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Management and technology consultants
Flight Safety Symposium
15th September 2015
RPAS integration into the overall ATM
system
3
Some definitions
Market expansion
Existing regulations and enforcement
Principles of integration
So where next?
Agenda
4
Fundamentally, we are talking about an aircraft as states ICAO:
Whether the aircraft is manned or unmanned does not affect its status
as an aircraft
The basis from which requirements are set with respect to:
• airworthiness
• personnel licensing
• separation standards,
• etc
So, what exactly are we talking about?
7
Sheer volume
Flight crew qualifications
System capabilities
The challenge(s) of integration
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2013 2014 2015
DJI Parrot 3D Robotics
9
• 2 500 civil operators in Europe
• 1 036 active in UK
• 2 342 civil operators in the rest of the
world
• Greatest growth in the <25kg group
Europe now leads the way in the number of civil
operations…
12
RPAS regulations exist or are being developed in:
• Austria
• Denmark
• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Ireland
• Spain
• UK
Approved flying schools in:
• Denmark
• Netherlands
• UK
More than 500 licenced RPAS
pilots in the Netherlands and
the UK are already operational
Regulations are not uniform
13
CAP 722 (2001)
EC study on UAS (2007)ICAO Circular
(2011)EC RPAS call for Action (2013)
EC COM(2014)-207Riga Conference (2015)
EASA NPA (2015)
Common regulation is in progress
16
Operators who intend to conduct aerial work using SUA are
required to apply for a permission from the CAA in accordance
with ANO 2009 Article 166(5).
Operators of unmanned aircraft over 20 kg are required to apply
for an exemption from the CAA. Any aerial work aspects will also
be covered within this exemption.
Operators who intend to fly a Small Unmanned Surveillance
Aircraft (SUSA) within the separation criteria of ANO 2009 Article
167(2) are required to apply for a permission from the CAA and
must submit a safety case including a risk assessment of the
operation.
CAP 722 requirements
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Open Category:
• Small and simple drones in operating conditions that pose very low risk
Specific Category:
• Operation posing more significant aviation risks to persons overflown or involves sharing the airspace with manned aviation
Certified Category:
• Risks rise to a level similar to normal, manned aviation and wider scope of operation
Subcategories in the ‘open’ category:
• CAT A0: ‘Toys’ and ‘mini drones’ < 1 kg
• CAT A1: ‘Very small drones’ < 4 kg
• CAT A2: ‘Small drones’ < 25 kg
EASA proposed definitions
18
Open Category:
• Small and simple drones in operating conditions that pose very low risk
Specific Category:
• Operation posing more significant aviation risks to persons overflown or involves sharing the airspace with manned aviation
Certified Category:
• Risks rise to a level similar to normal, manned aviation and wider scope of operation
Subcategories in the ‘open’ category:
• CAT A0: ‘Toys’ and ‘mini drones’ < 1 kg
• CAT A1: ‘Very small drones’ < 4 kg
• CAT A2: ‘Small drones’ < 25 kg
EASA proposed definitions
The key element in the ‘open’ category is, therefore, the
responsibility and awareness of the operators. This starts
with the need to make drone buyers aware that they
operate an aircraft
19
So, what about the proposed regulation…
No drone
zone
Limited-
drone
zone
50 m
150 m
Pilot
Competence
requiredCAT A1
CAT A0 / A1
CAT A1 / A2
CAT A0 / A1
/ A2
22
And the principles of integration?
Operation centric Categories
Risk-based Regulatory framework
Proportionate Security and privacy
Progressive Enforcement
Performance-based
23
Cooperative vs non-cooperative systems
• TCAS, Mode S, ADS-B (aviation equivalent of AIS)
Functions
• Enable pilot to perform separation and collision avoidance roles
• Undertake collision avoidance automatically if normal separation provision fails (e.g. If control link is lost)
Even with the ‘open’ category resolved, on board
‘sense and avoid’ issues remain..
Sensor Technology Scan EnvelopeTime to Collision
Revisit Rate ResolutionAdverse Weather
Laser Radar Excellent Fair Poor Excellent Poor
35 GHz MMW radar Excellent Excellent Fair Excellent Fair
94 GHz MMW radar Excellent Fair Fair Excellent Fair
Visibile Imaging Excellent Fair Excellent Fair Poor
IR Imaging Excellent Fair Excellent Fair Poor
Passive MMW imaging Excellent Fair Fair Fair Excellent
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Audio Detection:
• Not effective in Urban environments
• Range limited – 50m
Video Detection:
• Range limited – 200m
• Difficult to distinguish between birds and drones
Thermal Detection:
• Heat from smaller drones insufficient beyond 200m
RF Detection:
• Effective in gathering information to identify operator
• Range limited – 400m
Radar Detection:
• Small, plastic, electric-powered difficult to detect
• Difficult to distinguish between birds and drones
And what about static detection …
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RPAS offer promising environmental, cost and efficiency benefits
for a whole range of applications
A number of barriers still need to be overcome for complete
integration
• These will be different depending on the RPAS and the
operation
RPAS is another legitimate airspace user
Much has been achieved; but strong leadership from, better
coordination and learning lessons from others will improve
progress
So where next?
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Philip Church
Principal Consultant
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