The Russian Empire in 1914.

Map.

Territorial expansion of Russia in 1914

• THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE INCLUDED, FINLAND, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, ESTONIA, PARTS OF POLAND, UKRAINE AND BELARUS (CURRENT-DAY). GEORGIA, ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN.

RELIGIONS IN RUSSIA.

• Russian Orthodox Christianity-(majority)

• Catholics• Protestants• Muslims• Buddhist.

Russian Orthodox Christianity.

The Russian Orthodox Church of St. Mary Magdalene

The Orthodox Church claims to trace its development back through the Byzantine or Roman empire, to the earliest church established by St. Paul and the Apostles.

Catholics.

The head of Catholic church of Russia lights a candle during a Good Friday mass in Moscow.

Benedict XVI and Bartholomew I

The Catholic Church is one of the oldest continuous Christian institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of western civilisation, is the world's largest Christian church, claiming more than a billion members

ProtestantsProtestantism, form of Christian faith and practice that originated with the principles of the Reformation.

Muslims

Islam is currently the second most widely professed religion in the Russian Federation.

Qolşärif mosque - The largest mosque in Russia, Kazan

Mosque in Moscow.

Buddhist.

Ivolga monastery in Russia.

Historically, Buddhism was incorporated into Russian lands in the early 17th century,

Tsar Nicholas II-Ruler of Russia.

Nicholas II (1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia. His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russia’s and he is currently regarded as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church. Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Critics nicknamed him Bloody Nicholas because of the, Bloody Sunday, and the anti-Semitic pogroms that occurred during his reign. Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo–Japanese War.(1905)

Economy.

• Major Occupations• Agriculture (Majority of Russia’s

people-85%)• Industry. (St. Petersburg and

Moscow)• Factory and craft workers.

Divisions among workers.

Workers were divided by skill.Metal workers- Aristocrats group.(need more

skill and training)Factory labours- (women workers were paid

less than men.) Division among workers showed themselves

in dress and manners too.

Russia’s property, especially land owned by -

• 1.The crown- (Tsar and family)• 2.Nobility- (nobles and other

rich classes who are very closed to ruler)

• 3.Church-(Russian Orthodox Christianity)

The relationship between nobility and peasants.

• Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar, not through local popularity.

• The peasants had no respect for their nobility.

• The peasants wanted the land of nobles to be given to them.

• Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.

In what way the Russian peasants different from other European peasants ?The Russian peasants pooled their land

together periodically and their commune divided it according to the needs of individual families.

All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.

Political parties were formed and mobilised workers secretly.

The Russian Social Democratic Workers party was founded in 1898 by socialist workers who respected Marx’s ideas.

The socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in 1900 by the socialist peasants.

Formation of Political parties and rise of socialism in Russia.

The different between RSDWP and SRP.

The RSDWP stood for workers right ie, more wages, reduction in working hours, better working condition etc.

The SRP struggled for peasants right and demanded that land belong to nobles be transferred to peasants.

The division of RSDWP And different between Bolshevik

and Menshevik.

Bolshevik. Menshevik.

1. leader- Vladimir Lenin. Kerensky.

2.Party should be disciplined and should controlled the number and quality of its member.

The party should be open to all (as in Germany).