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Research Overview

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Study 1A: Mating Motives, Sexual Strategy, and Conspicuous Consumption I

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Discussion

O@(?()=&A@(&J$?=A&A@?((&=A"*$(=&(G)F$#(*&A@(&*$=ED)H&=$*(&;J&:;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#>&

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)=&)&F)A$#%&=$%#)DN&';L(K(?>&J;?&A@(&=$%#)D&A;&C(&(JJ(:A$K(>&L;F(#&F"=A&J$#*&F(#&L@;&

&&,;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#&)=&=(G")D&=$%#)D$#%&&&&S]&&

:;#=E$:";"=DH&:;#="F(&A;&C(&)AA?):A$K(&)=&=@;?AMA(?F&F)A(=N&/A"*H&S&*(F;#=A?)A(*&A@)A&A@$=&$=&

$#*((*&A@(&:)=(MM)&E@H=$:)DDH&)AA?):A$K(>&="::(==J"D&F)#&L@;&:@;=(&A;&E"?:@)=(&)&D"G"?H&E?;*":A&

L)=&F;?(&*(=$?)CD(&A;&L;F)#&)=&)&=@;?AMA(?F&E)?A#(?&P*)A(R&A@)#&A@(&=)F(&F)#&E;?A?)H(*&)=&

$#=A()*&@)K$#%&:@;=(#&A;&E"?:@)=(&)&#;#MD"G"?H&E?;*":AN&&

5**$A$;#)DDH>&/A"*H&S&=@;L(*&A@)A&J(F)D(&;C=(?K(?=&C(D$(K(&A@)A&F)D(&:;#=E$:";"=&

:;#="F(?=&)?(&$#:D$#(*&A;L)?*&)&=@;?AMA(?F&PD;LM$#K(=AF(#AR&F)A$#%&=A?)A(%HN&O;F(#&$#J(??(*&

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A;&)&F)A$#%&E?$F(R>&A@;"%@&F(#&*$*&K$(L&)&L;F)#&L$A@&)&:;#=E$:";"=&:)?&)=&F)?%$#)DDH&F;?(&

=(G")DDH&"#?(=A?$:A(*QN&3(#U=&:;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#&)EE()?=&A;&C(&F;?(&=A?;#%DH&?(D)A(*&A;&

E(?:(EA$;#=&;J&F)A$#%&$#K(=AF(#A&$#A(#A$;#=>&(K$*(#:(*&CH&A@(&*$JJ(?(#:(&$#&(JJ(:A=&=$g(=&J;?&

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&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Q&5&E$D;A&=A"*H&(G)F$#$#%&E(?:(EA$;#=&;J&F(#U=&)#*&L;F(#U=&F)A$#%&=A?)A(%H&J;"#*&A@(&$*(#A$:)D&E)AA(?#&;J&?(="DA=&L@(#&;C=(?K(?=&:;FE)?(*&A)?%(A=&L@;&;L#(*&)&=A)#*)?*&';#*)&,$K$:&]M*;;?&=(*)#&K=N&)#&5:"?)&]M*;;?&=(*)#&(#@)#:(*&L$A@&:;#=E$:";"=&J()A"?(=&=":@&)=&D()A@(?&=()A=&)#*&)DD;H&L@((D=N&2=$#%&)&=$F$D)?&F(A@;*;D;%H&)=&A@(&:"??(#A&=A"*H>&A@(&E$D;A&=A"*H&J;"#*&A@)A&L;F(#&;C=(?K(?=&E(?:($K(*&F)D(&A)?%(A=&L$A@&A@(&F;?(&:;#=E$:";"=&5:"?)&)=&J;DD;L$#%&)&F;?(&"#?(=A?$:A(*&F)A$#%&=A?)A(%H&P35:"?)&n&dNId>&3';#*)&n&]NQS`&+&n&N^I>&A&n&Nd]RN&3)D(&;C=(?K(?=>&@;L(K(?>&E(?:($K(*&A@(&L;F)#&L$A@&A@(&:;#=E$:";"=&5:"?)&)=&;#DH&=D$%@ADH&F;?(&P#;#M=$%#$J$:)#ADHR&"#?(=A?$:A(*&P35:"?)&n&]N_l>&3';#*)&n&]NdQ`&A&n&NQ]RN&4@"=>&A@(&J$#*$#%=&J?;F&A@(&E$D;A&=A"*H&="%%(=A&A@)A&A@(&:"??(#A&J$#*$#%=&E(?A)$#$#%&A;&A@(&0;?=:@(&)?(&"#D$<(DH&A;&C(&)&?(="DA&;J&A@(&=E(:$J$:&:)?&F;*(D&(G)F$#(*&$#&A@(&:"??(#A&=A"*HN&

&&,;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#&)=&=(G")D&=$%#)D$#%&&&&Sd&&

General Discussion

O@)A&*;&E():;:<=&@)K(&A;&*;&L$A@&0;?=:@(=&)#*&4@;?=A($#&B(CD(#m&4@(&:"??(#A&?(=()?:@&

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P9?$=<(K$:$"=&(A&)DN>&I^^_`&3$DD(?>&I^^^>&I^^c`&0(##>&I^^SRN&f"=A&)=&E():;:<=&@)K(&(K;DK(*&A;&

JD)"#A&A@($?&L)=A(J"D&A)$D=&C(J;?(&E;A(#A$)D&F)A(=>&F(#&F$%@A&=$F$D)?DH&L;;&L$A@&L)=A(J"D&

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*$=ED)H&J;"#*&$#&/A"*$(=&Q5&)#*&QYN&

Transmission and Reception of Mating Signals

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L;"D*&@)K(&E)$*&@$%@&:;=A=&J;?&A@(&A)$D&L$A@;"A&%D()#$#%&?(E?;*":A$K(&C(#(J$A=N&/$F$D)?DH>&$J&

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F)A$#%&=$%#)D$#%&=H=A(FN&4@$=&L;?<&C"$D*=&"E;#&?(:(#A&J$#*$#%=&=@;L$#%&A@)A&F)A$#%&F;A$K(=&

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)?(&:?":$)D&A;&%)$#$#%&)&="JJ$:$(#ADH&#")#:(*&"#*(?=A)#*$#%&;J&A@(&F;A$K)A$;#=&A;&(#%)%(&$#&:;=ADH&

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*(A(?F$#)#A=&;J&A@(&F;A$K)A$;#&A;&:;#=E$:";"=DH&:;#="F(>&)#*&E(?@)E=&)&K)?$(AH&;J&;A@(?&F)A$#%M

;?$(#A(*&:;#=E$:";"=&*$=ED)H=N&&&

Alternative Explanations and Limitations

5DA(?#)A$K(&A@(;?$(=&F$%@A&C(&"=(*&A;&)*K)#:(&@HE;A@(=(=&)C;"A&=(G&*$JJ(?(#:(=&$#&

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F(#&F;?(&A@)#&L;F(#&$#&5F(?$:)#&:"DA"?(&)?(&=;:$)D$g(*&A;&(FE@)=$g(&(:;#;F$:&):@$(K(F(#A>&

F(#&L$DD&C(&%(#(?)DDH&F;?(&F;A$K)A(*&A;&:;#=E$:";"=DH&:;#="F(&A;&*(:D)?(&A@($?&(:;#;F$:&

="::(==N&1#*((*>&L(&J;"#*&$#&)&E$D;A&=A"*H&A@)A&L@(#&)=<(*&A;&*(=:?$C(&)&A$F(&A@(H&L$A#(==(*&

=;F(;#(&:;#=E$:";"=DH&:;#="F$#%>&C;A@&F(#&)#*&L;F(#&L(?(&=$%#$J$:)#ADH&F;?(&D$<(DH&A;&

?(:)DD&)&F)#&C(@)K$#%&$#&A@$=&F)##(?N&Y"A&)A&A@(&=)F(&A$F(>&F(#&)#*&L;F(#&$#&;"?&E$D;A&=A"*H&

;K(?L@(DF$#%DH&?(:)DD(*&)&L;F)#&)=&A@(&:)#;#$:)D&=(G&L@(#&)=<(*&A;&A@$#<&;J&=;F(;#(&A@(H&

<#;L&L@;&(#e;H=&=@;EE$#%&;?&)=&A@(&E(?=;#&A@(H&<#;L&L@;&=E(#*=&A@(&F;=A&A$F(&=@;EE$#%N&5&

&&,;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#&)=&=(G")D&=$%#)D$#%&&&&Sc&&

=;:$)D&?;D(=&E(?=E(:A$K(&F)H&@)K(&E?(*$:A(*&):?;==MA@(MC;)?*&%(#*(?&*$JJ(?(#:(=&$#&:;#=E$:";"=&

:;#="FEA$;#N&';L(K(?>&$A&L;"D*&#;A&@)K(&E?(*$:A(*&A@(&=E(:$J$:&E)AA(?#&;J&?(="DA=&A@)A&L(?(&

;CA)$#(*&$#&A@(&E?(=(#A&?(=()?:@>&$#&L@$:@&;#DH&F(#&J;DD;L$#%&)&D;LM$#K(=AF(#A&F)A$#%&=A?)A(%H&

(#%)%(*&$#&:;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#&)#*&;#DH&$#&)&=@;?AMA(?F&F)A$#%&:;#A(GAMM)&E)AA(?#&A@)A&

J;DD;L=&J?;F&:;#=$*(?)A$;#=&;J&=(G")D&=(D(:A$;#>&*$JJ(?(#A$)D&E)?(#A)D&$#K(=AF(#A&)#*&=A?)A(%$:&

ED"?)D$=FN&

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D;LM$#K(=AF(#A&F)A$#%&=A?)A(%HN&1#*((*>&:;#=E$:";"=&:;#="FEA$;#&$=&)&?)A@(?&#;K(D&C(@)K$;?)D&

F)#$J(=A)A$;#&$#&A@(&:;#A(GA&;J&(K;D"A$;#)?H&A$F(>&F)*(&E;==$CD(&CH&D)?%(?>&(G:@)#%(MC)=(*&

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e"=A&;#(&L)H&A@)A&:;#=E$:";"=&=E(#*$#%&F)H&C(&)&E)A@&A;&(#@)#:(*&?(E?;*":A$K(&="::(==N&

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F)A$#%&:;#A(GA&)=&(K$*(#:(*&@(?(>&F)H&$#=A()*&C(&*?$K(#&CH&%;)D=&=":@&)=&$FE?(==$#%&;A@(?&

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?;D(&$#&J(F)D(MJ(F)D(&=A)A"=&:;FE(A$A$;#N&&

4@(&E)?A$:$E)#A&=)FED(=&$#&A@(&E?(=(#A&=A"*$(=&L(?(&*?)L#&J?;F&"#*(?%?)*")A(&=A"*(#A&

E;E"D)A$;#=&)A&AL;&F)e;?&E"CD$:&"#$K(?=$A$(=&$#&A@(&=;"A@()=A(?#&)#*&=;"A@L(=A(?#&2#$A(*&/A)A(=N&

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*$K(?=(&"#*(?%?)*")A(&E;E"D)A$;#=&$#&A@(&:;"#A?HN&4@(&=;"A@L(=A(?#&"#$K(?=$AH&E?;K$*(=&)&

:;"#A(?E;$#A&A;&A@(&;A@(?&$#&A@)A&$A&$=&:;FE?$=(*&;J&:;DD(%(&=A"*(#A=&L@;&)?(&?(D)A$K(DH&H;"#%(?&

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Conclusion

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:;#=E$:";"=DH&:;#="F(&)#*&*$=ED)H&E?;*":A=N&O@$D(&D$J(&@$=A;?H&E?$#:$ED(=&@)K(&C((#&L$*(DH&

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=(N&4@"=>&A@$=&?(=()?:@&?(E?(=(#A=&)&#;K(D&:;#A?$C"A$;#&$#&A@)A&$A&D(K(?)%(=&D$J(&@$=A;?H&A@(;?H&)#*&

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(:;#;F$:&?(=;"?:(=&A;&:;#="FEA$;#&:@;$:(=N&&

k)?L$#U=&A@(;?H&;J&=(G")D&=(D(:A$;#&D$#<=&:;#=E$:";"=&*$=ED)H=&A;&)#&)*K)#A)%(&;K(?&

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a&3)#(?>&I^^b`&Y)"F($=A(?&a&B;@=>&I^^]`&6?F(?>&,;=F$*(=>&a&4;;CH>&I^^b`&9?$=<(K$:$"=&(A&

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