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Maheni Local Municipality, Mutale; District Municipality, Vhembe; Limpopo Province; South Africa Location Lat: S 22°44’0.1” Long: E 30°36’0.0’’

FINAL

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‘Tangible benefits to the community resulting from community managed interventions that can be replicated

elsewhere’

RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – MAHENI, SOUTH AFRICA i

British Geological Survey Wallingford, Oxon,

UK

Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, Gaborone, Botswana

CSIR, Pretoria,

South Africa

Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 2. Principles of the Planning Process ............................................................................ 3

2.1 Plan Development Process ...................................................................................................... 4 3. Goal and Objective of the Plan ................................................................................... 6

3.1 Goal ......................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Anticipated Outcome .................................................................................................................... 7

4. Baseline Information.................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Location .................................................................................................................................. 8

4.1.1 Socio-economic ............................................................................................................... 8 4.1.2 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 9

4.1.3 Drainage ........................................................................................................................ 11 4.1.4 Geology ......................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.5 Geomorphology ............................................................................................................ 12 4.1.6 Soils ............................................................................................................................... 12 4.1.7 Natural Vegetation and Fauna ....................................................................................... 12 4.1.8 Agriculture .................................................................................................................... 12

4.2 Current Water Supply Situation. ........................................................................................... 13 4.2.1. General Situation................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.2 Groundwater ................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.3 Water Quality ................................................................................................................ 14 4.2.4 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................... 14

4.3 Current Status of Community Structure and Sociological Issues ......................................... 14 4.3.1 Community Structure .................................................................................................... 14 4.3.2 Community Livelihoods. .............................................................................................. 15 4.3.3 Principal Community Sociological Issues. ................................................................... 16

4.4. Current Community Status with Respect to Other Stakeholders ............................................... 16 4.4.1 Rural Water Supply Stakeholders. ................................................................................ 16

4.5 Existing Drought Coping Strategies ..................................................................................... 17 4.5.1 Community Perception of Drought. .............................................................................. 17 4.5.2 Current Coping Mechanisms ........................................................................................ 18 4.5.3 Future Drought Mitigation Measures ................................................................................... 19

5. Proposed Interventions ............................................................................................. 20 5.1 Community Aspirations ........................................................................................................ 20 5.2 Community ‘Buy In’ to Intervention and Community Training ........................................... 20

5.2.1 Community Ownership. ................................................................................................ 20 5.2.2 Community Empowerment ........................................................................................... 21

5.3 Details of Proposed Interventions ......................................................................................... 21 5.3.1 Physical Interventions ................................................................................................... 22 5.3.2 Sociological Intervention .............................................................................................. 23

5.4 Community Structure Development with Respect to Water Management and O&M .......... 25 6. Knowledge Transfer and Awareness/Training Programmes .................................. 27

6.1 The Awareness Manual ......................................................................................................... 27 6.1.1 Aim of Awareness Manual ........................................................................................... 27 6.1.2 Content of Awareness Manual ...................................................................................... 27

6.2 Community Empowerment Aspects ..................................................................................... 28 7. Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 29

7.1 Definition of Monitoring Indicators ...................................................................................... 29 7.1.1 Physical Monitoring Indicators ..................................................................................... 29 7.1.2 Social Monitoring Indicators ........................................................................................ 30

7.2 Physical Monitoring Programme .......................................................................................... 32 7.2.1 Monitoring Processes and Data Collection ................................................................... 32

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7.2.2 Monitoring System ........................................................................................................ 33 7.2.3 Monitoring Equipment and Procedures ........................................................................ 34

7.3 Sociological Monitoring Programme .................................................................................... 35 7.4 Community Feedback ........................................................................................................... 37

7.4.1 From the Community .................................................................................................... 37 7.4.2 To the Community ........................................................................................................ 37

7.5 Monitoring Database, Data Evaluation and Project Reporting ............................................. 38 7.5.1 Physical Data ................................................................................................................ 38 7.5.2 Sociological Data .......................................................................................................... 38 7.5.3 Project Reporting .......................................................................................................... 39

8. Management Actions ................................................................................................. 40 8.1 Monitoring ‘Triggers’ and Early Warning ............................................................................ 40 8.2 Action Plan with respect to ‘Triggers’ .................................................................................. 40 8.3 Stakeholders .......................................................................................................................... 41

9. Concluding Statement ............................................................................................... 45 Annex A Overview of Physical Interventions in Maheni .......................................... 47 Annex B Overview of Sociological Interventions in Maheni .................................... 48 Annex C Rural Community Water Management Plan Template ............................... 49

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List of Tables Table 1 Summary of Physical Interventions. ..................................................................................... 22 Table 2 Social Interventions Needed to Support Physical Interventions Aimed at Groups within

Maheni Community .............................................................................................................................. 24 Table 3 Overview of possible training requirements and target audiences according to physical

intervention type - Shakadza ................................................................................................................. 28 Table 4 Monitoring of Population Welfare Indicators ....................................................................... 31 Table 5 Monitoring of Water Supply Indicators ................................................................................ 31 Table 6 Social Indicators according the Physical Intervention .......................................................... 32 Table 7 Awareness Programme Monitoring ...................................................................................... 32

List of Figures Figure 1 Google Image of Maheni Community ................................................................................ 8 Figure 2 Long-term annual rainfall record at Folonhodwe ............................................................. 10 Figure 3 Long-term annual evaporation record for representative stations in the Limpopo Province.

11 Figure 4 Proposed interventions at Maheni .......................................................................................... 21 Figure 5 Relationship between Water Availability and Crop Production ....................................... 44

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AP Awareness Programme CBO Community Based Organization CC Catchment Council CEO Chief Executive Officer CMA Catchment Management Association DWA Department of Water Affairs DDF District Development Fund HH Household ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone LHS Left hand side MO Monitoring Operative MU Monitoring Unit NGO Non-governmental organisation O&M Operation and maintenance RCWMP Rural Community Water Management Plan RDC Rural District Councils RHS Right hand side SADC Southern African Development Community SMC Stakeholder Management Committee TDS Total Dissolved Solids – Water quality WMA Water Management Area WUA Water User Association Quantities ha hectare km kilometre l/sec litre per second - yield l/sec/m litre per second per metre of drawdown – specific capacity masl metres above sea level mg/l milligrams per litre (hydrochemical quality) mm/year millimetres per year (rainfall or evaporation) m3/day cubic metres per day m3/hr cubic metres per hour

RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – MAHENI, SOUTH AFRICA 2


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1. Introduction

This Community Water Management Planning Process (CWMP) has been developed in full consultation with the Maheni community so that the community can better manage its water supply during periods of drought and assist in maintaining community livelihoods and wellbeing in times of water shortage and hardship. The RCWMP is the product of a sub-regional project entitled ‘Development and Testing of Groundwater Drought Management Strategies in the Limpopo Basin Pilot Areas’ funded by a GEF grant from the World Bank and implemented by the Groundwater Management Programme within the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). This RCWMP is one of a number of similar Plans that have been developed as pilot programmes in rural communities in the Limpopo Basin in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana. The Planning Process described in this report is the process that will lead to the Plan itself. This report describes that process and the procedure by which the community becomes empowered to determine the type of intervention that it stands to gain most from, the monitoring work required with which to measure the impact of the intervention and most of all the rightful ownership of the CWMP. The resultant CWMP is described in the companion document Rural Community Water Management Plan for Maheni, South Africa.



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2. Principles of the Planning Process

The Community Water Management Plan (CWMP) has to be understood as a tool which will provide guidance to the recipient community in times of drought. It offers background information and action advice which the community members can relate to and make decisions on. Physical as well as social interventions involving the concept of community water management are presented in this planning process document, but it can be assumed that the initial management approaches and specific issues that are propounded herein will undoubtedly be modified as the Plan itself evolves. This CWMP follows a number of guiding principles that will enable the community to sustain its livelihoods and improve wellbeing during periods of drought by better community management and use of local groundwater sources. The key guiding principles are:

Community Ownership Close consultation with the Maheni community and other secondary stakeholders is essential to the achievement of successful and sustainable results. The planning processes contribute to community ownership of the project and the resultant Community Water Management Plan represents the community’s expectations for water management.

Functional Simplicity The content of the plan has been drafted to ensure that it suits the local context and is understandable to the majority of the community. The planning process has also involved detailed consultation with the Community Water Management Committee to ensure their understanding of the water supply interventions.

Essential Data Collection

Comprehensive and accurate quantitative data collection is essential in order to measure social and biophysical changes resulting from the water supply interventions. These data are key to evaluating the effectiveness of each intervention.

Basis of Long Term Community Water Management

The management plan was developed by the community in cooperation with the project team and it aims to provide a strong foundation for long term rural community water management. The plan will be adapted and updated over time by the Community Water Management Committee as lessons are learned by the community through the monitoring of various water supply and social indicators.

Enhance Community Knowledge

The CWMP recognises the knowledge that exists within the community regarding time-proven techniques and traditional ways of water management. The Plan and the cooperative environment within which it has evolved provides additional information and knowledge to community members. A major outcome of the planning process, therefore, has been to enhance technical and management and skills within the community.

Community Contribution

The community was committed to helping initiate and subsequently maintaining the water supply intervention.



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Equity and Special Needs Although the interventions may benefit all residents of Maheni, the Community Water Management Plan respects the special needs of the vulnerable members of the community. The needs of women, resource poor farmers, youth, disabled people and those living with HIV and AIDS have been prioritised as beneficiaries of the Plan.

Sustainability

This principle aims to sustain the physical, organisational and financial resources for the interventions, but cannot guarantee that this will continue in the post-project phase.

2.1 Plan Development Process

The inception phase of the project involved participatory research into the issues of water and drought management in the community. Focus group discussions - that included livestock and arable farmers, resource-poor farmers, traditional leadership, gender based groups, female headed households, youth and government extension agents - ensured that the project was fully informed by the views, opinions, concerns and aspirations of the different social groups that are found in Maheni. The draft Community Water Management Planning Process document for the Maheni community was discussed with village leaders, institutions and government extension agents. The purpose of this participatory process was to validate the draft Community Water Management Plan and reaffirm community commitment and ownership to it. The validation process was fully achieved and also provided opportunities for the Maheni community to identify the potential livelihood initiatives that would be carried out once the physical interventions were completed. The final planning process involved the detailed community action plan that would guide implementation by the now established Maheni Stakeholder Management Committee (SMC). The outputs of this participatory planning process involving the SMC, included a blue-print of action for the community level project initiatives. The community liaison exercise (Planning Process 1) to develop the CWMP involved the following members of the community: Surname Initials

Committee Position Profession and/or Position in village (chief, kraal head, nurse, priest)

Mr. Chabalala MW SMC chair Pump operator M. Rananga F Vice chair -

Mr. Ragimana N.R Secretary Educator

Ms Netshwera N Royal family representative

Royal family member

Mr. Makhuvha L Vice secretary -

Ms. Khuguvhila P Additional member -

Mr. Nyadzani A Representative of learners

Administrator

Mr. Nyadzani S Additional member Traditional healer



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Mr. Nethsimbufhe A.G Facilitator Educator

Mr. Bidziwe T Municipality representative

Technical manager

Mr. Mishadu D.V Municipality representative

Assistant technical manager

Mr. Tshiololie M DWAF

Director: DWAF Regional Office

Mr. Masakona B VDM

Manager: Water Services- Vhembe District Municipality

Mr. Nethsipale S -



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3. Goal and Objective of the Plan

3.1 Goal

The goal of the CWMP is:

To facilitate and empower the community to maintain its livelihoods and wellbeing during periods of drought.

This is not an easy task, but the planning process and the resultant CWMP provides the framework and guidelines that will assist the community to achieve both technical and social improvements. It will also help to build linkages between the community and regulatory stakeholders with respect to water provision and use. The CWMP provides the community with specific ways in which the cooperation between stakeholders and regulatory bodies can be integrated and enhanced to improve sustainable water management at community level in the future.

3.2 Objectives

The specific objectives of the CWMP are:

a) To promote improved rural community management and use of water sources, especially groundwater sources, during periods of drought.

o More water available for domestic use especially during drought spells

o More water available for food gardens especially during drought spells

o More water available for livestock especially during drought spells

o As a result of better water management practices reduce the need for emergency water supply

o Improved water quality

b) To maintain and improve livelihoods, self-reliance and level of development during drought by means of community managed actions.

o reduce food shortage: Number of emergency feeding programmes decrease

o increase the number of food gardens

o increase the period of food garden activity

o Increase the number of months harvesting crops from gardens can occur

o Increase the quantity and quality of locally produced vegetables

o As a result of greater self-sufficiency from gardens throughout the year, has the socio-economic situation of beneficiary/vulnerable households improved

c) To improve general health in the community

o Improved nutritional levels

o Number of diarrhoea occurrence stays the same or decrease

o Decrease in cases of malnutrition amongst children under the age of 5years



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d) Destitution remains the same or decreases.

e) To improve the general knowledge of the community concerning groundwater, pollution and drought preparedness

f) Motivate the community to adopt positive water management practices

g) Ensure the community and SMC are sufficiently familiar with physical intervention and know how to maintain and repair it

h) Empower the community to take control and mange their water resources effectively, by improved knowledge, data collection and data interpretation

3.3 Anticipated Outcome The CWMP is designed around community ownership and enhanced community understanding of water provision and drought. It lays down a basis for improved rural community water management at a strategic level rather than at a recurrent seasonal ‘fire-fighting’ level. The anticipated essential outcome for the rural community is enhanced livelihood security through the provision of a better managed and more secure water supply. Although it is not anticipated or specifically intended that this will enable the community to develop external markets for produce, it will provide the community with an improved basis for stock watering, gardening and other activities during times of water shortage resultant on drought conditions i.e. it will assist in maintaining essential community livelihoods. The level to which community wellbeing is improved by the proposed interventions will be carefully monitored and compared against pre-intervention base line data by the project with the assistance of the community. If the anticipated outcomes are not achieved, the interventions will need to be revisited to ascertain what additional physical or social actions could be required to improve the outcome. This will be essential information that will either support or inhibit the roll out of similar interventions elsewhere in the region. The community of Maheni is one of seven communities selected within four of the SADC Member States to trial the value of both social and physical interventions intended to empower communities to lessen the hardship of drought. The lessons learned in the Planning Process, both by the community and by SADC, will help to inform the eventual roll out of similar process planning for communities throughout the SADC region.



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4. Baseline Information

Figure 1 Google Image of Maheni Community

4.1 Location

Site location – Mutale, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Georeference – 22° 44’ 0.1’’ S, 30° 36’ 0.0’’ E

Topographic map – sheet 2230DC Makonde (3rd edition, 1999) at scale 1:50 000

Elevation – between 620 and 640 masl.

4.1.1 Socio-economic

Population groups – Mutale Municipality is spread over former homeland areas, commercial farms, towns and semi-urban centres. The area comprises two towns, Mutale and Masisi as well as some villages spread over seven tribal authorities. Although the dominant ethnic group in the municipality is Venda, there are also Batlokwa (a Northern Sotho group) and the Tsonga. The most common language spoken is Tshivenda. The area largely consists of communally occupied land and includes a large number of rural settlements administered by tribal authorities. Towns and rural service centres do exist in the municipality.

Population – the municipality has a population of about 95 700.

Settlement pattern in Maheni – the settlement pattern is largely rural. The community is demarcated into five villages settled in an accessible area. Most of the households live in modern houses built with brick walls and corrugated or tile-roofing. Fewer households live in traditional mud huts. The largest



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percentage of Vhavenda in the community has resulted in the higher degree of influence on the culture and language of the Northern Sotho and Tsonga. The result is a high degree of cultural and linguistic homogeneity in the community so that the majority of the people speak Tshivenda as their first language.

Chief – the chief (Mr. Nethengwe) is the political head of Thengwe area of which Maheni community is a part.

Headman – the headman (Mr. Nemaheni in Maheni) is a political head of the smaller section of the community.

Village structure – a series of interconnected villages along the southern side of the Thengwe Valley. House-stands are each roughly 40 metres square, and are arranged in a regular grid pattern. Sizeable parts of many house-stands are given over to fruit trees, vegetable plots and animal ‘kraals’ (enclosures). Stands are, in principle, allocated by the village headman within the area officially demarcated for residential purposes.

Focal points – large clinic, shops, boreholes, schools and local government offices in the wider area.

Projects – peri-urban water supply scheme financed through municipal infrastructure grant (MIG) funding.

Economy – some subsistence agriculture; irrigation schemes on the Mutale River, but mainly administrative and service employment in local business centre.

Business centre – local government centre at Thengwe.

Roads – the villages are connected by a graded all-weather road to the recently tarred road between Muzwodi in the north and Thengwe to the west.

Stores – several in the component villages.

Power – electricity with access to diesel and petrol.

4.1.2 Climate

Environment – semi-arid.

Rainfall – strongly seasonal, occurring mainly during the summer (October to March) with peak rainfall during December and February. Annual rainfall in the Tshiombo Valley (Tshandama Station) for the period 1982-93 averaged 688 mm, 82% of this falling in the period October to March. However, the totals for the agricultural year (July to June) show a wider variation - from 240 mm in 1991/92 to 1120 mm in 1987/88.

Rainfall type – orographic and convectional thunderstorms;

o summer – moist SE trade winds along the Limpopo Valley from the Indian Ocean during wet season (October to March) when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is located over northern Zimbabwe.

o winter – dry (April to September). Rainfall erratic, heavy short thunderstorms



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Figure 2 Long-term annual rainfall record at Folonhodwe

Temperatures – the mean annual temperature ranges from about 18°C in the mountainous areas to more than 28°C in the northeast, with an average of about 25.5°C for the WMA as a whole. Maximum temperatures are experienced in January and minima occur on average in July

Evaporation – the average potential mean annual evaporation ranges between 1800 mm in the western mountains to 2400 mm in the northeast. Highest evaporation occurs from October to January, and the lowest in June. Annual evaporation data from four sites in the Limpopo Province of South Africa (Figure 3) indicate the marked difference in evaporation rates experienced north and south of the Soutpansberg mountain range. At the Albasini Dam site south of the mountains, evaporation rates vary between 1000 and 1500 mm/a, only occasionally exceeding the latter amount during drought periods. In contrast, north of the Soutpansberg, evaporation rates measured at the Nzhelele, Luphephe and Mutshedzi Dams varies between 1500 and 2000 mm/a with up to 2500 mm/a being experienced during major droughts as in 1991/92 (DWA evaporation data 2008).

Drought - extended periods of below average rainfall are common.



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Figure 3 Long-term annual evaporation record for representative stations in the Limpopo Province.

4.1.3 Drainage

Catchment - the Maheni Community is located in Quaternary catchment A92B of the Luvubu and Letaba Water Management Area (WMA). This catchment is drained by Mutale River, a tributary of the Luvubu/Letaba drainage system that in turn joins the Limpopo River near Crook’s Corner. The Mutale River supplies over

8 Mm3/a for the Tshiombo irrigation scheme, and 2 Mm3/a between Tshiombo

and Thengwe for animal and human consumption.

Local drainage - the Maheni Community is located in a dry valley drained by an ephemeral northeasterly draining tributary of the Mutale River. This valley may previously have been occupied by the Mutale River, which drainage now occupies a valley to the south and flows to the northeast.

River channel - the river channel is clearly defined (see Figure 1)

Surface flow - short duration after storms

Sub-surface flow - unknown but all year round.

4.1.4 Geology

Bedrock - primarily quartzite and sandstone with subordinate shale and basalt associated with the Wyllies Poort Formation of the Soutpansberg Group.

Structure - dominant structural strike is WSW-ENE with regional faults such as the Klein Tshipise, Thengwe, Tshamatsha and Shakadza faults, while there are also cross-cutting faults trending ESE-WNW.

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Weathering - moderate to weakly weathered

4.1.5 Geomorphology

Land surface - located on the southern side of an E-W trending down-faulted valley at the eastern end of the Soutpansberg mountain range.

Erosion surface - junction of Pliocene and post-African surfaces.

Land-forms - the community of Maheni is located within an east-west down-faulted dry valley some 1.5 km wide between parallel outcrops of quartzite and sandstone forming hills reaching elevations of 700-800 masl. A spring occurs within a narrow north trending faulted valley 1.4 km south of the Maheni borehole site.

Weathered thickness – shallow to moderate.

Groundwater targets - fracture and fault zones; weathered granitic gneiss in valleys.

Regolith - extensive sand with gravel deposits of Quaternary age that cover the valley floor.

4.1.6 Soils

Soil types - about half the Tshiombo Valley consists of a complex of brown or reddish brown, coarse-grained to loamy sands, with the remainder made up of grey, poorly drained soils of a higher clay content.

Soil class - soils support dry land crop farming.

4.1.7 Natural Vegetation and Fauna

Natural vegetation – Vegetation is largely mopane veld, with some mixed bushveld and sourveld in western portions. North of the Soutpansberg, the vegetation is predominantly open tree savannah (sourish mixed bushveld) with Acacia caffra the dominant tree, and a denser tree savannah (mixed bushveld) in the northern foothills. In the dryer, low-lying areas to the north, the vegetation is largely short shrubby mopane trees (Colophospermum mopane), with scattered Baobab trees (Adansonia digitata).

Natural fauna – several varieties of game, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are encountered in the area. There is a diversity of habitats available and there is a perennial water source in the Mutale and Luvuvhu Rivers. Several endangered species are present, including the suni, leopard, crocodiles and osprey.

4.1.8 Agriculture

Agricultural potential - land adjacent to the Mutale River is well suited to the production of crops under irrigation, but the climatic conditions are also capable of supporting dry land agriculture and livestock farming.

Natural region - the Tshiombo Valley is a broad, nearly flat area approximately 33 km long and 4 - 7 km wide at an altitude of about 600 masl. It covers some 18 800 ha of which 80% is estimated to be cultivable (ISCW Land Type Ba60).

Agriculture present - the dominant dry land crop is maize, usually intercropped with various varieties of pumpkins and squash. Smaller areas of groundnuts and



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some sorghum are also grown. The proportion of produce sold is low, with most dry land crops being consumed within the household. Dry land cropping does supplements some household incomes, but it is rarely a principal source of livelihood. Stock farming, of both cattle and goats, is widespread, although no more than one-quarter of households keep livestock. Most cattle herds are 5 to 20 head, with similar sizes for goats. All land within the Tshiombo Valley is officially classified as communal land, and is under the control of the tribal authorities.

There will be a need during the CWMP process to construct a Seasonal Calendar to illustrate which crops are planted, when they are planted and harvested, when people work on their garden or field, when water is required and when is the period of water stress 4.2 Current Water Supply Situation.

The Maheni community is mainly supplied via yard connections served by the bulk water supply scheme operated and maintained by the Mutale Local Municipality. This system utilizes surface water drawn from the Mutale River at Thengwe, and is quite extensive. The design and demands are such that the operating pressure is not sufficient in summer/dry season/drought to deliver a consistent supply of water in Maheni. Boreholes do not form a part of the reticulated supply to yard connections within the Mutale Local Municipality. These sources form stand-alone installations that deliver to communal standpipes. However, in situations where the reticulated supply/yard connections are inadequate, community boreholes are prone to over-use with consequent breakdown, damage and enhanced possibility of failure. 4.2.1. General Situation

There are three boreholes in the Maheni community:

at the Mulodi School, fitted with a roundabout pump and located at 22º 44’ 36.4’’ S, 30º 33’15.1’’ E,

immediately west of the Maheni Community, fitted with an electrified submersible pump and located at 22º 44’ 21.6’’ S, 30º 35’ 20.0’’ E, and

on the southern margin of the Maheni Community, previously fitted with a hand pump removed following the introduction of a reticulated water supply, and located at 22º 44’ 5.5’’ S, 30º 36’ 2.3’’ E.

The motorized borehole suffered minor structural damage to the headworks after being driven into by a vehicle. This caused damage to the casing allowing easy access for surface pollutants. The damaged borehole was reported to Mutale Local Municipality and repaired, although not completely, within 3 months. The borehole serves a vital back-up function during summer when demand on the yard connections gives rise to pressure drops and frequent failure of supply. As such, it is not only important for the Maheni Community, but also for other surrounding communities.

4.2.2 Groundwater

Groundwater occurrence is primarily associated with fractured rock aquifers hosted by the quartzite and sandstone strata of the Wyllies Poort Formation. The alluvial and/or colluvial surface cover material that overlies fractured bedrock in the larger valleys represents a weathered and fractured rock aquifer system.



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The DWA Regional Office in Polokwane operates and maintains a groundwater level monitoring programme that comprises 18 boreholes in secondary catchment A9. This office produces an annual report on monitoring and groundwater level trends in the province. The latest report (2009) shows that 16 of the 18 monitoring stations experienced a decline in water level in the period 1 May 2008 to 1 May 2009.

4.2.3 Water Quality

Information on groundwater quality is sparse, tending to be of a reactive rather than a proactive nature. In other words, groundwater quality becomes an issue only when an incident occurs such as an observed health impact that might be attributed to the water source. Another factor contributing to the paucity of groundwater quality data is the lack of analytical facilities in Thohoyandou so that water samples have to be taken to Polokwane.

4.2.4 Irrigation

Commercial irrigation is carried out near the Mutale River. There is no evidence of irrigation from groundwater in the vicinity of the Maheni Community. 4.3 Current Status of Community Structure and Sociological Issues The community maintains a clear and unquestionable social hierarchy. At the head is a hereditary chief, Mr Nethengwe, who rules the entire community. The chief is responsible for the whole community. He settles disputes in the community, monitors the duties and roles of headmen in the villages, such as allocation of arable land to individual homesteads for settlement, grazing of livestock and ploughing, organizes ritual, social and work parties and ensures that the natural environment is well preserved. The community comprises a number of villages under the leadership of headmen, usually the closest relatives of the chief. Community population groups – the community represents a mixture of ethnic groups including Venda, and a minority group of Batlokwa and Shangaans. Community population – the community has a population of 3980.

4.3.1 Community Structure Each village comprises a number of households. The households are in close proximity so that scarce resources such as water can be accessed by every member of the village. The community considers that selection of land for settlement should be determined by accessibility to a water resource. Some of the residential places today have been declared unsuitable for settlement because of their distance to a water resource. Role of the headman - as political head of the community he is responsible for any matter relating to water service delivery in the village. Before any interventions can be put in place, the ward councilors and community development workers need first to obtain his permission. He ensures sustainable livelihood in the village through monitoring the use of resources including water. Although monitoring of groundwater resources is carried out informally, the headman ensures that the pump operator is not overwhelmed by demand from the community. The pump operator periodically reports the condition of the water source to the headman.



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Project implementation - the chief and headman, as part of the multiple roles they play, are willing to offer support whenever this is needed during project implementation. They will be of assistance in ensuring the participation of the stakeholders during the implementation phase.

4.3.2 Community Livelihoods.

Main livelihoods - the community depends on subsistence economy. The people rely on the natural vegetation and springs for livestock feeding. The traditional subsistence economy is dependent on rainfall. Gathering of vegetable material, hunting, and fishing, and all these activities depend on the availability of rain. The economy is also dependent on paid labour and to a lesser degree on ploughing and livestock.

Household plots - each individual, composite or single-parent household is given a small plot of about 0.5 ha. The piece of land is dispensed by the headman of the village. People who originate from other communities or distant places (outside Mutale and Vhembe Municipalities) pay a tribute - today about R1 000 cash, but in the past it was in the form of livestock, usually one head of cattle.

Community gardens - these are non-existent. There are ploughed fields about half a kilometre from the village site. The fields are dispensed by the headman. Each household is allocated a piece of land for ploughing. Due to unpredictable rainfall and drought in the area, the fields have not been used for the past five years. There is a minority of households that plough every year despite the poor harvests.

Rain-fed crops - the most common rain-fed crops grown in the community are maize, peanuts, groundnuts and beans.

Dry-season crops - drought resistant cereals such as sorghum and a variety of millet are cultivated.

Cropping patterns - the tilling and sowing in the fields takes place seasonally depending on the availability of rain. Seeds are scattered in the fields according to the extensive indigenous knowledge of the type of soil and crops that should be planted.

Livestock - the people are semi-pastoralists and practice animal husbandry alongside agriculture. A person’s livestock represents his capital and is valued as a medium of exchange. Apart from meat, cattle and goats also provide milk (sheep milk is used only for medicinal purposes). Hides are processed to make clothes, mats, ropes and shoes. Plumes from the tails of cattle are used as a framework for bangles and ankles for womenfolk. Since the 1992 drought, fewer households raise livestock.

Alternative income - many people are engaged in cash labour in the neighbouring towns of Thohoyandou, Messina and Masisi and on the mines and farms. Others are also teachers, nurses, police officers and others.

Migration - for reasons of accessibility villages are settled within reach of municipal services such as water, sanitation, electricity and waste removal. Through population increase some villages have expanded in Mutale Municipality so much that ploughed fields have been turned into residential areas. There is no evidence of people migrating from Maheni due to scarcity of water. Labour migration from Maheni is mainly to Messina, Tshipise and Tshikondeni mine on week days, with smaller numbers going to Thohoyandou.



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4.3.3 Principal Community Sociological Issues. The key sociological issues in Maheni include:

Water demand

Water demand in the community is higher than the supply. The community depends on one borehole for household consumption and livestock drinking. The pump operator ensures that water is pumped twice a day.

Health

During the 1992 drought many community members suffered from drought-related diseases such as typhoid, cholera, bilharzia and diarrhoea.

Polluted water in the spring, (which is presently used for livestock drinking), was the primary cause of infectious diseases such as bilharzia, cholera and diarrhoea. The water was polluted because it was used by humans, livestock and wild animals. Cattle diseases such as gall, stiff muscles and diarrhoea are common.

Water Committee

The water committee at Maheni was formed by community members to serve the community. The committee was formed for the purpose of monitoring groundwater use and to stop non-community members from using the source. The committee was dismantled some time ago. The committee has been reconstituted and the members are ready for training in groundwater monitoring.

4.4. Current Community Status with Respect to Other Stakeholders

4.4.1 Rural Water Supply Stakeholders.

The Mutale Local Municipality is responsible to the Shakadza Community for both water supply and sanitation services. Whilst groundwater monitoring is acknowledged as a responsibility of the local municipality as water services authority in the Mutale area, this function is severely inhibited by a lack of capacity and funding.

Water management institutions include a catchment management agency (CMA) and a water user association (WUA).

The Mutale Local Municipality is part of the Luvubu and Letaba CMA. This agency is currently chaired by the Manager, Water Services of the Vhembe District Municipality, who also represents all communities in this forum.

The Mutale WUA was established to revitalise irrigation. This WUA is multi-sectoral and includes representatives from governmental institutions (ministries, municipalities), the private sector (game parks and mines) as well as representatives of village communities. The WUA is run by a management committee of about 19 members. The Shakadza Community is not directly represented in this forum. The small-scale farmers of the area are collectively represented by Mr A.E. Rabambukwa based in Sagole. The Mutale WUA is hampered by lack of funding and has little influence.

The DWA has a regulatory role in CMA and WUA.



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In Maheni, a pump operator and an assistant are responsible for the groundwater supply comprising the borehole, the pump, the reservoir and other related infrastructure.

4.5 Existing Drought Coping Strategies Sociological baseline survey analysis indicates that the main impacts of major droughts on communities are:

lack of food,

scarce crop yields,

lack of fodder,

disease and death of livestock,

lack of water. . 4.5.1 Community Perception of Drought.

Community perception – relates to hydrological drought seen as the following progression:

o not receiving rain at the expected time

o scarcity of rain

o reduced river flow

o reduced spring, well and borehole yields

o drying up of streams, springs, wells and boreholes

o fodder and food shortages

o famine.

Community definition – a ‘drought’ is a time of no rain, reduced water supply and little food for human and animal consumption.

Impact of drought

o poor supply of water for humans and livestock,

o poor harvest,

o lack of food and hunger,

o poor health conditions,

o lack of fodder;

o disease and death of livestock.

Impact of prolonged drought

o no supply of water,

o malnutrition resulting from lack of food,

o persistent attack by ailments such as typhoid, cholera, gastro-enteritis,

o poverty,

o death of livestock,



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o depletion of biodiversity,

o tourism generated revenue dwindling.

4.5.2 Current Coping Mechanisms

Strategies for long-term drought - when normal coping mechanisms collapse - include:

o Use springs for household use and livestock drinking.

o Fetch water from Mutale River for household consumption and livestock drinking.

o Buy water from households with boreholes

o Relocate livestock to places where there may be fodder and water for livestock.

o Sale of livestock.

o Slaughtering of livestock.

o Preservation of seeds from previous harvest.

o Water recycling.

o Limited quantity of water supply per household.

o Rainmaking rituals by traditional medical practitioners and the headman/chief.

Actions that can improve drought preparedness and management

Growing fodder for supplementary livestock feeding.

Producing, preserving and storing food for household consumption (beans, groundnuts, jugo beans, dried green leafy vegetables)

Sale of livestock to reduce the herd to manageable numbers when drought sets in

Supplementary feeding of livestock

Collection and storage of veld food as a drought coping strategy

To plough during the first rains (September/October)

Drying and storing meat for consumption when the drought sets in

Fencing of arable fields to prevent arable farming-livestock conflicts and crop raids by wildlife as well as enable regeneration of grazing resources in fields after the harvest

Establish borehole syndicates to pool water resources

Building of dams to enable livestock watering throughout the year and promote irrigated agriculture

Awareness building and support to commercial farming practices

Conservation of groundwater

Re-introduce bartering of products

To promote good eating habits in households i.e. avoid over-eating so that during droughts, thin years people are not in the habit of over-indulgence but cope with the reduced availability of food.

Development of backyard gardens



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4.5.3 Future Drought Mitigation Measures

The supplementary water sources developed during the current programme together with the community monitoring process will enable the Shakadza community to more effectively anticipate the onset of drought induced water shortages. The necessary tools have been provided to enable better water resource management to minimise the impact of a prolonged period of reduced water supply. As detailed in this CWMP, this community management may involve a selective reduction of water usage, the prioritisation of water users, a change in water application for agricultural purposes and other uses. During CWMP development with the community, more community information relating to drought perception and coping strategies will be gathered to refine the plan.



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5. Proposed Interventions

5.1 Community Aspirations The community aspiration is for the provision of a reticulated water supply to yard connections that would significantly improve delivery to the community. This is because of inadequate pressure in the reticulation system when water demand is high, resulting in very slow tap yields. As a consequence, the community still relies heavily on the borehole water supply that delivers to communal standpipes in the village. As up to five neighbouring communities also depend on this resource (especially during the dry summer season), the demand is high. Since the proposed intervention measures include the involvement of the community in the monitoring of the source, the opportunity for participants to improve their literacy and numeracy skills supports a further community aspiration. Participation fosters a sense of ownership.

5.2 Community ‘Buy In’ to Intervention and Community Training

5.2.1 Community Ownership.

Community ‘buy in’ appears to be assured as a result of the following factors.

Considerable enthusiasm has been shown by the community and community leaders for the proposed interventions described during a number of community visits.

The education authorities have shown interest and assured their support for and participation in the proposed intervention measures.

The Magiledzi Primary School in the Maheni Community has been identified for participation in the intervention measures. The pump operator has declared his willingness to work with learners in implementing monitoring measures

The dismantled water committee was reformed within the Stakeholder Management Committee (SMC) to work together with the local pump operator to ensure community mobilisation and active participation in the intervention process, and will undergo training to equip them for this task.

The reformed water committee is ready to interact with the school children and pump operator in the execution of groundwater monitoring.

Existing and ongoing inconsistent water supply and drought, together with increased demand on and over-utilisation of existing groundwater sources, has encouraged the community to embrace and become involved in any intervention scheme that will help alleviate the situation and sustain, and even improve, community livelihoods.

The CWMP will contain an agreement with the community/committee members regarding their continued involvement in order to ensure community ‘buy in’ and sustainability of the interventions.



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5.2.2 Community Empowerment

Any intervention implemented in the community will require that certain individuals, or groups of individuals, are given training in both operation and maintenance of the scheme and in the subsequent monitoring to ensure sustainability.

The community will receive groundwater and drought awareness training to understand the resource available to them and help their management of the resource. Although the members of the CWMC have all been exposed to basic management of a community based organisation, capacity strengthening is required in the following key areas: Project Management, Leadership Development, Conflict Management, Fundraising Skills, Community Mobilisation and Partnership Building. The different extension officers in the community have responsibility for capacity building of village institutions and will consider these needs. An assessment of training needs will be determined. The training requirements will then be incorporated into the awareness/training programme.

5.3 Details of Proposed Interventions The planned physical interventions are summarised in Table 2. Their locations are shown on Figure 4.

Figure 4 Proposed interventions at Maheni



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Table 1 Summary of Physical Interventions.

Intervention Site No.

Physical Intervention Other engineering input

MA01 Headworks rehabilitation and fencing of existing supply borehole: fitting monitoring access

O&M borehole

MA02 Install pipeline and three standpipe sets O&M borehole

MA03

Install groundwater and climatological monitoring equipment (for involvement of local school children and other community members in water level and rainfall monitoring)

O&M monitoring equipment

5.3.1 Physical Interventions

The following physical interventions are planned:

Site MA01 – Rehabilitation of the water supply borehole.

Existing structure – A water supply borehole equipped with an electrified submersible pump, and discharging into an adjacent elevated tank with capacity 10 m3. The borehole and the tank stand are located close to the road and are exposed to possible accidental damage from passing traffic.

Planned intervention 1 – Following earlier damage to the borehole headworks, there is an opening close to the ground level though which contaminants may enter directly into the borehole. This opening needs to be sealed properly.

o Intervention 1 design – Refurbish the borehole headworks to stop any possibility of contaminants entering the bore.

Planned intervention 2 – Provide the headworks with protection from accidental damage by motor vehicles that access the site, e.g. for water collection purposes.

o Intervention 2 design – Construct a low but sturdy and robust concrete wall between the site and the road.

Planned intervention 3 – Furnish the headworks with a means of access for a dipmeter probe to enter the borehole in order to affect unimpeded manual depth to water rest level measurements.

o Intervention 3 design – Drill a hole through the headworks and insert a conduit tube to a suitable depth below the water level. Secure access to the conduit tube by means of a lockable cap.

Water quality – Unknown, but no adverse health conditions reported despite continual use of the water also for drinking purposes.

Site MA02 – Install pipeline and three standpipe sets.

Existing structure – None



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Planned intervention 1 – To lay a buried pipeline from the borehole through the village and along the road. To install three twin-tap standpipes roughly equidistantly from the end of the pipe back towards the borehole.

o Intervention 1 design – Install pipeline approximately 1750 m long, connect standpipes at approximate distances from the borehole of 550, 950, 1435 and 1750 m.

Existing structure – Local Municipality controlled reticulation system.

Site MA03 – Supply, installation and demonstration of groundwater and basic climate monitoring equipment.

Existing structure – None.

Planned intervention 1 – Monitor the rainfall locally.

o Intervention 1 design – Install a simple agricultural rain gauge at a suitable location on the Magiledzi Primary School property.

Planned intervention 2 – Monitor the groundwater rest level locally.

o Intervention 2 design – Provide the Maheni SMC with a dipmeter graduated at 1 metre intervals. It is probable that an instrument with a range of 50 m will be adequate. Also provide a millimetre graduated measuring tape of at least 1 m length as well as a set of spare batteries for the dipmeter instrument.

Planned intervention 3 – Monitor the groundwater quality.

o Intervention 3 design – Provide the Maheni SMC with a hand held combination electrical conductivity and temperature meter. Also provide a set of spare batteries for the instrument.

Planned intervention 4 – Record all monitoring data.

o Intervention 4 design – Provide the Maheni SMC with the materials (logbook, pen, pencil, etc.) to keep a record of all measurements made.

Planned intervention 5 – Training.

o Intervention 5 design – Provide the Maheni SMC, pump operator and identified learner group with training in the use, care and maintenance of the monitoring instruments. This will be supported with a basic operation and maintenance manual.

Planned intervention 6 – Awareness building.

o Intervention 6 design – Organise and hold a “learning event” in the Maheni Community in which a basic understanding of groundwater resources and their relationship to natural factors such as rainfall and drought.

5.3.2 Sociological Intervention

Each of the proposed physical interventions described in Section 5.3.1 requires well planned social interventions targeted at specific members of the community. The following social interventions to accompany the physical interventions will be implemented (Table 3).



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It is anticipated that further social interventions might be demanded by the community at a later stage during the CWMP community participatory development and these can be added to this list.

Table 2 Social Interventions Needed to Support Physical Interventions Aimed at Groups within Maheni Community

Physical Intervention Social Intervention Target Audience

Headworks rehabilitation and fencing of existing supply borehole: fitting monitoring access

AP Supply Boreholes SMC Learners Community

Installation of pipeline and three standpipes

AP Standpipes

SMC Learners Community

Install groundwater and climate monitoring equipment (for involvement of local school children and other community members in water level and rainfall monitoring)

AP Monitoring Equipment

SMC Learners Community

AP = Awareness Program

The social interventions need to:

enhance the ownership among community members,

enhance the cooperation and participation among community members,

bridge the knowledge gap regarding water and drought which exists among the community,

develop the CWMP and empower the community in monitoring and decision making.

It is envisaged that the Sociological Intervention Programme conducted as part of this planning process will be phased as set out below.

Stage I In a first community meeting of the Intervention Phase the community will identify an existing community based organization (CBO) or assist in creating a new one that will be responsible for any matter regarding the physical intervention and the community. In Shakadza, the SMC is a strong body which can be trained act as the Water Committee. The responsibilities and role of such a Committee may be extended to cover the planned interventions. The SMC is to be fully involved in the development and evolution of the CWMC and will oversee any community inputs into the implementation of the intervention. The SMC will also mobilize the community to participate. A one day workshop will be held to explain the objectives and to develop the committee tasks. Stage I will require the involvement of the SMC and the initial liaison will gather/update baseline data and start to develop the CWMP - expected duration: 1-2 days

Stage II A general awareness programme relating to water, groundwater and drought will be held with different stakeholders at community level at the beginning of the implementation phase. Information will be provided on the following topics:



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the hydrological cycle,

the distinction between ground and surface water,

groundwater recharge and groundwater pollution,

drought, and indicators of drought,

reasons for and impact of droughts,

possible preparedness strategies, and

monitoring of interventions and sources (especially for the Water Committee and schools).

Stage III Appropriate accompanying awareness programme for the community members will be carried out. Other components will be explained within this awareness session. Other stakeholders in the village and regional representatives (District Council, DWA, and Ministry of Agriculture) need to be present. Expected duration: 1-2 days Stage IV Stage IV will further develop the CWMP together with the Community Water Committee into a final document. This will include the necessary agreed management mechanisms, construction monitoring and community water source and water supply monitoring. The final CWMP will contain a drought action plan stating action ‘triggers’, actions to be taken in time of water stress and a communication feedback strategy to address community and other stakeholders when actions are to be taken. Expected Duration: 2-3 days. Stage V Regular monitoring visits in cooperation with the Community Water Committee, will identify any further knowledge gaps. A refresher awareness programme may need to be implemented with the respective stakeholder group. Expected Duration: 1 day (per visit)

5.4 Community Structure Development with Respect to Water Management and O&M

Experience indicates that projects implemented at community level are likely to be more successful and sustainable if the ownership of the project lies within in the community itself. In addition, participation in decision-making processes and implementation are essential to achieve the anticipated benefits for community members. Maheni community like other communities in Mutale Local Municipality has a community development worker committee. The committee has a vast experience of working with NGOs in the community and has played an important part in mediating between the community and the project leaders for progress and sustainability of the projects. The process of formation or election of the SMC will be documented in the RCWMP, listing names of members, positions, professions or position within the community as well as describing roles and responsibilities. Other entities within the community (i.e. schools, clinics etc) who may also collect monitoring data will also be documented, with an indication as to how the information will reach the SMC.



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In addition, the mode of meeting of the SMC to effect water management for the community as well as communication/cooperation with other stakeholders will be defined in the final CWMP. The roles and responsibilities of the SMC have been agreed as follows:

To raise the required funding for the community to implement income generating activities on the project site and ensure security of the facilities as well as the repair and maintenance of the equipment.

To draft a constitution that will guide the community water management structure.

To provide leadership and oversight in the effective and efficient implementation of the project.

To develop guidelines and selection criteria for the use of project facilities.

To generate applications for the use of project facilities from different community groups.

To develop detailed plans for the use of project facilities during periods of drought and communicate these to Maheni residents.

To monitor the progress of the project.

To disseminate information to the community on issues related to the project.

To ensure the proper use and maintenance of project facilities.

To ensure that the equipments is safe and secure.

To ensure frequent monitoring of groundwater resources and disseminate the results to the community.

To facilitate community access to information on groundwater and drought management.

The mode of meeting of the SMC to effect water management for the community as well as communication/cooperation with other stakeholders will be defined in the final CWMP.



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6. Knowledge Transfer and Awareness/Training Programmes

As a vital part of the implementation of the various interventions it will be crucial to transfer a certain level of knowledge to the community to achieve community ‘buy in’ and commitment to and involvement in the monitoring. This will be achieved by the extensive use of a newly developed Awareness Manual.

6.1 The Awareness Manual

6.1.1 Aim of Awareness Manual The manual aims to assist the country sociologists through provision of programmes needed to prepare participating communities for the planned installation of physical interventions within communities. One copy will remain in the community and can be used as background information and a reference book in case questions regarding the interventions occur. The awareness component of the project programme is aimed at gaining the support and delivering a sense of ownership and understanding of project elements by the community. These are needed to ensure the sustainability of planned physical interventions thus enabling successful community- based groundwater management.

6.1.2 Content of Awareness Manual

To aid the discussions with community members simple notes describing awareness units in 9 subject areas divided into two broad groups have been prepared: Group A – Awareness of Physical Processes (subject areas 1-3) Group B – Awareness of the Types of Physical Interventions to be Implemented (subject areas 4-9) The first deals with physical processes such as Groundwater Resources, Drought Impact and Water Supply Monitoring. To aid description these subject areas are divided into a series of training units. Many of the processes described occur underground and are difficult to visualise. The concepts presented may be difficult to understand by community members but some understanding is required if groundwater resources are to be developed and utilised sustainably. The intervention awareness subjects present a general understanding, of each type of intervention. The awareness units are presented as a series of posters that can be selected according to the requirements of each different community. Reference will be made to specific manuals that describe specific interventions in greater detail.

GROUP A – AWARENESS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES

1. Groundwater Resources

2. Drought Impact

3. Water Supply Monitoring

GROUP B – AWARENESS OF THE TYPES OF PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS TO BE IMPLEMENTED



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4. Awareness Programme on the Construction and Maintenance of Subsurface Dams, Pumps, Wells and Boreholes (to be implemented where subsurface weirs are planned)

5. Awareness Programme on the Construction of Water Storage and Ancillary Structures such as fencing around gardens; irrigation systems (canals/pipes for gardens); reticulation systems to tanks/gardens; and surface water storage tanks.

6. Awareness Programme on the Installation and Maintenance of Equipment such as windmills; hand pumps; water storage tanks and irrigation pipes (drip/spray irrigation)

7. Awareness Programme on the Rehabilitation of Structures such as subsurface weirs, wells, boreholes, water storage systems, water supply reticulation systems and small scale irrigation systems

8. Awareness Programme on the Installation and Use of Monitoring Systems such as rainfall gauges; water level recorders; and well/borehole abstraction rate recording methods

Subject Areas

Each subject area is broken down into a series of training units. In turn each unit comprises the following parts:

Message –brief description of unit content

Background information – fuller descriptions of the components of each unit using simple text, line diagrams and photographs

Methods of putting information across with suggestions on how to achieve knowledge transfer.

It is envisaged that the programme will be adapted to the specific needs and planned intervention in the community. Community feedback will be used to improve the process of implementation and develop a more cohesive document. 6.2 Community Empowerment Aspects

The SMC will be given from short training courses. A summary of possible training requirements is indicated in Table 4 below.

Table 3 Overview of possible training requirements and target audiences

according to physical intervention type - Shakadza

Physical Intervention Training Requirement Target Audience


O&M Supply Boreholes Pump operator SMC School children

Installation of pipeline and three standpipes O&M Hand Pumps

Pump-operator SMC School children


O&M Monitoring Equipment

Pump-operator SMC School children Community

The specific training course material is forms part of the Awareness Manual.



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7. Monitoring

“Monitoring is the measurement or observation of the effects or reactions produced by a specific cause or action imposed by a change in the equilibrium or balance that currently exists in a natural system”.

In the context of the project there are two essential aspects to monitoring, namely:

Monitoring relating to the success or otherwise of the implemented interventions with respect to achieving the objectives of the project, especially the maintenance or enhancement of community livelihoods during drought by improved utilisation of groundwater.

Monitoring relating to any potential environmental (social and physical) impacts created by the implemented interventions.

7.1 Definition of Monitoring Indicators The implementation of the work will result in both physical and sociological impacts and thus both physical and sociological indicators have to be defined. The indicators will be discussed and agreed with the community as part of the development of the CWMP.

7.1.1 Physical Monitoring Indicators

Physical indicators will be used to monitor physical impacts of the intervention, especially those related to the impact on, or created by the use of, groundwater resources. In addition, other physical factors such as climate, water quality, agricultural practises and conditions may require to be monitored to assess temporal variability. Groundwater The magnitude and temporal sustainability of a groundwater resource can be assessed by the measurement of groundwater level, quality and rate of depletion/replenishment (both natural and artificial).

The indicators are:

Groundwater Level

Groundwater Quality

Rate of Abstraction

Climate The local climatic conditions have significant influence on the availability of surface water and the potential for replenishment of groundwater. They also have a major influence in the agricultural activities and outputs of the community.

The indicators are:

Rainfall

Temperature

Water Quality



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Water quality is important with respect to agriculture and the tolerance of different crops to different chemical constituents of irrigation water.

The indicators are:

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) content

Rural Water Supply In order to assess the community-wide situation with respect to existing water supply from boreholes, wells and surface water sources, and the extend to which this supply system becomes ‘stressed’ during periods of drought, it is important to measure and/or observe::

Surface water levels (depth, lateral extent and length of time of flood events).

Water levels in wells and boreholes (and any decline during drought and recovery after drought).

Water abstraction rate from wells and boreholes (and any decline during drought).

Water quality (any decline, especially in taste, during drought).

Agriculture Measurement and/or observation of a number of general agricultural indicators can provide an assessment of the status of community livelihoods. Individual farmers and agricultural extension workers should be able to provide information on the following topics;

Numbers of livestock kept per household.

Crop yields.

Areas and location of plots cultivated.

Crop types grown and in what rotation.

Irrigation methods employed e.g. furrow, drip.

Rates of fertiliser application.

7.1.2 Social Monitoring Indicators

The expected outcomes and impacts from interventions vary according to the specific intervention implemented. Therefore, a number of indicators need to be formulated which can be used to measure the various changes. The two main groups are indicators regarding population welfare and food production and agriculture. These indicators were developed through a participatory process with the community during the numerous interventions and were derived from discussions on livelihood constraints and aspirations as well as later during the detailed planning for the groundwater drought management project undertaken with the with the SMC. These indicators include those that have been developed by government health and social development extension workers to monitor community health, nutrition and overall wellbeing.

The indicators, discussed and agreed with the community as part of the CWMP development, will be monitored by the community. Further indicators will probably result from community discussion and can be added to the CWMP. Population Welfare



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The intervention will impact the quality and quantity of water available in the community and, therefore, the population’s welfare which can be monitored by institutions in the village (Table 5).

Table 4 Monitoring of Population Welfare Indicators

Population Welfare Indicators Monitored through

Health: Number of diarrhoea occurrences stay the same or decrease

Periods of illness

Numbers affected people

Water Shortage: Need for emergency water supply decrease

Frequency of water tankering to village

Period of water tankering to village

Food shortage: Number of emergency feeding programmes decrease

Frequency of supplementary feeding/distribution programs

Period of supplementary feeding/distribution programs

Water Supply The objective of the interventions is to provide a sustainable and constant water supply to the community. Five main indicators which need to be monitored can be identified based on the physical interventions (Table 6):

Table 5 Monitoring of Water Supply Indicators

Water Supply Indicators Monitoring Measure

Durability of the borehole

Water level trend

Water quality trend

Sustainability of supply yield

More water available for domestic use

Daily litres abstracted for domestic consumption

Weekly observations (documented in diary)

Document special events

Discussion in regular village meeting

Village observation

Operation and maintenance

Damage to infrastructure

Hygiene around infrastructure




Constant flow / Constant supply of water to communities

Number of shortages

Duration of shortages




Good water quality / constant flow Test water quality, including TDS and nitrate

Observation smell, taste, colour

An overview is given in Table 7 below showing each physical intervention and respective social indicators. Some interventions will be measured and monitored by the same indicators.



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Table 6 Social Indicators according the Physical Intervention

Physical Intervention Social Indicator


- Durability of the borehole

- Constant supply of water to communities

- Water quality/constant flow

Install pipeline and three standpipes

-More water available for domestic use

- Water quality/constant flow

- Operation and maintenance


- Constant supply of water to communities

- Good water quality

- Operation and maintenance

Awareness and Training

The awareness programme although not monitored over time had the immediate impact of raising community awareness of the importance of groundwater resources, the impact of certain practices on its pollution as well as the benefits of drought preparedness. In addition, the outcome of the awareness programmes (AP) was also monitored (Table 8):

Table 7 Awareness Programme Monitoring

Awareness Programmes Social Indicator

General Awareness Programme (Stage I)

- As a result of the AP, has the general knowledge of the community concerning groundwater, pollution and drought preparedness improved?

Intervention Operation awareness and training

- As a result of the AP and O&M training, are the community and SMC sufficiently familiar with the physical intervention, know how to maintain the infrastructure, as well know how to monitor the groundwater resource

7.2 Physical Monitoring Programme

The most assured method of determining the sustainability and usability of groundwater resources is for the community to regularly measure water levels and record all abstractions on a daily basis, especially during drought periods. The continuation of monitoring activities during the period following any prolonged drought is crucial for the community to gain understanding of the rate of recovery of its groundwater resource. Since groundwater cannot be seen, it is only through the monitoring of specific factors that the community will become fully aware of the limitations of the groundwater resources available to it under different climatic conditions.

7.2.1 Monitoring Processes and Data Collection

In order that the monitoring of the physical indicators can be undertaken in accordance with a regular schedule and to ensure community ‘buy in’ and continuity of monitoring beyond the life of the project, it is essential that the monitoring process be undertaken and managed by the aforementioned members of the SMC which will form the Monitoring Unit (MU), the learners, the representative of the existing water committee and the pump operator. During the initial awareness campaign the SMC will be advised of the role and activities of the MU and the qualifications required for the work such that a suitable candidate can be proposed and appointed. Service on the MU will be purely voluntary but will be crucial to the success and sustainability of the interventions. The selected MU members will be given



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training in the processes of monitoring, data recording, basic data assessment and communication to the project, as well as basic operation and maintenance procedures related to the intervention. The MU will be required to visit all monitoring sites on a regular basis, probably once a week (or more frequently in the case of any problems with water quantity or quality), and will make and record the relevant measurements pertaining to the various indicators. Who will conduct which data collection will be discussed and agreed on during the training session of the MU. These data will be archived by the SMC. The position and conscientious performance of the MU will be vitally important to the operation and long term performance of the interventions, and will constitute the most critical link between the project and the community on an ongoing basis. In addition to the MU a number of simple monitoring activities can be undertaken in cooperation with local schools, such as climatic monitoring and even water quality monitoring as part of the educational training. The benefit of this approach is that the data collection can be controlled (through the teacher), and can be documented and used as an educational tool. The ownership of data and the responsibility of the data sources (especially when discussing groundwater monitoring) will not only stay with the SMC but spread over the population. Children will strengthen the community ownership and responsibility for the intervention and its sustainability. It is envisaged that the involvement of schools will enhance community ‘buy in’ as well as raise community awareness.

7.2.2 Monitoring System

The monitoring system to be installed in the Maheni Community will target the existing groundwater source represented by the borehole site MA01, and the climatic aspect of rainfall measured at Magiledzi Primary School. However, the following basic guidelines will be adhered to in planning and installing the monitoring system.

Groundwater Monitoring

Intervention Site

Minimum Monitoring

Requirement

Location of Monitoring Sites

Measurement Method

Indicator

Water supply borehole MA01

PVC conduit tube (12mm diam) installed to a depth determined by the pump installed depth

Inside the borehole Electric contact gauge (dipmeter)

Groundwater rest level


1 No totalising flow meter

Fitted on pump outlet Analog reading of volume pumped

Groundwater abstraction


Access to the borehole

Inside the borehole Electric contact gauge (dipmeter)

Groundwater rest level

Climate Monitoring

Rainfall



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a. Use a simple rainfall gauge located at the Magiledzi Primary School where dally measurements become a school activity.

Temperature

a. Use simple wet and dry mercury thermometers located at the Magiledzi Primary School where daily measurements become a school activity at set times during the day.

b. Incorporate temperature sensor into the recording rain gauge (see b. above)

Water Quality

TDS/Chloride

a. Use a simple ‘taste’ test – ‘salty’ or ‘not salty’

b. Use simple disposable test strips to measure TDS and Chloride

c. Use hand held battery operated meters to measure TDS and Chloride

7.2.3 Monitoring Equipment and Procedures

In order that a physical monitoring programme can proceed it will be necessary to provide some basic equipment for data collection. This should include any essential instruments and data recording materials (notebooks, writing material etc) as well as facilities for mobility (if necessary) and communication to the data gathering centre (if possible).

Failure to provide such equipment, and incentives, may seriously hamper the longer term monitoring component of the programme.

Equipment

To be sustainable in a rural community environment monitoring equipment should be both robust and simple, with as few technological aspects or power requirements as possible, such that the equipment can be operated and maintained by the Monitoring Operative without outside assistance.

The following equipment is should be provided to the community Water Committee for use by the MO and/or local schools:

Water level battery operated contact gauge ‘dip meter’ with 2 sets of rechargeable cells and solar operated charger.

Hand held battery operated water quality meters (TDS and Chloride) with 2 sets of rechargeable cells and solar operated charger. Also standard calibration solution and appropriate beakers etc. Alternatively, proprietary field water testing kits.

1 years supply of disposable water quality test strips.

Low cost rainfall and temperature recording gauge (to be established at local school or other secure location).

Notebooks, graph paper, general stationary, ruler, tape measure, stop watch, satchel or briefcase, bicycle, small hand tools.



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Procedures and Frequency of Monitoring

The procedures related to the specific monitoring activities and the use of the monitoring equipment will be advised during the awareness meeting with the community Water Committee and the training of the Monitoring Operative.

The frequency of monitoring measurements will vary in accordance with the season and drought occurrence, but water level, abstraction and (some) quality measurements will be required at least once a week. During drought periods this should be increased to daily measurements of water levels in the well. Quality measurements may also be increased if any quality issues arise. The monitoring of the quantity of groundwater pumped from the borehole will make use of the totalising flow meter (refurbished if currently inoperative) already fitted to the discharge pipe of SH01. Water quality should be monitored weekly.

7.3 Sociological Monitoring Programme

Two main monitoring approaches for the sociological indicators will be implemented:

internal monitoring activities (by community)

external monitoring visits (by sociologist)

Internal Monitoring

The internal monitoring activities are conducted by different institutions and members of the community as well as by the Water Committee itself with assistance and support from the sociologist. The Water Committee is responsible for the collection of monitoring data produced by households and for in-depth documentation of observations, protocols of repairs and complaints. The exact instruments, methods and time schedule will be discussed with the Water Committee and community during the Stage I and II visits by the sociologist and during discussions of the Community Water Management Plan. The data will be reviewed together with the project sociologist to assist the Water Committee in analysing the data and developing the required actions or reactions. These reviews will also be shared with the community Simple observations reported by the community users of the water sources to the SMC rather than specific measurements by the MO can be invaluable and can provide important information with respect to intervention performance as well as the groundwater resources. A Water Committee member should also be encouraged to keep a daily diary of events from the beginning of a recognised drought period. Monitoring could, for example, document water consumption, cases of ill and sick people, their number of livestock etc., with data gathered by the SMC and/or Clinic. Depending Sustainable measures to conduct community-based monitoring will be developed.

The following suggestions regarding responsibilities of monitoring are presented here but are open to modification and further development by the community.



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Monitoring of Population Welfare:

Population Welfare Indicators

Monitored through Monitored by

Health: Number of diarrhea occurrence stay the same or decrease

Periods of illness Clinic Household member

Numbers affected people Clinic Household member

Water Shortage: Need for emergency water supply decrease

Frequency of water tankering to village

Chief SMC

Period of water tankering to village

Chief SMC

Food shortage: Number of emergency feeding programmes decrease

Frequency of supplementary feeding/distribution programs

Chief SMC

Period of supplementary feeding/distribution programs

Chief SMC

Water Supply:

Water Supply Indicators Monitored Through Monitored by

Durability of the borehole

Water level trend MU SMC Learners

Water quality trend

Sustainability of supply yield

More water available for domestic use

Daily litres abstracted for domestic consumption Household members

MU


Document special happening


SMC MU Village observation

Operation and maintenance

Damages on infrastructure SMC MU Household member

Hygiene around infrastructure


Document special happening SMC MU


Constant flow / Constant supply of water to communities

Number of shortages SMC MU Household member

Duration of shortages


Document special happening SMC


MU

Good water quality /constant flow

Test water quality, including TDS and nitrate

MU

Observation smell, taste, colour Household member

The SMC also needs to be informed in case the community members observe the following:

less yield and hence abstraction from the groundwater resource over a few days

animals and humans fall ill after drinking the water

die off or changes in appearance of crops irrigated with the water



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local vegetation die off in the vicinity of the water sources

an increase in health problems, such as occurrence of diarrhoea (possibly due to faecal contamination of the water supply)

Once the Water Committee and community has developed their own monitoring systems and identified the respective persons, this will be documented in the Rural Community Water Management Plan.

External Monitoring

The external monitoring will concentrate more on the overall impact of the social and physical interventions. The external monitoring will be conducted regularly (approximately every 3 months) and will follow the overall project monitoring plan. The methods will range from short standardized questionnaires conducted in monitoring households, observations in the villages, focus group discussions among the community or specific stakeholders. Once a year data gathering will be conducted which will evaluate the benefit of the project physical interventions.

7.4 Community Feedback The project tries to enhance the ownership among the village community regarding the physical interventions planned by the project but also regarding the water resource. Therefore, an improved communication process between all respective stakeholders is required so that they become actively involved in decision making and solution finding. The SMC is the essential organ in the community which manages and monitors the interventions on the one side and the needs and demands of the population on the other. A system of information exchange and co-operation needs to be developed or an existing one (village meetings, etc.) used where feedback from all sides (community and SMC) can be given on a regular basis (monthly). The sociologist will assist developing the community monitoring activities during the Stage IV of the awareness programme with the community. Suitable meetings for such an exchange will be identified or established for this purpose and documented in the CWMP.

7.4.1 From the Community

The community should monitor and document problems related to the intervention or water in general. Those issues need to be addressed to the Water Committee who will be responsible for taking this forward to address issues. It is important that negative (problems, failures) as well as positive incidences (success stories) can be reported in such a forum by anyone from the community. The positive feedback presented in front of others enhances the commitment and believe in the interventions and motivates the community to continue to manage the interventions and the resource in a sustainable way.

Such information and feedback are crucial for the decision making body (SMC). Especially in times of drought or prolonged dry seasons this information will establish the basis upon which they will make their decisions and build their management advice.

7.4.2 To the Community



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The forum of exchange needs to offer the possibility of feedback from the SMC or other stakeholders outside the community (e.g. project team, Sub-District Council authorities, Water Utilities Corporation, DWA, Sub-District and Village Disaster Management Committee) back to the community. Opinion leaders, students and parents are influential groups in the community who can play a vital role in reinforcing the messages that will be sent through the project. In times of drought it is the SMC which will make decisions on how to manage the resource and how to react and find new solutions based on the feedback and information given by the community.

7.5 Monitoring Database, Data Evaluation and Project Reporting

7.5.1 Physical Data

Monitoring data gathered and archived by the community MU will either be collected from the community by the sociologist during their monitoring visits (see below) or dispatched to the project by mail by the MU in accordance with project instructions. These data will then be incorporated into the project database for evaluation. Physical monitoring data evaluation will take the form of a regular (bi-annual) review of a data quality and highlights, trend analysis and an assessment of the groundwater resource in terms of quantity and quality. This review will feed into the project reporting in order to assess the success of the project intervention as well as to identify shortcomings and ‘lessons learned’.

7.5.2 Sociological Data

Virtually all of the sociological indicators will be monitored by members and institutions of the community itself. In the beginning (every three months) the internally gathered data will be reviewed during monitoring visits of the project sociologist to assist the SMC in analysing the data and developing the required actions or reactions. Once a year data gathering will also be conducted which will evaluate the benefit of the project interventions as formulated in the following indicators:

As a result of the Awareness Programmes has the general knowledge of the community concerning groundwater, pollution and drought preparedness improved?

As a result of the Awareness Programmes and O&M training, are the community and Water Committee sufficiently familiar with physical intervention and know how to maintain and repair it?

As a result of greater self-sufficiency from gardens throughout the year, has the socio-economic situation of households improve?

The methods with which to gather the data will range from short standardized questionnaires conducted in monitoring households, observations in the villages, and focus group discussions among the community or specific stakeholders. All sociological data will be analysed and stored by the by the SADC Groundwater Management Institute. A feedback to the community and Water Committee will be given periodically.



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7.5.3 Project Reporting

It is envisaged that brief monitoring reports will be produced following the 3 monthly visits to the community. Such reports will document the internal and external monitoring data, will assess the status and sustainability of the interventions and will form the basis for feedback to the community and other stakeholders.



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8. Management Actions

The CWMC will, through the monitoring system, keep abreast of the available water resources. The series of triggers identified and modified by ongoing community experience will be used to make decisions regarding the use of groundwater resources. 8.1 Monitoring ‘Triggers’ and Early Warning Appropriate triggers can only be learned from experience and analysis of monitored data including critical well levels. These should be combined with health, food and agricultural indicators as created in due course. This should not be a difficult exercise as the community recognises critical conditions in each of these sectors from past experience. It will be the successful integration of the monitored information that will create a meaningful single trigger that may be less easy to arrive at. The SMC will be provided with an early warning of potential problems through data generated from the monitoring process. Data include groundwater depletion, reduction in water quality and/or system malfunction. Indicator thresholds will need to be established to initiate a pre-defined community response to address water shortage through system failure. The definition of these ‘triggers’ and the decisions and actions that should follow are one of the most crucial aspects of the CWMP and will be discussed extensively with the community during the CWMP development. The primary triggers will be the changes observed and associated with water stress or signals of impending water shortage. The triggers will reflect periods of increasing and decreasing water stress, dependent on the status of the water resources and especially in the early part of the (presumed) rainy season. During periods of increasing water stress, the CWMC plans to apply restrictions on water use. The Maheni community will limit vegetable and stock watering and place priority on water for domestic use. The CWMC will ration and allocate water to the community on the basis of their household size. The relationship between water availability and crop production is shown in Figure 3, together with observable impacts that could act as ‘triggers’ for early warning community action and decision making. Figure 3 indicates that groundwater will still be available for garden crops during a drought, but that after a prolonged dry period the volume of groundwater available for gardens will probably reduce, with consequent reduction in harvest. Quantitative monitoring triggers will, after a period of monitoring, be developed for each intervention. These will relate to groundwater levels (source depletion), pumping amounts and water quality. They will be characterised by definition of specific values of water level, abstraction or quality beyond which a line of community Water Committee action must be taken.

8.2 Action Plan with respect to ‘Triggers’

Once specific monitoring triggers have been defined in co-operation and discussion with the community a plan of action should be defined in the CWMP. This plan needs to be devised in consultation and agreement with the community as many parts of the community will be affected when the plan is implemented.



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Each monitoring trigger will be fully explained and discussed with the SMC and possible regulatory interventions and actions will be developed. Actions may be simply physical and individual (taking less volume of water for use; re-using or re-cycling water in the household) or may require more concerted social cooperation with respect to overall abstraction from particular sources, changes in usage practises etc. On completion of the physical intervention in Maheni, groundwater baseline monitoring will be undertaken regularly by the community. Specific values of water level, abstraction or water quality will need to be identified at which point the SMC will need to act. Once this has been established and moderated by community experience, a structured community action plan will be developed and disseminated to the community. A key principle of the action plan will be that it is for the ultimate benefit of the community and that it will seek to help preserve communal livelihoods during periods of water stress (drought). It must be explained clearly during community discussions that the actions to be taken with respect to water supply are for the benefit of the whole community and will help maintain their livelihoods during times of water stress (drought). Community ‘buy in’ to this concept is needed if the interventions and monitoring are to be meaningful to the community. The CWMC anticipates the following actions to ensure the sustainability of water resources:

Restrictions on water use for gardens.

Allocation and rationing of water based on household size.

Relocation of livestock to alternative water sources.

Use of existing social arrangements with owners of private boreholes.

Reliance of government water tankers/supply during shortages and breakdowns.

Restrictions on abstractions from specific sources (e.g. shallow wells).

Restriction of abstraction for non-potable use.

Segregation of potable and non-potable sources to reduce pollution.

Change in agricultural practices (i.e. different, dry land, crops, planting times).

8.3 Stakeholders As part of the management and decision-making process the SMC will hold discussions with regulatory stakeholders others so as to report the status of water resources at times of increasing water stress. These lines of communication will be established during the implementation of the interventions. As part of the awareness programme the SMC will receive training regarding the communication with authorities and regulatory stakeholders in the region such that the SMC will know to whom and what to report. A documented communication process will be developed with the SMC that sets out lines of communication with both external stakeholders as well as the community itself. This communication is a primary function of the SMC as, at times of water stress, there has to be a route that triggers external emergency intervention, be it provision of water by tanker and / or provision of food aid. In addition, assistance from non-community stakeholders for repair of equipment (pumps, etc) may also be necessary. Further external aid may also be needed at times of decreasing water stress to aid recovery of the community, e.g. provision of seed and fertilizer and assistance with stock purchase.



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Stakeholder Conditions/Problem Issues Interests and Expectations

from the Project Can the project meet stakeholder expectations

Maheni residents

Water shortages during breakdowns

Poverty and food insecurity

Cyclic droughts which negatively affect livelihoods

Unemployment especially amongst youth.

Inadequate skills in to enable high arable and livestock productivity

Access to water to improve livelihoods

Access to employment opportunities for livelihood improvement.

Access to expertise and skills in agricultural development

Yes. Through improving access to drinking water; livestock water during drought spells; enhancing household food security and the creation of employment opportunities.

Maheni youth High unemployment

Lack of skills and experience in agriculture

Lack of capacity and guidance on income generating projects

Lack of access to land and water resources to access agricultural development funding.

Access to employment opportunities

Access to income generating opportunities

Participation in agricultural development initiatives

Yes. Through facilitating youth access to land, water resources and access to employment on the project.

Poor, vulnerable social groups (PLWHAs; People Living with Disability; Orphans)

Lack of capacity to fully participate in the development process.

Lack of food, income and employment.

Inability to access water during shortage and breakdowns due to their physical disability and/or fragility.

Lack of money to purchase water during breakdowns and shortages.

Access to water at all times.

Access to food at all times

Yes. Through supplying them with some of the food produced by the project.

SMC Lack of openness, transparency and following the right procedures regarding the powers and role of other village level institutions.

That the Community Water Management Committee (CWMC) implements its role effectively and delivers on the mandate of the project.

Yes. Through clear role clarification, effective co-ordination and co-operation with all village development structures.

CWMC Challenges implementing their role.

Lack of leadership and recognition of the role of the CWMC by some project participants during the construction stage of the physical interventions.

Lack of resources to efficiently implement the CWMC’s role.

Role clarification especially between the SCWMC and the VDC.

Acknowledgement and respect for the role of the CWMC.

Support and capacity building for the effective implementation of the CWMC’s role.

That the project succeeds through achieving its objectives.

Yes. Through the acknowledgement of the role of the CWMC; support and capacity building of the committee.

District Health Authorities

Inadequate capacity to deliver efficient health services.

Low productivity resulting

Improved community health and hygiene

Clean project environment

Yes. Through awareness building on health and hygiene issues in the community.



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in limited impact on community health.

DWA Insufficient water resources

Improved access to clean and safe water.

Conservation of water resources

Yes. Through advisory services on water management and conservation

SADC Groundwater Project

Insufficient water in the Limpopo river basin.

Conservation and monitoring of groundwater resources.

Improvement of community livelihoods.

Efficient drought management strategies in the community.

Efficient management of the ground water drought management physical interventions.

Yes. Through community capacity development on the management of the physical interventions as well as in groundwater monitoring techniques.



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Figure 5 Relationship between Water Availability and Crop Production

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Season

Rainfall ** **** ***** **** *** ** * * * *

Surface Water

availability *** **** ***** **** **** *** *** *** ** ** * *

Ground Water

availability ** *** ***** ***** ***** **** **** **** *** *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * * * * * *

Triggers

Failure of first rains - little planting - initiate monitoring of water levels in wells and sand river 1

Total crop failure - move to drip irrigation of crops - waterconservation measures 2

Livestock mortalities - due to lack of fodder - move cattle towards the Shashe 3

Surface water all dry - wells start drying up - reduced demand for livestock water 4

Groundwater levels decline in boreholes - total reliance upon garden crops 5

Drought declared by national authorities - emergency water supply and food supply measures put in place 6

Domestic water supply chemical quality may decline - water bowsered for human use, water frm remaining groundwater sources used for gardens 7

Garden cropping reduced yield - supplemented by emergency food distribution 8

Dry Season Wet Season Dry SeasonWet Season

Normal Wet Season Normal Dry Season Drought - rains fail Normal dry season

Rainfed Crops

Garden Crops

Plant

Grow

Harvest

Plant

Grow

Harvest

Plant

Planting

Crop Growth

Harvest

Little planting

Crop failure

Harvest fails

Harvest Harvest

Plant Plant Plant

Grow Grow Grow Grow

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CSIR, Pretoria,

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9. Concluding Statement The empowerment of rural communities to operate and maintain their own water supplies and to sustain and enhance their livelihoods during usually devastating periods of drought is a major goal for most developing countries. The key to achieving this goal is to transfer knowledge and instil a sense of responsibility to the community, defined and ordered by means of a Community Water Management Plan specific to each community’s needs, abilities and aspirations. The concept of community management of water supplies is not new and has been tested in other projects and environments, but the current project is piloting this approach specifically with respect to the improved utilisation of groundwater during periods of drought. Drought is one of the scourges of rural communities in developing countries, bringing starvation and massive health problems, and any mitigation of these devastating effects, no matter how small, can only be welcomed.

With the aforementioned perspective in mind, the Community Water Management Plan, as envisaged in this Planning Process document, is considered the best possible means of achieving the various components of the principle objective set out in Section 2. These components are:

To facilitate better community management of the water sources.

To improve community well being.

To build linkages with stakeholders.

To measure intervention success.

To serve as guidelines for replication elsewhere in SADC. This Process Planning document is based on baseline information gathered during physical investigations and initial interaction with the community. Further development and refinement of this information and continued dialogue with the community and other stakeholders will be necessary for the CWMP to develop and evolve to a workable entity. All stakeholders involved in the intervention and monitoring phase agree that the CWMP is the optimum way to proceed and that it is likely to produce the best outcome. However, it is recognised that there are a number of assumptions that have had to be made, not least that the community will continue to act in accordance with the CWMP. It is also assumed that no other external influences will impact the community during the intervention and monitoring phase. Given these assumptions and uncertainties, the Plan as envisaged is nevertheless applicable and achievable and is seen as the optimal approach towards a successful set of outcomes for the project as a whole. The CWMP template as contained in Annex C is viewed as a prototype Plan template for use in intervention phases elsewhere in the project. It is critically important that this prototype Plan is robust, clear and transparent, whilst at the same time simple and non-technical enough to be accepted and managed at community level. It may be, however, that some aspects of this prototype Plan template will need to be modified to be more ‘community specific’ as both physical and sociological intervention as well as monitoring proceed. However, it is hoped that such modification will only be of a minor nature and will not negate the application of the template across all the Nodal Point communities.



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Annex A Overview of Physical Interventions in Maheni

Intervention overview

Location Maheni

Planned Physical interventions

1. Headworks rehabilitation and protection of existing water supply borehole: fitting monitoring access 2. Installation of pipeline and three standpipes 3. Install groundwater and climate monitoring equipment for involvement of local school children and other community members in hydrological and hydrogeological monitoring

Stage I II II IV V VI

Activity Baseline data Establish Interventions

AP General Intervention related AP

Training of MU Monitoring visits

Target group Project, Pump Operator

Project, Pump Operator, Local Municipality, DWA

Community key multipliers (teachers, priests, traditional leaders), SMC, government structures (to be informed)

SMC, learners, Community

SMC, especially MU Community SMC MU

Time 1 day 2 – 5 days 1 day 1 day 2-3 days 1-day visit (every 3 months)

Implemented by South African Team Hydrogeologist

South African Team Hydrogeologist

South African Team Sociologist / Engineer / Hydrogeologist




Method of implementation

Field inspection of borehole installations and measurement of basic field parameters

Source, procure and mobilise the contracted services required

- Community meeting

- Smaller focus groups (maybe women separately)

- Community meeting Explaining the interventions

Workshop

- meeting with SMC, - check data reports - meet with communities - focus group discussions - questionnaires - visit targeted intervention sources



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Annex B Overview of Sociological Interventions in Maheni

Location Maheni

Planned Physical interventions

1. Headworks rehabilitation and fencing of existing supply borehole: fitting monitoring access 2. Installation of pipeline and three standpipes 3. Install groundwater and climate monitoring equipment (for involvement of local school children and other community members in water level and rainfall monitoring)

Stage I II II IV V VI

Activity Baseline data Establish SMC AP General Intervention related AP

Training of MU Monitoring visits

Target group All community Community, key multipliers

Community key multipliers (teachers, priests, traditional leaders), SMC, govt. structures (to be informed)

SMC, learners, Community

SMC, especially MU Community SMC MU

Time 2days 2days 1 day 1 days 2-3 days 1 day visit (every 3 months)

Implemented by South African Team Sociologist

South African Team Sociologist

South African Team Sociologist / Engineer

South African Team Sociologist / Engineer

South African Team Sociologist/ Engineer

South African Team Sociologist/ Engineer

Method of implementation

Quantitative household questionnaire on socio-economic situation

Community meeting to identify SMC members, train them in responsibilities and tasks, introduce idea of RCWMP

- Community meeting

- Smaller focus groups (maybe women separately)

- Community meeting Explaining the interventions

Workshop

- meeting with SMC, - check their data reports - meet with communities - focus group discussions - questionnaires - visit spring



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Annex C Rural Community Water Management Plan Template

RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN TEMPLATE 1. Introduction 2. Principles of the Plan 3. Goal and Objectives of the Plan 4. Community Overview taken from Planning Process document – abbreviated or newly gathered during community participation discussions To include the following subheads:

Location

Community Characteristics

Demography

Community Amenities

Community Economic Activities

Water Management Structures

Rural Water Supply Stakeholders

Water Stakeholder Interactions

Drought Awareness and Coping Mechanisms

Community Perception of Drought

Current Coping Mechanisms

Future Drought Mitigation Measures

Community Water Supply

Existing Water Supply System

Additional Drought Mitigation Water Supply Structures (Piloted) 5. Community Water Management Plan To include the following subheads:

Plan Administration

Plan Implementation and Monitoring

Physical Monitoring

Social Monitoring

Awareness

Training

Feedback Mechanisms

O and M Plan

Plan Actions/Strategy 6. Plan Proponents and Signatories To include a list of persons who assembled the plan (community and project) plus a signature page for community ‘sign up’

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