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Ruminant Production( common vices)

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Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal EDLS207-LivestockProduction(Ruminant) Krishna Aryal Msc.Ag Tribhuvan University Nepal
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Page 1: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

EDLS207-LivestockProduction(Ruminant)

Krishna Aryal

Msc.Ag

Tribhuvan University

Nepal

Page 2: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Common Vices of

Animals, Detection and

their Prevention and Care

Page 3: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Vices are the abnormal/ undesirable quality or bad habits shown

by animal

The degree of this undesirablity may vary considerably

Some vices are dangerous while some are injurious either to

owner or to the animal or to both.

Page 4: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Eye rolling

Licking

Sucking

Intersuckling by calves

Intersuckling by adults

Wool pulling and wool eating

Stealing young/lamb stealing

Tongue rolling

Head rubbing

Kicking

Sucking and eating solid objects

Some common vices

Page 5: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Prevention

Allow free movement/ take out from the stall

Page 6: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 7: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 8: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Prevention

Provision of salt

Avoid early weaning

Provide adequate food

Page 9: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 10: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 11: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 12: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 13: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 14: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 15: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 16: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 17: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 18: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 19: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 20: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 21: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 22: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 23: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Page 24: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Health and factors

affecting Health of

Ruminant

Page 25: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Health is a state of well being and

not merely the absence of disease

Any condition than normal is called

disease

Page 26: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Factors affecting health of ruminants

StockmanshipStockmanship is the skill of managing livestock.Part of managing livestock is ensuring their health and safety.In order to ensure health and safety, you must understand the factors which contribute to diseases of livestock.

Page 27: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Physical Factors

Cannot be controlled in a field, but

controllable inside an animal facility (barn,

laboratory).

Examples:

Temperature

Relative Humidity

Ventilation

Lighting

Noise

Page 28: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Physical Factors: Temperature

Animals can tolerate extreme temperatures, but will impact

health and productivity if exposed for an extended period of

time.

Stressed animal will become more susceptible to disease

Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals & Humans

AnimalsTemperature °C Temperature °F

Average Range Average Range

Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 - 39.3 101.48 100.4 - 102.74

Beef Cow 38.3 36.7 - 39.1 100.94 98.06 - 102.38

Pig 39.2 38.7- 39.8 102.56 101.66 - 103.64Sheep 39.1 38.3 - 39.9 102.38 100.94 -103.82Goat 38.7 - 40.7 101.66 - 105.26Horse 37.9 37.2- 38.2 100.22 98.96 - 100.76

Chicken 41.7 40.6 - 43.0 107.06 105.08 - 109.4Human 37 98.6

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Page 29: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Physical Factors: Humidity

Humidity

Too low humidity

irritation of mucous membrane

Too high humidity

promote growth of fungus infections.

40% to 80% relatively humidity is ideal

Page 30: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Physical Factors: Radiation

Solar radiation affects heat load on the animal in

addition affecting the unpigmented skin some

breeds have.

Radiation can be reduced through the use of

shaded areas.

Note: shaded areas must be large enough to not

inhibit heat loss through other means

Page 31: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Physical Factors: Air Movement

Air movement assists in heat loss through

evaporation and conduction/convention.

Air temperature should be lower than skin

temperature.

Air movement is necessary to supply fresh air and

remove noxious air.

Wind velocity of 0.2m/s is the minimum

Page 32: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Physical Factors: Precipitation

Rain can penetrate the fur and decrease insulation

value.

Rain and wind can result in excessive cooling

A naturally greasy hair coat will resist water

penetration.

Shelter is the best method of preventing this

problem

Page 33: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Microbiological Environment

Animals in good condition, well fed and watered will

resist disease well.

Pens, particularly those for calving and farrowing,

should be constructed in easily cleaned and disinfected

materials.

Avoid corners and recesses where manure and dirt

can accumulate

Page 34: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Animal holding facilities should be cleaned and

disinfected periodically.

Clean and disinfect pens before transferring animals

between pens.

“All-in, all-out” policy

Empty, clean, and disinfect between batches of

animals.

Page 35: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Nutrition

Poor nutrition can contribute to poor health

of the animal.

Examples:

Vitamin A deficiency

Milk FeverLow blood calcium, hypocalcemia

Page 36: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Other Environmental Factors

Acoustical factors (sound) – keep sound

levels low, avoid sudden noises.

Soft radio music in a milking parlor has

been shown to have a soothing effect on

cows

Page 37: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

General Sign of Illness

The animal not eating as much as usual – this is usually the first

sign you will notice

It may also drink more or less water than normal, depending on

the illness.

An animal standing by itself away from the herd

The animal not getting up and walking to the feed bunk - A

very sick animal will lie down for long periods and will not get

up when approached.

Animal limping or dragging a leg

Discharge from eyes, nose, or vaginal area

There may be abnormal lumps

Page 38: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

The eyes may be dull and the mucous membranes may have

changed colour.

Deep red membranes indicate fever; pale membranes show

anaemia; yellow membranes indicate a liver disorder, while blue-

red membranes show heart and circulatory problems, or

pneumonia.

Animal making unusual noise (bellowing, grunting)

Animal acting uncomfortable, getting up and down

The animal might be sweating. A cold sweat indicates pain

while a hot sweat indicates fever.

If the animal is in pain it will probably be restless (getting up

and down and pacing about), and it may even be groaning

Diarrhoea

Page 39: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Animal not defecating or with very little stool

Animal urinating a lot, or not as much as usual

Marked weight loss or gain

The coat will look dull and dry, and the hairs may stand up.

There may the presence of open sores, dandruff, or the loss of

hair or fur from the body

Behavioural signs - Recognise any significant differences in

the behaviour of an animal such as increases in viciousness,

lethargy or any other abnormal signs such as excessive head

shaking, scratching, licking or biting of certain parts of the body

The vital signs of a sick animal will change.

Page 40: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

The temperature may go up or down. A rise in temperature of

one or two degrees usually indicates pain, while a rise of more

usually indicates infection.

The rate of respiration, and the way the animal breathes could

also slow changes. With pain or infection, breathing becomes

more rapid. In a very sick animal, breathing can be laboured and

shallow.

A slightly increased pulse rate suggests pain, while a rapid

pulse suggests fever. An irregular pulse can indicate heart

trouble. In a very sick animal, the pulse is weak and feeble.

A sick animal may also possess foul breath or excessive tarter

deposits on the teeth

Page 41: Ruminant Production( common vices)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

Thank You

Any Queries?????


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