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Research Topic
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Usual ways of knowing
Tenacity
Intuition
Authority andtradition
Scientific method
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Techniques for narrowing a topic
into a research question
Examine the literature
Talk over ideas with others Apply to a specific context
Define the aim or the desired
outcome of the study
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Problem
A situation that is considered unclear orundesirable after conducting initialinvestigation and describing the
situation
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Questions to ask yourself
Is this problem really important
Will this make a difference to whom?Why?
Will the research result beinteresting?
Will it be relevant to an idea that haswidespread implications?
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Questions to ask yourself
Will it challenge common sensetruisms or reverse the inadequaciesof accepted views?
Will the research be immediatelyuseful?
Will it help guide or change socialpolicy or practice?
Will it provide needed information ornew insights into a social issue?
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Research Problem
An interrogative statement that askswhat relations exist between oramong variables/concepts
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Characteristics of a good RP
Concrete and specific
Observable
States therelationship betweentwo or more variables
Linked to a theory
Geared to a practical
problem Relevant to the times
Relates to a significantnumber of people or to anumber of significantpeople
Fills a research gap
Permits generalization
Sharpens the definition ofan important concept orrelationship
Creates or improves aninstrument for gatheringand analyzing data
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Review of Related
Literature
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Definition
An examination of previous studiesthat have related topics, methods,and theories to a research project,
the literature review helps identifywhat is known and unknown in thebody of knowledge about a topic and
assists in conceptualizing newresearch problems and objectives.
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Searching for the materials
For the introduction
Quotations frompopular media
Tabular, graphicand visual materialfrom non-academicpublications
Baseline andhistorical data
For the relatedliterature
Edited books, book
chapters Academic journals
Papers in peer-
reviewedconferences
Researchanthologies
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Searching and citing
www.elib.gov.ph
http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/
www.findarticles.com
http://scholar.google.com
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
http://www.elib.gov.ph/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.findarticles.com/http://scholar.google.com/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://scholar.google.com/http://scholar.google.com/http://www.findarticles.com/http://www.findarticles.com/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.elib.gov.ph/http://www.elib.gov.ph/8/14/2019 rrl & rp.ppt
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Note-taking for the review
Search for all possible related studies thematically,methodologically, and theoretically
Do a quick read of the studies, noting patterns in topics,methods, and theories
Create a working outline of the patterns from your quick
read Filter studies to those that are most pertinent to your
research Put flesh to your outline by taking verbatim notes from the
filtered studies. Remember to put always the author, year,and page numbers for each note.
Use key words to identify possible links across literature Create a separate file where you can enter the bibliographic
citation for each source article
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4. Assess the literature being studied by
looking at the following:
Clarity
Verifiability
Accuracy
Recency
Relevance
Sufficiency
Internal consistency
External consistency
Comparative quality
Contextuality
Statistical validity
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5. Structure the review of literature according to
any of the following patterns:
Topical
Chronological
Specific to general
General to specific Known to unknown
Problem-cause & solution
Comparison & contrast
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6. After reviewing the body ofliterature, summarize what has beendone, what has not been done, and
what needs to be done
7. Explain how your own research linksto previous studies thematically,
methodologically, and theoretically.
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Bad review
Smith (1980) conducted an experiment on fear andself-esteem with 150 undergraduates. In the study, hetested subject self-esteem and then exposed subjects oneat a time to fear-inducing situations. He found out thatthose with lower self-esteem felt greater fear. Jones andJones (1982) surveyed elderly residents. The respondents
who had the greatest independence, self-esteem andphysical health had the lowest degree of fear of being thevictim of crime.
In a study of college women, Rosenburg (1989) foundout that the greater independence one felt, the less the fear
of being left alone in a darkened room. De Sallos study(1984) of 45 college males found that those who had thegreatest self-esteem felt the less degree of failure. Yu(1988) found the same for college females. Hong (1980)conducted a telephone survey of 200 welfare recipients andfound no relationships between feelings of independenceand fear of crime.
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Good review
People with greater self-esteem appeared to be lessfearful. Laboratory studies with college students (Yu, 1988;De Sallo, 1984; Smith, 1980) found a strong negativerelationship between self-esteem and fear, similar to therelationship that was determined from a survey of elderlypeople (Jones & Jones, 1982). Only one study contradicted
this finding (Johnson, 1985), presumably because prisoninmates comprised its population. In general, self-esteemand fear were negatively related.
Self-esteem was strongly related to feelings ofindependence (see Zarnoth, 1985; Gomez, 1977), and
independence was found to decrease feelings of fear ofcrime (Jones, 1982; Rosenberg, 1979). Hong (1980) didnot find a significant relation between independence andthe fear. It was the only literature that studied welfarerecipients.