Russian Revolution Chapter 14: Section 1: pp Ms.Garratt Russo-Japanese War War erupted when Russia violated agreements over Korea & Manchuria War revealed Russian military weaknesses and ignited protests at home. Workers Petition the Czar Approx 200,000 workers led peaceful protest. Carried a petition asking for: 1. Better working conditions 2. More personal freedom 3. Elected natl legis Russians Demand Reforms Workers Petition the Czar Approx 200,000 workers led peaceful protest. Carried a petition asking for: 1. Better working conditions 2. More personal freedom 3. Elected natl legis Bloody Sunday Generals open fire Provoked strikes & violence Czar reluctantly agrees to Duma Moderates wanted constitutional gov Czar dissolves 10 weeks later Bloody Sunday 1905 1905 Revolution Reforms? Czar issued the October Manifesto Established duma elected legislature Promised freedom of person, speech, assembly & union The manifesto won over moderates & isolated socialists Czar would exploit these differences Russia & World War I Unprepared Poorly equipped Weak generals Technologically inferior weapons Did not have a supply line to the West Within months of wars beginning they were in retreat 4 million killed or wounded in 1 st year Rasputin Self-described holy man who claimed to have magical powers Hemophilia Czarina allowed him to make political decisions Opposed reform and increased corruption March Revolution Citywide strike in Petrograd Riots over bread & fuel shortages Soldiers eventually sided with rioters Duma created provisional gov Kerensky headed new gov Mistake was to stay in the war Peaceful March 1917 Czar Abdicates Promised asylum in Britain King George withdrew offer since Nicholas II was embarrassment His wife Alexandra was considered a spy. Lenin & Bolsheviks Germany helped Lenin return from exile. Rev led by Lenin Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to Russian conditions Bolsheviks began organizing soviets or councils of workers & soldiers Bolsheviks began organizing soviets or councils of workers & soldiers Lenin called for dictatorship of the proletariat since there was no real industrial class Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Assassination of Czars Family Civil War Consumes Russia Whites against Reds Whites consisted of numerous groups. Liberals Socialists Czarists Bolsheviks (Reds) were better organized & committed communists Civil War Whites Whites Reds Reds War Communism Nationalization of banks, mines, factories, railroads Peasants were forced to deliver surplus food for the cities Peasant laborers were drafted into army or factory work Labor armies forced to build roads Private trade outlawed. Famine During Russian Civil War Western Response to March 1917 Revolution Welcomed overthrow of autocratic czar & establishment of liberal democracy. Supported Whites because Russia would remain in the war Western Response to Bolshevism Opposed communism Even socialists believed in gradual reforms such as higher wages, suffrage, social welfare programs Bolsheviks rejected these as tricks of the capitalist class To the Bolsheviks only revolution would work Withdrew from war Led to Allied intervention Allied Invasion The Allies sent troops to help the Whites who wanted to continue the war against Germany Japan would also seize lands previously claimed by the Czar Allied forces roused nationalism & later Communist distrust Lenin & the NEP Temporary retreat from communism Allowed some capitalist measures Necessary to rebuild economy Successful Death of Lenin Why do you think it was important to display Lenin publicly? Stalin Man of Steel Cult of Personality From 1930s to his death in 1953 Stalin tried to boost morale and faith in the communist system by portraying himself as a godlike figure. Cult of personality worked to increase his absolute power. Stalin vs. Trotsky What were the main differences between Stalin & Trotsky? How did Stalin beat out his rival Trotsky? What happened to Trotsky? Why do you think that happened? Stalins Industrial Goals Rapid industrialization Rapid industrialization Required a command economy Gov makes all major decisions Gov allocated financial & other resources Five Year Plans Ambitious goals that often set unrealistic quotas Mixed Results Impressive economic successes but at a human cost Standard of living does not improve Collectivization Peasants no longer able to possess their own land 1000s of farms combined All equipment had to be given up Eliminated power of wealthy kulaks Was seen as more efficient Soviet Poster Glorifying Collectivization Kulaks Reaction & Impact Resistance Concealed food Destroyed livestock & crops Famine Millions dead Kulak class destroyed The Great Purges Old Bolsheviks eliminated in 1934 Then extended it to army heroes, writers, factory managers, writers, popular figures stages show trials purges approx 4 million people which included most of the military officers. WHY did Stalin do this? Stalins Show Trials Foreign Policy Dilemmas Promote worldwide revolution and risk isolation from the West OR Consolidate the revolution at home? Use Comintern to spread revolution OR seek acceptance of Western powers and entry into the League of Nations? Communist International COMINTERN Organization to assist worldwide communist revolutions. Made the West very suspicious Stalin concentrated more on consolidating power in USSR Elements of Totalitarianism 1. Ideology 2. One-party dictatorship 3. Dynamic or charismatic leader 4. State control of individuals 5. State control of society 6. Methods of enforcement 7. Modern technology Ideology Marxist-Leninist Sets goals for the state Command Economy Five Year Plans Collectivization Justified gov action Dictatorship of the proletariat Capitalist encirclement One-Party Dictatorship Exercises absolute control & power Communist Party Marxist-Leninism Cult mentality Control of Individuals Demanded more than passive obedience Demanded loyalty and personal sacrifice Civil liberties denied Individuals exist to serve the state Solzhenitsyn - Dissident Control of Society BusinessLaborHousingEducationReligion The Arts Personal Life Youth Groups Methods of Enforcement Police Terror IndoctrinationCensorshipPersecutionGulags Censorship Artists, writers, musicians were subjected to censorship. Those who did not follow guidelines would find themselves without supplies or worse. Soviet Education Schools taught communist values such as atheism, collective farming, Marxist ideology and love for Stalin Compulsory education to create educated work force Universities & technical schools were also supported Komosol youth organization also set up Arts & the State Art must serve politics Quote is from Lenin although he did not interfere in artistic freedom Not true of Stalin who forced writers to conform to what is now called Soviet realism. Goal was show USSR in positive light & promote optimistic Soviet future Popular themes included peasants, workers, Stalin Socialist Realism War on Religion Marx declared that religion was the opiate of the masses Atheism became official policy Most religious property confiscated Clergy were arrested, executed, sent to labor camps Russ Orthodox Church was targeted due to its support of the czars Hebrew was banned & antisemitism was used to discredit Old Bolsheviks Islam was discouraged but faced fewer restrictions since USSR was trying to win support in the Middle East Equal Opportunity Religious Oppression Decline of Religion By 1934 the following were shut down: 28% of Christians churches 42% of Muslim mosques 52% of Jewish synagogues Mass Communication Mass communication to spread propaganda Advanced military weapons to force compliance Drawbacks Loss of freedom & civil rights Religious persecution Low standard of living Housing shortages Scarcity of consumer goods Deportations to gulags Inability to fulfill personal dreams Soviet Benefits Free education Free medical care Free daycare Inexpensive housing Public transportation Full employment Equality for women Women Given equality under the law Gained access to education By 1930s women were doctors, engineers and represented in all fields Contributed to growth of Soviet economy & their incomes were necessary for families They had double burden though as they were also expected to do housework