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Development ofEnergy Efficiency
Indicators in Russia
INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY
NATHALIETRUDEAUANDISABELMURRAY
W O R K IN G PA PE R
2011
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established inNovember 1974. Its mandate is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member
countries on sound energy policy.The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among 28 advancedeconomies, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.The Agency aims to:
n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protectionin a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contributeto climate change.
n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis ofenergy data.
nSupport global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy suppliesand mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagementand dialogue with non-member countries, industry,
international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea (Republic of)
Luxembourg
NetherlandsNew Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
The European Commission
also participates in
the work of the IEA.
Please note that this publication
is subject to specific restrictions
that limit its use and distribution.
The terms and conditions are available
online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp
OECD/IEA, 2011
International Energy Agency9 rue de la Fdration
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
www.iea.org
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INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY
NATHALIETRUDEAUANDISABELMURRAY
W O R K IN G PA PE R
2011
The views expressed in this working paper are those of
the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy
of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat or
of its individual member countries. This paper is a work
in progress, designed to elicit comments and further debate;
thus, comments are welcome, directed to the authors at:
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Tableofcontents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................5
Executivesummary.........................................................................................................................7
ThedatasituationinRussiatodevelopindicators..................................................................8
Introduction:theuseofindicatorstounravelthecomplexityofenergyconsumption..............10
Industrysector..............................................................................................................................12
AvailabilityofindustrydatainRussiatodevelopindicators.................................................13
Keyindicatorsfortheindustrialsector.................................................................................15
Residentialsector..........................................................................................................................18
AvailabilityofresidentialdatainRussiatodevelopindicators.............................................19
Keyindicatorsfortheresidentialsector...............................................................................21
Servicesector................................................................................................................................25
AvailabilityofservicedatainRussiatodevelopindicators...................................................25
Keyindicatorsfortheservicesector.....................................................................................26
Transportsector............................................................................................................................28
Passengertransportsector....................................................................................................28
Freighttransportsector.........................................................................................................32
Conclusionsandnextsteps...........................................................................................................36
AnnexA.TheIEAindicatorapproach...........................................................................................37
ThebenefitsoftheIEAapproach..........................................................................................37
TheIEAindicatorpyramid.....................................................................................................38
AnnexB.TheIEAmethodologyforanalysingenergyconsumption.............................................46
Thedecompositionofchangesinenergyconsumption........................................................46
Sectoralcoverage..................................................................................................................49
AnnexC.References.....................................................................................................................51
AnnexD.Abbreviations,acronymsandunits...............................................................................52
Listoffigures
FigureA.1:TheIEAindicatorpyramid..........................................................................................38
FigureA.2:Industrysectorpyramid.............................................................................................39
FigureA.3:Residentialsectorpyramidbasedonfloorarea.........................................................41
FigureA.4:Residentialsectorpyramidbasedonhousehold.......................................................42
FigureA.5:Servicesectorpyramid...............................................................................................43
FigureA.6:Passengertransportsectorpyramid..........................................................................44
FigureA.7:Freighttransportsectorpyramid...............................................................................45
FigureB.1:BasicoverviewoffactorsinCO2decomposition........................................................49
FigureB.2:Disaggregationofsectors,subsectorsandendusesin
IEAenergyindicatorsapproach..............................................................................................50
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Listoftables
Table1:Industrydataneededtodevelopbasicenergyand
energyefficiencyindicators...................................................................................................14
Table2:Keyindicatorstounderstandtrendsinenergyand
energyefficiencyinindustry.................................................................................................16
Table3:Residentialdataneededtodevelopbasicenergyand
energyefficiencyindicators...................................................................................................20
Table4:Keyindicatorstounderstandtrendsinenergyand
energyefficiencyinresidential..............................................................................................22
Table5:Servicedataneededtodevelopbasicenergyand
energyefficiencyindicators...................................................................................................26
Table6:Keyindicatorstounderstandtrendsinenergyand
energyefficiencyinservices..................................................................................................27
Table7:Passengertransportdataneededtodevelopbasicenergyand
energyefficiencyindicators....................................................................................................30
Table8:Keyindicatorstounderstandtrendsinenergyandenergy
efficiencyinpassengertransport..........................................................................................31
Table9:Freighttransportdataneededtodevelopbasicenergyand
energyefficiencyindicators...................................................................................................33
Table10:Keyindicatorstounderstandtrendsinenergyand
energyefficiencyinfreighttransport....................................................................................35
TableB.1:Summaryofvariablesusedforthedecomposition.....................................................47
List
of
boxes
Box1:TheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatorstemplate..................................................................11
Box2:Energyefficiencytrendsinmanufacturingsector.............................................................12
Box3:Impactofindustrialstructure............................................................................................13
Box4:Thebenefitsofenergyefficiencyindicatorsforcompanies..............................................14
Box5:Energyefficiencytrendsinresidentialsector....................................................................18
Box6:Determiningpriorityareafordevelopingendusedata....................................................19
Box7:Energyefficiencytrendsinservicesector..........................................................................25
Box8:Energyefficiencytrendsinpassengertransportsector....................................................28
Box9:Energyefficiencytrendsinfreighttransportsector..........................................................32
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Acknowledgements
This work was undertaken by the International Energy Agency (IEA) with funding from the
Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom Government under the Strategic
ProgrammeFund.
Thispaperwasprepared bythe IEADirectorateof Sustainable Energy Policy andTechnology in
collaboration with the Directorate of Global Energy Dialogue. The lead authors are Nathalie
TrudeauandIsabelMurray.
SpecialthanksgotoJeanYvesGarnier,HeadofIEAEnergyStatisticsDivision,PeterTaylor,Headof
IEAEnergyTechnologyPolicyDivisionandAnnEggington,formerHeadofIEAEurope,MiddleEast
andAfricaDivision,fortheircontinuoussupportandencouragementthroughouttheproject.
Editorial and production assistance provided by Anne Mayne and Marilyn Smith added
significantlytotheoverallqualityofthereport.
Manyothercolleagueshaveprovidedhelpfulcontributions,particularlyFranoisCuenot,Davide
dAmbrosio,MichelFrancoeur,PhilippinedeTSerclaesandAnnaZyzniewski.
TheIEAandtheauthorswishtothanktheFederalStateStatisticsService(Rosstat)oftheRussian
FederationfortheirclosecooperationthroughouttheprojectwithspecialthankstoAlexander
Goncharov, Deputy Director, Department of Foreign Statistics and International Cooperation,
Rosstat.The IEAwouldalso liketothanktheRussianEnergyAgencyfortheircooperationover
2010onenergyefficiencyindicators.
The IEA would also like to thank all the participants of the Round Table on Energy Efficiency
Indicators in Russia, held in Moscow on 20 September 2010, for their valuable insights on this
issue.TheIEAandtheauthorswelcometheirfeedbackonthisworkingpaperandlookforwardto
continuedcooperation.
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Executivesummary
Fordecades,countriesaroundtheworldhaveusedaggregateindicatorstoconstructabigpicture
ofpatternsofenergyuse.Oneofthemostcommonlyusedaggregateindicatorsisenergyintensity:
the measure of energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). According to thisindicator,RussialedG8countries
1inthereductionofenergyintensityoverthe1990s;Russiasenergy
intensityhavingimprovedby2.5%ayear.From2000to2007,Russianenergyintensityexperienced
anevenhigherrateofimprovementwithanaverageannualdecreaseofover5%.
However,theusefulnessofthisindicatorislimitedandcanbemisleading;inactualfact,energy
intensity is driven by many factors that are not necessarily relatedto energy efficiency. So it is
perfectly possible to have improving energy efficiency, while still seeing rises in energy
consumption (the inverse is also true). For instance, given the increase in international
hydrocarbonpricesduringthe200007periodandtheconsequentgrowth in RussiasGDP, it is
likely that the decline in energy intensity seen during this time frame was linked more to
economicgrowthratherthanimprovedenergyefficiency.
This speaks to the need for mechanisms that can deliver a better understanding of the factors
thataffectenergy intensity,notonlywithinagivencountrybutonasectorbysectorbasisthat
adequately reflects that countrys economic landscape. Moreover, as each main sector2 is
influenced bydifferentunderlyingfactors,differentexplanatory datawillbeneededdepending
on the sector analysed. Much more detailed and disaggregated data than are currently
availableinstandardenergybalancesareneededforeachmainendusesectortoassesstherole
ofenergyefficiencyandthepotentialforfurtherenergysavings.
Overthepastyears,theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)hasbeendevelopingenergyefficiency
indicators for each enduse sector, with the specific aim of helping to disentangle the various
factors that drive and restrain energy use. Much of this work has been driven by the fact that
improvedenergyefficiency isasharedpolicygoalofmanygovernmentsaroundtheworld.Thebenefits of more efficient use of energy are well known and include reduced investments in
energy infrastructure, lower fossilfuel dependency, increased competitiveness and improved
consumer welfare. Efficiency gains can also deliver environmental benefits by reducing
greenhousegasemissionsandlocalairpollution.
In recent years, the IEA has worked closely with Russia to improve energy data collection in
general.Whilesomeprogresshasbeenmade,muchmoreworkisrequired:mostdatarequired
to understand past trends, assess the largest potential for energy savings and enhance energy
efficiencypoliciesarecurrentlynotavailable.
Despitethedatagapsidentified,analysisofsomesectorsoftheeconomyindicatesthatthereisa
large energy savings potential in Russia. In fact, Russia is sometimes referred to as the SaudiArabia of energy efficiency; its vast potential to reduce inefficient or wasteful energy
consumption can be considered a significant energy reserve. One IEA study estimated that
energy efficiency improvements in Russias district heating sector, alone, could save 30 billion
cubic metres per year (bcm/yr) to 50bcm/yr of natural gas (IEA, 2004). Optimisation of its
transmissionanddistributionsystemsfornaturalgas,coupledwithreductionsingasflaringbyits
oil and gas industry, could save up to a further 30 bcm/yr. In the industry sector, the energy
savingsfromtheapplicationofbestavailabletechnologiesisestimatedat750petajoules(PJ).3
1TheG8countriesincludeCanada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Russia,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.
2Themainenergyconsumingsectorstypicallyanalysedincludeindustry,residential,serviceandtransport.
3 It is important to note that this potential cannot be achieved in the short term. The rate of implementation of best available
technologies in practice depends on a number of factors, including capital stock turnover, relative energy costs, raw material
availability,ratesofreturnoninvestmentandregulations.
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Russia, recognising the benefits of more efficient use of energy, is taking measures to exploit this
potential.Thepresidenthassetthegoaltoreduceenergyintensityby40%between2007and2020.
Furthermore,since2008,Russiahastakenimportantstepstowardcreatingalegalandinstitutional
framework to enhance efficient energy use and supply. A law on energy efficiency, passed in the
Duma4inNovember2009,introducesseveralimportantmeasuressuchas:restrictionsonthesaleof
incandescent light bulbs; requirements for electrical products to be labelled according to their
energyefficiencyrating;provisionsonmandatorycommercialinventoriesofenergyresources;new
energyefficiencystandardsfornewbuildingsandinstallations;andreductionsinbudgetspending
onpurchasingenergyresources.Inaddition,energyintensivebusinesseswillberequiredtocarry
out energysaving research and to adhere to energysaving and energyefficiency programmes.
This new protocol will also encompass a transition to a longterm tariff regulation and the
establishmentofasharedinterministerialenergyefficiencyinformationandanalysissystem.
In the past few years, the IEA worked closely with Russias Federal State Statistics Service
(Rosstat) and the newly formed Russian Energy Agency to support the development of energy
efficiency indicators in Russia. This work, which has focused on the industrial, residential and
transportsectors,iscriticaltoaneffectiveimplementationandmonitoringofRussiasambitiousenergy intensity and efficiency goals. Since 2008, the IEA has been working with Rosstat to
establishwhatdataalreadyexists,identifythedatagaps,andassessthedataquality.
ThekeyfindingsoftheIEAworkwithRussiaondevelopingenergyefficiencyindicatorsformthe
coreofthisreport.Thereportprovidesanoverallassessmentofrecenttrends,thecurrentdata
situationinRussia,a listofthebasicdataneededtodevelop indicators,andtheusefulnessand
limitation of some key indicators. It comprises five chapters covering the five main enduse
sectors:industry,residential,services,passengertransportandfreighttransport.
The report also includes two methodological annexes. Annex A describes the IEA indicator
approach, which uses the idea of a pyramid to portray the hierarchy of energy indicators (from
mostdetailedtoleastdetailed).AnnexBincludestheIEAenergymethodologytoanalysetrendsin
energyconsumption.
ThedatasituationinRussiatodevelopindicators
IndustrysectorThe IEA has found that for industry, the data available from Rosstat national energy surveys and
Russian National Accounts5 are at a detailed enough level of disaggregation to calculate energy
indicatorsbasedonphysicalunitsonproductionandprovidean initialassessmentoftheeffectof
energy efficiency on industry energy consumption. However, several major issues still need to be
overcometodevelopenergyefficiencyindicators.Forinstance,RosstatusescurrentRussianroublesinitsvalueaddedcalculations,butinordertoestablishanoverallindicatorfortheindustrysector,
valueaddedinconstantcurrencyisrequired.6TheIEAiscurrentlyworkingwithRosstattoaddress
this data issue. Questions also exist regarding breaks in Rosstat time series for some data points.
More difficult issues remain in relation to defining the coverage of energy consumption data (the
boundariesfortheindustry).Theboundariesissueswilltakemuchlongertoresolveandwilldemand
4Russiasparliament.
5TheNationalAccountsisaconsistentandintegratedsetofmacroeconomicaccounts,balancesheetsandtablesbasedonaseton
internationally agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules. It includes data such as GDP, investment, private
consumptionandlevelofgovernmentdebt.6Valueadded isthedifferencebetweenoutputandintermediateconsumptionforanygivensector/industrythatisthedifference
betweenthevalueofgoodsandservicesproducedandthecostofrawmaterialsandotherinputsusedinproduction.
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closecollaborationwithRosstatexpertsandstatisticians.Moredetailedanalysiswillalsobeneeded
tobetterunderstandRosstatsindustryenergyconsumptiondata.
ResidentialsectorSome of the necessary data to establish aggregate energy indicators for the residential sector are
available for Russia from national annual surveys undertaken by Rosstat. These data include floor
area,numberofhouseholdsandsourceofspaceheating.NewquestionsaddedtoRosstatsNational
Household Income Survey 2010 will start to provide data required to build energy efficiency
indicators.Thesurveywillcollectinformationonthestock,ageandenergyefficiencyrankingoflarge
householdappliances,aswellasonthetypeoflightbulbsused.Thenationalsurveywillprovidedata
for2010andbeyondforthesenewdatapoints,criticalforabetterunderstandingoftrendsinenergy
consumption of appliances. This national survey will also continue to collect data on the size of
dwellingandheatedfloorarea,yearofconstructionandtypeofheatingequipment.
Whiletheexpansionofthesurveyisapositivestepindevelopinganenduseenergydatabaseand
assessing trends inresidential energy andenergy efficiency,additional data collection is requiredforotherendusessuchasspaceheatingandcooling,waterheatingandsmallappliances.
ServicesectorServicesisclearlythemostdifficultsectorinwhichtocollectdata.Atpresent,thereisaseriouslack
of detailed data in Russia, making it difficult to analyse trends in service energy consumption.
Russiaisnotuniqueinthisregard;mostIEAmembercountrieslackdetailedendusedataforthe
sector.Availabledata inIEAmembercountriesshowthatthepotentialforenergysavings inthe
servicesectorvarieswidelyfordifferentenduses.Assuch,indepthanalysisattheenduselevel
isneeded to develop indicatorsthat can helpto define the most importantpotential for energy
efficiencyimprovementsandsupportthedevelopmentofrelevantpolicies.
TransportsectorMuch more work is needed in Russia to understand the structure and trends of energy
consumptioninthetransportsector.Analysisoftrendsinenergyandenergyefficiencyrequirea
separate analysis for passenger and freight transport, as each is influenced by different
underlying factors. In Russia, the necessary disaggregated data are not available for energy
consumption,andactivitydataareonlyavailableforsometransportmodes.
ManydatasourcesexistsbeyondofficialRosstattransportsectordata,whichcangoalongwayto
completing the picture of structure and trends of energy consumption especially in terms of
individual automotive transport,one of thefastestgrowing sectors in IEA member countries and
likely in Russia, too. Car registration and the annual car inspection process could provide an
effectivewaytoenhancethedataondrivingtrendsandautomotivestock.Giventhesesystemsare
alreadyinplacetogatherthisimportantinputdata,allthatmaybeneededisacoordinatingbody
or agency to set up a data collection system. Data estimates and models are also available from
various research institutes. The IEA had very useful discussions and preliminary exchange of
informationwiththeScientificandResearchInstituteofMotorTransport(NIIAT)inMoscow.
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Introduction:theuseofindicatorstounravelthe
complexityofenergyconsumption
Governments are uniquely positioned to establish, through policy implementation, theframeworks within which energy is both produced and consumed across many socioeconomic
levels. As governments around the world tackle the complex and intertwined challenges of
improvingenergysecurityandreducinggreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsassociatedwithenergy
production and consumption while also supporting economic development objectives two
thingsareincreasinglyclear:
Ensuringa better use of the worldsenergyresourceswillrequirepolicies that encompassawiderangeofoptions.Analysisshowsthatimprovingenergyefficiencyisoftenthemostcost
effective,provenandreadilyavailablemeansofachievingthisgoal.
Good quality, timely, comparable and detailed data that go well beyond those currentlyincluded instatisticalenergybalances,arenecessarytoestablishandmaintainsoundpolicy.
These data must reflect the distinct characteristics of economic activity and resources
availableineachcountry.
For the overall economy, aggregate indicators such as total primary energy supply (TPES) and
totalfinalenergyconsumption(TFC)perGDPisoftenusedtoconstructabigpictureofcurrent
patterns of energy use. Aggregate energy indicators have the advantage that they are often
readilyandwidelyavailable.Thus,theycanrevealhighleveldevelopmentsinenergyuseandcan
be constructed to facilitate basic crosscountry comparisons. However, they could often be
misleading and consequently it would be incorrect, to rank energy efficiency performance
accordingtoacountrysTPESorTFCperGDP.
Inordertodevelopestimatesofoverallenergyefficiency,detaileddataarerequiredforthemain
enduse sectors (industry, residential, services and transport). As each sector is influenced by
differentunderlyingfactors,different explanatorydatawillbeneededdependingonthesector
analysed.Recenteffortsbyseveralcountriestocollectmoredetailedendusedatahavehelped
indevelopingindicatorsthatcanbeusedtounderstandpasttrends,assesspotentialforenergy
savingsandenhanceenergyefficiencypolicies.
Understandpasttrends:Energybalancedataforagroupof11IEAmembercountries7showthat
energy consumption increased by 22% from 1973 to 2006. More importantly, detailed enduse
dataavailableforthese11countriesdemonstratethatwithoutimprovementinenergyefficiency
overthesameperiod,energyconsumptionwouldhavebeen63%higherin2006.
Assesspotential
for
energy
savings:Detailed enduse data and indicators are equally essential
for assessing the further contribution of energy efficiency. IEA estimates show that large
potentialsremainacrossallsectorsoftheeconomy.
Enhance energy efficiency policies: This capacity to track trends and identify potential savingsmakes detailed enduse data and energy efficiency indicators key to launching and monitoring
moreeffectiveenergyefficiencypolicy.
An analysis of the impacts to date of energy efficiency policies implemented by IEA member
countries reveals that effective policies do make a difference. In each of the main energy
consumingsectors,thereisevidenceofimprovedefficiency,mostofwhichalsoresultsinreduced
7Australia,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Norway,Sweden,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.
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carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In some cases, however, unexpected changes in consumption
patternswithinagivensectororsubsectorreducetheoverallimpactofefficiencygains.
Box1.TheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatorstemplate
Whileitisclearenergyefficiencypolicieswork,thefactisthatcurrentlyavailableenergydataare
a poor foundation for developing an indepth understanding of how or why or indeed, for
analysing which measures are most effective and warrant broader implementation. This fact
underlinestherealitythatexistingdataand informationaretoosparsetopreciselyanalysethe
impactofspecificmeasures.
Clearly, more data and different kind of data are needed to support the strategic
development,implementationandevaluationofenergyefficiencypolicies.
This paper examines various energy and energy efficiency indicators their usefulness and
limitationsanddescribes:
Thesetofdataneededtocalculatekeyenergyandenergyefficiencyindicators; AvailabledatainIEAmembercountriesandinRussiafromthissetofdata;and Whatenergyandenergyefficiency indicatorscanbederivedwiththissetofdata,andwhat
thoseindicatorsreveal.
Tofacilitate the reporting ofcomparabledata acrossall IEA membercountries, theIEA has worked
with the ODYSSEE Network (European Union) and the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) to
develop a standard energy efficiency indicators template. The template (which is similar to and
buildsonthesuccessoftheIEAannualenergystatisticsquestionnairesoffuels)establishesuniform
system boundaries, data definitions and methodologies specific to energy consumption and other
datarelatedtoenergyefficiency.
Earlyuse of this template by member countries has already allowed the IEA Secretariat to define a
seriesofdisaggregateenergyindicatorsthataimtocapturekeydatarelevanttoeachmajorsector.
Generally, these disaggregate indicators probe deeper than energy balances by focusing on activity
levels,structuraleffects,energyefficiencytrendsandpotentialforfutureenergysavings.
Suchindicatorsprovideamuchmoreeffectivemeansoftrackingtheevolutionofenergyusewithina
countryandconductingcomparativeanalyses.Theycanhelptoidentifyemergingtrends inenduse
sectorsincludingthefactorsbehindincreasingenergyconsumptionandthosethatrestrainit.They
also help to uncover areas that hold the greatest potential for improving energy efficiency and the
overallscopeforfurtherenergysavings.Ultimately,indicatorscanthusbeusedtoshapeprioritiesfor
futureactionsandtomonitorprogress.
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Industrysector
The industry sector covers the manufacturing sector (the manufacture offinished goods and
products),miningandquarryingofrawmaterialsandconstruction.Powergeneration,refineries
andthe
distribution
of
electricity,
gas
and
water
are
excluded
from
the
industry
sector.
Russias industrial sector is vast, including major enterprises in mining, energy, automotive,
defence,construction,communication,consumerdurables,constructionequipmentandtextiles.
ButRussias legacyof itsSovietpast is thedominanceofheavy industrysuchas ironand steel,
petrochemicalsandaluminiumallenergyresourceintensive.Afterhavingbeensetbackbythe
global economic crisis of 2008, Russian industrial production grew an estimated 11% in 2009.
Industrial output in Russia rose by 7.8% in January 2010, a sign that economic recovery was
strengthening in Russia. While the production of consumer goods remained flat or increased
marginally,productionofcarsandtrainswitnessedseveresetbackscomparedto200809levels.
Becauseof itsSoviet legacy,Russian industryneedstorestructure,streamlinecostsandensure
that its products meet demand in the most economic and environmentally sound way. Thehandful of energy efficiency success stories in Russias industrial sector illustrates how
competitiveforcesspurthisonrelativetoregulatemonopolisticmarkets.Russianindustryisslow
inrealising itsenergyefficiencypotentialprimarilyduetoalackofawarenessamongmanagers
and insufficient supply of longterm capital to finance energy efficient modernisation (World
Bank, 2008). Russia is one of the country with the largest energy savings potential for the five
most energy intensive industry (iron and steel, cement, chemicals and petrochemicals,
aluminiumandpulpandpaper)(IEA,2008;IEA,2009;IEA2010).Inaddition,companiesinseveral
sectorslacktheincentivetosaveenergybecauseproductpricesaregrowingfasterthanenergy
tariffs. In this regard, the continuation of electricity and gas sector reforms are critical to
achievingthissectorsenergyefficiencypotential.
Box2.Energyefficiencytrendsinmanufacturingsector
8Fuelprocessingindustriesandfuelsusedasfeedstockarenotincludedintheanalysis.
9 IEA 21 includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Korea, the
Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.
Globally, energy consumption in the manufacturing sector increased by 29% between 1990 and
2008.8 In 2008, it accounted for 29% of TFC and 37% of enduse sectors CO2 emissions. In Russia,
manufacturingenergyconsumptiondecreasedbyabout29%between1993and2008,whileenergy
consumptioninthefivemostenergyintensiveindustriesdecreasedonlyby2%.
An analysis of the manufacturing sector for 21 IEA member countries9 indicates that buoyant
economicgrowthandhighenergypriceshaveplayedarole inimprovingenergyefficiency.Inorder
tosatisfyincreaseddemandforcommodities,countriesaddednew,moreefficientcapacity,thereby
reducing the share of smaller, less efficient production units. Energy consumption in those 21 IEA
member countries would have been 29% higher in 2006 than it was without the energy efficiency
improvementsinthesectorsince1990.
DespitetheimpressiverecentefficiencygainsinIEAmembercountries,themanufacturingsectorstill
shows considerable potential for further energy savings. The estimated global savings for the five
most energyintensive manufacturing sectors (pulp and paper, chemicals and petrochemicals, iron
andsteel,aluminium,andcement)are15PJperyearenoughtomeettheannualenergyneedsof
industry,transportandhouseholdsinRussia.
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AvailabilityofindustrydatainRussiatodevelopindicators
To effectively assess the developments in energy efficiency trends, the impact of energy
efficiency measures and the further potential for energy savings in the industry sector, the
followingdataarerequired:
Detailedenergyconsumptiondatabyindustry; Valueaddeddatainconstantcurrency;and Physicalproductionofkeycommodities,wherepossible.While energy consumption data are usually available from the energy balances of countries
(althoughonlyatthetwodigitInternationalStandardIndustrialClassification[ISIC]level),value
addeddataarenotalwaysavailable(orareavailablebutnotforthesame levelofdetailasthe
data for energy consumption). Value added in constant currency by industry allows the
development of indicators for heterogeneous industry, and are required to aggregate the
detailedindicatorstoassessenergyefficiencyforthetotalindustrysector.
Box3.Impactofindustrialstructure
In Russia, Rosstat has been collecting for numerous years industryrelated data. Rosstats 11 TER
Form(Rosstatenergyconsumptionquestionnaireforindustry)providesenergyconsumptionatthe
fourdigit ISIC levelaswellastheproduction inphysicalunitsforthesame industrialbreakdown.
These dataareavailableonanannualbasisatboth regionalandnational levels.The information
fromthe11TERFormcanbeusedtodevelopindustryspecificindicators,andprovideaproxyfor
theevolutionofenergyefficiency.Thelongtimeseriesavailableallowsanalysisoftheevolutionof
energyefficiencyatadetailedlevelofsectoraldisaggregation.However,thesemultipleindicators
do not provide an industrywide assessment of how energy efficiency in each industry sector
influencedthetrendsinenergyconsumptionfortheoverallindustry.
Physical units of production are the preferred activity variable to build detailed industry
indicators.However,foranoverallenergyefficiencyindicatorfortheindustrysectorasawhole,aggregation of the various industryspecific indicators is required. Given that physical units of
production cannot be added together (one tonne of steel cannot be added to one tonne of
clinker),avalueaddedapproachisusedfromeachsubsectortoprovideacommonbasis.
In doing so, it is essential to use value added in constant currency to avoid including a bias
inducedbyfluctuationsonthemonetarymarket.Valueadded,incurrentcurrency,areavailable
fromRosstatsNationalAccountsatthefourdigitISIClevel.However,thedeflatortoconvertthe
currentvaluestoconstantonesisonlyavailableforthemining,manufacturingandconstruction
sectors.Deflatorsforthedifferentmanufacturingsectorsarenotavailable.
TheenergyconsumptiondatafromRosstatsForm11TERandthevalueaddedfromtheNational
Accounts, if develop in constant roubles, would allow the development of an overall energy
Thevalueaddeddatabyindustryarealsorequiredtoanalysetheimpactofstructuralchangesinthe
sector. This information is essential when trying to understand trends in energy consumption, or
whenperformingcountrycomparisons.
Analysis shows that IEA member countries with high shares of energyintensive industries (such as
cement and iron and steel) usually rank among the most intensive countries. However, if those
countrieshadthesamestructureastheaverageIEAcountries,theaggregatemanufacturingintensity
wouldbereducedconsiderably;byover20%inmanycases.
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Page|15
Dataneededtodevelop
indicators
NumberofIEAmember
countriesreportingthedataDataavailablefromRussia
Energy
use
Value
added
Commodity
productionEnergyuse
Value
added
Commodity
production
Paperandpaperproducts 27 17 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Pulp 0 0 28 Yes No Yes
Paper 0 0 28 Yes No Yes
Publishing,printingand
reproductionofrecordedmedia
8 18 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Chemicalsandchemical
products
28 24 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Rubberandplasticsproducts 14 24 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Nonmetallicmineralproducts 28 25 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Cement 10 0 28 Yes No Yes
Clinker 0 0 0 Yes No Yes
Basicmetals 28 23 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Castingofironandsteel 28 0 28 Yes No Yes
Castingofpreciousandnon
ferrousmetals
0 0 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Aluminium 0 0 0 Yes No No?
Motorvehiclesandother
transportationequipment
23 23 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Othermanufacturing 28 21 n.a. Yes No n.a.
Notes:n.a.=notapplicableasthesectorasdefinedinthetableistooheterogeneoustohaveasinglemeasureofphysicalproduction.
IEAcountriescoverageindicatesthenumberofIEAmembercountriesforwhichdataarecurrentlyavailablefrom1990to2006intheenergyindicatorsdatabase.AstheIEAhasnotyetreceivedvalueaddeddatainconstantcurrency,thevalueaddeddataareindicated
asnot beingavailable fromRussia. Coveragefor Russia is based onIEA knowledge of the data situation in Russia for 2000onward;
thesehavebeenvalidatedbyRosstat.
Keyindicatorsfortheindustrialsector
InformationcollectedthroughtheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatorstemplateisusedtodevelopenergy
andenergyefficiencyindicatorsthatexplainthechangesinenergyconsumptionoveraperiodoftime.
Keyenergyandenergyefficiencyindicatorsthatcanbedevelopedwiththedatacollectedthroughthe
template,aswellasthepurposeandlimitationofthoseindicators,arepresentedinTable2.
Moredetailedindicatorscanbebuiltbycollectinginformationattheprocesslevelforeachsubindustryandfacilitycharacteristics.However,suchdataareavailableonlyforveryfewcountries
andforalimitednumberofsubindustries.
Itisalsopossibletocoupletheinformationonenergyconsumptionwithdataonenergypricesin
manufacturing, energy expenditures and capacity production to analyse the impact of these
factorsonthetrendsinenergyconsumption.
Insomemanufacturingsectors,portionoftheenergyconsumption is influencedbyweather
conditions.Theinfluenceonenergyconsumptionisdifferentfromindustrytoindustry.Given
the very limited information available on the impactofweather in industry,and the lack of
internationally recognised methodology to perform such an adjustment in the industry, the
IEA methodology does not take into account weather conditions in analysing themanufacturing sector.
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Page|17
Indicator Datarequired Purpose Limitation
ENERGYIND
ICATORS Industrysectors
energyconsumption
byunitofvalueadded
Energyconsumptionbyindustrysector.
Correspondingvalueadded(inconstantcurrency).
Indicatethegeneralrelationshipofenergyusetoeconomicdevelopment.
Mayhidesomeimpo(butthisimpactwillb
detailedenergyandv
Valueaddedareinfluareunrelatedtochan
production.
ENERGYEFFICIENCYINDICA
TORS
Industrysector energy
usebyunitofphysical
production
Energyconsumptionbyindustrysector.
Correspondingphysicalunitof
production.
Oftencalledthespecificorunitenergyconsumption.
Indicatetherelationshipofenergyusetophysicalproduction.
Atthedisaggregatedlevel,cangiveabettermeasureofthetechnical
efficiencyofaparticularproduction
process.
Itisnotpossibletocounits.
Cannotprovideanagthewholeofindustry
Decompositionof
changesinindustry
energyconsumption
Energyconsumptionbyindustrysector
andenergysource.
Correspondingphysicalunitof
production(if
available).
Correspondingvalueadded(inconstant
currency).
Quantification ofthefactorsunderlyingthechangesinenergy
consumptionoveradefinedperiodof
time.
Changesinenergyconsumptionaredecomposedbetweenindustry
structureeffect,energymixeffect,
andspecificintensityeffect(aproxyof
energyefficiency).
ThisisthebestindicatorfortotalindustrythatcanbedevelopedwiththedatarequiredintheIEAenergy
efficiencyindicatorstemplate.
Thisproxyforenergynotrelatedtotechni
climaticconditionsa
withinafacility).
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Page|18
Residentialsector
Theresidentialsectorincludesthoseactivitiesrelatedtoprivatedwellings.Itcoversallenergy
usingactivities inapartmentsandhouses, includingspaceandwaterheating,cooling, lighting
and
the
use
of
appliances.
It
does
not
includepersonal
transport,
which
is
covered
in
the
transportsector.
Between 1993 and 2004, residential energy consumption in Russia was greater than for the
industrysector,as istypicalforlowerincomecountriesinharshclimates.However, in2005the
commercialenergyconsumptiondataappeartohavebeenreadjustedupward,andresultedina
dramaticreductioninenergyconsumptionintheresidentialsector.Asaresult,in2005,Russian
TFCintheindustrialsector(5169PJ)surpassedthatoftheresidentialsector(4628PJ).Following
this reduction, according to IEA data based on annual submissions from Rosstat, residential
consumptionhasremainedrelativelyflatoverthe2005to2008period.
On a percapita basis, residential energy consumption roughly equals that in Canada, even
thoughCanadahasthreetimesRussiaspercapitafloorspaceandelectricappliancesare largerand more widespread. Thus, Russian residential energy consumption is at least twotothree
times more energy intensive than Canadas. The reasons are known: lack of consumer control
over heat regulation, low share of private ownership of apartments (landlords usually having
littleinterestininvestinginenergyefficiencyimprovements)andpricesubsidies.Largepotential
for energy savings exists in the residential sector. A study from the IEA estimated that energy
efficiencyimprovementsinRussiasdistrictheatingsectorcouldsave30bcm/yrto50bcm/yrof
naturalgas(IEA,2004).
The most significant barriers to energy efficiency in residential housing relate to building
standards, public behaviour and difficulties in organising and financing energy efficiency
improvementsincommonareas(WorldBank2008).
Box5.Energyefficiencytrendsinresidentialsector
11IEA 19 includes Australia,Austria,Canada,Denmark, Finland, France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea, theNetherlands, New
Zealand,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates.
Globally,residentialenergyconsumptionincreasedby20%between1990and2006;itaccountedfor
28% of TFC in 2006 and 20% of enduse sectors CO2 emissions. In Russia, residential energy
consumptiondecreasedby32%between1993and2006,andaccountedfor26%ofTFCin2006.
Detailedendusedatafortheresidentialsectorareavailablefor19IEAmembercountries,11
allowing
a deeper analysis of the factors influencing residential trends in energy consumption. The analysis
indicates that the low growth in energy requirements for space heating per capita reflects an
impressive19%improvementinenergyefficiency.Infact,efficiencyimprovementsoffsetmostofthe
increaseinenergyconsumptionarisingfromtrendstowardlargerdwellingsizesandfeweroccupants
perdwelling.The analysis also reveals a significant shift in appliances energy consumption. The share of large
appliances (e.g., refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers and clothes washers) in total appliance energy
consumptiondroppedfrom47%in1990toonly28%in2006.Increasingownershipofawiderangeof
smallappliances(e.g.personalcomputersandmobilephones)wasthekeyfactordrivingtherise in
residentialelectricityconsumptionwhichisupby41%.
Overall, residential energy consumption in these 19 IEA member countries increased by 15% since
1990;almosthalfofthisincreasewasduetothegrowthinenergyconsumptionofappliances.
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Page|19
AvailabilityofresidentialdatainRussiatodevelopindicators
Total residential energy consumption, by energy source, is available from energy balances. As
each enduse is influenced by different factors, the analysis of energy efficiency trends in the
residential sector requires, at a minimum, detailed information at the enduse level, and
associated activity data. Furthermore, as space heating is greatly influenced by climatic
conditions,notably in countries with coldclimates such asRussia,an adjustment is required to
accountfortheyearlyvariationinweatherconditions.
Fordevelopingpolicyrelevantindicatorsintheresidentialsector,thefollowingdataarerequired:
energyconsumptionbymajorendusesandbyenergysources; mainactivityvariablesforthesector,includingnumberofhouseholdsandresidentialfloorarea; information on the stock and efficiency not only of large appliances, but also of small
appliancesgiventheirgrowingimportance;and
informationonheatingandcoolingdegreedaystoadjustforweatherconditions.SomeactivitydataareavailableforRussiafromRosstatsNationalHouseholdsIncomeSurveyon
anannualbasisforseveraldecades.Theseincludenumberofhousesandfloorareabydwelling
type and year of construction, heated floor area and type of heating system. The survey also
collects informationontheaccessofhouseholdstotheelectricityandgasgrid,and ifdwellings
areconnectedtothedistrictheatingsystemorhaveindividualheatingdevices(andwhichenergy
sourceisused).
The IEA is encouraged by the new questions Rosstat included in its annual Household Budget
Survey. Starting in 2011, the survey will include questions on: additional heat sources used by
households;meteringdevices;numberandtypeoflightbulbs;numberofappliancesandyearof
acquisition;efficiencyranking;andclassoflargeappliances.Thesurvey,whichwillbeconducted
in2011,willprovidedatafor2010andbeyondforthesenewdatapoints.
Despitethesepositivedevelopments,theminimalsetofdatarequiredtodevelopenergyefficiency
indicatorsisnotavailableforRussia.Moreinformation,attheenduselevel,isnecessary.
Box6.Determiningpriorityareafordevelopingendusedata
DatathatIEAmembercountriesarerequiredtoreporttotheIEAthroughtheenergyefficiency
indicators template, as well as the number of countries that are currently able to provide the
dataarepresentedinTable3.ItalsopresentswhichdataarecurrentlyavailablefromRussia.
Even in IEA member countries, developing the data for each enduse is a challenge and can be
resource intensive (both in term of human and financial resources). The development of basic
indicatorscanhelptoidentifywhichenduseshouldbeapriorityforenergyefficiencyinitiativesand
policiesintheresidentialsectorandwheretostartintermsofdatacollectionstrategy.Oncepriority
areas are determined, efforts should first concentrate on these enduses. For example, if space
heatingisapriorityarea,thensupplementaryinformation(suchastypeofheatingdevice,insulation
of houses, age of capital stock and efficiency rating of heating equipment) could be collected to
developindepthindicators,allowingthedevelopmentoftargetedactions.
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Table3:Residentialdataneededtodevelopbasicenergyandenergyefficiencyindicators
DataneededtodevelopindicatorsNumberofIEAmember
countriesreportingthedata
Dataavailable
fromRussia
Energyconsumptionby:
Energysource 28 Yes
Enduse(andenergysource) 20 No
Spaceheating 25 No
Spacecooling 5 No
Waterheating 24 No
Cooking 23 No
Lighting 21 No
Appliances 24 No
Refrigerators 2 No
Freezers 12 No
Refrigerator/freezercombinations 13 No
Dishwashers 13 No
Clotheswashers 14 No
Clothesdryers 4 No
Television/homeentertainment 13 No
Personalcomputers/informationand
communicationtechnology5 No
Otherappliances 24 No
Totaldwellings
27 Yes
Totaloccupieddwellings 27 Yes
Totaldwellingarea 24 Yes
Stockofappliances 14 Yes
Refrigerators 1 Yes
Freezers 19 Yes
Refrigerator/freezercombinations 17 Yes
Dishwashers 15 Yes
Clotheswashers 17 Yes
Clothesdryers 5 Yes
Television/home entertainment 13 Yes
PC/informationandcommunicationtechnology 4 Yes
Average unit energy consumption of large
appliancesstock
13 No
Annualheatingdegreedays 27 No
Annualcoolingdegreedays 6 No
Note:IEAcountriescoverageindicatesthenumberofIEAmembercountriesforwhichdataarecurrentlyavailablefrom1990to2006
in the energy indicators database. Coverage for Russia is based on IEA knowledge of the data situation in Russia; which has been
validatedbytheRussianFederation.
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Page|21
Keyindicatorsfortheresidentialsector
ThedatacollectedthroughtheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatorstemplateprovideabasistobetter
understandenergyconsumptiontrendsintheresidentialsector,identifymajortrendsbyenduse
and help identify areas for further investigation. Key indicatorsthat can be developedwith the
setofdatacollectedthroughtheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatortemplateaswellasthepurpose
andlimitationofthoseenergyandenergyefficiencyindicatorsarepresentedinTable4.Forthe
buildingssector(residentialandservices),variationinweatherconditionsmayhaveanimportant
impactontrendsandlevelofenergyconsumption.Iftheindicatorsaredevelopedwithouttaking
the climatic conditions into consideration, the trends observed in aggregate indicators may be
misleading.
More indicators can be developed by coupling the information on energy use with other data
such as dwelling type, personal consumption expenditures, dwellings characteristics, energy
expendituresorresidentialenergyprices.
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Indicator Datarequired Purpose Limitat
usedasanenergyintensityindicator.
Someimportantconclusionscanbedrawn
iftheweather,ownershipofenergyusing
appliancesanddwellingareaareknown.
ENERGY
AND
ACTIVITY
IND
ICATORS
Residentialenergyconsumptionper
floorarea
Energyconsumption.
Totalfloorarea. Monitorenergyuseintheresidential
sector.
Combinedwithenergyuseperhousehold,providesusefulinsightson
whatmighthavebeenthemaindriverof
energyconsumption.
Doesdeve
Influener
Residentialenergyconsumptionby
enduse
Energyconsumptionby
enduse.
Provideanindicationofthetrendsinenergyconsumptionandtherelative
importanceofeachenduse.
Provideanindicationofpriorityareastofurtherimprovedatacollectionordevelopenergyefficiencypolicies.
Proviener
cons
Shareoflargeappliancesenergy
consumptionintotalappliance
energyconsumption
Largeappliancesenergy
consumption.
Totalappliancesenergy
consumption.
Helpunderstandtrendsinenergyconsumptionfortheappliancesenduse.
Providesanindicationofwhichsegmentoftheappliancemarketisdrivingenergy
consumption.
Allowthedevelopmentofmoretargetedpolicies.
Influeeffici
ente
level
Residentialenduseenergy
consumptionbyfloorareaor
households
Energyconsumptionby
enduse.
Numberofoccupieddwellings.
Occupiedfloorarea.
Relatedto,butnotidenticalto,theinverseofenergyefficiencies.
Usedasaproxyforenergyefficiencyinmanycountries.
Influeinclu
owne
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Page|24
Indicator Datarequired Purpose Limitat
ENERGYEFFICIENCYINDICATOR
Decompositionofchangesinenergy
use:activity,structureandintensity
effects
Energyconsumptionby
enduse.
Population. Dwellingarea. Appliance
ownership.
Peopleperdwelling.
Provideageneralunderstandingofthetrendsthatinfluencedchangeinenergy
consumption.
Quantifytheroleoftheactivity,structureandenduseintensitiesonthedevelopmentofenergyconsumption.
Doesimpa
Decompositionofchangesinspace
heatingenergyuse:conversion
efficiency,dwellingsize,useful
intensityandoccupancyeffects
Spaceheatingenergy
consumptionby
energysource.
Dwellingarea. Peopleper
dwelling.
Population.
Allowthequantification oftheusefulenergyintensityeffectontotalenergy
consumption(aproxyforenergy
efficiency).
ThisisthebestindicatorthatcanbedevelopedforspaceheatingwiththedatarequiredintheIEAenergyefficiency
indicatorstemplate.
Thiseffec
effici
hous
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Page|25
Servicesector
Theservicesector includesactivitiesrelatedtotrade,finance,realestate,publicadministration,
health,educationandcommercialservices.According to IEA data, energy consumption in Russias service sector increased over 65% during
the decade between 1998 and 2008. This is largely due to a statistical readjustment in 2005.
Notably,between2005and2008,Russiasenergyconsumptionintheservicesectorhasincreased
by17%.GiventhestrongeconomicgrowthRussiaexperienceduntil2008, it isnotsurprisingthat
itsservicesectorgrewsoquickly.TheglobalfinancialcrisisalsoaffectedRussia,andwecanexpect
aslowdown inenergyconsumptionbetween2008and2009.IfRussianenergyefficiencypolicies
areeffectivelyimplementedintothefuture,thiswillbevisibleinitsservicesector.
Box7.Energyefficiencytrendsinservicesector
Availability
of
service
data
in
Russia
to
develop
indicators
Energyconsumption,byenergysources,isavailablefortheservicesectorfromcountrysenergy
balances. The assessment of energy efficiency improvements in the service sector requires, at
minimum,datafor:
energyconsumptionbymajorendusesandbyenergysources; main activity variables for the sector including valueadded data in constant currency, floor
areaandnumberofemployees;and
informationonheatingandcoolingdegreedaystoadjustforweatherconditions.GiventhatdetailedvalueaddedandemploymentdataareavailablefromRosstatforthemining
and manufacturing sectors, it is possible that this information is also available for the services
sector(ISIC5099).Deflatorsareavailablebyservicecategory12
fromRosstatNationalAccounts
to convert the value added in current Roubles to constant Roubles. The data situation for the
service sector in Russia is at par with most IEA member countries. However, it should be
emphasisedthat,atpresent,theseriouslackofdetaileddatainthissectoracrossallIEAmember
countriesmakesitdifficulttoanalysetrendsinserviceenergyconsumption.
Astheservicesectoronlyaccountsfor8%ofTFCinRussia,andgiventhedatalimitationsinthe
residential andtransportsector, the IEAdoesnot think that serviceshould bethepriorityarea
fordatacollection.
12 Bulk and retail trade, maintenance of automobile transport, motorcycles, household goods, and personal items, hotels and
restaurants,transportandcommunications,financialactivities,realestateoperations,rentalandprovidingservices,stategovernance
anddefence,socialsecurity,education,healthcareandsocialservices,othermunicipal,publicandpersonalservices.
Globally, service is, with transport, the fastestgrowing sector with an associated 39% increase inenergyconsumptionbetween1990and2006.In2006,servicesaccountedfor9%ofTFCand12%of
enduse sectors CO2 emissions. Economic activity is the main driver of energy consumption in the
servicesector;itisrepresentedbythelevelofvalueaddedoutput.Inrecentyears,highereconomic
activityhasledtoincreasesinthestockofcommercialbuildingsandtomorepeoplebeingemployed
inthesector.Bothofthesefactorsincreasedemandforenergyservices.
At present, a serious lack of detailed data makes it difficult to analyse trends in service energy
consumption in mostcountries.Thedata available show a rapid increase inelectricity consumption
andacorrespondingreductionintheshareoffossilfueluse.
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Data that IEA member countries are required to report through the IEA energy efficiency
template, as well as the number of countries that are currently able to provide the data, are
presented in Table 5. The information collected is used to develop basic energy indicators to
explainthechangesinenergyconsumptionoveraperiodoftime.
Thisbasicsetofdataisonlyastartingpoint.Itwouldallowtheserviceenergyconsumptiontobeadjustedforweatherconditions,andwouldprovideapreliminaryanalysisofthemainconsuming
enduses. Collecting this information by type of building (health, schools, warehouses, etc.)
would support an analysis of the structure of the service sector and allow the development of
detailedindicatorsthatwouldfacilitatepolicydevelopment.
Table5:Servicedataneededtodevelopbasicenergyandenergyefficiencyindicators
DataneededtodevelopindicatorsNumberofIEAmember
countriesreportingthedataDataavailablefromRussia
Energyconsumptionby:
Energysource 28 Yes
Enduse 3 No
Spaceheating(andbyenergysource) 3 No
Spacecooling 3 No
Lighting 2 No
Other(andbyenergysource) 3 No
Totalservicefloorarea 27 No
Floorareaaddition 27 Yes
Numberof
employees 24 Yes
Servicesvalueadded 14 No
Annualheatingdegreedays 27 No
Annualcoolingdegreedays 6 No
Note:IEAcountriescoverageindicatesthenumberofIEAmembercountriesforwhichdataarecurrentlyavailablefrom1990to2006
in the energy indicators database. Coverage for Russia is based on IEA knowledge of the data situation in Russia; which has been
validatedbytheRussianFederation.
Keyindicatorsfortheservicesector
Intheabsenceofdetailedinformationonenergyconsumption,activityandotherrelevantdata,
onlygeneral indicatorscanbecalculatedfortheservicesector.Someofthekey indicatorsthat
can be developed with the data reported in the template are presented in Table 6. The table
does not present indicators at the enduse level (which would be similar to those in the
residentialsector)asonlyaverylimitednumberofcountriescanreportthisinformation.
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Transportsector
TransportenergyconsumptioninRussiaisavailablefromtheenergybalance.However,itisnot
disaggregatedbytransportsegment(passengerandfreight).Asaresult,itisdifficulttomakeany
conclusions on the energy consumption trends in Russias passenger transport sector. AnyMoscovite can agree that since the early 1990s individual automotive vehicle ownership in
Moscow has skyrocketed, as evidenced by the major daily trafficjams. Other major cities in
Russiahaveexperiencedsimilartrends,butMoscowisbyfarthemoststriking.
Intermsofthetransportsectoroverall includingbothpassengerandfreightandallmodesof
transport as reported in Russias energy balance, the transport sector saw its energy
consumptiondroptoitslowestpointin1997atlessthan2800PJ.In1998,energyconsumption
inRussiastransportsectorjumpedover16%,asignofthehugeeconomicrecoverywhichbegan
in the second half of that year. Over the period from 1998 to 2008, energy consumption in
Russiastransportsectorincreased25%.
Passengertransportsector
Passengertransportincludesthemovementofpeoplebyroad,rail,waterandair.Roadtransport
isfurther subdivided into lightdutyvehicles (LDV) andbuses. Onlydomestic airand waterare
included;internationalairandwatertravelarenotcovered.
Box8.Energyefficiencytrendsinpassengertransportsector
AvailabilityofpassengertransportdatainRussiatodevelopindicatorsInmanycountries,passengertransportrepresentsasignificantandgrowingshareoftotalenergy
consumption. In order to develop useful energy efficiency indicators in this sector, a large
numberofdataarerequired.IntheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatorstemplate,theminimalsetof
datarequiredtodevelopindicatorsinclude:
Energyconsumptionbytransportationmode; Informationonthepassengertransportationfleetbymode(stockofvehicles);13
IEA19includesAustralia,Austria,Canada,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,New
Zealand,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.
Global passenger transport energy consumption data are not available from a countrys energy
balances, as energy balances reportonly total transportation. As a result, analysis ofthe sectorcan
be performed for only 19 IEA member countries.
13
For those 19 countries, passenger transportenergyconsumptionbetween1990and2006increasedby24%,withthesharesofthevariousmodes
remaining quite stable. Lightduty vehicles are, by far, the largest energy consumer, accounting for
87%oftheenergyconsumption.
Passengerkilometres (pkm) and the efficiency of passenger transport modes (energy consumption
perpkm)arethetwomaindeterminantsofenergyconsumption. Bothareaffectedbyawiderange
of interacting factors such as: occupancy rate of vehicles; distance travelled; density of population;
vehicleownership;incomelevelsofdrivers;localtransportpolicies;andpriceoffuel.Indicatorsthat
canbebuiltwithavailabledatafromtheIEAenergyefficiencyindicatorstemplateshowthatonlyone
factor helped to restrain growth in road transport energy demand: energy efficiency. Energy
efficiencyforLDVsimprovedby6%since1990.
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Passengerkilometresbymode;and Vehiclekilometresbymode.TransportenergyconsumptioninRussiaisonlyavailablefromtheenergybalance;thesedataare
disaggregatedbymode(road,rail,waterandair)butnotbytransportsegment(passengerand
freight).Asaresult,itiscurrentlynotpossibletodevelopindicatorsforthissector.
Most activity data are available from Rosstat and disseminated in the publications Main
IndicatorsofTransportPerformancesinRussia(Rosstat,2010a)andTransportinRussia(Rosstat,
2010b). For passenger transport, available information includes passengerkilometres, vehicle
kilometresandvehiclestockforbuses,trainsandairplanes.InformationforLDVisnotavailable.
As LDV generally represents the most important transportation mode, priority should focus on
collectingactivitydataforthistransportationmode.
Activity variables are equally important for developing indicators. As is the case for energy
consumption, activity data can be collected or estimated through different means. Different
countries are adopting different strategies to collect or develop passenger transport energy
consumption and activity data: survey targeting households for LDVs; collecting informationthroughfleetmanagersoroperatorsforbusesandtrains;anddevelopingmodellinganalysisto
estimate energy consumption. The strategy adopted depends on several factors such as the
availabilityofdatadrivingenergyconsumption,theexistenceofsurveysthatcanbeamendedto
includemorequestions,etc.
The IEA identified potential sources of data that can constitute a starting point for estimating
energy consumption by mode in the passenger transport sector, such as data available from
administrative sources e.g. vehicle registration, information collected during the mandatory car
annualverification,anddataavailablefromresearchinstitutes.Giventhenatureofadministrative
data,thecollectionofinformationfromthissourcemayrequire(asisthecaseinsomeIEAmember
countries)anofficialagreementbetweenallthepartiesinvolvedtosupportanadequateuseofthe
informationandensurethattheconfidentialityofinformationismaintained.
Data that member countries are required to report to the IEA through the energy efficiency
indicatortemplate,thenumberofcountriesthatarecurrentlyabletoprovidethedataaswell
asthedatacurrentlyavailablefromRosstatarepresentedinTable7.Theinformationcollected
isusedtodevelopbasicindicatorstoexplainthechangesinenergyconsumptionoveraperiod
of time. Countries would benefit by complementing the data requested in the template with
moredetailedinformationon,forexample,thevehiclestockturnover,size/classofvehicleand
travelpatterns.
KeyindicatorsforthepassengertransportsectorNumerous indicators, providing useful information to better understand the trends in energy
consumptionandenergyefficiency,canbedevelopedwiththeminimalsetofdataavailablefrom
theIEAenergyefficiency indicatorstemplate.Thekey indicatorsarepresented inTable8along
withanexplanationoftheirpurposeandlimitations.
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Table7:Passengertransportdataneededtodevelopbasicenergyandenergyefficiencyindicators
DataneededtodevelopindicatorsNumberofIEAmember
countriesreportingthedataDataavailablefromRussia
Energyconsumptionby:
Energysource 25 Yes
Transportationmode 21 No
Cars, Sport utility vehicles (SUVs)
andpersonallighttrucks22 No
Motorcyclesandthreewheelers 10 No
Buses 22 No
Passengertrain 24 No
Domesticpassengerairplane 23 No
Domesticpassengerships 5 No
Passengerkilometres
by:
20 No
Cars,SUVsandpersonallighttrucks 26 No
Motorcyclesandthreewheelers 6 No
Buses 23 Yes
Passengertrain 25 Yes
Domesticpassengerairplane 20 Yes
Domesticpassengerships 4 Yes
Vehiclekilometresby: No
Cars,SUVsandpersonallighttrucks 23 No
Motorcyclesandthreewheelers 11 No
Buses 19 No
Passengertrain 2 No
Domesticpassengerairplane 3 No
Domesticpassengerships 1 No
Vehiclestocksby:
Cars,SUVsandpersonallighttrucks 26 No
Motorcyclesandthreewheelers 24 Yes
Buses 25 Yes
Passengertrain 0 Yes
Domesticpassengerairplane 0 No
Domesticpassengerships 1 No
Note:IEAcountriescoverageindicatesthenumberofIEAmembercountriesforwhichdataarecurrentlyavailablefrom1990to2006
in the energy indicators database. Coverage for Russia is based on IEA knowledge of the data situation in Russia; which has been
validatedbytheRussianFederation.
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Freighttransportsector
Freight transport includes the domestic movement of goods by road, rail, air and ships water.
Transportthroughpipelinesisexcluded.
Box9.Energyefficiencytrendsinfreighttransportsector
AvailabilityoffreighttransportdatainRussiatodevelopindicatorsInordertodevelopusefulenergyandenergyefficiencyindicators inthissector,alargenumber
of data are required. In the IEA energy efficiency indicators template, the minimal set of data
requiredtodevelopindicatorsinclude:
Energyconsumptionbytransportationmode; Informationonthefreighttransportationfleetbymode(stockofvehicles); Tonnekilometresbymode;and Loadfactorsbymode.TransportenergyconsumptioninRussiaisavailableonlyfromtheenergybalance;thesedataare
disaggregatedbymode(road,rail,waterandair)butnotbytransportsegment(passengerand
freight). As a result, it is currently not possible to develop indicators for the freight transport
sector. It is essential to collect or develop the energy consumption information to develop
indicators. As is the case in the passenger transport segment, different countries are adopting
different strategies to collect or develop this information such as usage of truck fuel meter;
collectinginformationthroughfleetmanagersoroperators;anddevelopingmodellinganalysisto
estimateenergyconsumption.Thestrategyadopteddependsonseveralfactors.
Activity variables are equally important for developing indicators. While tonnekilometres
providethebasisfordevelopingfreighttransport indicators, it is importanttocomplementthis
information with load factors (as there is a strong correlation between changes in load factors
and changes in the intensity of truck freight haulage) and stock of vehicles. As is the case for
energyconsumption,activitydatacanbecollectedorestimatedthroughdifferentmeans.
14WhileairfreighttransportdataarerequestedintheIEAindicatorsdatabase,theanalysisexcludesthismodebecauseoflackof
dataseparating domesticandinternationaljourney.15
IEA 19 includesAustralia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,
NewZealand,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.
Asisthecasewithpassengertransport,freighttransport14
energyconsumptiondataarenotavailable
fromcountryenergybalancesandtheanalysiscanbeperformedonlyfor19IEAmembercountries.15
For these 19 countries, freight transport energy consumption increased by 31% between 1990 and
2006. Trucks are by far the largest energy user, accounting for 83% of the overall freight transport
energyconsumptionin2006.
Theenergyintensitiesoftrucks,trainsandshipsvarysignificantly.Forthe19countriesforwhichthe
information isavailable,trainsare themostenergyefficientmodeoffreighttransport.Onaverage,
for the 19 countries, it requires 10 times less energy to transport one tonne of goods over one
kilometre by train than by truck. The difference in intensity between modes has important
implications for energy consumptiontrends: because of itsmuchhigherenergy intensity, growth in
truckfreighthaulagedrivesupenergyconsumptionmuchmorequicklythangrowthintrainsorships.
Consequently, efforts to reduce the intensity of trucking will lead to higher energy savings than
reductionsintrainsandships.Importantenergysavingscanalsobeachievedbyincreasingtheshare
ofrail,shipsandairinfreighttransport.
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Table9:Freighttransportdataneededtodevelopbasicenergyandenergyefficiencyindicators
DataneededtodevelopindicatorsNumberofIEAmember
countriesreportingthedata
Dataavailablefrom
Russia
Energyconsumptionby:
Energysource 24 No
Transportationmode 21 No
Freightandcommercialroad
transport
22 No
Freighttrains 4 No
Domesticfreightairplanes 5 No
Domesticfreightships 22 No
Freighttonnekilometres16
by: 24 Yes
Freightandcommercialroadtransport 19 Yes
Freighttrains 0 Yes
Domesticfreightairplanes 0 Yes
Domesticfreightships 0 Yes
Freighttonnestransport17
by: Yes
Freightandcommercialroadtransport 6 Yes
Freighttrains 5 Yes
Domesticfreightairplanes 4 Yes
Domesticfreightships 3 Yes
Vehiclekilometresby:
Freightandcommercialroadtransport 20 No
Freighttrains 3 No
Domesticfreightairplanes 0 No
Domesticfreightships 0 No
Vehiclestocks18
by:
Freightandcommercialroadtransport 25 Yes
Freighttrains 0 Yes
Domesticfreightairplanes 0 No
Domesticfreightships 0 No
Note:IEAcountriescoverageindicatesthenumberofIEAmembercountriesforwhichdataarecurrentlyavailablefrom1990to2006
in the energy indicators database. Coverage for Russia is based on IEA knowledge of the data situation in Russia; which has been
validatedbytheRussianFederation.
ActivitydataareavailablefromRosstatanddisseminated inthepublicationsMainIndicatorsof
TransportPerformancesinRussia(Rosstat,2010a)andTransportinRussia(Rosstat,2010b).The
16Coversonlylargecompanies;smalltruckingfirmsandindividualownersarenotincluded.
17Coversonlylargecompanies;smalltruckingfirmsandindividualownersarenotincluded.
18Coversonlylargecompanies;smalltruckingfirmsandindividualownersarenotincluded.
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Table10:Keyindicatorstounderstandtrendsinenergyandenergyefficiencyinfreighttransport
Indicator Datarequired Purpose Limitation
ENER
GYAND
ACTIVITYINDICATORS
Shareoftonne
kilometresby
mode
Freighttransporttonnekilometresbymode.
Provideassessmentofthechangeintheshareofmodes.
Provideusefulqualitativeinformationonactivitytrendsinthesector.
Providequalitativeinformationonhowchangeinactivityinfluencechangeinenergy
consumption.
Onlyactivitydenergyefficien
Tonnekilometasavailability
typeofgoods
thecountry.
Energyuseper
tonne
kilometreby
transportation
mode
Freighttransportenergyconsumptionbymode.
Freighttransporttonnekilometresbymode.
Energyintensitiesbymodearemeaningfulsummaryindicators.
Intensitiescanbeusedtohelpdeveloptransportationenergypolicies.
Stillaffectedbefficiencysuch
factors.
Maymaskimpsegment.
Truckaverage
loadpervehicle
Truckaverageloadpervehicle.
Helpexplainthechangesintruckenergyconsumptionpertonnekilometres.
Strongcorrelationbetweenchangesinloadfactorsandchangesintheenergyintensityof
truckfreighthaulage.
Thisindicator,indicationont
Theaveragelocompositiono
ENERGYEFFIC
IENCYINDICATOR Decomposition
ofchangesin
energyuse:
activity,
structureand
intensity
effects.
Freighttransportenergyconsumptionbymode.
Freighttransporttonnekilometresbymode.
Quantifythefactorsinfluencingchangeinenergyconsumption.
Doesnotprovchangeinthe
transportmod
Moredetailedstrongindicato
energyefficien
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Conclusionsandnextsteps
Developing, applying and deriving benefit from energy efficiency indicators implies a longterm
commitment to collecting and analysing a broader range of energy data. Many IEA member
governments have taken decades to establish effective and leastcost data collection systemsbased on strong coordination among the main statistical agency and other departments and
agenciesandtheprivatesector.
The IEA is keen to continue its work with Russia in this area. Given the political momentum
generated by the presidents ambitious energy efficiency goals, the time is ripe for a push
forward on developing such a coordinated system of data collection for energy efficiency
indicators.Moreover,thereisnowanincreasingandrealisticunderstandingoftheavailabilityof
dataneeded(andthegapsindata)tounderpintheprovisionofenergyefficiencyindicators.
AkeymessagetheIEAhasbeenpromotingindiscussionswithRussiancounterpartsistheneed
toprioritiserequirementsforenergyefficiencyindicators.Specifically,theIEArecommendsthat
this be done in consultation between energy experts (who are involved in the design,implementation and monitoring of energy efficiency policies) and statistical and analytical
experts (who are responsible for the collection and analysis of data). Currently, data collectors
areoverwhelmedbytheproposalsforcollectionofmanydifferentdata.Moreover,thecreation
ofanoverlylargeandcomplexsystemofenergyefficiencyindicatorsmayprovetohavealimited
value added. At this early stage, Russia may derive greater value from a more simple set of
indicators that concentrate on key aspects of energy efficiency in high energy intensity sectors
suchasindustry,transportandresidential.
While the clear commitment at the highest political level in Russia for substantial energy
efficiencyiswidelyrecognised,thereisnotyetconsensusonthekeyindicatorsneededbythose
developing energy efficiency policy and monitoring its implementation. Given the crossagency
natureofenergyefficiencyindicators,itmaybebeneficialtoformacrossgovernmentalworkinggroupto improvecoordination.Theworkinggroupshould ideally includeallthemajorplayers,
including government departments and institutions, and, where appropriate, research
institutionsandtradebodies(particularlywheretheseholdrelevantdataoranalyticalexpertise).
Therecouldbebenefitinaconcretefocus,forexample,suchashavingtheworkinggroupinitially
explorecoordinationneedsinRussiastransportsector,whichtheIEAfoundtohavethelargest
data gaps. Russia is not unique in this respect: the transport sector is one of the most difficult
sector inwhichtocollectreliabledata.TheIEAhassingledouttheapproachesofNewZealand
and the United Kingdom as best practice examples; both countries have published reports19
outliningtheirdatacollectionsysteminthissector.
Thiscrossgovernmentalworkinggroupshouldtake intoaccountwide internationalexperience,including that of the IEA, the European Union and individual countries. A coordinating body
couldbeidentifiedtotaketheleadonthis,suchastheRussianEnergyAgency.
The IEA stands ready to continue working with Russia in this important area to ensure the
effective implementation of its Law on Energy Efficiency and the achievement of its ambitious
energyefficiencygoals.
19 Transport Statistics Great Britain, Department of Transport, 2009 Edition; and NewZealand Transport Statistics, Ministry of
Transport,July2009.
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AnnexA.TheIEAindicatorapproach
Governments around the world are facing the complex and interlinked challenges of reducing
energy consumption and associated GHG emissions while also meeting economic development
goals. There is a growing recognition that improving energy efficiency is often the mosteconomic,provenandreadilyavailablemeanstodothis.
Trackingtrendsinenergyefficiencyisnotaneasytask.Whileoverallenergyconsumptionmaybe
increasingduetorobustGDPgrowthand/oranexpandingpopulation,energyefficiencymaywell
be improving. Energy efficiency is only one of a number of factors that impact energy use. As
such, it is possible to have improving energy efficiency while still seeing increases in energy
consumption. Some factors that may cause (explain) growth in energy consumption include:
populationgrowth;acolderorwarmerthanusualwinter;achangeinstructureoftheindustrial
sector; an increase in wealth (as measured by GDP per capita); an increase in the level of
ownershipofappliancesand/orequipment;andachangeinconsumerbehaviourorpreferences.
Disentangling these various factors that drive and restrain energy use is the key purpose of
energyindicators.Inthisrespect,energyindicatorsprovidepolicymakerswiththetoolstomake
informed policydecisions to target the key enduse area or consumer behaviourthat isdriving
energyconsumption.
ThebenefitsoftheIEAapproach
The IEA indicator approach uses a pyramid that portrays a hierarchy of energy indicators from
mostdetailed(atthebottomofthepyramid)to leastdetailed(atthetopofthepyramid).This
illustrates conceptually how the most detailed and disaggregated data and indicators can be
combined to reveal the more aggregated ones higher up on the pyramid. This hierarchy is
important because it shows how detailed changes (which may be the result of policies,technological progress, structural reform or behavioural change) can be linked to higher order,
moreaggregatequantities,showing how the formeraffects the latter.With thishierarchy,one
can better explain more aggregate changes in energy use in terms of components and more
carefullychoosethedepthofanalysisrequired.Thishierarchywillbedifferentfromcountryto
countryasitdependsonthedataavailabilityandthequestionsthatneedtobeanswered.
Examples: The five most energy intensive industrial sectors are pulp and paper, chemicals and
petrochemicals, ironandsteel,cementandaluminium.Becauseoftheirmuchhigherenergy
intensity, growth in these industrial sectors will drive up energy consumption much morequicklythangrowthinlessintensivesectors.Forexampleanincreaseincement,usingabout
20Megajoules(MJ)perunitofGDP,willhaveamuchbiggerimpactonenergyconsumption
thananincreaseinthefabricationofmetalproducts,usinglessthan5MJperunitofGDP.
In the iron and steel sector, a relative decrease in the use of open hearth furnace (a veryintensiveprocess)willhaveadownwardeffectonenergyconsumption.Soadecreaseinthe
iron and steel intensity (in terms of energy use per unit of production) will not necessarily
indicate an improvement in energy efficiency in a particular production process: it can be
causedbyaswitchofproductionfromopenhearthfurnacestoblastfurnaces.
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TheIEAindicatorpyramid
Thetoprowofthepyramid(themostaggregateindicator)isdefinedastheratioofenergyusetogrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Alternatively,itcouldbedefinedastheratioofenergyuseto
anothermacroeconomicvariable,suchaspopulation.
The second row of elements can be defined as the energy intensity of each major sector, asmeasuredbyenergyuseperunitofactivityineachsector.
Lower rows represent the subsectors or enduses that make up each sector and progressivelyprovidemoredetaile.g.characterisingparticularprocessesorappliances.
Joiningeachlevelofenergyintensitiesarestructuralvariablesthatindicatehowtoweightthese
intensitiestoformamoreaggregateparameterofintensityoruse.Descendinglowerdownthe
pyramidrequiresmoredataandmorecomplexanalysistoreaggregatebackuptoahigherlevel.
However, each descentalso provides a better measure of technical energy efficiency defined
foraspecifictechnology,processand/orenduse,butalsorequiredmoredata.
FigureA.1:TheIEAindicatorpyramid
Note:Indicatorsshownarejustonexampleamongthoseavailable.
Degree
ofdisa
ggregation
TFC/GDP
Sectoralenergy
intensity
Enduseenergyintensity
Unitenergyconsumption
Aggregated
indicatorsIEAstatistics
Disaggregatedindicators IEAindicatordatabase
Process/appliance
indicators
LimitedIEA
indicators
D a t a requirement
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Exampleofindicatorpyramid:IndustrysectorTheindustrysectorcoversthemanufactureoffinishedgoodsandproducts,miningandquarrying
of raw materials, and construction. Power generation, refineries and the distribution of
electricity,gasandwaterareexcluded.
The industrialpyramidshowshowthissectorcanbedisaggregatedandthedifferent indicators
thatcanbeusedateachlevel(FigureA.2).Thisisonlyanillustrationandmaynotberelevantfor
allcountries.
FigureA.2:Industrysectorpyramid
Note:Russiahasverydetailedenergyandproductionstatisticsforindustry.However, it isnotpossibletoaggregatethemtohigher
levels in the pyramid due to lack of associated GDP data in constant currency. For IEA countries, the IEA database contains
informationatLevel2for21membercountriesintheindustrialsector.Somecountrieshavemoredetailedinformationthanwhatis
availableintheIEAdatabase.
Level1:EnergyuseperGDP.
Structureadjustedintensity.
Level2:Energyuseperunitofpr