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RTI International
RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. www.rti.org
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY READING SKILLS:INTERNATIONAL TRENDS & EXPERIENCES
Luis Crouch
Research VP and Senior Economist
ASER CENTRE TALK
November 10th 2010
India International Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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Motivation – Bureaucratic/programmatic
Many countries “doing the right thing” (Chile, South Africa, Mexico, etc.) But see no impact on learning
Education’s MDGs (less so EFA but still) pale in comparison with Health (internationally, nationally)
In consequence, Health gets more “respect” (and funding) from the forward-looking private donors
Click for branch-out
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Motivation – Pedagogic
Huge amount of evidence of “cumulative effects”: “Matthew effects”
Unless serious intervention happens early, children are essentially locked into their class of origin
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“For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath.”
Christian Bible – St Matthew
Matthew effect:
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6In Heckman, SCIENCE,30 JUNE 2006, VOL 312
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Research from Senegal by Glick and Sahn
Factors predicting permanence in school, in multivariate model (all factors controlling for each other)
2nd grade achvmt
Girl HH wealth Mother ed Teacher exp
School supplies
School infra
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
2nd grade achievement
Controlling for all other factors, what happened to the childin 2nd grade mattered most (note: relative to all others, incl HH Wealth, thus, using controls)
In other words: if children doing badly by end of grade 2, other things you can do (more inputs, better infra, good teachers) has a hard time coping with early disadvantage.
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Wo
rds
pe
r m
inu
teMatthew Effect in reading
Data from the US
Good, Simmons, Smith (1998)
Grade in years and months (thus 1. is 6 months into Grade 1)
Children below a certain level by the end of Grade 1, stay behind forever, and the gap widens
And, if they cannot read, they fall behind in everything else
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10 20 24 28 32 36
200
600
1000
1400
Professionals
Workers
Welfare progrecipients
age in months
Vocab by social class of parents
Hart and Risley (1995)
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Post-secondary participation rates by reading proficiency level at age 15, Canada
Knighton and Bussiere, 2006, in McCraken and Murray (date?).
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So, early achievement predicts later achievement, and later achievement is key to social and economic growth…
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12Hanushek & Woessman, Journal of Economic Literature 2008, 46:3, 607–668
Relationship economic growth and learning, across regions
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South AfricaMoroccoKuwaitQatar
Indonesia
Iran
SloveniaSlovak Rep.FranceDenmarkItaly
PIRLS 2006 Results
Per
cent
of
lear
ners
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Lowest Medium HighestReading competency levels
But this is done by creating a cognitive middle class: eliminating the worst off performance
Keep your eye on this
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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History: many streams come together
Key NGOs in S. Africa such as Molteno, Read Trust since late 1990s
Pratham Key intellectuals such E Schiefelbein of (Min Ed of Chile
and also official at UNESCO) Specific alarm (“but the kids are not reading!”) and also
evidence that improvement can be swift In 2005 or so, big international agencies started taking
note; WB and USAID funded research to put early assessment tools in public domain Research- and consensus-based; public domain: “EGRA”
Then also fund fast-results methods similar to Pratham
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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Assessment tools – 1: features Many have developed
Molteno very early Pratham also Later, EGRA
In common: oral only, no pencil-and-paper, focus on very earliest skills but do include some comprehension
Some have specific interesting features ASER: classifies so clear remediation implications and utility EGRA: uses fluency explicitly, specific adaptation to countries
but international framework, expert-panel-validated Applications
Some 40-50 countries, gov’t and NGO, both EGRA and others See clickable list
Applications Tracker
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Assessment tools – 1: features Different components
EGRA typically: Pure listening (sounds, story comprehension) Book awareness Letter sound and fluency Familiar words and fluency Passage reading and comprehending Writnig
ASER Letters Words Two levels of stories
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Assessment tools – 2: some results
Training EGRA: about 1 week; great emphasis on inter-rater reliabiliy;
95% or so: why? Reliability obtained
Around 0.9 or higher; never lower than 0.7 Concurrent validity with comprehension: poorly measured but
no lower than 0.5 Principal components analysis: there IS a skill called “early
reading” Interesting correlations ASER – EGRA
They track each other very well Question for us: why bother with fluency? Discussion topic?
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Assessment tools – 2: some results
Training EGRA: about 1 week; great emphasis on inter-rater reliabiliy;
95% or so: why? Reliability obtained
Around 0.9 or higher; never lower than 0.7 Concurrent validity with comprehension: poorly measured but
no lower than 0.5 Principal components analysis: there IS a skill called “early
reading” Interesting correlations ASER – EGRA
They track each other very well Question for us: why bother with fluency? Discussion topic?
Assessment tools – 2: some results: children are NOT learning to read
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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Improvement efforts
1. Many key local and international NGOsa. SA: Molteno, Read Trust
Went continental in some cases, MoltenoZambia, Ghana
b. Peru: Solaris
c. Pratham
d. Save the Children
e. RTI
f. Many others
2. Also governments: go nationala. The Gambia
b. Nicaragua
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South Africa results in half a year
Pre- to Post-Treatment Gain scores
Treatment Control
Letter-naming 22.93 8.79 >100% improvement in all of these is possible in
less than 1 year (if base
is low!)
Familiar word fluency 7.14 2.53
Connected text fluency 11.2 3.91
Comprehension 0.13 0.04
Source: Crouch and Gove (2009), from Piper (2009).
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Grade 2 Grade 3
Group Boys Girls Boys Girls
FluencyControl 2% 70% 32% 66%
Treatment 205% 306% 105% 139%
Comprehension
Control -5% 41% 17% 48%
Treatment 200% 225% 102% 144%
Liberia improvement of results in 1 ½ years
!!
!!
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Improvement efforts: lessons
The Five T’s
1. Time: set time aside to EXPLICITLY teach reading
2. Tongue: start with mother tongue; faster; more solid; transfers easily
3. Teaching: teach teacher to teach reading: explicity, direct, scripted lessons if need be, free if can be:“As much freedom as possible, as much scripting as necessary”
Focus on comprehension from day 1, but do the phonics
4. Texts: flood villages with materials; create “instant literate environment”
5. Test: assess, communicate, agitate, advocate, get policies changed; locally and nationally
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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Bureaucratic global interest, indicators
So far no wide adoption of a learning outcome internationally
FTI made first start All children should read with enough fluency and comprehension
to “read to learn” by end Grade 2 USAID likely to copy Countries considering Donors funding larger and more serious RCTs and other
improvement efforts At scale Support to countries that want to go national (beyond
pilots, beyond regions)
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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Ongoing debates (just a few of them!)
Fluency: proxy or instructional strategy? Does the basic displace the more complex, or does it aid
it? See Finland curricular example: basics AND complex. “Hold the pencil right” but also “Analyze the text.” See clickable Finnish curriculum
Setting goals for fluency Use correct words per minute? If not, how Do we need numerical fluency measure? Goal-setting, yes; teachers, no??? What is useful?
Scripting lessons versus freedom: how compromise? How to get politicians to make it a goal to go national
Finnish curriculum with highlights
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Outline
1. Motivation “programmatic/bureaucratic” Pedagogical
2. History/process
3. Assessment tools; results
4. Improvement efforts; results
5. Bureaucratic interest, global indicators
6. Ongoing debates Do basic skills preclude or potentiate the more complex ones? Uses and abuses of assessment and improvement
7. Proposed discussion: Where does India (Pratham, others) fit in this context?
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Education Maternal Health
Target
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Indicators
Net enrolment ratio in primary education
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds
Goals: Education: coverage; Health: resultsIndicators: Education mostly coverage again: ?, Health: coverageHow silly is the ed sector?
Health has an actual outcome as a target, and access is only an indicator.
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Education Infant Health
Target
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Indicators
Net enrolment ratio in primary education
Under-five mortality rate
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5
Infant mortality rate
Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles
Same with infant mortality: target is an outcome, coverage only an indicator
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CIDA Health CIDA Education
USAID EducationUSAID Health
Some examples of how much better-focused the health sector is, in some donor statements.
Not just USAID, also CIDA (just to pick an example)