RUSIA INTRODUCIÓN HISTÓRICA • Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. • During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. • Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR.
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RUSIA INTRODUCIÓN HISTÓRICA
• Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire.
• During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms.
• Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR.
RUSIA INTRODUCCIÓN HISTÓRICA
• The rule of Josif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
• Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favor of a centralized semi-authoritarian state whose legitimacy is buttressed, in part, by carefully managed national elections, former President PUTIN's genuine popularity, and the prudent management of Russia's windfall energy wealth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
RUSIA INTRODUCCIÓN
• El territorio de Rusia ocupa aproximadamente 1/6 parte del mundo Rusia ocupa la parte oriental de Europa y el norte de Asia Rusia tiene 11 husos horarios
• El principal rasgo característico de la situación geopolítica de Rusia consiste en que su parte europea occidental, donde habita mas de las 4/5 de toda la población, se halla dentro de los limites del Este de Europa, mientras que la parte oriental, traspasando los Urales, ocupa el Norte de Asia.
• La extensión de Rusia de oeste a este constituye mas de 9.000 km, y de norte a sur oscila entre 2.500 y 4.000 km. Cerca del 14% del territorio yace tras el circulo polar ártico, es una zona de congelación permanente, y en donde la noche polar en algunos lugares puede durar hasta 60 días, abarcando numerosos archipiélagos e islas del océano Glacial Artico: Tierra de Francisco José, Nueva Zembla, isla de Kolguiev, Tierra del Norte, islas de Nueva Siberia, etc. Tan solo 900 km separan el polo ártico terrestre del cabo de Flugel (81°51' de lat. N) en la isla de Rudolf.
• El litoral de Rusia esta bañado por las aguas de 12 mares de tres océanos: del Atlántico (mares Báltico, Negro y Azov), del Glacial Artico (mares de Barents, Blanco, Kara, Láptev, de Siberia Oriental y de Chukotsk) y del Pacífico (mares de Bering, de Ojotsk y de Japón).
RUSIA INTRODUCCION GEOGRAFICA
• CURVING AROUND THE NORTH POLE in a huge arc, Russia (the Russian Federation) spans almost half the globe from east to west and about 4,000 kilometers from north to south.
• Divided into eleven time zones, Russia is by far the world's largest country. It occupies much of Eastern Europe and northern Asia.
• The country's terrain is diverse, with extensive stands of forest, numerous mountain ranges, and vast plains.
• On and below the surface of the land are extensive reserves of natural resources that provide the nation with enormous potential wealth.
• Russia ranks sixth in the world in population, trailing China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population is as varied as the terrain. Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) are the most numerous of the more than 100 European and Asiatic nationalities.
DESEQUILIBRIO, ESTE – OESTE EN RUSIA
• Asian Russia is about as large as China and India combined, occupying roughly three-quarters of the nation's territory. But it is the European western quarter that is home to more than 75 percent of Russia's inhabitants.
• This acutely uneven distribution of human and natural resources is a striking feature of Russian geography and population. Despite government attempts to settle people in sparsely populated Asian areas abundant in resources, this imbalance persists.
• From 1970 to 1989, the campaign to settle and exploit western Siberia's plentiful fuel and energy supplies was expensive and only partially successful. revelations of extreme environmental degradation have tarnished the image of the Siberian development program.
FRONTERAS RUSAS
• Extending for 57,792 kilometers, the Russian border is the world's longest--and, in the post-Soviet era, a source of substantial concern for national security. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with fourteen countries. New neighbors are eight countries of the near abroad--Kazakstan in Asia, and, in Europe, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. Other neighbors include the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), China, Mongolia, Poland, Norway, and Finland. And, at the far northeastern extremity, eighty-six kilometers of the Bering Strait separate Russia from a fifteenth neighbor--the United States.
• Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by water. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk, which receives the warm currents of the Gulf Stream, that coast is locked in ice much of the year. Thirteen seas and parts of three oceans--the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific--wash Russian shores.
• With a few changes of status, most of the Soviet-era administrative and territorial divisions of the Russian Republic were retained in constituting the Russian Federation.
• In 1996 there were eighty-nine administrative territorial divisions: twenty-one republics, six territories (kraya ; sing., kray ), forty-nine oblasts (provinces), one autonomous oblast, and ten autonomous regions (okruga ; sing., okrug ).
• The cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have separate status at the oblast level. Population size and location have been the determinants for a region's designation among those categories.
• The smallest political division is the rayon (pl., rayony ), a unit roughly equivalent to the county in the United States.
RUSIA DIVISIÓN POLÍTICO ADMINISTRATIVA
RUSIA FACTORES GEOGRAFICOS INHIBIDORES DEL DESARROLLO
• Whereas the US is blessed with an abundance favourablegeographic factors, Russia is almost its polar opposite; it contains vast tracts of land that is hard to defend and difficult to farm, with only one major river - and even that leads to a dead-end sea. The Russian economy is continually taxed by the need to build and maintain transportation infrastructure and an expansive military strategy.
• The arctic ports can hardly be compared to the Chesapeake Bay. The Volga does pass near St. Petersburg and Moscow, but then it dumps into the Caspian, which is frozen for much of the year. Even when navigable, this land-locked sea only offers access to Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, hardly key trade partners.
FACTORES GEOGRAFICOS INHIBIDORES DEL DESARROLLO EN RUSIA
• La mayor parte del litoral Norte de Rusia es inaccesible por vía marítima en gran parte o todo el año, con excepción de Murmansk en el Norte (corriente del Golfo)
• Los puertos del Sur Oeste, están abiertos a un mar cerrado, el Negro y la navegación debe cruzar los estrechos turcos
• Los puertos del Este de Siberia, están muy alejados del centro económico y demográfico de Rusia.
• La distancia de Moscú a Valdivostock es de 9.300 Km
FRONTERAS
• Total: 20,241.5 km• Border countries (14) : Azerbaijan 284 km,
Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 17.5 km, Latvia 292 km, Lithuania(Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
• Permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development. • Volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the
Kamchatka Peninsula; • Spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and
parts of European Russia• volcanism: Russia experiences significant volcanic activity on the
Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home tosome 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the KurilIslands; Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m, 15,863 ft), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryakskyvolcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, have been deemed "Decade Volcanoes" by the International Associationof Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study dueto their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; othernotable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky
PROBLEMAS MEDIOAMBIENTALES
• Air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities.
• Industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts.
• Deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination.
• Groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides
ASPECTOS GENERALES DEL PAISAJE RUSO
• Russia's topography includes the world's deepest lake and Europe's highest mountain and longest river. The topography and climate, however, resemble those of the northernmost portion of the North American continent.
• The northern forests and the plains bordering them to the south find their closest counterparts in the Yukon Territory and in the wide swath of land extending across most of Canada. The terrain, climate, and settlement patterns of Siberia are similar to those of Alaska and Canada.
