Safety Strategy for Nuclear Fuel Cyclein the Russian Federation
October 15th, 2007
Wilmington NC
Prof. Leonid Bolshov,
Director
РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУКИнститут проблем безопасного развития атомной энергетики
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCESNuclear Safety Institute (IBRAE)
2
Current state of safety in Russian nuclear industry
Nuclear power :
• Improved NPP safety and reliability;
• Accumulated of SNF and RW;
• Decommissioning started.
NFC facilities:
• Nuclear legacy;
• Spent fuel in temporary storages;
• RW accumulated;
• Decommissioning started.
3
Current State of SNF/RW Management in Russian Federation
In 2006, the RF National Report ”On Liabilities under Joint Convention on
Safe Management of Spent Fuel/Radioactive Waste” was compiled
and published.
The Report can be accessed at: http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/conventions/russian-federation-national-report.pdf
The Report was reviewed at the Second Meeting of the Contracting parties in Vienna
on May 15-24, 2006.
4
SNF/RW: Accumulated Issues
• Defense-related activity of nuclear facilities(sizable volumes of RW, environmental contamination);
• Pioneer projects in nuclear power generation (SNF/RW);
• Nuclear power (SNF from RBMK, RW);
• Naval activity in the Northwest / Far East(submarines, SNF, RW, cleaning, etc.);
• Large accidents (1957, 1986).
5
SNF Management
• Total SNF volume in the Russian Federation amounts to 18,400 tons.
• As of January 1,2006, there were 12,350 tons of SNF in the NPP repositories, including 10,288 tons of RBMK SNF.
• SNF from the RBMK/ EPG reactors is stored in the NPP repositories.
• SNF from the VVER-1000 reactors is stored in the reactor storage pools and is removed after three years of cooling for centralized wet storage at the Krasnoyarsk MCC.
• SNF from the VVER-440/ BN-600 is transported to the Mayak facility for reprocessing.
• SNF from the AMB reactors of the Beloyarsk NPP is stored at the plant (5,000 SFA) and at the Mayak facility (2,200 SFA).
6
SNF Placement
Facility Fuel Type SNF Quantity,
metric tonsFacility Type
Nuclear Power Plants
Kola NPP VVER-440 116 Storage
Novovoronezh NPP VVER-440 745
VVER-1000 133
Balakovo NPP VVER-1000 407
Volgodon NPP VVER-1000 84
Kalinin NPP VVER-1000 189
Kursk NPP VVER-1000 3,808
Leningrad NPP VVER-1000 4,240
Smolensk NPP VVER-1000 2,240
Beloyarsk NPP BN-600 47
Beloyarsk NPP AMB 192
Bilibino NPP EGP-6 136
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Mayak Facility VVER-440+AMB 360Reprocessing Facility, Storage
MCC (FGUP GHK) VVER-1000 4,300 Storage
IPPE (Obninsk) NPP 12 Storage
- to be continued -
7
SNF PlacementNuclear Power Installation
Facility Fuel Assemblies Facility Type
Murmansk Steamship Line, Floating Technical Base “Lepse” 639 Storage
Murmansk Steamship Line, Floating Technical Base “Lotta” 3,768
Murmansk Steamship Line, Floating Technical Base “Imandra” 1,134
Research Reactors
Facility Reactor Facility Type
Kurchatov Institute MR, IR-8 Storage
Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (GNZ-RF-FEI) AM-1, BR-10
FSUE IRM IBB-2
Scientific Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (NIIAR)MIR.M1, SM-3, RBT-10/2, BOR-60, VK-50, KORO
PINPh named by B.P.Konstantinov RAS (Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute) PWR-m Storage
Branch FSUE «Karpov IPC»( Karpov Physical and Chemical Research Institute) PWR-ts
MIPhI (Moscow Physical Engineering Institute) IRT
SSU « TPU SRI NF» (Nuclear Physics Research Institute) IRT-T
8
Accumulated RW
• 93.7% of all accumulated liquid RW is low level waste.
• The basic amount of liquid RW is located at the Mayak facility/ the SCC and is not isolated from the facility’s environment (i.e. special industrial basins and accumulation vessels).
• The major part of liquid intermediate level waste (85%) is isolated from the environment and is concentrated at the enterprises, such as the SCC, the MCC and the NIIAR.
• All liquid high level RW are isolated from the environment.
• The major part of solid RW is low level waste available at the enterprises, such as the PMCPA(72%), JSC “Hydrometallurgical Works”(19%) and the CMP(4.6%).
• The major part of accumulated high level waste is vitrified waste, fuel pin claddings, contaminated equipment, and spent radionuclide sources available at the Mayak facility and in the SCC. This RW is stored in specialized buildings/ structures and is isolated from the environment.
• Apart from it, the operational life of 115,000 Ionizing radiation sources has expired.
9
Annually Generated RW
• The enterprises being outside Rosatom structure store less than 0.2% of liquid RW and about 97.7% of solid RW (by mass).
• In 2004, the enterprises being within Rosatom jurisdiction generated 4.3 mln.m3 of liquid RW of total activity of 3.72*1018Bq.
• About 96% of the total activity of RW generated during this year is represented by liquid RW.
• The basic amount of generated liquid RW (about 4 mln. m3) is low level RW.
• At present, NPPs and nuclear facilities are the main source of generating and accumulating new RW.
10
Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations
Operating Facility NI type Year of Shut-down
Nuclear Power Plants
Beloyarsk NPP AMB-100AMB-200
19811989
Novovoronezh NPP PWR-210PWR-365
19841990
Research Reactors
ITEP TVR ITEP 1987
NIIAR ACT-1 2000
NIIP (Research Institute of Devices)
VVRL-02VVRL-03IIN-3M
200320032005
IPPE AM-1BR-10
19991999
NITI named by A.P.Alexandrov PPUPPU
20042004
11
Data Sources with Regard to SNF/RW Issue: Minatom/Rosatom Safety Reports for the Years 2001-2005
Public Information
12
Development of Activities to Mitigate Nuclear Legacy in 2000-2006
• Raising the volumes of activities on nuclear submarine recycling;
• Efforts to solve the accumulated issues of single facilities (for instance, the Mayak);
• Developing a complex approach to, as well as the programs related to the Strategic Master Plan-1/ Plan-2 and the Federal Target Program for nuclear/ radiation safety;
• Recovery of the demand for nuclear power.
13
Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning, Management of SNF Removed from Submarines,
Surface Vessels and Ice-breakers
Decommissioned nuclear submarines
Non-dismantled nuclear submarines
Submarines with unloaded SNF
14
Nuclear Submarine Dismantling
15
Andreeva Bay, Murmansk Region
16
Implementation of Actions on Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning within the Scope of Global Partnership
“Chemical weapons destruction, decommissioning of the retired nuclear submarines or fission
material, as well as hiring the former weapons scientists are among our priority tasks.
We undertake the obligation to allocate up to 20 billion USD for such projects for
the next ten years.”
(From the statement of the G-8 leaders, Canada, Cananaskis, June 27, 2002)
17
18
Functional Temporary Flow Chart for Recycling of Nuclear Submarines, Surface Vessels with Nuclear Installations, Vessels of Civil Atomic Fleet and Nuclear Service Vessels, as well as for
Remediation of Radiation-hazard Sites for the period of 2005 - 2015
RW management
SRWLRW
SR
W iso
lati
on
an
d t
ran
sfe
r fo
r
ult
imate
dis
po
sal
Deve
lop
men
t
of
SR
W
man
ag
em
en
t
pro
ject
an
d
furt
her
use
NS, NPSS, SY CMB
Sh
ipm
en
t fo
r re
pro
ce
ssin
g
LR
W r
ep
roces
sin
g, S
RW
co
nd
itio
nin
g
SR
W s
ort
ing
Pre
pa
rin
g,
load
ing
in
RU,
RC
Lo
ng-
term
sto
rag
e in
RU,
RC
Rem
ova
l o
f S
RW
fro
m s
tora
ge
facilit
ies,
so
rtin
g
ou
t,
pre
para
tio
n
an
d t
ran
sfe
r fo
r
lon
g-te
rm s
tora
ge
Development of
project of
regional
reprocessing and
long-term storage
center
Concept of
ultimateisolation of RW
Selection ofultimate
isolation site
Development of
regional
repositoryproject
Construction of
regionalrepository for
ultimateisolation
Construction of
regional
reprocessing and
long-term storage
center
SRW receipt
for long-term
storage
HCS management
HCS Class I
Development of a complex for sorting and reprocessing
on HCS of Classes I-III
Co
llecti
on
an
d
tem
po
rary
sto
rag
e
HCS Class II HCS Class III HCS Class IV
Re
pro
ce
-s
sin
g
pro
ject
Co
llecti
on
an
d
tem
po
rary
sto
rag
e
Re
pro
ce
-s
sin
g
pro
ject
Co
llecti
on
an
d
tem
po
rary
sto
rag
e
Re
pro
ce
-ss
ing
pro
ject
So
rtin
g
Rep
roc
essin
g
Re
ad
y-m
ad
e u
nit
s
Tem
po
rary
dis
po
sa
l
HC
S u
ltim
ate
dis
po
sal
Rea
dy-
mad
e u
nit
s
So
rtin
g
Rep
rocessin
g
Sh
ipm
en
t to
cit
y d
um
p
Building of
the complex
Building of
HCSstorage
facility
Project of complex
for sorting, re-use,disposal
Project of
ultimate
disposal
SNF management
SN
F r
ep
roce
ssin
g, R
W c
on
dit
ion
ing
an
d t
heir
iso
lati
on
SNF of CMB (Andreeva Bay,Gremikha)
SNF of NS with LMC
(Gremikha)SNF of NS with VVR and NPSS
Un
load
ing
Tem
po
rary
sto
rag
e
PA
Mayak
Navy MSC
Lo
ad
ing
in
TU
K,
form
ing
railtr
ain.
Sh
ipm
en
t to
PA
Mayak
Un
load
ing
of
SN
F f
rom
NI
Временное хранение ОЯТ
на ПТБ
Bu
ild
ing
of
LS
F a
t R
TP
Ato
mfl
ot
Tem
po
rary
sto
rag
e o
f S
NF
at
FM
B
Resto
rati
on
of
infr
astr
uc
ture
for
SR
C
un
load
ing
an
d
sto
rag
e
SR
C
un
load
ing
an
d s
tora
ge
Dra
ftin
g o
f F
S,
dev
elo
pm
en
t o
f
pro
jec
t fo
r S
RC
ma
nag
em
en
t
Cre
ati
on
of
infr
as
tru
ctu
re
for
SN
F r
em
ov
al
fro
m S
RC
Sh
ipm
en
t
of
SN
F t
o
PA
Mayak
IER
S
of
SN
F
Cre
ati
on
of
infr
astr
uctu
re
for
de
fec
tive
SN
F
man
ag
em
en
t
Sh
ipm
en
t o
f
defe
cti
ve S
NF
to
PA
Ma
yak
Pro
jec
t fo
r
bu
ild
ing
in
frastr
uc
ture
for
SN
F
man
ag
em
en
t
Sh
ipm
en
t o
f c
on
dit
ion
ed
SN
F t
o P
A M
ayak
RW
2005 06 07 08 09 2010 11 12 13 14 2015 г.
Storage afloat, towing to SY, acceptance and
preparing for decommissioning
NS decommissioning
SNF
RW
HCS
Ready-made units
RU (RC)
TSF
RW
HCS
RC
NS
decommissioning
LSF
LSF
construction
project
Restoration of SRC
unloading
infrastructure
SRCunloading
Retirement from Navy
Ready-made units
Ready-made units
RW
Decommissioning
Sealing, storage at TSF, towing to SY,preparing for decommissioning
RW removal
Storage afloat at CMB
Retirement from Navy
RI
HCS
RW
Decommissioning
Sealing, storage at TSF, towing to SY,
preparing for decommissioning
RW removal
Storage afloat at CMB
Retirement from Navy
RI
Ready-made
units
HCS
RW
SNF
Decommissioning
Pro
ject
Res
tora
tio
n o
f in
fra
str
uctu
re a
nd
pro
vis
ion
s f
or
pers
on
nel sa
fety
. IE
RS
of
bu
ild
ing
s,
str
uc
ture
s a
nd
terr
ito
rie
s, co
mp
ila
tio
n o
f d
ata
base
on
SN
F a
nd
RW
Development and
implementation of measures to
bring to normal the radiation
situation in SNF and RW
storage facilities
Rehabilitation of:
buildings
storage facilities
territories
water areas
SNF
RW
Ready-made units
Achieving permissible
radiation levels and
concentrations of man-made
radionuclides in soil
HCS
Decommissioning
Ready-made units
RW
Decommissioning
Project
Storage afloat
RI
Ready-made units
HCS
RW
Sealing, storage
RW
SNF
Taking out of operation
Taking out of operation
Taking out of operation
Storage afloat
Decommissioning
SNF
RW
HCS
Ready-made units
RI
Repair,museum
SNF unloading from
Lepse
SNF
RW
De
co
mm
iss
ion
ing
RW
HC
SR
IR
MU
RW removal
Retu
rn o
f
mate
rial fo
r
re-u
se
RU forming at SY Nerpa
Ready-made
units
SNF removal
SR
W
SR
W t
ran
sfe
r fo
r
lon
g-te
rm s
tora
ge
Develo
pm
en
t o
f p
roje
ct
for
RU,
RC
cu
ttin
g a
fter 7
0 y
ea
rs
RU
, R
C c
utt
ing
aft
er 7
0 y
ears
HC
S, P
b-B
i
allo
y
2005 06 07 08 09 2010 11 12 13 14 2015 г.
2005060708092010111213142015г.
2005060708092010111213142015г.
Len
in N
I
Re
pro
cess
ing
of
U-
Zr
fue
l at
PA
Mayak
Dev
elo
pm
en
t
of
tec
hn
olo
gy
for
rep
roc
ess
ing
of
U-Z
r fu
el
Read
y-m
ad
e u
nit
s
2005
06
07
08
09
2010
11
12
13
14
201
5 г.
20
05
06
07
08
09
201
011
12
13
14
2015 г.
2005
06
07
08
09
2010
11
12
13
14
2015
г.
Pro
jec
tP
roje
ct
Pro
ject
Pro
jec
t
Pro
ject
Pro
jec
t
Project
Pro
ject
Nu
cle
ar
su
bm
ari
nes
NS
wit
h L
MC
(R
eti
red
fro
m N
av
y
in 1
990-
1996)
NS
wit
h V
VR
Nu
cle
ar-
pro
pelled
su
rface s
hip
s
MV
MT
cla
ss
FM
B
NP
SS
Co
asta
l M
ain
ten
an
ce B
ases
CM
B in
Gre
mik
ha
CM
B in
An
dre
eva
Bay
Civ
il nu
clea
r-pr
opel
led v
esse
ls
MT
cla
ss
FM
BIc
eb
reakers
FM
B L
ep
se
19
• Federal Target Program was developed (2005-2007) with the involvement of concerned agencies, such as Rosnauka, the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Russia’s Ministry of Regional Development, the Federal Agency of Naval and River Fleet, the Federal Agency of Education, Rostechnadzor, Roshydromet, and EMERCOM of Russia.
• Approved by the RF Government (July 2007).
Development of the Federal Target Program “ Nuclear and Radiation Safety Provision for the
Year 2008 and for the Period till 2015”
20
Federal Target Program Mission:
• Build/ reconstruct the infrastructure sites for SNF/RW management;
• Decommission the nuclear and radiation-hazard sites previously shut down and make them safe;
• Enhance the state systems for control/provision of radiation safety for the public and the environment.
1. Solve Accumulated Issues
2. Pave the way for Nuclear Power Development
21
Supportive Legal Actions
• Federal Law on RW Management (under development);
• Decommissioning Concept (approved by Rosatom, will be approved at Federal Level);
• RW/SNF Concepts will follow the RW Law
22
Program Actions to Reconstruct and Create SNF Storage Sites
Experimental Demonstration Center for SNF Processing in MCC
RBMK SNF PWR-1000 SNF AMB SNF
Dry repository in Mining and Chemical Complex (MCC), 38
thousands tons MCC’s wet repository
Module of SNF dry storage in
MCC
– Reconstruction – New Sites
23
Issue of Accumulated SNF from RBMK
• RBMK-type reactor installations are used at the Leningrad/ Kursk/Smolensk NPPs.
• Due to the dimension restrictions, the SNF from RBMK has remained at the NPPsand has been placed into special wet repositories.
• The life time for the SNF wet storage (40 years) will soon be exhausted.
• The NPPs are approaching the end of their own life time:
Plant
Block Commissioning/
Shut down
Power,
MW
Spent, billions
MW . h
SNF Accumulated,
t
Leningrad1974/2018
1981/20314,000 712.3 4,240
Kursk1976/2021
1985/20354,000 583.9 3,808
Smolensk1982/2032
1990/20403,000 402.5 2,240
24
Program Actions Related to SNF Management
RBMK
AMB
SNF from Research Nuclear Installations
BN SNF, SNF from submarines, PWR-440, research installations
MCC
Mayak
91 thous. of exhausted fuel assemblies accumulated
Mayak
MCC
PWR-1000 SNF MCC100-150 t per year
Current Activity
25
Solving the RW Management Issues
ЯТЦ АЭСНародное хозяйство
Реабилитация территорий,
зданий и сооружений
(1658 тыс. кв. м.к 2015 году)
Хранилища (на 120 тыс. куб. м.)
и комплексы переработки РАО.
Хранилища и комплексы
переработки РАО.
Спецкомбинаты“Радон”
(строительство и реконструкция хранилищ на
140 тыс. куб. м.).
Региональные объекты захоронения САО
(выбор площадок, проектные)
Опытно промышленные объекты захоронения ВАО
(обоснование, создание опытно-промышленных объектов)
Полигоны подземной
закачки
Обеспечивается перевод в экологически безопасное состояние 800 млн Ки к 2015 году
– ЖРО
– РАО
– ВАО
Вывод из эксплуатации(140 объектов)
Приведение в безопасное состояние
(80 объектов)
Национальные объекты захоронения
РАО
– объекты текущей деятельности и накопленные РАО
– строительство и реконструкция в рамках ФЦП
– проектные и изыскательские работы в рамках ФЦП
– мероприятия ФЦП с образованием РАО
26
Federal Target Program Envisages Activities on Decommissioning 140 Sites
– Execution– Will be executed within the scope of the Program
– Activities are not required
– Long-term safe storage
– Withdrawal from supervision
– SuspensionFinal Status
– Will be performed after 2015
3. 5.
Решение об
останове
Останов
объекта.
Получение
лицензии на
эксплуатацию в
режиме
останова
КИРО
Локальная
концепция
вывода
Программа
выводаПроект
Обоснование
безопасности
Удаление
топлива
Обращение с
нестандартными
материалами
Удаление
ЯМ, РВ и
ВХВ
Частичный
демонтаж
оборудования
Разработка
технологий
недостающих
для вывода из
эксплуатации
Получение
лицензии на
вывод из
эксплуатации
Создание
объектов
инфраструктуры
обеспечивающих
вывод из
эксплуатации
Демонтаж,
дезактивация
оборудования
Удаление
ЯМ, РВ и
ВХВ
Обращение с РАО
(создание
хранилищ/вывоз
РАО, консервация)
Ликвидация/
конверсия
объекта
Конечное
состояние
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 3. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4,4 4.5. 5.
ФЭИ Исследовательский реактор АМ 2002 + + + + + + + 2014.
ФЭИ Исследовательский реактор БР-10 + 2002 + + + + +/- + 2016
ФЭИ Стенд-прототип ЯЭУ АПЛ 27/ВТ 1976 + + + + + + + 2009
ФЭИ Критический стенд РФ-ГС 2003 2004 + + 2008 2012 2012 2012 2012
ФЭИ Критический стенд БР-1 2008 2008 2010 2010
ФЭИ Хранилище 227 1961 консервация -
СХК Промышленный уран-графитовый реактор И-1 1989 1989 2003 1995 2003 2007 2008 2007 2007 2010 2012 2012 2012
СХК Промышленный уран-графитовый реактор ,ЭИ-2 1990 1990 2003 1995 2003 2007 2008 2007 2007 2010 2012 2012 2012
СХК Промышленный уран-графитовый реактор ,АДЭ-3 1992 1992 2003 1995 2003 2007 2008 2007 2008 2010 2012 2012 2012
СХК Промышленный уран-графитовый реактор АДЭ-4, 2009 2006 2007 2006 2007 2009 2008 2007 2015 2015 2016 2016.
СХК Промышленный уран-графитовый реактор АДЭ-5 2009 2007 2007 2007 2007 2009 2008 2008 2015 2015 2016 2016
СХК Бассейн Б-1 1982 + + + + + + 2014
СХК Бассейн Б-2 1982 + + + + + + 2011
СХК Б-25 2015
СХК ВХ1,3,4 после площадки 13 до 2015 до 2015 до 2015
СХК ПХ-1 после площадки 13
ГХК Полигон ЖРО Северный 2011
ГХК радиохимический завод 2008 2009 2010
ГХК объект 354 открытый бассейн 1978 1978 2003 + 2008 2010
ГХК ПУГР АД 1992 1992 2007 2007 2007 2009 2009 2009 2012 2015
ГХК ПУГР АДЭ-1 1992 1992 2008 2007 2008 2010 2010 2010 2013 2015
ГХК ПУГР АДЭ-2 2010 2008 2007 2007 2009 2009 2009 2015 2015
ГХК Подземные емкости 2010 2015
ГХК Наземные емкости 2010 2015
ГХК Баасейны хранлища 365, 366, 354 2013
ГХК хранилища ТРО 650,660,347 2008 2010 2008 2015
НИИАР АСТ-1 1988 1988 1997 + 2013 2013
НИИАР РБТ-10/1 2005 2005 2008 + 2008 2010 2015
НИИАР Хранилище ЖРО 2015
НИИАР Хранилища ТРО 2010
НИИП ВВРЛ-02, ВВР-3 2010
НИИП Реактор ИИН-3М 2010
НИИП ПХ ОЯТ 2010
НИТИ Стенд КМ-1 2010 2010
НИТИ Стенд ВАУ6с 2010
ПСЗ Емкости хранения ЖРО 2002 2010
Маяк В-9 - "Карачай" 2015
Маяк В-17 "Старое болото" 2025
Маяк ПУГР А 1987 2007 2008 2009 2011 2011 2011 2013 2015 2015 2015
Маяк ПУГР АИ 1987 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012 2014 2016 2016 2016
Маяк ПУГР АВ-1 1989 2006 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009 2011 2013 2013 2013
Маяк ПУГР АВ-2 1990 2007 2008 2009 2011 2011 2011 2012 2015 2015 2015
Маяк ПУГР АВ-3 1992 2006 2007 2008 2010 2010 2010 2013 2014 2014 2014
4. Вывод из эксплуатации
Работы
Объекты
1. Останов 2. Эксплуатация в режиме окончательного останова
27
Actions with regard to Mayak Facility
«Карачай» (В-9)
11 га; 120 млн Ки 2.2.1.3. Консервация2015 год
«Старое болото»
13,4 га; 1,2 млн Ки2.2.1.4. Консервация
до 2015 года
2025 год
Накопленные
РАО
(ТРО и ЖРО)
Си
сте
ма
об
ра
ще
ни
я
с Р
АО
, в
. т.ч
.
на
ко
пл
ен
ны
ми
ПУГР
2.2.1.9. Вывод из эксплуатации остановленных промышленных уран-
графитовых реакторов.
Проблемы ТКВПредотвращение
поступления РАО в ТКВ
2.2.1.5., 2.2.1.6. – общесплавная канализация
2.2.1.11. Установка очистки водсодержащих САО
2.2.1.13. Установка очистки НАО
2.2.1.18. Регуляторы уровня на каналах
2.2.1.1. Радиоэкологический мониторинг
2.2.1.7. Технологии переработки накопленных ЖРО, 2008-2015
2.2.1.8. Печи и хранилище остеклованных РАО, 2008-2012
2.2.1.10. Комплекс цементирования САО, 2008-2012
2.2.1.14. Приповерхностное хранилище ТРО, 2008-2010
2.2.1.15. Комплекс по переработке ТРО, 2008-2012
2.2.1.2. Выбор участка для захоронения ЖРО 2008-2012
ПУГР
АИ
АВ-1
АВ-2
АВ-3
А
ВЭ
2016
2013
2015
2014
2015
Пуск/Останов
1948/1987
1949/1987
1950/1989
1951/1990
1952/1992
28
Federal Program Actions Envisage Significant Reduction in Water Discharges into Techa Cascade of Mayak Facility
оз. Иртяш
Kyzyltash Lake (V-2)
V-3
V-4
V-10
V-11V-17
В-9
В-6
Area, sq.km – 67.4Volume, mln. m3 – 358.0Activity, thous.Ci – 337.0
Techa Cascade of Reserviors
Dam P-11
29
А – Urgent measures are required;В – Mid-term measures are possible;С – Actions are of use
А
В А
С В А
Ban on a technological process
С В А
С В А
С В А
С В А
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Se
ve
rity
of
eff
ects
, le
ve
ls
Emergency Probability, year-1
Risk matrix-based Methodology for Priority Selection
30
Example:The risk matrix and the priority of actions for risk reduction for a complex of constructions pertaining to the NIIAR Fuel Research Department
№ Priority Actions
5 Prevent the depressurization of sealing in the cooling/ cleaning systems
1 Prevent a non-closure of the gates in the БВ systems due to the errors of personnel
Scenarios that do not require correcting actions
2 The pipe-line break due to the errors of personnel
3 Metal corrosion
4 Weld defects
6 The pipe-line break due to external impacts
2
6 13 54
Scenarios
Main scenarios for the accident development at the site are reviewed and the priority of actions is
defined
31
Risk Comparison
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
Smoking
Car Accidents
Acceptable Risk
Negligible RiskActual Radiation Risks
from Nuclear Technology
Risks from Harmful Chemical Substances in Large Cities
32
Areas of Estimated Risks in Sverdlovsk Region
EkaterinburgAnnual Individual Risk -
2.8·10-4
Nizhni TaghilAnnual Individual Risk -
4.4·10-4
KrasnoturinskAnnual Individual Risk -
4.0·10-4
Beloyarskaya NPPAnnual Individual RadiologicalHuman-InducedRisks: 3.0·10-7
Gaseous Aerosol Releases: 2.4·10-7
Discharges to Water Basins: 6.0·10-8
- Non-Radiological Risks - Radiological Risks
Kamensk-UralskiAnnual Individual Risks Caused by the 1957 Accident < 1·10-5
33
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FINLAND GERMANY KRASNOYARSK
REGION
MAYAK Tomsk SMOLENSKAYA
NPP
BALAKOVSKAYA
NPP
GLOBAL C14
Average Annual Public Exposure from Different Sources (mSv/year)
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
MAYAK MCC
0
0,0002
0,0004
0,0006
0,0008
0,001
0,0012
0,0014
0,0016
0,0018
SMOLENSKAYA NPP BALAKOVSKAYA NPP GLOBAL
- Natural Background
- Medical Exposure
- Human-Induced Exposure
- Global
х 100
х 100
34
Effects of Federal Program Implementation
• Radical Changes in the area of SNF/RW management:– Transfer from discussions to practical solving of the nuclear legacy
issues;
– Creation of infrastructure sites for SNF/RW management;
– Development of the current system of nuclear and radiation safety provision.
• Creation of favorable conditions to implement the state policy in the area of nuclear power development, owing to:– Transfer of the SNF/RW management issue from the category of
unsolved state objectives to the sphere of partnership between the state and business;
– Decommissioning of nuclear- and radiation-hazard sites in large cities and industrial centers.
• Increase in resistance to radiological emergencies, including radiological terrorist threats.
As a result of program implementation, all problem situations will be under control
(SNF/RW, powerful sources, rigorous monitoring and accounting systems).
35
Changes in Economics of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Provision after 2015
Fare Structure:1) Operational content, including:- Fuel acquiring;- Expenses on short-term management of RW/SNF;2) Investment content also is spent on safety provision for RW/SNF accumulated.
NPP Activity:- Generation;- Management of SNF/RW generated during the current activity;- Safety provision for RW/SNF accumulated.
NPP Activity:- Generation;- Management of SNF/RW generated during the current activity;- Investments in development.
Creation of the Future Generations Fund, development/approval of
normative and legislative acts that regulate Fund’s activity.
Fare Structure:1) Operational content, including:- Fuel acquiring;- Expenses on subsequent long-term management of current RW/SNF .2) Investment content
Federal Target Program:- Construction of Infrastructural Sites for SNF/RW management;- Safety provision for RW/SNF accumulated at the NPP;- Transportation of accumulated RW/SNF from the NPP;- Inventory of the scale of issues dealt with subsequent RW/SNF management resulted from the current activity, and evaluation of the amounts of allocations.
Future Generations Fund:Provision of RW/SNF safe management
Federal Budget (Federal Program after 2015)Safe management provision for SNF/RW accumulated
Оценки стоимости инфраструктуры
2007 2008-2015 After 2015
36
Milestones of creation of and provision for the Future Generations Fund
2007
Develop/ approve
normative and legislative
acts to regulate Fund‟s
creation/activity
Develop a general
ideology for the Fund
creation (a centralized
state off-budget Fund or
other forms) and
include the Fund into
the current system of
SNF/RW management,
as well as into that
under creationInventory of the scale of issues dealt with subsequent RW/SNF management resulted from the
current activity, and evaluation of
the amounts of allocations.
20092008 2010
Co
rre
ctio
ns m
ad
e w
ith
resp
ect to
th
e p
erc
en
tag
e
of a
lloca
tio
ns
Implementation of
Fund’s mechanisms.
The point ”0" served to
divide RW/SNF into
the categories
“accumulated” and
„‟resulted from the
current activity”
2015
Purposeful Use of
Fund’s means
Corrections made with
respect to allocation
assessments, taking into
account changes in the
SNF/RW management
system (also due to
specifying the cost of
creation of the sites for
HLW final isolation)
%
...
37
1-st Generation NPP
Decommissioning
Old “Tails”
SNF Intermediary Storage
Fuel Production
RW Disposal
NPP Operation
SNF Long-term Storage
SNF Reprocessing
RW Storage
Unprocessed SNF
RW Storage (Radon Facility)
Decommissioning
RW Storage
RW StorageХранениеРАО
SNF Processing
Issues of Nuclear and Radiation Safety in 2006
Orphan Exhausted
Sources
Radiation-producing
Equipment in Science/
Industry/Medicine
State Systems of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Provision
– Lack of solutions/ elaboration
– Grave problems exist
– Acceptable safety level
38
1-st Generation NPP
Decommissioning
Old “Tails”
SNF Intermediary
Storage
Fuel Production
RW Disposal
NPP Operation
SNF Long-term Storage
SNF Processing
RW Storage
Unprocessed SNF
RW Stored by Radon Facility
RW Storage
RW StorageRW Storage
Nuclear Legacy Decommissioning
Radiation-producing
Equipment in Science/Industry/
Medicine
Issues in the Area of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Provision (2015) State Systems of Nuclear and
Radiation Safety Provision
– Creation of the sites under developed technologies/solutions is required;
– Grave problems exist;
– Acceptable safety level
39
Radiation-producing
Equipment in Science/Industry/
Medicine
Issues in the Area of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Provision for the Period Following 2025-2030
3-rd Generation NPP
Decommissioning
Old “Tails”
SNF Intermediary
Storage
Fuel Production
RW Disposal
NPP Operation
SNF Long-term Storage
SNF Processing
RW Storage
Unprocessed SNF
RW Stored by Radon Facility
RW Storage
RW StorageRW Storage
Вывод изэксплуатации
объектов наследия
State Systems of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Provision
– Acceptable safety level
40
Thank you for patience!
