Overall energy balance

Energy production Energy conversion Energy usage

x x

Joule obtained / joule invested kWh obtained / joule invested Service obtained / kWh investedjCO2/joule

jCO2/kWh CO2/km

Topics:- Oil extraction and refining;- Biofuels;

Topics:- ICE;- Transmission;

Topics:- Weight;- Air drag, rolling resistance;Biofuels;

- GTL, CTL…Transmission;

- Power train energy management.Air drag, rolling resistance;

- On board energy management.

ICE: the primary energy converter

10% gain in ICE efficiency leads to 10% fuel consumption reduction Decisive topic

Improvement of the BSFC mapBetter positioning of engine operation on the BSFC map

Topics:- Improvement of combustion thermodynamic efficiency

(effective expansion ratio)- Reduction in losses: pumping, friction, heat, non-burnt gases.

Topics:- Downsizing-downspeeding;- Temporary energy storage (hybrid)

Tools & strategies: GDI turbo, VVT-VVL, Design & materials, variable & automated transmission, hybrid, VCR

VCR: next step for ICEs evolution

ICE evolution is an asymptote made of asymptotes

ICE evolution:

New bricks are progressively added to ICE technological mix and allow for new combinations for reaching:

1. Optimum efficiency,2. Adapted absolute cost,3. Optimum cost/benefit ratio.

VCR is a new brick for pushing back limits for these targets.

Current step is GDI turbo VVL - Next step is VCR

MCE-5 technology for implementing VCR

1. 6:1 to 15:1 continuous, responsive, precise and cylinder selective CR control;

2. Low-friction, low-sensitive to load ;3. Conventional invariable piston motion;

4. Red line: 6,500 rpm – 130 bar max in-cylinder pressure

MCE-5 : designed according to “what has to be done” and “ what has to be avoided” to provide best VCR service

MCE-5: a technology to push back the limits for FC reduction of ICE

NEDC – FC reduction – 1.3 ton vehicle – same driving dynamics – Manual GB