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Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
EDLS207-LivestockProduction(Ruminant)
Krishna Aryal
Msc.Ag
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Common Vices of
Animals, Detection and
their Prevention and Care
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Vices are the abnormal/ undesirable quality or bad habits shown
by animal
The degree of this undesirablity may vary considerably
Some vices are dangerous while some are injurious either to
owner or to the animal or to both.
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Eye rolling
Licking
Sucking
Intersuckling by calves
Intersuckling by adults
Wool pulling and wool eating
Stealing young/lamb stealing
Tongue rolling
Head rubbing
Kicking
Sucking and eating solid objects
Some common vices
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Prevention
Allow free movement/ take out from the stall
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Prevention
Provision of salt
Avoid early weaning
Provide adequate food
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Health and factors
affecting Health of
Ruminant
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Health is a state of well being and
not merely the absence of disease
Any condition than normal is called
disease
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Factors affecting health of ruminants
StockmanshipStockmanship is the skill of managing livestock.Part of managing livestock is ensuring their health and safety.In order to ensure health and safety, you must understand the factors which contribute to diseases of livestock.
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Physical Factors
Cannot be controlled in a field, but
controllable inside an animal facility (barn,
laboratory).
Examples:
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Ventilation
Lighting
Noise
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Physical Factors: Temperature
Animals can tolerate extreme temperatures, but will impact
health and productivity if exposed for an extended period of
time.
Stressed animal will become more susceptible to disease
Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals & Humans
AnimalsTemperature °C Temperature °F
Average Range Average Range
Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 - 39.3 101.48 100.4 - 102.74
Beef Cow 38.3 36.7 - 39.1 100.94 98.06 - 102.38
Pig 39.2 38.7- 39.8 102.56 101.66 - 103.64Sheep 39.1 38.3 - 39.9 102.38 100.94 -103.82Goat 38.7 - 40.7 101.66 - 105.26Horse 37.9 37.2- 38.2 100.22 98.96 - 100.76
Chicken 41.7 40.6 - 43.0 107.06 105.08 - 109.4Human 37 98.6
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Physical Factors: Humidity
Humidity
Too low humidity
irritation of mucous membrane
Too high humidity
promote growth of fungus infections.
40% to 80% relatively humidity is ideal
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Physical Factors: Radiation
Solar radiation affects heat load on the animal in
addition affecting the unpigmented skin some
breeds have.
Radiation can be reduced through the use of
shaded areas.
Note: shaded areas must be large enough to not
inhibit heat loss through other means
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Physical Factors: Air Movement
Air movement assists in heat loss through
evaporation and conduction/convention.
Air temperature should be lower than skin
temperature.
Air movement is necessary to supply fresh air and
remove noxious air.
Wind velocity of 0.2m/s is the minimum
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Physical Factors: Precipitation
Rain can penetrate the fur and decrease insulation
value.
Rain and wind can result in excessive cooling
A naturally greasy hair coat will resist water
penetration.
Shelter is the best method of preventing this
problem
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Microbiological Environment
Animals in good condition, well fed and watered will
resist disease well.
Pens, particularly those for calving and farrowing,
should be constructed in easily cleaned and disinfected
materials.
Avoid corners and recesses where manure and dirt
can accumulate
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Animal holding facilities should be cleaned and
disinfected periodically.
Clean and disinfect pens before transferring animals
between pens.
“All-in, all-out” policy
Empty, clean, and disinfect between batches of
animals.
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Nutrition
Poor nutrition can contribute to poor health
of the animal.
Examples:
Vitamin A deficiency
Milk FeverLow blood calcium, hypocalcemia
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Other Environmental Factors
Acoustical factors (sound) – keep sound
levels low, avoid sudden noises.
Soft radio music in a milking parlor has
been shown to have a soothing effect on
cows
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
General Sign of Illness
The animal not eating as much as usual – this is usually the first
sign you will notice
It may also drink more or less water than normal, depending on
the illness.
An animal standing by itself away from the herd
The animal not getting up and walking to the feed bunk - A
very sick animal will lie down for long periods and will not get
up when approached.
Animal limping or dragging a leg
Discharge from eyes, nose, or vaginal area
There may be abnormal lumps
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
The eyes may be dull and the mucous membranes may have
changed colour.
Deep red membranes indicate fever; pale membranes show
anaemia; yellow membranes indicate a liver disorder, while blue-
red membranes show heart and circulatory problems, or
pneumonia.
Animal making unusual noise (bellowing, grunting)
Animal acting uncomfortable, getting up and down
The animal might be sweating. A cold sweat indicates pain
while a hot sweat indicates fever.
If the animal is in pain it will probably be restless (getting up
and down and pacing about), and it may even be groaning
Diarrhoea
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Animal not defecating or with very little stool
Animal urinating a lot, or not as much as usual
Marked weight loss or gain
The coat will look dull and dry, and the hairs may stand up.
There may the presence of open sores, dandruff, or the loss of
hair or fur from the body
Behavioural signs - Recognise any significant differences in
the behaviour of an animal such as increases in viciousness,
lethargy or any other abnormal signs such as excessive head
shaking, scratching, licking or biting of certain parts of the body
The vital signs of a sick animal will change.
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
The temperature may go up or down. A rise in temperature of
one or two degrees usually indicates pain, while a rise of more
usually indicates infection.
The rate of respiration, and the way the animal breathes could
also slow changes. With pain or infection, breathing becomes
more rapid. In a very sick animal, breathing can be laboured and
shallow.
A slightly increased pulse rate suggests pain, while a rapid
pulse suggests fever. An irregular pulse can indicate heart
trouble. In a very sick animal, the pulse is weak and feeble.
A sick animal may also possess foul breath or excessive tarter
deposits on the teeth
Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
Thank You
Any Queries?????