability to dischiarge tihe runoff should be considered. All permanent drainage chaninels througihighi water table areas shiould be lined. Maintain drains open at all timnes.


Dzongkhag administration and locals should be consulted when locating drainage structures.


When deciding on local drainage installations, the drinking water and irrigation water supplyshould be considered. Considering this at an early stage can avoid conflict with the locals, whicican affect project progress.

4.4.5. Budgeting

Adequate budget provision should be kept for additional drainage structures, as drainage isconsidered to be the most important factor for hill roads.

4.4.6. Supervision

As discussed in section 4.1.6.

4.4.7. Monitoring/Evaluation


Success indicators are: controlled surface runoff, no landslides, no complaints from the locals.

4.5 WORK /LABOR CAMP LOCATION, OPERATION AND CLOSURE


Air and noise pollutioll from the construction machines, water pollution from oil and grease andunsanitary waste disposal practices, social conflict, deforestation and wildlife disturbance.


Camps should be located away from settlements or drinking water supply intakes, landslides orflood prone areas. The trees should be protected as far as possible when setting up camps. No treecuttings shall be allowed except dead and fallen trees.

Labors shiould be provided with reasonable shelters, preferably made of bamboo and tin sheetroofing. The camps must be equipped with water and pit latrine facilities. Solid wastes should becollected (pit holes) and disposed off to safe places. Oil and grease from machines should becollected and removed from the site for recycling or annihilation.

Pa,e 17 of 39

ANNEX 4

Wlhen closinig the camps all wreckage, rubbish and items no longer used must be collected anddisposed off or burned. The site must be restored applying bioengineering measures.

The workforce should be provided with fuel in areas of fuelwood sliortage.


To ensure that a suitable site is located it shiould be mandatory to consult tile local people througLhthe respective Dzongkhag administration. Involving the locals will allow to identify sitesacceptable to all the parties and will avoid sites sensitive to local beliefs, close to monlumenits andwater supply intakes.

To create awareness among the labors on the preservation of vegetation and wildliife FSD shouldbe consulted.


If private land is involved the expropriation of land should be according to the Land Act ofBhutan, 1979 (amended in 1998) and compensated as per the Land Compensation Rate, 1996. Itis recommended that priority should be given for 'land for land' in the same locality. Temporaryland expropriation should be compensated as per the annual yield of the land.

The cultural sites should be identified and protected, e.g. chorten should be prevented fromdamage and restored after construction with paintings.

4.5.5. Budgeting

Thie budget for sites restoration, provision of reasonable shelters for labors, solid and liquidwastes disposal and sanitary provisions, property compensation, and fuel for labors should beincluded in the project cost.

4.5.6. Supervision




Parameters to be monitored are: provision for water & sanitation, waste collection facilities anddisposal sites, proper site closure.

Success indicators are: no disruption of local water supplies, effective wastes disposal, siteappearance restored, DoR's site engineer report.

Page 18 of 39

ANNEX 4

4.6 USE OF BITUMEN


Deforestation as a result of fuelwood extraction for bitumen heating. Out break of forest fire. Freedumping of bitumen wastes and pollution of air and surface waters.


Bitumen emulsion should be used wherever feasible. Encourage contractors to heat withkerosene, diesel or gas to gradually substitute fuelwood. Fuelwood usage for heating should belimited to only unsound log i.e. dead and fallen trees.

Bitumen should not be applied during strong winds (danger of forest fire). Bitumen emulsionshould not be used in rains. No bitumen must be allowed to flow into the side drain. The bituLImedrums should be stored in a designated place and not be scattered along the roadside.

Rubbish, debris and bitumen wastes remaining after blacktop works should be cleaned anddisposed off to a safe place.


FSD should be consulted for collection of dead and fallen trees.


The fuelwood requirement for blacktop works should not deprive the demand of the locals. Thlelocal drinking water supply should not be polluted.

4.6.5. Budgeting

The waste clean up after the bitumen activity should be budgeted in the project cost.

4.6.6. Supervision

Same as in section 4.1.6.


As discussed in the section 4. 1 .7.

The parameters to be monitored are: compliance withi requirements.

The success indicators are: no use of fuelwood except where use is sustainable, site cleanup andwaste disposal.

Page 19 of 39

ANNEX 4

4.7 EXPLOSIVES AND TOXIC WASTE MANAGEMENT


Damage to property, livestock, human healtil hazard, flora and fauna of the area as a result ofexplosives' mishanidlinig. Ground and surface water pollution from improper hanldlinig of oil andgrease.


The explosive should be stored in a standard magazine (approved by the Ministry of l{omeAffairs). The hazardous material must not be stored near surface waters and should be storedover plastic shieeting to prevent leaks and spills.

Waste oil and grease should be collected in a container and dispose of. Contaminated ruioff fi-omstorage should be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated plasticsheeting should be packed and disposed of.

The explosives should be hanidled as per MoHA guidelines/regulations.


MoHA should be contacted in case of hazard and explosives needing annihilation.


Considerations should be given to the local drinking water supplies when hanciling liazardous.naterial.

4.7.5. Budgeting

Budgetinig should be provided for the compensation of injury and loss of life and annihiliationi ofexplosives.

4.7.6. Supervision

Same as in section 4.1 .6.

4.7.7. Monitoring / Evaluation-


The parameters to be monitored are: compliance witih requirements.

The success indicators are: no conflict with the locals, no contaminiationi of water and soil.

4.8 MANAGEMENT OF STONE CRUSHING PLANTS


Damage to local crops and surrounding vegetation as a result of dust pollution. Surface vaterpollution and dust causing respiratory diseases to the humans. Excessive noise from the plant.


Locate stone crushiing plants away from population centers, ecologically sensitive areas,cultivated lands, drinking water intakes, religious monuments; and culturally sensitive sites.

Page 20 of 39

ANNEX 4

The equipmenit should be operated according to manufacturer's specifications. The labors shotildbe provided with the safety gadgets such as ear protectors, masks, helmets, goggles and gloves.

The plant should be operated during daytime.


When locating a suitable stone crushing plant locals and concerned Dzongkhag, as well as FSDand GSoB should be consulted. This can, not only avoid interest coniflicts but locals can helpidentify the best possible site for the setup.


Discussed under mitigation measures.

4.8.5. Budgeting

The rehabilitation/restoration cost of such sites must be included in the project cost.

4.8.6. Supervision

As discussed in section .1.6.



The parameters to be monitored are: noise level and compliance with air pollution requirements.

Success indicators are: complaint from local residents, dust controlled equipment is utilized.



Uncontrolled water runoff can disrupt and increase the sedimentation load of surface waters, andcan cause landslides damaging vegetation cover and property. This can also lead to formationi ofnew gullies. Water seepage can also trigger landslides and reduce the roads bearing, capacity.


Identify the sources of excess water entering into the problem areas and tap it throughl surface andsub-surface catch drains. Drain the catched water into nearby natural gullies. Build check dams,steps, energy dissipaters as far down the gully as required to prevent erosion and slope failures.

Roads intersectinig irrigation channels must be provided with suitable water conveyanicearrangemiients.


Since most of the roads run through or near agricultural lands, irrigation water often beexperienced as a major huddle in the existing road network in Bhutan. Major landslides haveoccurred simultaneously damaging huge chunk of agricultural land. Dzongkhag administiationiand locals should be consulted particularly when installing cross drains. This can prevent peoplefrom not using the road for drawing water for irrigating.

Page 21 of 39

ANNEX 4


The constructioni should ensure that existing local irrigation and drinking water facilities are notdisrupted.

4.9.5. Budgeting

Additional water management structures should be included in the project cost.

4.9.6. Supervision

As discussed in section 4.1.6


As discussed in section 4.1 .7.

The parameters to be monitored are: effectiveness of water management meastires and proper-coordination with affected people wherever necessary.

Success indicators are: no presence of fresh surface erosion, slope failures, and new gullies. Novisual increase of turbidity of surface waters. No evidence of fresh losses of agricultural or forestlands. No complaint from the locals.

4.10 AIR AND NOISE MANAGEMENT


E:mission of air toxic pollutants such as hydrocarbonis, nitrogen oxides, carbon m-tonioxides. andsulfur dioxide resulting in human healthi hazard and destruction to vegetation. High concentrationof airborne dusts can damage surrounding vegetation, agricultural crops, and surface waterresources. Excessive noise can result in the disruption of livestock and wildlife's natuLalexistence, and can also cause annoyance and potential health hazard to human population.

4.10.2. Mitigation Measures,

The blasting operation shiould adopt controlled methods (i.e. no overcharging) ancl be conductedduring daylight lhours. Single shiot hole blasting should be discouraged.

Stockpiled sand and gravel should be slightly wetted before loading especially during Nvindyconditionis. Dirt or gravel roads passing thrOucghl population centers should be black topped andwater sprayed during constructionl.

Vegetative buffer zones should be used to protect potential water resources from road activities.The buffer zones shiould be planted with trees using local species.

The labors should be equipped with safety gadgets viz. ear protector, masks and goggles.

Where feasible use bitumen emulsion to avoid air pollution.


A good coordination shiould be maintained wvith tihe locals particularly withi the arranigemlienits ofhierding their cattle during blasting operation.

Page 22 of 39

ANNEX 4

In case of health hazard resulting out of blasting operation and concerning safety aspects thleMoHA should be consulted and actions coordinated.


Due consideration should be adhered to the health of the local populace, potential damage to theagricultural crops and livestock of the area.

4.10.5. Budgeting

Health and property loss compensation should be included in the project cost.

A10.6. Supervision




The parameters to be monitored are: compliance with the requirements and maintaining-- ofvegetative buffer zones.

The success indicators are: air pollution control devices installed on the equipment and operatingat all times, no excess dust deposition on crops and vegetation; no complaint from the locals; andsurvival rate of plants.

4.11 ROAD USE AND SAFETY OPERATION


Loss of human life and property are two major impacts foreseen from improper safety standards.


The road signs/indications should be painted with approved paints ensuring distinct and easyvisibility. All danger sites should have clear signs indicatitng the type of problem. During blastingoperations, approaching traffic should be stopped.

Safety support structures should be erected wherever necessary.


To have standard signs and knowledge on approved paints RSTA should be consulted.

4.11.4. Budgeting

Provide budget for signs and paints.

4.11.5. Supervision


Page 23 of 39

ANNEX 4

4.11.6. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: erection of signs/structures at all required sites.

Indicators: distinct and visible signs, no or less accidents.

Page 24 of 39

ANNEX 5

5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Most of the environmental problems related in this phiase are similar to the one mentionied in theconstruction phase. However, certain additions are made depending uponl the nature of theproblems in the maintenance phase.

5.1 QUARRY


The impacts resulting out of quarry activities are: slope instability as a break in natural contoursoften causing slope failures, dust pollution, surface water disruption, health hazard, and areaesthetically unpleasing as vegetation is removed and surroundings covered by pollutants.


In addition to the indicated quarry sites (by EA report) the construction responsible shoLlldphysically identify and investigate it thoroughly involving engineering geologist. The locationshould be away from population centers, cultural sensitive sites, drinking water intake points,potential croplands, and protected biological areas.

When opening the site, care should be taken to keep the vegetation clearing at tile minimtimpossible. The blasting operations should be conducted in a controlled manner, not overchargingthe holes and proper warnings/signals relayed to the surrounding people prone to danger on time.It is recommended to execute blasting operations in benches (series of holes blasted at a time andthe next series following few seconds later and so on..). For stone quarrying, the operation sh1ou.ldbegini from the crown of the slope and then move gradually downward. Shot hole blasting is NOTRECOMMENDED. In case of dry weather the it should wet tile site by spraying water to keepdust pollution low.

Sand quarrying along the riverbed should not be concentrated at one spot to avoid natural flowvdisruption. Quarrying near bridges or river training structures shiould not take place.

Quarries should be restored tihroughi proper site trimming and bioengineering measures.


To enhiance the environmental mitigation measures it is important that DoR initiates consUltationand coordinationi with relevant government agencies and local people. GSoB and FSD shIould beinvolved in identifying and locating quarries. GSoB can ensure that tile site is techiicallyfeasible. As both of these agencies issue quarrying permits conflict arising later due toduplication of permit for the same site can be resolved by involving both parties concurrenltly.Bioengineering specialist can help to restore the sites by suggesting and identifyinig suitablevegetation species.

Equally important is the involvement of the Dzongkhag administrationl and local people indesignating the sites, and its distinct boundaries. This can avoid road damages resulting out ofrandom quarrying.

Page 25 of 39

ANNEX 5


Wheni considering a quarry it should also incorporate the local interest. The commercial quarriesshould not deprive the resources of local people. Their agriculture-based livelihood should berespected.

5.1.5. Budgeting

It is a traditional practice that the quarries are not restored after the operation, as this has not beenbudgeted. Budgeting provision has to be covered under the annual maintenalnce budget.

5.1.6. Supervision

Close supervision is necessary during spoil spreading, as it is advisable to lay in benchies. Thedaily supervisioni should be the responsibility of site engineer. Periodic supervision can be carriedout DoR.

5.1.7. Monitoring

The road maintenance site engineer should carry out the daily monitoring, while a periodicmonitoring should be done by DoR.

An external team (possibly initiated by Dzongkhag) can also conduct periodic monitoringdepending upon need basis.

The parameters to be monitored are: spoil disposal sites, bioengineering applications and successrates, conflicts with the locals.

5.2 SPOIL DISPOSAL

5.2.1. Potential impact

A series of adverse impacts can result from improper spoil disposal like: disruption of localhydrology, manmade landslides, loss of vegetation cover, pastureland ancl aesthleticallyunpleasing sites.


To keep the damage at the minimum, excavators must be used for construction. The excavatedmaterial suchl as topsoil and stones should be stacked at safe places for reuse at a later stagte ofconstructioni.

For slope gradienits of less than 70%, a concept of balancing cut and fill should be applied.Minimizinig the cut material can eliminate/reduce the environmental damages (refer designmitigation measures). The recommended spoil disposal sites are small natural depressions.abandonied quarries and degraded areas. Spoil material should be filled in benchles to preventslope overloading. The spoil deposits shouild be trimmed well and bioengineering measuresapplied.

Page 26 of 39

ANNEX 5

5.23. Public Participation and Coordination

To ensure that spoil is deposited at the riglht places prior consultatioll of the local people isrequired. This can prevent spoil depositing in their cultural and other sensitive areas (localbeliefs). For bioengineering measures, bioenginieering specialist should be consulted with regardto suitable vegetation species.

512.4. Socio-Economic and Cultural Considerations

The experiences elsewhere in the country and in the region have revealed that casual spoildisposal has deprived local drinking and irrigation water facilities and at the same time hasdamaged the agricultural land. The road activities should consider avoiding such damagaes. Inaddition complaints from the locals can hinder project progress.

52.5. Budgeting

Spoil haulage must be budgeted for the distances required.

51.6. Supervision


512.7. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: spoil disposal sites, bioengineering applications and successrates, conflicts with the locals.

The success indicators are: less landslides, vegetated construction sites, no local conflict, andengineers completioni report.

5.3 SLOPE STABILITY


Unstable up and downhill road slopes can result in: soil erosion, clogging of side drainis, ruilloffspillover on the road surface and down the slope causing landslides, and hinderinig the trafficmovement.


Maintaini the batters' gradient as specified in the Road Design Manual, developed by DOR. Theexisting vegetation on the slopes outside the immediate construction corridor should remainiundisturbed during road constructioni and/or upgrading. Bioengineer barren slopes to stop soilerosion and prevent them from grazing. Erect support structures where slope failures areanticipated or have occurred. Monitor slope failures and initiate remedial actions at tlhe earliestpossible.

Page 27 of 39

ANNEX 5


To carry out slope stability investigations, DOR should consult and coordinate with engineeringgeologist for professional inputs. In addition the DOR should also refer to bioengineeringspecialist to suggest suitable vegetation species when applying bioengineering measures.


When applying mitigation measures consideration should be given to the local land use andgrazing habits.

5.3.5. Budgeting

The cost for geological advice, bioengineering measures and grazing protection cost should beincluded in the overall budget for maintenarice.

5.3.6. Supervision


53.7. Monitoring


T1he success indicators are: no landslides; and bioengineering measures visible.

5.4 DRAINAGE


Excess surface runoff along the road due to inadequate drainage structures, siltation of watercourses down stream due to erosion from unlined drains, slope failures or landslides and waterseepage.


The adequacy of culverts, channels, bridge waterways and other drainage structures and theirability to discharge the runoff should be considered. All permanent drainage chaniniels throughhigh water table areas should be lined. Maintain drains open at all times.


Dzongkhag administrationl and locals should be consulted when locating drainage structures.


Wheni deciding on local drainage installations, the drinking water and irrigation water supplyshould be considered. Considering this at an early stage can avoid conflict with the locals, wilichcan affect project progress.

Page 28 of 39

ANNEX 5

5.4.5. Budgeting

Adequate budget provision should be kept for additional drainage structures, as drainage isconsidered to be the most important factor for hill roads.

5.4.6. Supervision


5.4.7. Monitoring


Success indicators are: controlled surface runoff, no landslides, no complaints from the locals.

5.5 WORK /LABOR CAMP LOCATION, OPERATION AND CLOSURE


Air and noise pollution from the construction machines, water pollution from oil and grease andunsanitary waste disposal practices, social conflict, deforestation and wildlife disturbance.


Camps should be located away from settlements or drinking water supply intakes, landslides orflood prone areas. The trees should be protected as far as possible when setting up camps. No treecuttings shall be allowed except dead and fallen trees.

Labors should be provided with reasonable shelters, preferably made of bamboo and til sheetroofing. The camps must be equipped witil water and pit latrine facilities. Solid wastes shoulcl becollected (pit holes) and disposed of to safe places. Oil and grease from machiiies should becollected and removed from the site for recycling or annihilation.

Wheni closing the camps all wreckage, rubbish and items no longer used must be collected anddisposed of or burned. The site must be restored applying bioengineering measures.

The workforce shiould have access to other energy means in areas of fuelwood shortage.


To ensure that a suitable site is located it should be mandatory to consult the local people throughthe respective Dzongkhag administration. linvolvinig the locals will allow to identify sitesacceptable to all the parties and will avoid sites sensitive to local beliefs, close to monumilenlts andwater supply intakes.

To create awareness amonlg the labors on the preservation of vegetation and wildlife FSD shouldbe consulted.

Page 29 of 39

ANNEX 5


If private land is involved the expropriation of land should be according to the Land Act ofBhutan, 1979 (amended in 1998) and compensated as per the Land Compensation Rate. 1996. Itis recommended that priority should be given for 'land for land' in the same locality. Tempolaryland expropriation should be compensated as per the annual yield of the land.

The cultural sites should be identified and protected with mitigation measures e.g.chorten7 shouldbe prevented from damage and restored after construction with paintings.

5.5.5. Budgeting

The budget for sites restoration, provision of reasonable shelters for labors, solid and liquidwastes disposal and sanitary provisions, and property compensation should be included in themaintenance cost.

5.5.6. Supervision


5.5.7. Monitoring


Parameters to be monitored are: provision for water & sanitation, waste collection facilities anddisposal sites, proper site closure.

Success indicators are: no disruption of local water supplies, effective wastes disposal, siteappearance restored, DoR's site engineer report.

5.6 USE OF BITUMEN


Deforestation as a result of fuelwood extraction for bitumen heating. Out break of forest fire. Freedumping of bitumen wastes and pollution of air and surface waters.


Bitumen emulsion should be used wherever feasible. Encourage contractors to heat witikerosene, diesel or gas to gradually substitute fuelwood. Fuelwood usage for heating should belimited to only unsound log i.e. dead and fallen trees.

Bitumen should not be applied during strong winds (danger of forest fire). Bitumen emulsionshould not be used in rains. No bitumen must be allowed to flow into the side drain. The bitumlildrums should be stored in a designated place and not be scattered along the roadside.

Rubbish, debris and bitumen wastes remaining after blacktop works should be cleaned anddisposed of to a safe place.

Page 30 of 39

ANNEX 5


FSD should be consulted for collection of dead and fallen trees.


The fuelwood requirement for bitumen sealing works should not deprive the demand of thelocals. The local drinlkinig water supply should not be polluted.

5.6.5. Budgeting

The waste clean up after the bitumen activity should be budgeted in the maintenance cost.

5.6.6. Supervision


5.6.7. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: compliance with requirements.

The success indicators are: no use of fuelwood except where use is sustainable, site cleanup andwaste disposal.

5.7 EXPLOSIVES AND TOXIC WASTE MANAGEMENT


Damage to property, livestock, human health hazard, flora and fauna of the area as a result ofmishandling explosives. Ground and surface water pollution from improper hanidlinlg of oil andgrease.


The explosive should be stored in a standard magazine (approved by the Ministry of HomeAffairs). Hazardous materials must not be stored near surface waters and should be stored overplastic sheeting to prevent leaks and spills.

Waste oil and grease should be collected in a container and disposed of. Contaminiated runlofffrom storage should be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminiatedplastic sheeting should be packed and disposed off site.

The explosives should be handled as per MoHA guidelines/regulations.


MoHA should be contacted in case of hazard and explosives needing annihilation.

Page 31 of 39

ANNEX 5

:5.7.4. Socio-Economic and Cultural Considerations

Considerations should be given to the local drinking water supplies when handlingt hazardousmaterial.

5.7.5. Budgeting

Budget should be provided for the compensation of injury and loss of life and annihilationi ofexplosives.

5.7.6. Supervision


5.7.7. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: compliance with requirements.

The success indicators are: no conflict with the locals, no contamination of water and soil.

5.8 MANAGEMENT OF STONE CRUSHING PLANTS


Damage to local crops and surrounding vegetation as a result of dust pollution. Surface waterpollution and dust causing respiratory diseases to the humans. Excessive noise from the plant.


Locate stone crushing plants away fromT population centers, ecologically sensitive areas,cultivated lands, drinkinig water intakes, religious monuments; and culturally sensitive sites.

Stonie crushinig plants should be operated according to manufacturer's specifications. Theworkforce should be provided with safety gadgets such as ear protectors, masks, helmets, gogglesand gloves.

The plant should be operated during daytime.


Wlhen locating a suitable stone crushing plant locals and concerned Dzongkihag, as well as FSDand GSoB shiould be consulted. This can, not only avoid interest conflicts but locals can lhelpidentify the best possible site for the setup.


Discussed under mitigation measures.

5.8.5. Budgeting

The rehabilitation/restoration cost of such sites must be included in the maintenance cost.

5.8.6. Supervision


Page 32 of 39

ANNEX 5

5.8.7. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: noise level and compliance with air pollution requirements.

Success indicators are: complaint from local residents, dust controlled equipment is utilized.



Unconitrolled water runoff can disrupt and increase the sedimentation load of surface waters, andcan cause landslides damaging vegetation cover and property. This can also lead to formation ofnew gullies. Water seepage can also trigger landslides and reduce the roads bearing capacity.


Identify the sources of excess water entering into the problem areas and tap it throughi surface andsub-surface catch drains. Drain the catched water into nearby natural gullies. Build chieck dams.steps, energy dissipaters as far down the gully as required to prevent erosion and slope failules.

Roads intersecting irrigation channels must be provided with suitable water conveyanicearranigements.


Since most of the roads run through or near agricultural lands, irrigation water often beexperienced as a major hurdle for maintenance of existing road network in Bhutani. Majorlandslides have occurred simultaneously damaging huge chunk of agricultural land. Dzongkhlagadministration and locals sliould be consulted particularly when installing cross drains. This canprevent people from not using the road for drawing water for irrigating.


The constructioni slhould ensure that existing local irrigation and drinking water facilities are notdisrupted.

5.9.5. Budgeting

Additional water management structures should be included in the maintenance cost.

5.9.6. Supervision

As discussed in section 5.1.6

5.9.7. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: effectiveness of water management measures and propercoordination withi affected people wherever necessary.

Success indicators are: no presence of fresh surface erosion, slope failures, and new gullies. Novisual increase of turbidity of surface waters. No evidence of fresh losses of agricultural or forestlands. No complaint from the locals.

Page 33 of 39

ANNEX 5

5.10 AIR AND NOISE MANAGEMENT

5.10.1. Potential Negative Environmentall Impacts

Emission of air toxic pollutants suchl as hiydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monioxides. andsulfur dioxide resulting in human health hazard and destruction to vegetation. High concenitrationof airborne dusts can damage surrounding vegetation, agricultural crops, and surface xvaterresources. Excessive noise can result in thie disruption of livestock and wildlife's nattiralexistence, and can also cause annoyance and potential hiealthi liazard to humani population.


The blasting operation should adopt controlled methiods (i.e. no overcharging) and be condtictedduring daylight hours. Single shot hlole blasting should be discouraged.

Stockpiled sand and gravel shiould be slighitly wetted before loading especially durinig windyconditions. Dirt or gravel roads passing through population centers shiould be black topped andwater sprayed during construction.

Vegetative buffer zones should be used to protect potential water resources from road activities.The buffer zones shiould be planted with trees using local species.

The labors shiould be equipped with safety gadgets viz. ear protector, masks and goggles.

Whlere feasible use bitumen emulsion to avoid air pollution.


A good coordination shiould be maintained with the locals particularly witlh the arranigemenits ofhierding their cattle during blasting operation.

In case of liealthi hazard resulting out of blasting operation and concerning safety aspects thleMoHA shiould be consulted and actions coordinated.-


Due considerationi shiould be adhered to the hlealthi of the local populace, potential damage to theagricultural crops and livestock of tie area.

5.10.5. Budgeting

Healtli and property loss compensation sliould be included in the maintenianice cost.

5.10.6. Supervision


5.10.7. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: com,pliance with the requirements and rnaintaining; ofvegetative buffer zones.

Page 34 of 39

ANNEX 5

The success indicators are: air pollution control devices installed on the equipment and operatingat all times, no excess dust deposition on crops and vegetation; no complaint from the locals: andsurvival rate of planits.

5.11 ROAD USE AND SAFETY OPERATION


Loss of human life and property are two major impacts foreseen from improper safety standards.


For road signs/indications standard approved paints should be used ensuring distinct and easyvisibility. All danger sites slhould have clear signs indicating the type of problem. During blastingoperations a person should convey the warning to the approachinig traffic.

Safety support structures should be erected wherever necessary in danger sites.


To have standard sigins and knowledge on approved paints RSTA should be consulted.

5.11.4. Budgeting

Provide budget for signs and paints.

5.11.5. Supervision


5.11.6. Monitoring


The parameters to be monitored are: erection of signs/structures at all required sites.

Indicators: distinct and visible signs, no or less accidents.

Page 35 of 39

I

I

ANNEX 6

5.12 ROAD SURFACE


The impacts related to poor road surface maintenance are: road shoulder erosion.development of potholes, traffic skidding and development of settlement structures.


Monitor potholes and fill them with suitable aggregates and patch up witil bitumen incase ofblacked topped road. Never ever fill potholes with soil (particularly with higih clay content) asthis makes roads slippery. Ensure that proper road shoulder is maintained and is clean ofdebris and other objects.

Enforce Rules and Regulations for construction of temporary, semi-permanenit and permianenithouses on either sides of the roads, 1995 issued by Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA).


DOR should consult and coordinate with concerned dzongkhag administration to enforce therules and regulations, issued by MOHA.

5.12.4. Socio-Economic and Cultural Considerationss

If already existing structures withini road right of way (ROW) need to be relocated for safetyreasons necessary compensations should be arranged as per Land Compensation Rate, 1996.

5.12.5. Budgeting

The compensation for the relocation of existing structures within road ROW should beincluded in the annual maintenance budget.

i5.12.6. Supervision


5.12.7. Monitoring


The indicators are: no potholes, no accidents, no cowsheds and other structures are seen alongthe road.

Page 37 of 39

ANNEX 6

6 MONITORING / EVALUATION

Monitoring is an important tool to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures areimplemented and to know the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. This can also indicateif there is a need to revise mitigation arTangements for the potential adverse impacts. Theinonitorinig activities are:

1. Baseline Monitoring, is a collection or measurement of environmental parameters durinigpre-project time.

2. Effects Monitoring, is a collection or measurements of environmental parameters duringproject implementation time that can be attributed to the project.

3. Compliance Monitoring, is a periodic sampling or measurement to ensure that theregulatory requirements are observed and tihe standards are met.

For the monitoring to be effective it is very crucial to have well establishied baseline data.Monitoring of impacts should be linked to the predictions of impacts so that thlere isinformation on:

* the nature of impacts;

* the magnitude of impacts;

* the geographical extent of impacts;

* the time-scale of impacts;

X the probability of impacts occurring;

* the significance of impacts; and

e the level of confidence in the prediction of impacts.

Environimental monitorinig for roads is required at two stages:

1. Construction phase monitoring; and

2. Operation phase monitoring.

6.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE MONITORING

ln this phiase of the project, three levels of monitoring are pertinent i.e. routine monitoring.periodic monitoring and evaluations.

6.1.1. Routine Monitoring

This should be the responsibility of the construction agency, and happens on a routinie basisas project advances. Records should be maintained for whatever is monitored.

Page 38 of 39

ANNEX 6

6.1.2. Periodic Monitoring

An external team (team suggested by EA for that particular project) has to be formed asappropriate to carry out this monitoring. The cost of monitoring should be budgeted in theproject. If possible bianinual monitoring should be carried out, once during monsoon and onceduring lean season.

6.1.3. Evaluation

Projects may be subjected to evaluations e.g. midtern and final evaluations to meeteconomical ecological requirements. The findings of the mission can benefit the project inmitigating some of the adverse impacts.

6.2 OPERATION PHASE MONITORING

Unlike the construction phase monitoring there are two levels of monitoriig, i.e. routillemonitoring and periodic monitoring.

6.2.1. Routine Monitoring

The site engineer should carry out this monitoring on a routine basis. He should inforn the il-clharge of the Road Maintenance Cell responsible for that road for timely action.

6.2.2. Periodic Monitoring

An externally formed team should carry out this monitoring if possible on biannual basis. Theteam can be proposed by the EA team commissioned for the particular project. The budget forthis monitoring should be included in the maintenance cost.

Page 39 of 39

I

I

Date post:	24-Mar-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	6 times
Download:	0 times