21 - 23 April 2015Djibouti City, Djibouti
“RVF: NEW OPTIONS FOR TRADE, PREVENTION
AND CONTROL”
INTER-REGIONAL CONFERENCE MIDDLE EAST & HORN OF AFRICA
INT
ER-R
EGIO
NAL CO
NFER
ENCE M
IDD
LE EAST
& H
ORN
OF A
FRICA
“RVF : N
EW O
PTIO
NS FO
R T
RA
DE, PR
EVEN
TIO
N A
ND
CON
TRO
L”
OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern AfricaFAO Emergency Centre for TADs (ECTAD) Eastern Africa
Nairobi, Kenya
Viale de terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, ITALYEmail: [email protected] | http://www.fao.org
12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, FRANCEEmail: [email protected] | http://www.oie.int
INTEMID
“R
OIE Su
FAO Em
ER-REDLE E
“RVF : prev
21
ub-Regio
mergenc
REEGIONEAST
: new ventio1.O4.20
Djibou
onal Rep
y Centre
Na
A
PONAL & HO
optioon and015 – 23
ti City D
presenta
e for TAD
irobi Ke
August 201
RT CONRN O
ons ford cont3.04.20
Djibouti
ation for
Ds (ECT
enya
15
FEREF AFR
or tradtrol” 15
Eastern
AD) Eas
NCE RICA
de,
n Africa
st Africa
World Organisation for Animal Health OIE 12, rue de Prony 75017 P A R I S FRANCE [email protected] www.oie.int OIE Regional Representation for the Middle East 4th floor, Min. of Agriculture, Al Kaake Bldg, Jnah B E I R U T LEBANON + 961 1 843 467 [email protected] www.rr-middleeast.oie.int OIE Regional Representation for Africa Parc de Sotuba Park P.o.box 2954 B A M A K O MALI + 223 20 24 60 53 [email protected] www.rr-africa.oie.int Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa 4th floor, Taj Tower, Upper Hill Road, Upper Hill P.O. Box 19687 00202 N A I R O B I KENYA + 254 20 271 3461 [email protected] www.rr-africa.oie.int
Food and Agriculture Organisation FAO Viale de terme di Caracalla 00153 R O M E ITALY [email protected] www.fao.org FAO Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. 11, Al-Eslah Al-Zerai Street, Dokki C A I R O EGYPT + 202 3331 6000 - 6007 [email protected] www.fao.org/neareast/en/ FAO Regional Office for Africa 2, Gamel Abdul Nasser Road P.O. Box GP 1628 A C C R A GHANA +233 (0) 302 610930 [email protected] www.fao.org/africa/en/ FAO ECTAD Office for Eastern Africa United Nations Office Nairobi (UNON) Block P, Level 3, United Nations Complex UN Avenue, Gigiri N A I R O B I KENYA +254 20 76 25928 [email protected] www.fao-ectad-nairobi.org
- 4 -
ACRONYMS
AHC Animal Health Certification ARC Agricultural Research Council [South Africa] ARIS Animal Resource Information System [AU-IBAR] ASF African Swine Fever AU African Union AUC AU Commission BSL Bio-Safety Level C-AHRN Chief Animal Health Regional Network CAHW Community-based Animal Health Workers CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [US] CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement [France] COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CP Communication Plan CVI Central Veterinary Institute [Netherlands] CVL Central Veterinary Laboratory [Yemen] CVO Chief Veterinary Officer DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries [DAFF] DIVA Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals DNA Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid DREA Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture [AUC] DVS Department of Veterinary Services EA East(ern) Africa EAREN Eastern Africa Regional Epidemiology Network EARLN Eastern Africa Regional Laboratory Network EC European Commission ECTAD Emergency Centre for Trans-boundary Animal Diseases [FAO] ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EU European Union EWS Early Warning System FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation [UN] FMD Foot and Mouth Disease GALVMed Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GF-TAD Global Framework for the progressive control of Trans-boundary Animal Disease GMO Genetically modified organism(s) HoA Horn of Africa IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency [UN] IBAR Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources [AU] ICPALD IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority for Development IHR International Health Regulations [WHO, 2005] ILRI International Livestock Research Institute [Kenya] ILTC Inter-Laboratory Test Comparison(s) KEMRI Kenya Medical Research Institute KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia LIDESA Livestock Development Strategy for Africa [DREA] LITS Livestock Identification and Traceability System(s) MCDA Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoH Ministry of Health MS Member State(s)
- 5 -
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration [USA] ND Newcastle Diseases NDV ND Virus NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OBP Onderstepoort Biological Products [South Africa] OIE World Organisation for Animal Health OVI Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute [ARC] PAN-SPSO Participation of African Nations in SPS Standards-setting Organisations [AU-IBAR] PANVAC Pan-African Veterinary Vaccine Centre [AU] PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PPR Peste de petits ruminants PVS Performance of Veterinary Services [OIE] REC Regional Economic Community REMESA Réseau Méditerranéen de Santé Animale RNA Ribo-Nucleic Acid RSC Regional Steering Committee [GF-TAD] Rt-PCR Reverse Transcriptase PCR RVF Rift Valley Fever RVFV RVF Virus SMP Standard Methods and Procedures SMP-AH Standard Methods and Procedures in Animal Health [AU-IBAR] SNT Serum Neutralisation Test SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPS [Agreement on the application of] Sanitary and Phytosantory Standards [WTO] STSD Surveillance of Trade-Sensitive Diseases [AU-IBAR] TAD Trans-boundary Animal Disease(s) UAE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar VETGOV Strengthening Veterinary Governance in Africa [AU-IBAR] VNT Virus Neutralisation Test WHO World Health Organisation [UN] WTO World Trade Organisation
- 6 -
This report can be downloaded from www.rr-africa.oie.int/docspdf/en/2015/RVF/Report.pdf ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared and edited by Susanne Munstermann, Bouna Diop, Gregorio Torres and Patrick Bastiaensen. The OIE and the FAO gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Austine Bitek, Pierre Formenty, Stephane de la Rocque, James Wabacha and Samuel Wakhusama, as well as the staff of the OIE Representations for Eastern Africa and for the Middle East, who helped organise this meeting. DISCLAIMER All OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The wording Member (of the OIE) refers to OIE Member Countries and Territories. All weight units expressed in tonnes are metric tons. All distance and surface area units are expressed in metric units (km and km²) All pictures courtesy of Patrick Bastiaensen (2015) unless mentioned otherwise. © OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2015 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France
“RVF :
Under tcontrol and me23rd, 2of the R
The ConincludinKuwait, Syria, T
The conLivestocprofile gH.E. Huof the IMoussathe FAOMarkos Ghazi YDeputy represenPathoge
THE MI
NEW OPT
the auspices of Trans-bou
edical profess015 to reass
Red Sea : “ne
nference wasng Bahrein,
Lebanon, Oanzania and
nference wasck, Water anguests were ussein Saïd, Inter-Governm, the FAO RO Regional RTibbo, the
Yehia, the DDirector o
nted by Dr. Pens Team in G
DDLE EAS
IONS FOR
of the FAO undary Animsionals and sess the situaew options fo
s attended byComoros,
man, Qatar, Uganda.
officially opnd Fisheries,
the Somali the Director mental Auth
Resident RepRepresentativOIE Region
Director of Aof AU-PANVPierre FormeGeneva.
- 7 -
T AND TH
TRADE, P
PREFACE
& OIE Globamal Diseases
scientists mation of Rift or trade, prev
y governmenDjibouti, EgSaudi Arabia
pened by theH.E. MohamMinister of of the Agric
hority on Devpresentative, ve for the Nal Represen
AU-IBAR, PrVAC, Dr. Centy from the
E HORN O
REVENTIO
E
bal Framewors (GF-TADs), met in Djibout Valley Fevervention and c
t representatgypt, Ethiopa, Somalia, S
Djibouti Mimed Ahmed Livestock,
culture and Evelopment (IDr. Emman
Near East anntative for throf. Ahmed harles Bodje WHO Emer
F AFRICA
ON AND CO
rk for the prosome 70 ve
uti from Aprr (RVF) on bocontrol”.
tives of 18 cpia, Jordan, South Sudan
nister of AgrAwaleh. Oth
Forestry andEnvironment GAD), M. Muelle Guernend North Afrhe Middle EEl-Sawalhy o. The WHrging and Da
ONTROL”
ogressive eterinary ril 21 to oth sides
countries Kenya,
, Sudan,
riculture, her high
d Range, Division
Mohamed e-Bleich, rica, Dr.
East, Dr. and the HO was angerous
- 8 -
The meeting was organised around 5 formal thematic sessions, interspersed with two working group sessions and a visit to the Djibouti Livestock Export Quarantine Facility, operated by the PRIMA International Company. The thematic sessions were
• Session 1 : setting the scene
• Session 2 : challenges to disease control
• Session 3 : trade issues
• Session 4 : prevention, biothreat and early warning
• Session 5 : regional coordination
The experts and participants, through formal presentations, case studies and mock negotiations, as well as through the visit of the quarantine station, were given the opportunity to exchange views on the current spread of RVF infection in Western, Southern, Eastern Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Middle-East, the new developments regarding vaccines and diagnostics, but also the delays in the registration, at national levels, of not-so-new vaccines such as the "Clone 13" vaccine, the consequences of the revised Code Chapter on RVF for international trade in live animals, issues of certification and transparency, forecasting and disease preparedness, as well as regional initiatives in support of Rift Valley fever control at regional (IGAD, African Union) and international (GF-TADs).
Major discussions evolved around new vaccines with the potential to reconcile prophylaxis with the maintenance of trade (DIVA vaccines : differentiating infected from vaccinated animals), the escalating costs and dwindling availability of commercial diagnostic kits, the imminent threat of a new epizootic phase in countries such as South Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, and others, based on the fact that 2015 is year 8 after the last outbreaks that occurred in the region and that the ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation) prediction model shows a consistent increase in chances of climate abnormalities occurring towards the end of this year (2015). Participants recommended making use of all available information and tools, including the recently updated decision support framework for Rift Valley fever and the WHO-OIE Operational Framework on Good Governance of human and animal health services.
Inputs into the meeting were provided by the African Union (AU-IBAR and AU-PANVAC) and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the regional economic community for the Horn of Africa, along with speakers from international organisations such as FAO, OIE, WHO and ILRI, and private and public stakeholders in research and trade, such as CDC-Kenya (Kenya), CVI Lelystad (Netherlands), Deltamune (South Africa), GALVmed (UK), KEMRI (Kenya), OBP (South Africa), ARC-OVI (South Africa), MCI (Morocco) and NASA (US).
The organisers were grateful for the financial support provided by the Governments of Great Britain (UK) and the United States (US) through the OIE World Animal Health and Welfare Fund and the AU-IBAR Standard Methods and Procedures in Animal Health project (SMP-AH) respectively. The considerable support provided by PRIMA International C° was equally acknowledged
More information : http://www.rr-africa.oie.int/en/news/20150422.html
- 9 -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface page 7 Opening ceremony 11 Welcoming address by the OIE Regional Representative for the Middle East 13 Welcoming address by the OIE Sub - Regional Representative for Eastern Africa 15 Welcoming address by the Representative of FAO (Djibouti) 17 Opening address by the Representative of AU – IBAR 18 Opening address by the Representative of AU – PANVAC 20 Opening address by the Representative of IGAD 22 Opening address by the Djibouti Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, Water and Fisheries 24 Session 1 : Setting the scene 27 Session 2 : Challenges to disease control 35 Session 3 : Trade issues 47 Session 4 : Prevention, biological threats and early warning 53 Session 5 : Regional coordination 61 Session : Poster session 71 Conclusions 77 Annexes 83 Conference programme 85 Report of the working group session 1 88 Report of the working group session 2 95 List of participants 104 Useful websites 115 RVF chapter of the OIE Terrestrial Code (2014) 116
- 10 -
- 11 -
Session 0 Opening Session
- 12 -
RepresRegionOIE Beirut,
of devneeded Also tdevelohuge eWideswhich Ladies The mthe Howorksh RVF iscause biowea Trade socioefarmerillegal contamwould
WELCO
sentative al Represent
Lebanon
veloping lived for povert
the infectiopment of lieconomic lopread of anconstitute a
s and gentle
meeting aimsHorn of Africhop held in
s a vector bosevere and
apon. Contr
within aneconomic ars (in Sudan
trade betminating analso reduce
OMING AD
tation for the
estock and ty alleviation
ous animaivestock husosses causednimal diseasa barrier to emen,
s to improveca (HoA), bKenya (Mom
orne zoonotd fatal diseol of RVF fo
nd betweennd culturaln, South Sutween thesenimals and e the likelih
DRESS BYFOR T
e Middle East
Itw
PMFDais
Tii
livestock pn and comb
al diseases sbandry andd by their spses means the implem
e RVF contrbuilding on mbasa, 201
ic viral disease in humocuses on co
n the HoAl reasons audan, Somae regions humans. A ood of illeg
- 13 -
THE OIE RTHE MIDDL
Ghazi Yehia
t
have the pthe Rift Vaworkshop.
Permit me tMinister oFisheries foDjibouti, anall the officn Djibouti wseminar.
The animamportant anternationa
production. bat against h
are the d productiopread and ta high cost
mentation of
rol and to f the activit
12).
ease transmmans. RVF ontrolling in
A and theand to maalia, Djiboutcarries a spractical s
al trade.
REGIONAL LE EAST
ia
pleasure to walley fever
to start by ef Agricultor acceptin
nd also to Dcials and tewho contrib
l resourcess substanti
al communiNowadays,
hunger.
main souron due to thhe negativet of treatme country’s n
acilitate safties identifi
itted betweis considerenfections at
e Arabian intain the ti, Ethiopia significant solution to t
REPRESEN
welcome yo(RVF) follow
expressing oure, Livesng to holdDr Ibrahim Meam of the uted to the
s become al source oty has the new food
ce of riskhe numerou impact on ent and bignational dev
fe legal traded by the
en livestocked by manythe animal
Peninsula livelihoods and Kenyarisk for sp
trade betwe
NTATIVE
ou to the opow-up inter-
our gratitudstock, Watd this semMoussa CheVeterinary organisatio
increasingof food, so
common oresources a
ks threatens zoonoses the public
g loss of provelopment p
de in livestoGlobal Par
k and peoply to be a p source.
is importof poorer
a). Unregulapreading Reen the two
ening of -regional
de to the ter and minar in eikh and Services
on of the
ly more that the
objective are most
ing the and the health. oduction plans.
ock from rtnership
e; it can potential
tant for African
ated and RVF and o regions
- 14 -
To facilitate safe legal trade, the OIE has updated its international trade standards in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code to account for the specific epidemiology of RVF and to facilitate trade in areas where infections are present. Current RVF vaccination strategies, although vaccines are much improved from previous versions, do require further refinement to properly implement the newly adopted OIE Standards. The meeting will focus on practical implementation of the RVF Chapter of the OIE’s Terrestrial Animal Health Code and will bring together key stakeholders from the public and private sector (trading partners and vaccine manufacturers) to enhance dialogue between the public and private sector with the aim of enhancing trust to implement the OIE standards. Furthermore the workshop should provide an update on early warning systems and their prediction capacities of high risk periods for disease occurrence. Ladies and Gentlemen, Today’s meeting is very important and we are most confident that you will all join efforts for collaboration and coordination. I wish you all success and enjoyable stay in this welcoming city of Djibouti.
ProgramSub-ReOIE Nairob
Ladiesthe plein 201is emba thrivof the This cthe diexpectColleag On OIEstandavirus (humanattackshow imRed Se ColleagAfrica the sp
WELCO
mme Officer egional Repre
i, Kenya
s and gentleeasure to co12. The locablematic of ving businesinter-epizoo
conference isease in tht a new epgues from F
E side, impoards and gu(and their n and anims in Garissa
mportant it ea, without
gues, I am that are cueakers from
OMING AD
esentation fo
emen, fromo-organise, ation chosethe livestocss, dynamicotic periods
is also timehis region tpisode in aFAO and NA
ortant progruidelines thaproducts),
mal populata in Kenya is to maintaforgetting t
particularlyurrently, or
m North Afric
DRESS BYFOR E
Pat
or East Africa
I mRewhsurunstrhe CotheMiMrimmaRV
a personali.e. Bloemfon for this th
ck trade thatc, innovatives that charac
ely from a hook place tfew month
ASA will talk
ress has beeat are intendespite the
tions in thehave shownain trade flothe importan
pleased to have been ca and Sout
- 15 -
THE OIE REASTERN A
atrick Bastiae
a and the Hor
must start bepresentativhom I reprergery and ddertake an
rongly regrehad worke
onference. I e Republicnister of Agr Mohamed portant intade in tradeVF.
l point of vontein, Souhird conferet takes place and unifycterize this
historical pothere nearlyhs. The opk about this
en made in nded to facie circulatioe importingn how politiows for the nce of relig
have in ourin the pastthern Africa
REGIONAL AFRICA
ensen
rn of Africa
by apologisie for Easteesent here doctors havny air travets not beined vigorousmust also w of Djibougriculture, LAhmed Aw
ter-regional e methodolo
iew, this is uth Africa, ience is obvice between ing, but whRVF.
oint of viewy ten years
perative wors.
normative tilitate traden of the vi
g countries.ically volatiwell-being ious calend
r midst reprt, heavily afa. Welcome!
REPRESEN
ng for the aern Africa, today. He
ve recommevel until fng here withly for the owarmly thanuti, represeLivestock, Wwaleh, for ag
conferenceogies, preven
the third cn 2009 andously no cothe HoA an
hich is cond
w. Indeed, ts ago, whicrd now sho
terms with t in animalsirus, but w The war le the regioof people oars.
resentatives ffected by t!
NTATIVE
absence of Dr Walter is recoveriended thatfurther noth us, knoworganisationnk the authoented here Water and Fgreeing to he on the ntion and c
conference d Mombasaoincidence. nd the Middducted by th
the last epish mean we
ould be "vig
the approvas susceptibl
without endain Yemen
on still remaon both side
s from other this virus. I
the OIE Masiga, ng after he not ice. He
wing that n of this orities of
by the isheries, host this progress ontrol of
I’ve had , Kenya, Djibouti le East : he grace
sodes of e should gilance".
al of new le to the angering and the ains and es of the
parts of refer to
- 16 -
To conclude, I would like to thank the numerous institutions and programmes which have provided financial support to the conference, to begin with our FAO friends with whom we work within the framework of the Global Framework for the progressive control of Trans-boundary Animal Disease (GF-TADs) Agreement. I also want to thank the African Union, through the Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, represented here by its Director, Prof. El-Sawalhy and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, IGAD through the Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development, for the financial support which enabled the travel of many representatives of the HoA and East Africa. Finally, we are extremely grateful for the support of PRIMA INTERNATIONAL COMPANY which facilitated the travel of many representatives from the Gulf countries and the Middle East and invites us to visit the Animal Quarantine Centre of Djibouti on Thursday. Thank you all, thank you also to those private companies and institutions that have self-funded the travel of their representatives. Also thank you to the United Kingdom and the United States of America who have financially supported the previously mentioned programmes and institutions, which enables us to meet here in Djibouti in large numbers. I wish you all a great conference and I thank you for your kind attention.
WE
ResideDjiboutFAO Djibout
and otRome means FAO cNetwosystemdiseas In colAnalysrisk faby theproject FinallyBio-Inf As youa majolivestoand IGspare organismemb Let meHon. Msinceredelibe
ELCOMING
nt Representti and IGAD
ti, Djibouti
ther partnerin March 2
s. The works
continues toork (REMESm for RVF. Fses plans to
llaboration sis (MCDA) actors in Tae European t will impro
y, a RVF gennformatics. I
u well know,or zoonosis ock trade. ToGAD in the c
no effort tsations, reser countries
e conclude Minister, foe thanks arations and
ADDRESS
tative
rs to discus2014, dealinshop report
o pay attenSA), FAO aFrom this yfocus on th
with CIRAproject, wornzania and Commissio
ove access to
netic modut will enabl
, RVF is a p- therefore o this end, context of tto pursue csearch instits.
my remarkor all the aalso go to a pleasant
BY THE FA
Emma
It isof DtheIntecouthaof tmeeparheaand(EC Theof
ss the RVF.ng with the is currently
tion to thisnd OIE su
year onwardhe surveillan
D, and witrk has beenUganda. I
on and invoo RVF data
le is being de us to link
priority disealikely to cauFAO will cohe SMP-AHcollaboratiotutes and u
ks by thankiassistance p
the OIE astay in Djib
- 17 -
AO REPRES
anuelle Guern
s with greatDr. Grazianoe occasion erregional Cuntries of thnk the OIEthis meetingeting. The Frticipation adquarters, d the Near CTAD) Regio
e meeting inmeetings a I remind ycurrent stat
y available.
s disease : pport the e, the AFRA
nce of RVF.
thin the fr conductedcan also ci
olving 17 pand studies
developed ik epidemiolo
ase for the use loss of ontinue to suH and STSDons with otniversities t
ing the Govprovided in and all of bouti. Thank
SENTATIVE
ne-Bleich
t pleasure to da Silva,
at the Conference he HoA and Director-Gg and for hFAO is fully
of collethe FAO ReEast and thonal Unit fo
n Djibouti malready orgayou of the wte of vaccin
within the establishme
A RAF/5068
ramework o on the idenite the V-Mpartners, uns for better
n collaboratogical and g
countries oflife, but alsupport the e projects. Aher internato provide t
vernment ofconductingyou prese
k you for you
E TO DJIBO
that I take tFAO Directoopening
on RVF, br the Middleeneral for taving labell
y on board aeagues fregional Offihe Emergenr Eastern Af
marks anothanised by thworkshop ornes against
Mediterranent of a re8 project on
of the Multntification aERGE resea
nder CIRAD coordinatio
tion with thgenetic data
f the IGAD ro because oefforts undeAs a technicational and he necessar
Djibouti ang our missient here. I ur kind atte
OUTI AND I
the floor, oor-General, ceremony ringing togee East. Let taking the iled it as a Gas evidencerom the ice for Nort
ncy Centre ffrica.
er phase in he OIE, FArganised byRVF and di
nean Animaegional survn vector-tran
lti-Criteria Dand classificarch project coordination.
he Swiss Insa.
region becaof its impacertaken by Acal agency,
regional tery assistanc
nd particulaon to Djibo wish you
ention.
GAD
n behalf to mark of the
ether the me first nitiative
GF-TADs d by the
Rome th Africa for TADs
a series AO, ILRI y FAO in agnostic
al Health veillance nsmitted
Decision cation of t funded on. This
stitute of
ause it is ct on the AU-IBAR FAO will echnical ce to our
arly you, outi. My
fruitful
DirectoInter-afAU Nairob
The AfOffice (AUC). utilisatand pro As youresourc2012 e35% osupporlivestocagricul Unfortuchallenregionaamong livestoc Disting AnimallivestocFurtherdisease TADs aTADs Rtrade precurreSomali2002.
OPE
or frican Burea
i, Kenya
frican Union of the DeparThe manda
tion of animaosperity of th
u all know, tces that repreestimate, IGAof Africa’s sts the livelihck contributetural GDP in
unately, the nges includinal level to cothers. Thes
ck sector in t
guished guest
l diseases, esck sector in rmore, the rees.
are the main RVF is one operformance ent livestock a alone lost
ENING ADD
u for Animal
Inter-Africartment of Ruate of AU-IBal resources the people in t
the countrieesent the higAD Member
small ruminahoods, housees significan the region.
performancng drought, coordinate ase constraintthe region in
ts, ladies and
specially thethe region
egion suffers
causes of saof the serious
of the livesimport banan income o
DRESS BY T
Ah
Resources
I have Commisto AfriConfere I also tConferemeeting I must MinistryDirectortirelesssuccess Distingu
an Bureau foural Economy BAR is to suto enhance nthe Member
es in Easternghest proportStates posse
ants populatehold food sently to the G
e of the livenvironmen
nd harmonizts are major order to con
d gentlemen,
e transboundand ten out from a mass
anitary restris diseases bestock sectorns by the Mof USD 435
- 18 -
THE REPRE
hmed El-Saw
the honour ssion and onca and to
ence on Rift V
take this oppence and fog.
also pay triby of Agricultrate of Lively and puttis of this Conf
uished guest
or Animal Rey and Agricultupport and cnutrition andStates of the
n Africa andtion of livestess 45% of Aion. As a reecurity and nGDPs of mo
vestock sectontal degradatze disease shindrances f
ntribute to im
,
dary animal d of the fiftesive burden o
ictions to liveecause of itsr in the Reg
Middle East cMillion due
ESENTATIV
walhy
to express, n my own beh
Djibouti foValley Fever.
portunity to tor inviting
ute to the Goture, Livestocestock and ing in placeference.
ts, ladies and
esource (AU-lture (DREA) coordinate t food securite AU.
d the HoA aock populatiAfrica’s cattesult of sucnutrition of m
ost countries
or in the retion, conflicsurveillance for the full e
mproved liveli
diseases (TADeen known Tof other ende
estock expors impact on gion. RVF hacountries anto the impo
VE OF AU -
on behalf ohalf, our pleaor this imp
thank the OIAU-IBAR to
overnment ofck, Water anVeterinary S
e excellent a
d gentlemen,
-IBAR) is a of the Africahe sustainabty and contri
are endowed ons in Africale, 71.4% ofh enormous millions of c
accounting
egion is hamt, low capaand control xploitation ohoods.
Ds), lower thADs are preemic as well
t trade in thpublic and s been the d accordingrt bans that
IBAR
of the Africaasure to welcportant Inter
IE for organio participate
f Djibouti thrnd Fisheries,Services, for arrangements
specialised tan Union Comble developmbute to the w
with huge a. According f Africa’s ca
s resources, citizens. Furt
on average
mpered by ncity at natioof animal
of the potent
e performanevalent in thas emerging
e Region. Amlivestock hecause of de
g to some elasted from
an Union come you r-regional
izing this e in the
rough the and the working
s for the
technical mmission ment and wellbeing
livestock to FAO’s
mels and livestock
thermore, 57% of
numerous onal and diseases, ial of the
ce of the e region.
g zoonotic
mong the alth, and
evastating stimates, 1998 to
- 19 -
Ladies and gentlemen, Recognizing the role of livestock and its potential to improve the livelihood of livestock value chain actors, AU-IBAR together with the technical partners with financial support from key donors including EC and USAID is implementing a number of interventions to support the prevention and control of TADs in order to promote safe intraregional and regional trade in livestock and livestock products. Such interventions include facilitating effective participation of African Countries in activities of the OIE, International Plant Protection Convention, Codex Alimentarius and WTO-SPS committees, during the formulation of international standards through the Project for enhancing Participation of African Nations in Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards setting Organizations (PAN-SPSO). Given that TADs are a shared concern in the region, AU-IBAR in partnership with the IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD) with financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID/EA) and the EU is supporting the Countries in the Region to build their capacity for surveillance and disease control through the Standard Methods and Procedures in Animal Health (SMP-AH) project that aims to standardize procedures for detection of, and response to specified trade-significant TADs and the Surveillance for Trade Sensitive Diseases (STSD), AU-IBAR is also supporting surveillance and disease control in Somalia through the Reinforcing Animal Health Services project. The other intervention with activities in the Region is the Veterinary Governance Project (VET-GOV). Ladies and gentlemen, Considering the impact of RVF on trade performance of the livestock sector in the Region, AU-IBAR fully supports initiatives, such as this one, that bring together the livestock exporting and importing countries in order to address shared sanitary concerns in livestock export trade. It is my sincere hope that this Forum will enable both parties to come up with a common understanding on the required sanitary measures as per the updated provisions of the RVF Chapter of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code with a view to facilitate safe and stable trade of livestock and their products between the two Regions in compliance with OIE standards and guidelines. I also look forward to such a Conference in the future in order to continuously address emerging needs for safe and stable trade. Distinguished guests, dear participants, Finally, I would like to thank once again, the OIE and FAO for organising this meeting within the framework of GF-TADs and for inviting AU-IBAR. I look forward to productive deliberations.
Senior Pan-AfAFRICADebre –
As youoccupyaffect origin.with a IndeedrecordmarketEast. Ihad diFebruaSomalanimaabout Ladies As youregionenableeffectithe su(and ttests fthese help d
OPEN
Diagnostics rican VeterinAN UNION – Zeit, Ethiop
u know, livey a place ofmany coun RVF, a disn undeniab
d, RVF can ed in 1997ting of animIndeed, there consequary 1998 toiland only. l imports, Ethe disease
s and gentle
u see, the ial or contine the develve veterina
uspicions ofime-efficien
for the diagndiagnostic kifferentiate
NING ADDR
Officer nary Vaccines
pia
estock in Aff prime impntries and ease presenle importan
adversely a7 - 1998 inmals (cattle ban imposences, espeo May 1999Even after East Africa e.
emen, distin
mportance nental cooropment of ry services’f illness. Thnt) diagnostnosis of RVkits also reqvaccinated
RESS BY TH
San
s Centre
LeCoMkDeExpeOIAf(Aancoof La
rica is faceportance. Thhave an im
nt in this regce, also bec
affect liveston Kenya an, sheep anded by the c
ecially in So9) were est2009, whenhas had to
nguished pa
of transboudination ancontrol pro linkages, ohis is turn tic tests at F come at aquire improv animals fro
- 20 -
HE REPRES
nne Charles B
et me firstommission kosazana Department oxcellency Rersonal capaE for the i
frican VeteriAU-PANVAC)nd work togontrol of RV
livestock.
adies and ge
d with majohe main anmpact on trgion of Africcause of its
ock trade bnd Somalia,d goats) frocountries of omalia wherimated at an the counto endure se
articipants,
undary disend the estaogrammes. one of whicrequires ada relatively
a relatively vement to eom those in
SENTATIVE
Bodjo
, on behalof the Afr
Dlamini Zumof Rural ERhoda Peaacity, exprenvitation th
rinary Vaccin) to participgether on oF and on w
entlemen, d
or issues, aimal diseasrade in anica, is one ofzoonotic na
etween cou have had m these cothe Middle
re losses dualmost USDtries of the everal years
ases such ablishment oSuch early
ch is the didequate laby affordablehigh cost to
enable earliefected.
OF AU - P
f of the Crican Unioma, the Coconomy ance Tumusess our sinchat was extne Centre ofpate in this ptions for t
ways to facil
istinguished
mongst whies have a cmals and pf these tranature.
ntries. For ea considerauntries to t
e East on live to the 16 109 millioMiddle Easts of revenue
as Valley Feof an early y warning sagnostic laoratory faci
e cost. The o African laber detection
PANVAC
Chairpersonn, Her Ex
ommissionernd Agricultuiime, and cere thankstended to tf the Africa important the preventitate the m
d participan
ich animal dcross-borderproducts ofsboundary d
example, ouable impactthose of thevestock imp
6 months’ baon for the rst lifted the e loss due
ever Rift rewarning sy
systems depboratory to ilities and ecurrently mboratories. n of the dise
of the xcellency r of the ure, Her
in my s to the the Pan-an Union meeting tion and
marketing
nts,
diseases r nature, f animal diseases
utbreaks t on the e Middle ports has an (from region of bans on to fears
quires a ystem to pend on confirm
effective marketed Even so, ease and
- 21 -
Research avenues for the development of new diagnostic tools need therefore to be promoted and supported, in particular for : • Rapid tests for use in the field, for the early detection of RVF cases; • Vaccines and tests to distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected animals. In order to compensate for the relatively high cost of diagnostic tests for animal diseases, a mandate was given to AU-PANVAC by the AU Member States to "produce and distribute essential biological reagents for the diagnosis of animal diseases" Since 2010, AU-PANVAC has started implementing this mandate with the establishment of the Production unit for reagents and laboratory diagnostic tests. Biological reagents and diagnostic tests (monoclonal antibodies, ELISA tests for the detection of antibodies against PPR virus of and mycoplasmatacae responsible for CCPP) have been developed and are undergoing the last stages of validation according to OIE standards. AU-PANVAC intends to continue its efforts, in close cooperation with other laboratories, to develop new diagnostic tools for priority animal diseases identified by member states, of which RVF is part. Ladies and gentlemen, AU-PANVAC, in addition to its activities pertaining to the quality control of veterinary vaccines, therefore also aims to contribute to the control of animal diseases in Africa through the development and production of diagnostic reagents. I would like to conclude my remarks by thanking once again, the OIE and also the Government of the Republic of Djibouti for hosting this workshop. Thank you for your kind attention.
DirectoAgriculIGAD SDjibout
is the StatesemployAgricuof live To be North improvtransb We relivestohad anbans a Ladieslivestostates concreoperat(ICPALthe regformuldomes
OPEIN
or lture and EnvSecretariat ti, Djibouti
richest regis is agriculying about
ultural Grossanimals in
specific, thAfrican couve our mark
boundary an
emember thock actors, n economicaffected all
s and gentleock and live
to improveete steps ttionalizationLD). Today gional liveslated and astication is u
ENING ADDNTER-GOVE
vironment Di
ion in livestlture with 75% of thes Domestic Africa cont
he region exuntries in 20ket share innimal diseas
he negativemainly of thc loss of abcountries in
emen, consstock produe food secuto promote
n of the IGICPALD is
stock projecapproved a under way i
DRESS BY TERNMENTA
Moham
vision
It’s all, Sec AlloapppeosupConhonwouIGAIGA The
tock resourcthe livesto
e populationProduct (A
tributing 42
xported 8.6 012 and 20the livesto
ses (TADs) a
e impact thhe produce
bout USD 4n the region
idering the ucts within urity and ine livestock GAD Centrsupporting
cts enhancinregional a
n the Memb
- 22 -
THE EXECUAL AUTHOR
med Moussa M
a pleasureon behalf
cretary of IG
ow me at preciation aople of Djibpport provinference. Snouring the uld also likAD for orgaAD headqua
e IGAD regioces. The maock sector, n and contrAgricultural 2% of the ex
and 9.2 m013 respectck trade, ar
and limited
hat heavilyrs, when RV
435 million who had th
high livestoand outside
ncome of thdevelopme
re for PastMember Stng TADs co
animal healber States (
UTIVE SECRITY ON DE
Mohamed
e and indeeof H.E. A
GAD to this i
the onset, and gratituouti for hosded durin
Special thaopening ce
e to thank anizing thisrter.
on covering ajor econom
mostly raibuting an eGDP). The xports from
illion live atively. The re limited ccoordinatio
y affected VF occurredin the two
he disease a
ock wealth e the regionhe communent, one btoral Areas tates in cooontrol and lth policy fMS).
RETARY OFEVELOPME
ed an honomba Mahboimportant R
to expressude to thesting the mg the orgnks to H.eremony of the OIE, F Conferenc
8 countriesmic driver ofised under estimated 5Region is tthe contine
nimals to thmajor bottle
capacity to cn capacity,
the livelihod in the reg bans (199and who had
in the region, the need nities, IGADbeing the s and Livesrdinating anivestock traramework a
F THE ENT
our to welcooub, the E
RVF Confere
s IGAD’s pe Governmemeeting andganization E. Mr Awathis Confe
FAO, AU-IBce in Djibo
s in Easternf the IGAD
pastoral s57% of the he leading
ent.
he Middle Eenecks, howcontrol andamong othe
ood of the gion. Somal99 and 200d not.
on, high deto support
D has takenestablishme
estock Devend implemeade. IGAD and the pro
ome you xecutive
ence.
profound ent and d for the
of the aleh for erence. I BAR and outi, the
n Africa, Member systems, regional exporter
East and wever, to prevent ers.
various ia alone
02). The
mand of member
n several ent and
elopment enting of has also ocess of
- 23 -
Moreover, IGAD is aggressively mobilizing resources for building resilience and enhancing pastoral livelihoods in MS through IGAD Draught Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative or IDDRSI that has a primary objective of ending drought emergencies in the HoA. The regional projects and the resilience imitative are all contributing to TADs control, including RVF. Once again, I thank OIE, FAO. AU-IBAR and IGAD for organizing this inter-regional conference on RVF and bringing together relevant countries and stakeholders to discuss on “New options for trade, prevention and control of RVF”, thereby enhancing livestock trade from the region. IGAD confirms its commitment to jointly work with OIE, FAO, AU-IBAR and other partners, importing countries and Gulf Cooperation Council to strengthen and enhance the control and prevention efforts of Member States on RVF. I look forward to a fruitful meeting and wish you all an enjoyable stay in Djibouti.
MinisteMinistrDjibout
livesto Its smfacilitiof Djib I woulsecurean aniand hgovern Ladiesterms man, hthe ris Becaupassivsurveilhealth The bsurveilis, submajor
OP
er ry of Agricultti, Djibouti
ock trade fro
mall size, ites and its
bouti import
d also like e a singularmal-port, thuman capa
nment effort
s and gentleof commerchence the isk of this dis
se of the te surveillanllance targe services of
est performllance activbmitted to diseases su
PENING ADLIVESTOC
ure, Livestoc
om the HoA
ts harsh weliberal econtant advanta
to recall th cattle tradhe refurbishacities of tht.
emen, you acial livestocmportance sease appea
transboundance in the cets the risk f the French
ming quaranvities with re
strict diseauch as RVF.
DRESS BYCK, WATER
Hon. M
ck, Water and
It isof tcontand As impcoufirstintestar On RepSau
, a ban whic
eather condnomy focuseages for the
hat the Repe. Improvinhment of rohe institutio
are well awack trade. Whof the estabaring.
ary movemecontext of nareas in th
h army force
ntine centreegard to thiase control
- 24 -
THE MINIR AND FISH
Mohamed Ah
d Fisheries
s with pleashis importatrol of RVF, FAO for ch
you know,portant role ntries of thet quarantiernational strted operatio
this occaspublic, allowudi Arabia ch was put
ditions, itsed on the se regional de
public of Djng port infraoad and railons involve
are that RVFhen it appeablishment o
ents of animnational andhe country,es, stationed
e in the reis disease. measures,
STER OF AHERIES OF
hmed Awaleh
ure that I cnt Conferen in your pre
hoosing Djib
, the Repin the are
e HoA and ine centretandards, wons in late 2
sion and onw me to oncfor its wiin place be
strategic rervice sectoevelopment
jibouti contastructures, corridors,
ed in this a
F is the moars it causeof national a
mals, this d regional pin close co
d in Djibout
gion also pCattle, expoincluding
AGRICULTU DJIBOUTI
h
hair today’snce focusedesence. I waouti for this
ublic has a of cattle those of thee, designe
was establish2006.
n behalf ofce again thallingness tocause of RV
regional poors, represeof the lives
inues its fa including the strength
area, are al
st importanes mortality and regiona
periodic disprogrammesollaborationi.
participates orted from troutine im
URE,
s opening cd on preventarmly thanks Conferenc
always platrade betw
e Arabian Ged accordhed in Djibo
f Presidentank the Kino lift the VF.
osition, its ent for the Rstock trade.
acilitation ethe construhening of tell examples
nt sanitary hin both ani
al policies to
sease is sus. At nationn with FAO
in preventthe port of munisation
eremony tion and the OIE
ce.
ayed an ween the Gulf. The ding to outi and
t of the gdom of ban on
(air)port Republic
efforts to uction of echnical s of this
hurdle in mal and o reduce
ubject to nal level,
and the
tion and Djibouti against
- 25 -
At regional level, transboundary disease control programmes related to livestock trade are ongoing. In view of gaining a better understanding of the situation and achieve better control, there is need to conduct surveillance activities and field studies of these important animal diseases, the main ones being PPR, RVF, FMD and sheep-and-goat pox. These regional programmes are funded primarily by the EU and USAID, under the auspices of the AU-IBAR and FAO. The ultimate goal being to achieve harmonisation of animal health policies for the member countries of IGAD and of COMESA. There is no doubt that this conference will allow the experts that you are to take stock of the situation, to share experiences and make robust resolutions, not only in terms of the prevention and control of RVF, but also other transboundary diseases related to the cattle trade. I wish you a nice stay in Djibouti and the best of success in your work.
- 26 -
- 27 -
Session 1 Setting the scene
- 28 -
REC
ProgramScientiOIE Paris, F
Recom2014 The rethose recomwhich finding The se
• Ar
• Pe
• Ad
• L(
• R• S
a
CALL OF P
mme Officer ific and Tech
France
BRome, Italy
Mom
mmendationcan be foun
ecommendathat were mmendationswas target
gs, while CV
econd set of
At least thrregistration Production encouragedAccurate sdeveloped. Laboratory d(with the suRoutine vacSouth Africand educati
REVIOUS M
hnical Depart
Bloemfontein, 2008: http
Rommbasa, Kenya
s from thend here : ht
ations are pmade durings lists the sped mainly aVOs from a s
f recommen
ee vaccine trials and mand qualit
. erological t
diagnostic cupport of FAccination of ca is encouional tools t
MEETINGS,
Susa
tment
Rift previor Fimporegioof thFramDiseathe rwill prese2012
, South Africp://www.who.inme, Italy, 20a, 2012: http
last RVF Ttp://www.fa
resented ing all the abopecific and at vaccine selected nu
dations inc
candidatesmay offer nety assessm
tests for c
capacity forAO, OIE, IAE
populationsraged to shtargeting far
- 29 -
, THEIR OU
anne Münste
Valley feveous confere
FAO or oortance of Rns and sube diseases
mework for ases (GF-TArecommendbe present
ented in pr2, reference
Cairo, Egyptca, 2009: httnt/csr/resource011: http://wp://www.rr-afr
Technical Wo.org/3/a-i4
n two sets, tove listed pnew recomproducers a
umber of cou
ludes the fo
s (DDvax, New options i
ment of vac
camels (IgM
r RVF needsEA). s at elevatehare experiermers durin
UTCOMES A
ermann
er (RVF) hasences and mrganised j
RVF as one bsequently R
in the 5-yethe Contr
ADs) for thations and ted. For thevious mee
e is made to
, 2007: httpp://www.rr-afr
es/publicationswww.fao.org/drica.oie.int/do
Workshop o4466e.pdf
the first of revious meemendationsand researcuntries were
ollowing:
DV-GnGc, Mn the near f
ccines in l
M and IgG
s to be stre
d risk is encences suchg outbreaks
AND RECO
s been the meetings orgointly. Thiof the priorRVF can alsear action prol of Trane two regiothe action
hose that hetings such o the respec
://www.oie.inica.oie.int/en/es/WHO_HSE_Gdocrep/014/i2ocspdf/en/20
organized by
which suppetings, whils emanatingchers to repe in attentio
MP-12) are future. ine with th
G) and vac
ngthened, i
couraged. as commu
s.
MMENDAT
subject ofganised by is underlinrity diseasesso be foundplans of thensboundary ons. A sumplans for G
have alreadas in Mom
ctive online
nt/doc/ged/D4en_index_anneGAR_BDP_2002310e/i2310012/RVF/REP
y FAO in R
ports and ree the secon
g from this mport on theion.
being eval
he OIE Ma
ccines need
including ri
unication st
IONS
f several the OIE
nes the s for the d as one e Global
Animal mmary of GF-TADs dy been
mbasa in reports.
4246.pdf ex19.html 09_2c.pdf 0e00.pdf PORT.pdf
Rome in
eiterates nd set of meeting, ir recent
uated in
anual is
d to be
ng trials
trategies
RegionECTADFAO Nairob
RVF woccurrand 1livestoperiodaverag
RVF IN T
al Manager D Eastern Afr
i, Kenya
was first dering as spor936, RVF
ock were raiss1936 to1
ge inter-epiz
THE HORN
ica
escribed inadic cases.was confinsed in proxi950. From zootic period
OF AFRICAA HIST
RVprbuhuananhureanthtraarspco
T
n Nakuru D The virus,
ned to Nakimity with w1951 to 2
d of 3.6 yea
- 30 -
A, EAST AFTORICAL OV
Bouna Diop
VF is a Phrimarily afuffalos, drumans. Shend cattle nimals get uman caseseleased durnimals. Nevhe bite ofansmitted rthropod sppread wideonditions ar
Text and cred
District of however, wuru District
wildlife. No 2007, elevears.
FRICA, ANDVERVIEW
p
hlebovirus affects sheomedaries, eep are theare somewinfected t
s are attribuing slaughtvertheless, f infected by a larg
pecies and ely and rre conducive
edit
Rift Valley was first isot which is RVF outbre
en RVF epiz
D THE MID
arthropod-bep, goats,
antelopesmost susc
what less shrough moted to contatering or coman can a
mosquitoege and dtherefore i
rapidly whe.
province ilated in 19prone to faks were rezootics were
DDLE EAST
borne zoono, cattle, , wildebee
ceptible whisusceptible
osquito biteact with bodontact with lso be infees. The viverse numit has potehen enviro
in Kenya i931. Betweeflooding aneported betwe recorded
osis that camels,
est, and ile goats e. While es, most dy fluids viremic
cted via virus is mber of ential to onmental
n 1912 en 1912 d where ween the with an
- 31 -
RVF reports outside Kenya begun in 1950s where between 1951 and 2007, large RVF epidemics have been reported in many African countries. In 2000, the disease was detected in the Arabian Peninsula, having spread outside of Africa for the first time. Somalia experienced the last two major RVF outbreaks in Eastern Africa. Between December 2006 and February 2007, the disease was reported in both humans and livestock in many regions including: Gedo, Lower and Middle Juba, Lower and Middle Shabelle, and Hiran. In Sudan, the first evidence of RVFV presence was described in 1936 while the first recorded epizootic occurred only in 1973 in sheep and cattle in White Nile State. Since then, RVF sero-positivity has been shown in different Sudanese states. The last outbreak occurred in 2007 in several Sudanese states along the white and blue Nile. In Tanzania, the most notable epidemic occurred in 2006-2007 although events were also reported from 1947 to 1998. Average inter-epidemic period is 7.9 years (3-17). During the period 1930 to 1979, the cases were confined to four districts in northern Tanzania. From 1980 to 2007, RVF was reported in more areas located in north to east, central, and southern regions. In Egypt, the largest RVF outbreak occurred in 1977–1978. Despite biannual vaccination with inactivated vaccine, a second outbreak occurred in 1993–1994. The vaccination campaign (using Smithburn vaccine) performed during the outbreaks of 1996–1997 and 2003 did not stop the disease. The reasons remain undetermined but could have contributed to the unusually short inter-epidemic periods observed in Egypt. In September 2000 RVF epizootics were identified in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Tihama/Jizan regions of Yemen and the southwest Saudi Arabia (Gizan region) were principally involved. RVF remains a regional concern and more collective action is needed to prevent and control the disease.
(*) ProgSub-ReOIE Tunis,
reporteProjececologincreas After 1the zo– whic The u2010 represAnimaundouidentifcontexmolecprelimsurveil Today zone -been dMauritLittle M The recontinan effRepresactivit
REC
gramme Offiegional Repre
Tunisia
ed 1987 aft. This con
gical characse mosquito
1987 outbrnes at the b
ch is consid
nexpected with majorents a serio
al Health Nbted sustafied RVF asxt - and undular and se
minary assesllance of th
an endemi- so called detected uptania and pMaghreb.
e-occurrenceuous threatfective survsentation foies in line w
CENT RVF O
Acer esentation fo
fter the buinstruction - cteristics suo breeding s
reaks were rborder betwered a suita
occurrence r impact onous threat f
Network (REinable link
s one of theder the umberological dssment of is disease in
c zone canLittle Mag
p to date. Itpermanent
e of RFV int for the entveillance syor North Afrwith the OIE
OUTBREAK
Alessandro Ri
or North Afric
lding of theand its re
ch as the csites.
reported regween Senegaable environ
of RVF in n both humfor the entirMESA) plat
k between e priority disbrella of REMdetection othe diagnon the REME
be recognighreb (Morot is also ackpassive sur
n Mauritaniatire region aystem in thrica is provE Internation
- 32 -
KS IN NORT
ipani* & Rac
ca
RVF is a single serohuman acharacterineonatal African coccurring breeding o Data repovirologicalcirculationwithout nosubstantiawhich cau
e Diama daelated floodcreation of
gularly fromal and Soutnment for ve
the northeman and anre Maghreb tform - whithe CVOs seases to coMESA the fof RVF viruostic capabESA zone.
ised in the occo-Algeriaknowledgedrveillance a
a in Octobeand that mohe region.
viding supponal Standar
TH AND WE
chid Bougued
viral vectootype of theand animazed mainly mortality -ontinent anin climatic of mosquito
orted in thel or serolon in the Wesoticeable clal outbreakused more m in the frings - led more water
m the West Ahern Mauritector popula
ern Sahelianimal healtharea. For t
ch is an ofon both sontrol in thfirst Externaus was orgaility of the
Western paa-Tunisia) - that an aclong with o
er 2013 coore targeted
In this coort to theseds.
ESTERN AF
dour
or-borne dise Bunyaviridal health. by high ratis nowada
nd Arabianconditions s.
e published gical evidest African reinical manif in the Wthan 200 amework ofto the chan accumulat
African regitania - alongations.
n region of h, confirmedthis reason, fficial netwoides of thee North Afr
al Quality Asanized in oe laboratorie
art includingwhere the
tive surveilloccasional s
nfirmed thaactions are
ontext, the e countries
FRICA
sease causedae family a
The distes of abortays presentn Peninsulawhich facil
literature ence of RVegion prior festations. T
West Africanhuman deaf the Senegnges of somtion points
ion but geng the Seneg
Mauritaniad that this the Mediteork that cree Mediterrarican regionssessment sorder to pees involved
g Mauritandisease ha
lance is in sero-surveys
at this disee necessary
OIE Sub-Rto impleme
ed by a affecting sease - tion and t in the a mostly itate the
revealed VF virus to 1987 The first n region aths was gal River me local so as to
erally in gal River
a in late disease
terranean eated an anean – . In this study for erform a d in the
ia and a as never place in s in the
ease is a to build
Regional ent such
(*) ResOndersARC - OPretoria
South laborat The disof anim(e.g woresult o Six couwere TaoutbreaThe mato a leinside t During MozamHowevebeyond RVF is RVF. TClone 1indicatinvestig The chalways other cabortioOVI. Pumake sbenefit
searcher Virostepoort VeteOVI a, South Afri
Africa in 20tory-confirme
sease has semals and humool, beef andof RVF outbre
untries in SAanzania, Madaks followed ajority of aniesser extent. the countries
the same pembique, Zamer, it is possd detection li
a notifiableThe vaccines 13. High motive of RVF. gate the situ
hallenges facready when
challenge is ton. During thublic educatstakeholders ts of preventi
RECENT
logy Departmrinary Institu
ca
10 with 14,ed human cas
vere direct amans affectedd milk). Peoeaks.
DC reported dagascar, Naheavy rainfamals affecteTo manage
s were contro
eriod, no RVFbia and Zimible that themits.
e disease in that are currrtality rate ofVeterinary
ation.
ed by South the outbrea
that the inithe period 20ion programmaware of th
ing such dise
RVF OUTB
Rachel Ma
ment ute
RVinwibySihaBoEgmThanra SiSoun
342 animal ses with 26 d
and indirect sd by the diseople whose l
RVF outbreaamibia, Botswlls. The outb
ed were shee the outbrea
olled.
F outbreaks wmbabwe. Thuere was no su
South Africarently availabf young animand human
Africa regaraks occur andial symptoms05-2014, 8 mes/farmer ae nature of
eases. - 33 -
BREAKS IN
aluleke* & P
VF is a disecluding humild animals. Ty competent nce the dise
as been repootswana, Nagypt and Seortality amohe susceptibnimal specieinfall and flo
nce the firstouth Africa,npredictable cases and 8deaths were
socio-economease. In-direcivelihoods d
aks in the pewana, Swazilbreaks occurrep and cattleaks, animals
were reporteds these cou
urveillance d
a. Farmers able in South
mals, abortionhealth auth
rding RVF ard vaccines cs of RVF can600 sample
awareness anthe disease,
SOUTHER
Phelix Majiwa
ease which amans, sheep,The virus resmosquito spe
ease was firsorted in, amoamibia, Zamenegal. It is ng young anility of the as. Outbreaks
oods.
t case of RV there havintervals. Th
8,877 animaidentified.
mic impacts. ct impacts inepend on th
riod spanninand and Soured in both ce. Goats and s were vacci
d in Lesotho,ntries are coone or the vi
re advised toAfrica are Sm
n in animals ahorities shou
e that the dicannot be ston be confusees from animd other publ consequenc
RN AFRICA
a
affects a widcattle, goat
sponsible for ecies, such at diagnosed
ong other coumbia, Mozam
characterisenimals and animal host s of RVF no
VF was obsere been spo
he latest outbl deaths. Du
Direct impaclude decrea
hese kinds of
g 2005 to 2th Africa. In ommercial abuffaloes wenated and m
Angola, DRConsidered freirus might be
o vaccinate tmithburn, inaand febrile d
uld be inform
sease is spoockpiled for ed with othermals were tesicity campaigces of livesto
de variety ofts, camels athe disease
as Aedes andin Kenya in untries, Soutmbique, Maded by high abortion in depends on
ormally follow
rved in the 1oradic outbbreak was rering this per
acts include tase/loss of pr
of income su
014. Those all the counnd small scaere also affemovement of
C, Malawi, Mee from the e circulating
their animalactivated vacdisease in humed immed
oradic, peoplvarious reas
r diseases thsted for RVFgns are oftenock diseases
f animals and some is spread
d Culex. 1931, it
th Africa, dagascar, levels of animals. age and
ws heavy
1950s in reaks at ported in riod, 242
the dying roduction ffer as a
countries tries, the
ale farms. cted, but f animals
Mauritius, disease. at levels
s against ccine and mans are iately, to
e are not sons. The hat cause F at ARC-n done to s and the
- 34 -
- 35 -
Session 2 Challenges to
disease control
- 36 -
Chief RKenya KEMRINairob
Duringavailab Duringavailabcontro To be high rthreat Unfortno covaccin Publicmeasuquaranlivesto Vectorthat acaffecte
Research OffMedical ResI i, Kenya
g the normble for contr
g the pre-oble control ool, and publ
effective, lisk and a pof an RVF o
tunately, theuntry in th
nation is not
c educationures against ntine and sock producti
r control, prccompaniesed areas and
icer earch Institu
mal phase (rolling the d
outbreak (ooptions incic education
ivestock vacposition on routbreak.
ere are few he HoA hat recommen
, livestock disease sp
slaughter baion systems
rimarily thros RVF outbred cost.
AVAILABL
ute
Thehavpeothe As ato devidenandof ithe the
(non-epidemdisease is liv
outbreak walude liveston.
ccination reroutine vacc
broadly liceas a clear ded during
quarantine,read duringan for a lon and food o
ough aerial eaks but it
- 37 -
E CONTRO
Kariuki Njen
e periodic Rve a significople living i
local, natio
a step towathe epidem
veloped a dntifying thed decreasingnterventionepidemicsspecific sta
mic period)vestock vac
arning) andock vaccinat
equires a clecination an
ensed RVF policy on an outbrea
, and slaugg an outbreang time sinof animal or
spraying, has limited
OL OPTIONS
nga
RVF epidemicant impacin the regioonal, and re
ards improvimics, regiondecision su sequence g the RVF es that can b, and matcage of the R
of the RVccination.
d outbreak tion, quaran
ear nationald emergenc
livestock vaRVF vaccik.
ghter ban aak. There isnce many aigin is the p
is often atteffectivene
S
ics in the Hct on lives on, and thegional econ
ing managenal and inpport tool fof events reepizootic risbe used to ching these RVF disease
VF cycle, t
phases ofntine and sla
l policy thatcy vaccinati
accines; andnation. In
re perhaps s often a proaffected areprimary diet
empted duess due to ex
Horn of Africand livelih
ey negativenomies.
ement and rternational for the purelated to insk, compilinprevent and
e interventio cycle 1.
the primary
f the diseaaughter ban
t identifies ion in the f
d to our knoaddition, l
the most eoblem of sueas have pa.
ring heavy xpansivenes
ca (HoA) hoods of ly affect
response experts
rpose of creasing ng a list d control ons with
y option
ase, the n, vector
areas at ace of a
owledge, ivestock
effective ustaining astoralist
flooding ss of the
V
ConsulResearGALVmLichtaa
The bicandid RVF, dAfrica aspecthas a Based econom As a rthe incrather vaccinstrateg Combiimportimmunvaccinwell asencour Externcentracreatinincreas
ACCINATIO
tant ch Departme
med art, Belgium
iggest challdates to the
despite beinas well as
t a rather locharacterison limited
mically just
result the mcentive for limited. Va
nes for emegy in a RVF
nation vactant ruminanization, hanation, expas to end useraged.
nal control alized qualitng an equase attractive
ON STRATE
ent
enge howevmarket and
ng a seriouin some couw or moder
stic epidemd economic ify or suppo
motivation focommercia
accine or anrgency use.control prog
cines offerant diseaseave the pond the marers. Their d
and qualityty control
al level playeness to com
GIES, VAC
D
t
ver will be d to implem
s economicuntries of thately attractic outbreakdamage in
ort vaccinat
or the broal companientigen bank All of this gram.
ing protectes, resultinotential to ket and the
development
y harmonizaand regulaying field, mpanies to
- 38 -
CINE AVAI
Danny Goovae
Both inactiare availablthe field. Hand efficacimproved R Recently seDNA, subuunder develicensed. For some, have been efficacy of t the task of
ment them in
cal and enzhe Middle Etive disease
k cycle dep between laion or vacci
d consistenes to seriousks can play s highlights
tion againsg in broaddecrease
refore be att and comm
ation of RVatory platforharmonizininvest in RV
LABILITY A
erts
vated as wele and have
However thercy of thesVF vaccines
everal imprunit or repelopment,
promising demonstratthese vaccin
further comn a well-des
zootic endemEast, is frome. The diseaending on arge epidemnation cam
nt use of RVsly invest ina role in athe need fo
st not only der and lonoverall cos
ttractive botmercializatio
F vaccines rm. This c
ng regulatorVF control.
AND QUALI
ell as live abeen in us
re still is a se vacciness for livestoc
roved live alicon vacciin the lic
results or ted with resne candidat
mmercializasigned contr
mic diseasem a commerc
se besides climate, raimic outbreapaigns to co
VF vaccinesn RVF vaccn improved or a well-de
RVF but ng term prsts, increasth to vaccinon should th
is needed ould certairy requirem
ITY CONTR
attenuated vse for a longgap betwee
s and a nck.
attenuated,ne candidaensing pro
proof of cspect to saftes.
ation to brinrol program
e in a largecial vaccinebeing endeinfall and faks it is difontrol the d
s and consecine develop availabilityesigned vac
also againrotection wse uptake ne manufactherefore be
as well asnly play a
ments and t
ROL
vaccines g time in en safety need for
vector, ates are ocess or
concepts fety and
ng these .
e part of e market mic also flooding. fficult to disease.
equently pment is y of RVF ccination
st other with one
of RVF turers as strongly
a more role in
therefore
VA
(*) ChieResearOndersPretoria
The seattenumakingvirulenwhen a The thisolatedeletioThe mshort sfocusestoragedeman The stcertainreques
ACCINES :
ef Scientific ch and Deve
stepoort Bioloa, South Afri
econd avaiuated live vag it a cheance of the Sadministere
hird vaccineed from a bon in the NS
major challenshelf life oed on idente to allow nd periods.
tudy will an African csts.
VACCINES
Bo
Officer lopment Depogical Producca
lable vacciaccine usedaper alternaSmithburn sed to gestati
e available ibenign humaSs gene whnge that haf the vaccitifying appr
vaccine av
lso providecountries b
S CURRENT
oitumelo Moeand B
partment cts (OBP)
Rinimpthlith Chdaaha
ne is the d since 195ative to thetrain; there ing adults.
s the RVF Can case in ich renders
as been assne productopriate metvailability t
some insibased on O
- 39 -
TLY USED
ethloa, NobalBethuel Ntha
RVF outbreandustry andmpact is population. his vector-bvestock phrough cons
Currently Ohas three redisease. Adjuvanted Rn infected
hamster kidn booster vac
modified R51. This vace inactivated
is a potent
Clone 13 vaCentral Afr the virus aociated wit. This presthods and to customer
ghts in theOBP RVF v
IN THE FIE
landa B. Mabangeni*
aks have add with the most ofteThe most e
borne diseaspopulations sistent annu
Onderstepooregistered vaAn inactRVF virus vbovine and
ney (BHK-2ccination an
RVF Smithbccine is abld vaccine. ial risk of th
accine whicica Republ
a-virulent in h RVF Clonentation wifacilities fors in a lim
e possible vaccine pro
ELD AND T
bizela
dverse impadisease bei
en spread effective mese is ensuri
have imual vaccinat
rt Biologicaccines for ivated alvaccine isold adapted f1) cells. Th
nd annual re
burn virus se to provideHowever, d
he virus to c
ch is a live ic. The stramice, ham
ne 13 has bll highlight
or bulk RVFmited time
RVF vaccinoduct regis
HEIR ISSU
act on the ling a zoono
into the ethod of cong that sus
mmunity ation program
cal Productsthe controlluminium-hated in 19for growth his vaccine e-vaccinatio
strain whice lifelong imdue to the cause terato
attenuated ain contains
msters and libeen instab research a
F Clone 13 frame duri
nation stratstration sta
UES
livestock osis, the
human ntrolling
sceptible achieved mmes.
ts (OBP) of RVF ydroxide 74 from in baby requires
on.
ch is an mmunity residual
ogenicity
vaccine s a large vestock. ility and activities
antigen ng high
egies of tus and
ResearResearDeltamLyttelto
segmenthe tarrobust viremiaclearly abortogEntomowhich tthe poselectioprocessFisheritrials w SignificNewcaspotentiseries osite of from vaDelibernaturalexposeenvironcontainof diffeinduceagainstis plan
ch Veterinarich & Develop
mune on, South Afr
nts respectivrget livestockimmunity ag
a and abortiodemonstrate
genic potentological studtogether withssibility of son. This vacs. Approval ies (DAFF) towill be submi
cant progresstle disease ial environmof safety triainoculation, accinated tarate vaccine l NDV, the red to the tis
nmental safnment. Subserent adjuvad demonstrat clinical disened for this v
V
ian pment
rica
vely, showed k species. Against RVF won. Vaccinatied that RVF tial and, wdies also shoh the absencspreading in ccine candidahas been gr
o use the vactted in the n
s has also bvirus-vectoreental risk of
als. The resudoes not carget species administratioecombinant vssues of vacety study, equent trials
ants suitable able levels of ease and viravaccine cand
VACCINES
L
Alcocorethim Mgevava MandeThan
an excellentseries of tr
which can fulon experimevirus lackin
hen used cowed that thee of significathe environ
ate is now aanted by thecine outside ear future.
been made wed vaccine ex this recomblts of these suse significa(sheep) to i
on to avian hvirus failed tccines by th
DAFF apprs focussed on
for use witneutralising
aemia. A fulldidate in the
- 40 -
: NOVEL V
Louis Maarte
though the contributions toncerns withquirements oe search for
mportant dise
any differenenetics technaccines and arious stages
ajor advancend efficacy eveloped throhis attenuatend NSm get safety profrials in pregnlly-protect hents in first-tr
ng these noncorrectly, alse absence oant levels of nment and gapproaching e South Africontainmen
with regards xpressing thebinant virus studies indicant levels of in-contact cohosts resultedto infect fullyhe oral routeroved furthen optimisatioth live antige antibodies a safety and enear future.
ACCINES (
ens
currently-avato the contro some of thof countries anovel improv
ease.
nt vaccinationology, recoadjuvanted sof evaluation
es have been of a promisough the useed strain, whenes on thefile in laboranant-ewes ineavily-pregnarimester pregn-structural vso an extref the NSm-gviremia in th
gaining virulethe pre-regiscan Departmt and applica
to the safete Gn and Gcwas assesse
cated that NDviraemia in tontrol animad in seroconvy-susceptiblee. Based oner vaccination of the vacens. Two forand durable efficacy eval
1)
ailable vaccinol of RVF in ehese productat risk in nonved vaccines
on platformsmbinant (vesubunit vaccn.
made in the ing new RVe of reverse hich lacks the small andtory animal
ndicated thatant animals agnant ewes (4virulence facmely low te
gene impairs he vaccines, ence under cstration phasment of Agrications for aut
y and efficaglycoprotein
ed under BSDV-GnGc remthe vaccines ls or birds (sversion of thee in-contact
the favouraon experimccine formulrmulations wimmunity (> uation in the
nes have maendemic areats and the rn-endemic ars against this
s, includingector) vaccincines are cur
e assessment VF vaccine c
genetics teche non-structd medium models as wt this strain against clinic42 days of g
ctors has a neratogenic p
s insect transpractically econditions ose of the assiculture, Forethorisation to
acy testing on genes of RSL3 containmmains localis and does nosheep and ce vaccines, bcontrol birdsable outcom
ments outsidation by the
were identifie5 months) p
e pregnant ew
de major as, safety regulatory reas drive globally-
g reverse nes, DNA rrently in
of safety candidate chnology. tural NSs genomic
well as in provides
cal signs, gestation) negligible potential. smission, liminates
of natural sessment estry and o do field
f a novel VFV. The
ment in a ed at the ot spread hickens).
but unlike s or birds
me of the de BSL3 addition ed which protective we model
(*) DireMCI SaRabat,
In thiswhich produccycles using effect,
A pilosheep,detectprobabtool fo
The neunlikeanimadiffusi
C61 cfield.
ector of R & anté AnimaleMorocco
s study, we is a natura
ced on Veroof heating
the high di, high titer a
ot batch of , goats and ted as soon bly more. Tor Rift Valley
ew Clone 6ly to reversls showed von.
andidate RV
V
MeD
e
isolated a ally attenuao cells, hea and cloninlution methand better s
RVF C61 camels usias two wee
he vaccine y fever cont
61 vaccine se to virulenvery low or
VF vaccine
VACCINES
ehdi El-Harra
RVSaspecoan
Vaexppreimvac
Th(Cl(Sm
thermostabated strain ated at 56°ng were perod. The C6
stability if co
vaccine hang virus neueks after vais stable atrol in endem
candidate nce in addino viremia
should now
- 41 -
: NOVEL V
ak*, S. Daoua
VF is a vectaharan couread to theonomical lod also hum
ccination ispansion of eferable to
mmunogenicccination.
he availablelone 13) omithburn st
ble vaccine because of
°C and resisrformed and61 showed aompared to
s been proutralization accination at 4°C for twmic countrie
is derived fition to its at all when
w be tested
ACCINES (
am & K. Tad
tor borne dntries, incle Middle Eaoses in livean fatalities
s the only wthe disease
o inactivateity, lower p
e live vaccr cause abotrain).
candidate (NSs gene
stant viral d the most a characteri other clone
oduced andtest. Good
and they laswo years anes, once com
from the depotential a tested by
on large sca
2)
dlaoui
disease, endluding Wesast since 2estock (rums.
way to prevee. Live attened ones brice and no
cines are eortion and
Clone 61) fdeletion. T
particles weresistant cstic and prees or the ori
tested for levels of anst for a mind could repmmercialise
eleted Clons a DIVA vPCR which
ale for mass
demic in mst Africa a2010 causiminant and
ent and connuated vaccbecause ofo need of a
either thermteratogenic
from the ClThis virus here selectedlones were ecocious cyiginal C13 s
efficacy inntibodies hanimum of opresent an ed.
ne 13 strainvaccine. Vacreduces th
s vaccinatio
most Sub and has ng huge camels)
ntrol the cines are higher booster
molabile c effects
lone 13, has been d. Three purified
ytopathic strain.
n cattle, ave been one year, efficient
n and is ccinated e risk of
on in the
D
Head oOndersARC-OVPretoria
purpos As parRVF ba 1.
2. 3.
4.
Great date. availabthe sktrainincontribgeneraimprov
DIAGNOST
of Virology Destepoort VeteVI a, South Afri
se, turnarou
rt of endeavased at ARC
Invests inpurchase working wDevelops oContinuouincluding Harnessesmaterials, assay deve
strides havNonethelesble tests. Rkills neededng in diagnbute to quaate knowledvement of c
IC TESTS F
epartment rinary Institu
ca
und time an
vours to addC-Onderstep
providing of personalith live RVFor establish
usly validatparticipatio
s collaborattechnical
elopment, o
ve been mas further ineference Lad to providnostic testality assurage and tool
current assay
FOR RVF AWHAT
Bara
ute
d DIVA cap
ress some opoort Veterin
a safe wor protective
FV; es various ates the meon in inter-laions with rskills and
optimization
de in the dnvestigationaboratories cde diagnosting, producnce of the s that couldys.
- 42 -
ND ROLE OT IS AVAIL
atang Alison
Rift Vallthe BueconomiAfrica aremains susceptiregistereusually epidemioevaluatioserologicantigen biosecursubmitteavailabil
acity, rema
of these chainary Institut
king enviroequipment
assays to meethods thraboratory teresearchers information and validat
developmens are key tcan mobilistic testing ce reagentsmethods th
d be used in
OF REFEREABLE?
Lubisi
ley Fever vunyaviridae cally devand the Arthe only p
ble livestocd for hum
done fological sons and cal, virus i
identificatity regula
ed and histity, affordin major ch
allenges, theute undertak
nment to it and maint
eet differenough form
est compariselsewhere
n used in rtion.
t of differeto addressinse financial for variouss, develop hrough ILTCn developme
ENCE LABO
virus (RVFV)family,
stating zooabian Penipractical cock, and thmans. Diagfor diseastudies, export ce
solation, Rion methodations, typtory of the dability, vallenges in
e OIE Referes the follow
nclude perstenance of
t testing reqal and exsons (ILTC);in the wor
research, in
nt RVF diagng limitatioand other r purposes, and valid
C with otheent of novel
ORATORIES
), a Phlebocauses RVonotic diseinsula. Vacontrol mea
here is no gnostic tesase confivaccine ertification,
RNA detectds. Biosafepe of spanimal, an
validation RVF diagno
rence Laborwing:
sonnel vaccBSL3 facil
quirements;xtensive pr; rld for exchncluding di
gnostic metons of the cresources, a
execute tedate test mer laboratorl diagnostic
S :
ovirus in VF, an ease in ccination sure for vaccine
sting is rmation, efficacy using ion and ety and pecimen nd assay
status, oses.
atory for
cination, lities for
; ocesses,
hange of agnostic
thods to currently and have echnical
methods, ies, and
c tests or
RO
Head oOndersARC-OVPretoria RepresRegionOIE Beirut,
milk o The ccruciaRefereresour There southeor at c The OSouth RVF dNeutravarious The ereferenthrougcontrib
OLE OF RE
of Virology Destepoort VeteVI a, South Afri
sentative al Represent
Lebanon
r, similar to
linical signl for mobili
ence Laboraces necessa
are only tern hemisphclose proxim
IE twinningAfrica and
diagnostic calisation Tess aspects of
stablished nce laboratogh self-suffbuting to go
FERENCE
epartment rinary Institu
ca
tation for the
o other susc
s caused bisation of reatories oftenary to perfor
two OIE Reheres, in Fr
mity to all th
g project on the Centracapacity in est (VNT), Rf laboratory
scientific aory status foficiency in ood veterina
LABORATO
Baratang Al
ute
e Middle East
RcBafhd1coAimta
eptible anim
by RVF are esources an perform dirm the diffe
eference Laance and Se RVF enzo
n RVF betwal Veterinary
Yemen, inT-PCR and quality ass
and technoor RVF, whi
the earlyry governan
- 43 -
RIES : TW
Alison Lubisi &
t
RVF is an ecaused by tBunyaviridaamong neonflu-like symhumans, chdiagnosed i1931 and wcountries soutside the Arabia, follinfected wmosquitos othrough manimals, comals, throug
not pathognd institutiosease confi
erent assays
aboratories South Africaootic regions
ween ARC-Ory Laboratoryn the form
qRT-PCR aurance.
ological expch would be
y detectionnce.
INNING (S
& Ghazi Yehi
economicallhe RVF viru
ae family. Anates in su
mptoms whiharacterise in sheep inwas found tsince then.
African coowed by Y
with RVFVor in-utero.
manipulationnsumption gh bites of i
gnomonic aon of contrormation sin
s required fo
for RVF, sa, respectives to facilitat
Onderstepoory (CVL) in of differen
and virus iso
pertise will enefit the e
n and diag
OUTH AFR
ia
y devastatinus (RVFV), abortion storsceptible aich can proRVF. The
n the Rift Vo be enzoot
The first ntinent was
Yemen in 2through
Humans co of carcaof infected infected mo
and laboratool measuresce they hav
or the purpo
situated in ely. Their loe prompt ou
ort VeterinaryYemen is at antibody olation in d
hopefully entire Arabiagnosis of
RICA – YEM
ng zoonotica Phlebovirurms and monimal specogress to d
disease wValley of Ktic in manyincursion
s recorded i2000. Animbites of ontract the asses of and unpas
osquitos.
ory confirms during ouve the experose.
the northocations areutbreak resp
ry Institute aimed at in
ELISAs, thifferent me
earn the Can Peninsulthe diseas
MEN)
disease us in the ortalities ies, and death in was first Kenya in y African
of RVF in Saudi mals get infected disease
infected steurized
mation is utbreaks. rtise and
ern and e not in, ponses.
(OVI) in creasing he Virus dia, and
CVL OIE a region
se, thus
ResearResearDeltamLyttelto
from thabsenc Antigeninfectestandapolymesensitivdifferentechniqconsidecloselyhoweve The vevolumevariety specificAn IgMenables There diagnosassays,sufficie Climatiinteres(e.g. a microaof thes
ch Veterinarich & Develop
mune on, South Afr
he fourth dace of IgM sign
n can be deed animal carrd virus isolerase chain vity, specifintiation of ceques is takinered the gold-related buner, not suitab
ersatility andes, resulted iof indirect acity profiles
M-detecting s efficient de
is a need fses. Althoug, these testsent sensitivity
ic change ant in the deve multiplex trray or fluore
se are freely a
A PRACDIAGN
ian pment
rica
ay post infecnifies previou
etected in thrcasses usinglation in celreactions (rtcity and reertain RVFV g place contden standard
nya viruses dble for handli
d suitability in consideraband competitbut, are restblocking ELetection of re
for inexpensh promising s are still noy.
nd the potentelopment of mest for arboescent microavailable yet.
CTICAL PEROSTICS AN
L
RVnotheof fift(e.as virsh(deresslomaressinan
ction until aus infections
he blood, serg a variety ofl culture or -PCR) have eaction timevaccine stra
tinuously. Vird for antiboddoes not inteng large sam
of enzyme lble developmive ELISA’s,
tricted in termISA is availaecent infectio
ive, reliable results have
ot readily av
tial of RVFV tmultiplex assvirus infectiosphere immu.
- 44 -
RSPECTIVEND FUTUR
Louis Maarte
VF is a peraotably of rume blood and time (generath to the se.g. in very yosixteen hou
remic stage ow a proemonstrable sponse usuaowly declinesany years. sponse may nce the prenimals is a repproximately with negligi
rum and plaf diagnostic t suckling mbeen develoe. A recen
ains from fielirus neutralisady detection erfere with t
mple volumes
linked immument and con
are availablems of their uable which ons.
pen-side tebeen obtain
vailable for u
to spread to says to facilitons). Prelimunoassay tec
E ON CURRE DEVELOP
ens
acute to acminants and m
serum of infeally from theeventh day pung animalsrs post infeccan persist ominent ne
from aboully peaks 14s to a stablFurther ch
provide impoesence of Igeliable indicay day 50), wble risk of ac
asma of viremtests. Infectio
mice. A largeoped with sigtly-developedld strains. Re
sation tests (Vagainst RVFthe interprets.
une-sorbent ntinuous impe. Most of thuse for sampcan be used
ests to facilned with immuse in the f
previously utate syndrominary results
chnology (Lum
ENT RVF PMENTS
cute viral dman. Antigenected animal second to th
post infection) viremia canction and in up to day 1eutralising t 5 days p
4 to 21 dayse plateau w
haracterisatioortant epidemgM antibodietor of recent
while the prective replicat
mic animals ous virus cane variety of gnificant advd multiplex efinement ofVNT), althoug, since crossation of this
assays (ELISprovement ofhese have excles from mud across the
itate promptmune-chromaield and in
ninfected areic testing in
s obtained wminex), are e
isease of mn can be dels for a limitehe third day n). In extremn be detectedsome individ
12. Survivingantibody
post infectios post infect
which may pon of the miological infes in the s infection (desence of Igion.
s or in the tn be demonsreverse tranvantages in
rt-PCR allf the differengh laboriouss-reactivity ws assay. The
SA) for largef these techncellent sensitltiple animal
e species ba
t and accuratographic latmany instan
eas, sparkedhumans and
with assays bencouraging
mammals, tected in ed period until the
me cases d as early duals the g animals response
on). This tion, and ersist for humoral
formation serum of etectable
gG in the
issues of strated by nscriptase
terms of lows the nt rt-PCR , are still
with other e VNT is,
e sample niques. A tivity and species. rrier and
rate field teral flow nces lack
renewed d animals based on but none
CH
Senior Pan-AfAU Debre –
RFV iBunya Implemearly dantigediagnosurveilbased is alsodevelodiagnomultip The rea majowith itthe coand prthe dcollaboidentifsuppordocumproduc
ALLENGES
Diagnostics rican Veterin
– Zeit, Ethiop
s caused baviridae, gen
mentation odetection sns and antostic tests llance of thtests which
o a need opment of osis (neonatplex assays w
elatively higor challengets continentontrol and eroduction ofdiagnosis ooration witfied RVF asrt from AU
ment on AUction of biol
S TO CONT
Officer nary Vaccines
pia
by a singlenus Phlebov
of appropriaystems. Thibodies are for detect
he RVF diseh are currento differennew RVF vtal mortalitywhich can d
h cost of coe to Africantal mission
eradication of essential dof priority h African s one of the-PANVAC i
U-PANVAC logical reag
ROL RVF DD
Sanne-Charle
s Centre
RVTradraThcou19affduestregwamacon
e serotype virus.
ate control e laboratoressential t
ion of RVease. Therently not avaitiate naturavaccines any and abortidifferentiate
ommercial dn laboratorie“to promot
of animal ddiagnostic rdiseases.
laboratoriese priority dn this regaDiagnostic ents for RFV
- 45 -
DISEASE : RDIAGNOSTI
les Bodjo* &
VF is a ansboundaryamatically ae ban on livuntries to
997/1998 fected expoe to the batimated at gion alone. as lifted in any years ofncerning RV
of a mosq
measures fry diagnostito confirm dF need to
e is a need ilable but wal infectionnd companon) should
e RVF from
diagnostic kes, which mte the use o
diseases in Areagents to During th
s at the Aiseases for rd. Followinactivities w
V is indicate
RESEARCHCS
& Nick Nwankp
zoonotic ry Animal affect livestvestock imp
Eastern RVF outbre
ort trade pan from FebUSD 109By the tim2009, Eas
f lost incomVF.
quito-borne
for RFV reqc tools for disease out
be improto develop
would be imn from vacion diagnosbe consideother patho
kits currentlmay not be of good quaAfrica” has support AUe consultaUC Headqutheir diagn
ng that Wowas prepareed in that d
REQUIRE
kpa
disease aDiseases (tock trade ports institu
Africa coeak in Kearticularly iruary 1998
9 million fome the ban st Africa hame because
virus mem
quires good the detect
tbreak. The ved for ea
p rapid pen portant for
ccinated anstics. Syndred in the dgens like B
y available able to affo
ality vaccineembarked o MS veterin
ative worksuarters in nostic activirkshop, a sed and theocument.
D TO IMPR
and one (TADs) whbetween co
uted by Midountries afenya and Sin Somalia. to May 19or the Somon animal
ad already e of prevaili
mber of the
early warntion of RVFcurrently a
arly screen side tests field testin
nimals throromic appr
developmenBrucella.
in the marord it. AU-
nes and reagon the devenary laboratshop organ2013, laboities and restrategic frae developm
ROVE
of the ich can ountries. dle East ter the Somalia, . Losses 99 were maliland imports endured ng fears
e family
ning and FV RNA, available ing and or field
g. There ugh the roach to t of new
ket pose PANVAC gents for elopment ories for
nized in oratories equested amework ent and
- 46 -
- 47 -
Session 3 Trade issues
- 48 -
ProgramScientiOIE Paris, F
was reorder specifoutbrefind th Accordcountrperiod Recomaligned It shosituativaccinin the Furtheand epis not While they apost mproper In contrade ethe reqand co
mme Officer ific and Tech
France
evised in 20to providedicities of t
eak, can nevhemselves in
dingly the rries infected.
mmendationd with these
ould be notons, under
nes for counOIE Manua
ermore, the pizootic perrecommend
the revised are, it now mortem insprly matured.
nclusion, theven in the quirements ontrol meas
OIE CODE
hnical Depart
013 and acd OIE Memhis diseasever be consn extended
revised Codd with RVFV
s for the ie three coun
ted that valining the i
ntries in theal, Chapter 2
importancriods is highded.
Chapter maalso consid
pection has .
he revised Cface of a loand mainta
ures have b
CHAPTERS
Susa
tment
The Oto enproducertifand allocaVetermeascountdescrshouthe Ppathw More
ccepted by mber Counte, mainly tidered againinter-epizoo
e Chapter dV during an
mportation ntry situatio
accination importance
e Region, m2.1.14.
e of surveihlighted. Ho
aintains thaders fresh m
been carrie
Code Chaptocalised outain a high seen implem
- 49 -
S RELEVAN
anne Münste
OIE Terrestrnhance anducts safe infication, trainspection
ates a lot rinary Servsures on thtry and Sribing the ld comply wPerformancway).
e specificallythe OIE Getries with the fact thn free of thotic periods
differentiate inter-epizo
of live anions.
is now offeof the ava
manufactured
llance usinowever, sur
at hides, skimeat and med out with
ter offers fetbreak, provstandard of mented.
NT TO RVF
ermann
rial Animal d render tran the Sectioansport, tra
on arrivaof import
vices that he side of ection 3 quality crit
with and hoce of Veter
y addressineneral Assemore flexibat countriee diseases .
es between ootic period
mals or the
ered as an ilability of d in line wi
g different veillance fo
n, wool andmeat produc
out any fin
easible optivided that Vperformanc
AND TRAD
Health Codeade in live on 5 coverinsit, quaral. In this tance to t
supervisethe export
of the Coteria that Vw they can
rinary Servi
g RVF, the mbly of Deble optionss, once thand the fac
countries/zand those
eir products
option in effective, sth the prov
approachesor virus dete
d fibre are scts as safe dings and t
ons for coueterinary Se
ce to guaran
DE
e details coanimals a
ing everythintine requicontext, t
the quality e these dting and imode is devVeterinary be evaluate
ices tool (t
Code Chapelegates in 2s to deal wey experien
ct that coun
zones free oduring an e
s are subse
each of thsafe and afvisions as de
s in inter-eection in th
safe commoprovided anthat meat h
untries to mervices comntee that pr
onditions nd their ing from rements the OIE
of the different mporting voted to Services ed using the PVS
ter 8.13 2014 in with the nced an nties can
of RVFV, epizootic
equently
he three ffordable escribed
epizootic he vector
dities as nte- and has been
maintain mply with reventive
CEO LivestoNairob
This trin 198Sudanlong-stexportexport Thus Peninsby distof thephenoexportdramarecordexportBerberSudan ConcugovernArabiaboon fregions This iauthorand sinspec
CURRENTHE
ock Trade Seri, Kenya
rade was ab83 with a bn largely esctanding civing sides wers.
from contrsula, the Hotant countrie Djibouti menal growed 3.1 milltically onces and ported 5.7 – 5ra, 1 millio
n, a total of
rrently, aninment’s legan importer,for African s’ pastoralis
s because rities of a cstaff the qctions.
NT LIVESTE MIDDLE E
WHAT
rvices, Ltd
bruptly interban on expcaped the il war and twhich were
rolling appoA / Sudaneies, principaquarantine
wth. For exaion head. Oe again. Ft data show.9 million
on head expnearly 10 m
mal welfareal and poli to halt the export trad
sts remains
of two reaonflict of inuarantines
OCK TRADEAST : THEIT MEANS
HistbeenAfriccontoil brapidsoug190deveand untipredPenSom
rrupted dueort from thbans, but ltrade deals e considere
roximately ese market ally Australi
e in 2006ample in itOnce the Soor examplewed that thead. IGADported frommillion head
e concerns ecy framewoimportation
de which hthreatened
asons : firsnterest in th
and their
- 50 -
E BETWEEE NEW RVFTO INTER-
Chip E. Stem
torically, thn partners ica and returtinued for cboom of thedly as theght more m00s, livestocelopment ofUmra pilgrl the early
dominant sinsula. By
malia alone r
e to a serieshe HoA dueivestock exbetween po
ed unfavour
85% of tshare dropia and Urug, African ts second yomali quarae in 2012,he quarant
D data for 2 Bosasso, a
d.
expressed bork, which n of livestocas placed by livestoc
st, is the phe managem
veterinaria
N THE HOF OIE CODE-REGIONAL
em
e HoA andn trade. Dhrn with spiccenturies, pe 20th cen
e oil econoeat in theirck trade furf Mecca andims. From t
1980’s thsuppliers o
the late reached num
s of import be to the feaxport from tolitical figurable terms
the livestocped to apprguay. With tlivestock eyear of operntines were, UNDP datines of Be2014 list 3and 5.2 mi
by Australiacaused Sa
ck from thisbillions of k disease.
perception oment of the ans and te
RN OF AFRE CHAPTERL TRADE
d the Arabiows would c
ces and otheerhaps mill
ntury livestoomies becar diet. In thrther expand the dramathese historhe HoA anof livestock1970s livembers of 2.5
bans by GCar of the spthere was ares on boths by livesto
ck imports roximately 1the establisxport traderation the De establisheata gathereerbera, Bos.6 million hllion head
ns resulted udi Arabia, s country. Hdollars into
on the parquarantine
echnicians
RICA AND R AND
an Peninsucarry livestoer goods. Thlennia and ock trade exame wealthhe latter handed with thatic increaseic times all d Sudan wk to the estock expo5 – 3.0 mil
CC states, bepread of rinaffected duh the importock produc
into the 15% and whment and e has expeDjibouti qu
ed, export ined from qusasso, and head exportexported fr
in a chang by far the
However, theo the hands
rt of the imes – traders often perfo
ula have ock from his trade with the xpanded
hier and lf of the he rapid e in Hajj the way
were the Arabian
ort from lion.
eginning derpest. e to the ting and
cers and
Arabian was filled
opening erienced arantine
ncreased arantine Djibouti
ted from rom Port
ge in the e largest e current s of the
mporting manage
orm the
Bl ImportfrequerejecticausinEaster Seconseriousseriousdeathsdiseaspart ofRVF inthe exthe sp The neMiddleCode athe exthe facmaintaterm im This pCode benefi
lack market t
ting authoriently experieon of the
ng outbreakrn countries
d, epizootics impact ins epidemic s. Because ose and its ocf the imporn the Terresxporters andread of dise
ew Code chae East impoare fundamporting Vetece of an ouaining openmport bans
resentation is followed,t of both sid
trade under t
ities have cence probleentire ship
ks which un.
c trans-boun some of 15 years aof the risk occurrence oters that is
strial Code rd the importease and inc
apter, if folorting countental and herinary Authutbreak ensn communic
placed by t
will highlig, then disedes.
the cover of d
commented ems with dpment or wnfortunately
undary disethe importigo in the Aof RFV in a n the exporbased on f
required updters could bcrease conf
lowed, can tries while hopefully wihorities to ruring that dcations betwthe importin
ght the chanase free tra
- 51 -
darkness. Pic
that the trdiseased liveworse, diseay has been
ases and iing countrie
Arabian Pensituation su
rting side cofear rather tdating so thbe made to idence betw
prevent theminimizing ll be the ba
restrict or adiseased livween the pang authoritie
nges to the ade betwee
cture courtes
raders oftenestock on iased animathe case i
n particulaes and theinsula whicuch as the Hould potentthan scienchat science-protect the
ween the pa
e introductiodisruptions
asis for proand control tvestock are arties, it is es can be p
Code and hn these tw
sy of Livestoc
n “cheat” amporting sls entering n several A
r RVF epizre is a stroh resulted Hajj, it has ially result ie. Further, -based decis integrity ofrties.
on of RVF ins in trade. Tactive decistrade and anot exportehoped that revented.
help to demo regions c
ck Trade Serv
nd report tships result
their counArabian and
zootics haveong memoryin over 300become an in a reactiothe old Chsions madef the trade,
nto the ArabThe changesions on thenimal move
ed. Furthermin the futu
onstrate thacan flourish
vices
hat they ing in a ntry and d Middle
e had a y of the
0 human emotive n on the apter on by both prevent
bian and es in the e side of ement in more, by ure, long
at if The for the
KSA / CSudan Kharto
Later epopula Factors(sheep animalcases r The ecat the sArabia,rumina The wain the regionsaside 4,000, Active main p(IgG). Tlocatedmonitodetectepositive
Consultant EUniversity ofum, Sudan
epidemiologictions (OR 4.2
s associated vs. goats).
s (76%), moreported abor
onomic impastatistics : 2, about 10-1ants trade to
ay the RVF oaffected reg
s to markets from the st,000).
surveillance purposes are To date no cd in high risored every 2ed in 2004 e for RVF (Ig
IMPORTING
pidemiologisf Science an
cal studies d2), high rainf
with RVF acIn humans
osquito bitesrtion storms
acts of RVF (0 million pas15 million hMakkah is es
utbreak affecgions for aboin Saudi Aratamping out
for RVF conto detect ne
clinically affsk areas (7 -3 months in Jazan &
gG) but no Ig
G COUNTR
Abdelhamid
st d Technology
The rethe So2000/identicoutbreThe afand ASeptemwhich rate wa In anigoats, epizoovaccinstage (
defined factfall (5), prox
tive virus cirrisk factors only (22%)in animals an
and the subsstoralists in head of livesstimated to b
cted the induout one year,abia, and thet of 23,829
tinues to thiew infectionsected herds in Jazan, 2 for IgM & Asir, and in M cases were
- 52 -
Y PERSPEC
d Ahmed Moh
y
egion affecteouth West of/2001 outbcal to those eaks started ffected areas Asir (27% mber 2000.683 (83%)
as 14%.
mals, the in1.3% in ca
otic, the conation, follow(using live –a
ors associateximity of lake
rculation werwere identif, animals onnd 51% repo
sequent bansEast Africa astock are exbe worth USD
ustry in KSA, the 4-year e 4-year long9 smuggled
is day and iss (IgM) or cwere diagnoin Asir, 1
IgG. Throug 2006 in Jae diagnosed,
CTIVE : SA
ohamed Elfad
d most by thf the Kingdoreaks, the identified in in August 20were mostlyof cases) Across all were labora
nfection ratemels and 1.trol measure
wed by partiaattenuated va
ed with RVFs and ponds
re a high IgMfied as exposnly (1%). Sixorted out-of-t
s) on trade aare highly relxported to SD 600 – 900
A was throughlong ban of
g ban on imp small rum
s conducted linical diseasosed. In addin Makkah ah these ani
azan. In 201 nor clinical
UDI ARAB
dil
he consecutiom of Saudi
viruses isoAfrica (199
000 and last situated in Jwith most regions 88
atory-confirm
e was 9.7%2% in cattlees were largl and ring vaaccine).
F in the KSA(4.2) and lu
M level, abortsure to bothty-two (62) %the ordinary a
re easily undiant on sales
Saudi Arabia 0 million per
h the closureanimal mov
portation of minants to M
annually in tse and to moition, elevenand 1 in Almals, RVF v4, 10 out ofcases.
IA
ive RVF outbArabia (KSAolated were0/91, 1997/ted until ApJazan (66% cases occu
86 were repmed. The cas
% in sheep, e. At the tim
gely based oaccinations a
A as dense ush vegetatio
tion and the h mosquito b% of affecteanimal death
derstood whes of livestock annually, tannum.
e of livestockvement from livestock fromMakkah (wo
the rainy seaonitor herd i
n sentinel hebaha) and tvirus circulaf 213 anima
breaks, is A). In the e almost /98). The ril 2001. of cases)
urring in orted, of e fatality
7.9% in me of the n (mass) at a later
mosquito n (2).
genotype bites and d human
hs
n looking to Saudi he small
k markets affected
m Africa, rth USD
ason. The immunity erds were these are ation was als tested
- 53 -
Session 4 Prevention, biothreat
and early warning
- 54 -
CoordinInter-afAU Nairob
RVF esurveillactivitymonitoconsistmethodareas ((Kenyaand mabe sens FurtherSurveilenvironmeteordata aeffectivcountriSOPs trapid cCode. Howeveactivityas desproducanalyticplan haaiming
nator of the Sfrican Burea
i, Kenya
epizootics uslance systemy. During inor RVFV activtent with thed applied in t(Ethiopia, K
a, Uganda). Aapping of presitive enough
rmore, RVF slance is u
nmental pherological agend informatveness of suies of the regthat should bcontainment
er, surveillany to identify acribed unde
cts. Furthermcal study thaas been final at developin
SU
STSD projectu for Animal
sing historicms in place ter-epizootic vity in high e recommenthis case is renya, and SAs identificaevious epizooh to capture a
surveillance ssually heighenomenon pncies and otion as RVF
urveillance sygion have debe complied of the diseas
nce systems areas with lower chapter 8more, the iden
at combines ized to unde
ng risk maps
URVEILLAN
Zt Resources
ThpoaffThepthesiganexp Tain tarregrapmaact
cal data on largely focuperiods, ta
risk areas thdations of crandom selecSudan) or frotion of high otics, targeteall future out
systems are lhtened and particularly ther responsearly warni
ystems. In peveloped emewith in orderse, which is
in most counw and high v.13 of the Cntification andisease data
ertake a crossusing analyt
- 55 -
NCE SYSTE
Zelalem Tade
e IGAD regpulation in fected by thee HoA regionizootics as eve past decgnificantly afimals and hport of anima
king lessons the IGAD re
rgeting RVF. gion aims at pid responseaybe caused tivities, most geographics on detect
argeted survehrough detecchapter 8.13ction of indivom sentinel risk areas is
ed surveillanctbreaks.
linked with m triggered predictions ible regionalng mechani
preparedness ergency prepr to determinalso consiste
ntries don’t vector densitiCode, could nd designatioa as well as s-sectional sttical methods
EMS IN PLA
esse
gion is endoAfrica. Howe impacts ofn is a global videnced by
cades. Occuffected the humans as wals and anim
from past eegion have pThe main obearly detectie and curbby the dise
t countries hcal distributiion of the peillance is uction of RVF3 of the OIEviduals from s
herds estabs largely infoce based on
meteorologicawhen forecof excessi
l agencies. Tsm apparenfor an unfo
aredness plane the extentent with the
usually involies. Such inffacilitate sa
on of high risinformation
tudy of RVF s and tools.
ACE
owed with thever, the regf animal disehotspot for trecurrent warrence of region by cawell as sustaal products.
xperiences, mput in place bjective of RVon of epizoot
b subsequenease. To guihave identifieion of prevpathogen andundertaken iF antibodies,E Terrestrial susceptible rblished to mormed by thesuch descrip
al alert systemcasts of favive rainfall The applicatitly enhances
ortunate evenans that spelt of the outbrprovisions of
ve vectors, wormation on afe trade of sk areas shou
on risk factincluding its
he highest gion is alsoeases includhe emergenc
aves of outbreRVF epizooausing mortained restric
most of the surveillance
VF surveillantics in order nt devastatiide their sured high risk ious outbread evidences in most cou, which is aCode. The
ruminants in monitor RVFVe geographicptive analysis
ms in most cvourable/pred
are receivion of meteos the efficient of RVF epl out the surreak for effef chapter 8.1
which is an iRVF vector aruminants a
uld be informtors. In this s potential ris
ruminant severely
ding RVF. ce of RVF eaks over
otics has alities of ctions on
countries e systems ce in the to trigger ons that rveillance areas for aks. The of RVFV
untries to practice
sampling high risk
V activity cal extent s may not
countries. disposing ed from orological ency and pizootics, rveillance ctive and 13 of the
mportant activities, and their
med by an regard, a sk factors
BRID
ProgramOIE – WOIE Brusse
the intand th The usanimato impobtaingovernnationIHR (2synergPVS Pidentifand ststrateghas beOIE an In his campalargelyillustraOne H
DGING WHO
mme Officer WHO Liaison
ls, Belgium
ternational he Internatio
se of thesel health sysprove their ed and are
nance systeal capacitie
2005). OIE gies betweePathway natfy strengthstrategic invegies targetineen tested ind WHO.
presentatioaigns to desy inspired tate the appealth appro
O AND OIE
standards donal Health
e normative stems in a coordinatioin line with
ems, the Oes and analyand WHO hn the frametional bridgs and weakestments. Png capacity n pilot coun
on, the spescribe the prthe developproach whicoach, while
TOOLS FO
Stép
EzoRcoansutocleawWmrewth
described inh Regulations
frameworkconstructiven. Stemmin
h good goverIE and WHyse gaps in have also coeworks and ging workshknesses andParticipation
building atntries and w
eaker will usrocess and ment of thh finally coaccelerating
- 56 -
R THE ASS
phane de la R
xperience oonotic infeift Valley onfirmed tnimal healtuch events.o be robustlose partnerarly detect
whilst respeWHO are mandated tespectively,
with strengtheir complian OIE’s Terr
ns (IHR, 200
ks has provie and o peng from thrnance prin
HO have detheir comp
onducted an tools used
hops offer ad accordingn in these wt the humawill be inclu
se his expepotential ouis approach
ontributes tog progress t
SESSMENT
Rocque
gathered fectious disfever outbhat collaboh systems i Human ant, have suffrship to addtion, assesecting inter
the inteo improve on a globa
thening theance underrestrial and 05).
ided opporterations-orieis, significaciples. To seveloped copliance to On in-depth a
d in the twoa structuregly define cworkshops han-animal huded in futu
erience fromutputs. Thesh and conco globally powards Glob
T OF NATIO
from emereases, inclreaks fromoration bets crucial to d animal hficient capadress commssment andnational st
ergovernmenanimal a
al scale; their capaciti the normaAquatic An
unities to eented dialogant results support counomplementaIE internatianalysis of to sectors. Jd approachconcerted chelps countrealth interfure program
m RVF outbse RVF outbrete case s
promoting tbal Health S
ONAL CAPA
rgencies ofuding the
m 2006 totween hum effectively ealth systemacities and on issues red rapid retandards. Ontal organand humanhey assist cies and imative framewnimal Healt
engage humgue, explorihave been ntries improary tools toional standathe differen
Joint WHO h to help ccorrective mries define face. This a
mmes undert
breaks manabreaks have studies are he importanSecurity.
CITIES
f major wave of
o 2010, man and
manage ms need work in
egarding esponse, OIE and nizations health
countries mproving works of th Codes
man and ng ways recently
ove their o assess ards and nces and IHR/OIE
countries measures national
approach taken by
agement actually used to
nce of a
VeterinMinistrZoonotNairob
Governsystemresponestablof occepidemto enserviceand effectidiseason anIn thedecisiohave bRVF epidemoutbrethat inin eac Kenya
nary Epidemiory of Agricultic Disease Ui, Kenya
nment and matic plan nse to outbished to ascurrence of mic before able nationes to antic
react prvely to
se’s devastimal and he contingenon points been identifoutbreak
mic, eak and recnform actionh phase.
a RVF risk m
CONTI
ologist ure, Livestocnit
partners pinvests in
breaks of Rssess the ra major Rit arrives anal veterinipate the rromptly aprevent t
tating imphuman healncy plan, k
and actiofied within tcycle (intpre-outbre
covery phasns to be tak
map. ZDU, Ke
INGENCY P
ck and Fisher
RVsiEaw10inUimepofm Sihaan
prepare for ensuring c
RVF in the risk RVF and ary risk and the act lth. key ons the ter-ak,
ses) ken
enya
- 57 -
PLANNING
Austine Bite
ries
VF is a mgnificant gast Africa, Rith prolonge0 years. In
nduced estimSD 24.5 m
mpacts on pisodic natuf outbreak
mitigation an
ince 2008,ave developnd control. and respo
capacity ancountry. A
FOR RVF :
ek
osquito-borlobal threatRVF usuallyed inter-epin Kenya, thmated lossemillion, baseboth agricuure of the dks create nd control.
the Goverped a Contin
The Continnd to Rift d focuses A RVF earl
KENYA
ne viral dist to human occurs as edemic periohe 2006/20es to the ecoed on the oulture and isease and special c
nment of Kngency Plan gency Plan Valley Fev
on early dey warning
sease that s and livesexplosive epods of betwe007 RVF oonomy of moutbreaks’ other sectothe rapid e
challenges
Kenya and for RVF pre describes
ver outbreaetection ansystem hav
poses a stock. In pizootics een 8 to outbreak ore than negative ors. The evolution
for its
partners evention how the ks. This nd rapid ve been
ScientiFood SInternaILRI Nairob
risk an The frwith aperiodmosqusub-phare obepidemawarenprevenmobiliassessmakersexperieOne Hsectors For thaddresmodalpredetincludOfficerintegra
D
ist Safety and Zoational Livest
i, Kenya
nd in makin
ramework bppropriate a, (ii) pre-ou
uito swarmshases), (iv) bserved, andmic stages ness, nationtion, case sation, esta
sment. The s to ensure enced durin
Health princs at each de
he framewossed: (i) a ities put intermined cing a clears to field oate the fram
DECISION –
oonosis tock Researc
g decisions
reaks the Ractions. Theutbreak pers), (iii) outbrecovery ph
d (v) post-ouare: capaci
onal and manageme
ablishing ordevelopmeownership
ng previous ciples by secision poin
ork to be enational RV
n place to riteria, (ii) r chain of officers and
mework in th
– SUPPORT
h Institute
f
t
to control t
RVF epidemese steps idriod (classifbreak periodhase includutbreak recty building regional cent, regulatr strengthenent of the fand relevanRVF outbre
pecifying innt.
effectively VF emergenenable the an effectcommand
d communitheir designs
- 58 -
T FRAMEW
Bernard Bet
In the easteirregular cyagents to iface of aprediction time given drivers andRVF Decisiodeveloped decision-maconsideringcan paralysmeasures. instance cain the regiothe disease.
mic cycle indentified in fied into ead (classifieding a 45-daovery and rand trainin
oordinationtion of traning instituframework hnce to the deaks. The fnterventions
operationalncy fund ha
fund to bive commu and feedties, and (i
s.
ORK FOR E
ett
ern Africa reycles that mimplement n outbreaksystems dothat there
d processes on Support
to guideaking in tg that uncese the dep
The last aused subston due to b.
nto five expthe framew
arly warningd into suspeay period wreflection. Ing, commu, early wade and ma
utions and has involveecision-makramework hs for both
ized, threeas been este made avunication sback from ii) that app
EAST AFRIC
egion, RVF make it diffeffective in
k. Furthermo not offer
is inadequthat promFramework
e timely, the controertainties oloyment of
(2006/20antial socio
by delays in
plicit steps work includeg, localised ected and chen no furtnterventionsnication, adarning, surarkets for policies, and multiple king challenhas also beeveterinary
key issuetablished aailable rapi
system has the Chief
proved RVF
CA
epidemics ficult for mnterventionsmore, the
an adequauate knowlote outbrea has therefoevidenced
ol of the n decision effective r
007) outbro-economic n the recogn
and matche: (i) inter-e rain, floodconfirmed other livestocs matched dvocacy andrveillance, livestock,
nd risk andpartners, d
nges that haen aligned and human
es will havnd proceduidly in resp been estaVeterinary/Contingenc
occur in itigation s in the existing
ate lead edge on aks. The ore been
based disease making
response eak for impacts
nition of
es them epidemic ding and outbreak ck cases to these d public disease
resource d impact decision-ave been with the n health
e to be ures and ponse to ablished /Medical cy Plans
ResearGESTAGoddarNASA Greenb
indicatmonth The Rhowevmappeof RV( http:partnerisk. Sand chclear aor SSTresultenormaRift Vathe sea The imregionhigherseasonon ale
RVF
ch Scientist AR/USRA & Brd Space Flig
belt, MD, Un
ting about h values of t
RVF risk maer in Octobed to be areVF vectors.://www.ars.uers (OIE, FASome of theholera in seand strong cTs in the eed in a poorl rainfall bealley fever aason.
mmediate fal epizooticr probabilityns. It is advrt and prepa
PREDICTIO
Biospheric Scght Center
ited States
60-65% to he Niño 3.4
apping modber – Noveme potential r A series usda.gov/BuAO and WHOese areas ineveral locatcoupling beeastern equar and aborteelt remainedactivity pers
future seasoc, restockiny of a medisable thereare for early
ON AND RI
A
ciences Labo
Rasrwe
IAPiwife
peak at we4 index betw
del did not mber some risk - where
of advisousiness/docsO) advising en Sudan repions in El G
etween the aatorial Pacied rainfall sed in the nortsisted in Su
ons portendng of livestium (+1.5)efore for all y surveillanc
- 59 -
ISK MAPPI
Assaf Anyam
oratory
RVF outbreanomalouslystudies indrainfall in with warm events.
In June 2AtmosphericPrediction Cndicating awarm ENSOndex: betwfall. Howeveevent, a reveak strengthween +0.5°
identify ancontiguous
e ecologicalories were s.htm?docidenhanced vported outbGezira stateatmosphere ific Ocean eason in larthern half oudan and S
ds elevatedtock after t to strong national an
ce.
NG : 2014
mba
eaks are ky high rainicate that equatorial El Niño
014, the c AdminisCenter issuea 70 % chaO event in
ween 1.0°C er given thevised forecah during theC and +0.9
ny areas ats areas in S conditions posted on
d=23461 ) vector survereaks of un
e (http://wwand the wa
and weak wrge parts of of the regionSouth Sudan
risk due tthe 2010-2(+2.0) El N
nd regional e
4-2015 SEA
known to nfall in Eaperiods of eastern AfrSouthern O
National Oistration’s ed a consenance for the the late and 1.4°C
e delayed dast was issue late fall a°C).
potential South Sudawould supp
n the RVFand sharedillance in ar
ndiagnosed w.promedmarm Sea Suwarming in East Africa
n and areas n throughou
to lapsed t2011 drougNino event early warnin
ASON.
follow perastern Afrisuch aboverica are asOscillation
Oceanograp(NOAA)
nsus model e developmsummer (N
C) and 80%developmenued early inand early w
risk in Sepan and Sudport the emF Monitor d with interreas shown haemorrhag
mail.org/). Larface Tempthe Indian
a. Overall, that potentia
ut the rema
time since ght period during the
ng institutio
riods of ca Past e-normal sociated (ENSO)
phic and Climate forecast ent of a
Niño-3.4 % in the nt of the the fall inter (3-
ptember, an were
mergence website
rnational to be at
gic fever ack of a
peratures n Ocean, he above l risk for
ainder of
the last and the coming
ons to be
AnimalAGAH FAO Rome,
Given activityin theSudanFederaof KeTanzanthese c
a)
b)
c)
down
l Health Offic
Italy
the predicty based on identified
n, the Repual Republic enya and tnia, FAO, Wcountries to
Heighten for RVF iat-risk areIncrease preparedntargeted vrisk areas;Raise awawith comemergenceanimals fi
The EMnloaded from
TH
cer
ted risk forn abnormall
areas of thublic of Sou
of Somaliathe United
WHO and Oo:
their level n human a
eas; their
ness, andvaccination ; areness andmmunities e of therst and late
MPRES Watch www.fao.org
E JOINT EA
Dani
IpEcadicpd(apam
potential Rly high rainhe Republicuth Sudan, a, the Repud RepublicOIE encoura
of surveillaand animals
level d implem
in known
d communicthe risk
e disease er in humans
h Bulletin cang/3/a-i4295e
- 60 -
ARLY WARN
iel Beltrand-A
In Decembpersistent aEast Africa.countries availability data, such indices, proconditions tpopulation developmen(EWSs) for vaim of suchpossible incand providmitigation.
RVF nfall c of the blic
c of aged
ance s in
of ment
at-
cate of in
s.
an be e.pdf
NING RELE
Acrudo
ber 2014,above-averag In responsto remain of near-reaas rainfall
ovides an othat are lin
dynamics.nt of cost-efvector-borneh EWSs is tocrease in vee informat
EASE
climate ge rains andse, FAO, OIE
vigilant al time sate, temperatupportunity tked to vect This ha
ffective Earle diseases, o monitor thector abundion for pr
models pd risk of floE and WHOabout RV
ellite-based ure and veto monitor tor abundaas facilitatrly Warning including Rhe first signdance and Rrevention a
predicted oding in
O warned VF. The
climate egetation climatic nce and ted the Systems
RVF. The nals of a RVF risk and risk
- 61 -
Session 5 Regional
coordination
- 62 -
ProgramScientiOIE Paris, F
requesthe cojustific
Requefinalisbeen dand prnumbescheduarea co
The be
Quality
•
•
•
•
mme Officer ific and Tech
France
sted numbeonfirmation cation of the
ests are proced with vacdelivered to rogress repoer of vaccinule implemovered, and
enefits for M
y
Vaccininterna
Vaccinreques
Importformul
The vinot ex
hnical Depart
er of doses athat appro
e request, b
cessed by tccine supplthe country
orts, includines eventuaented (vacc
d possible in
Member Cou
nes supplieational stan
nes are dest/availabilit
tant reductlated vaccin
rtual stock pire before
OIE
Susa
tment
The eirrespefollowfor tenegotiof an produ(f) thintern
Once banksDelegafrom O
and timefraopriate coldbased on the
he OIE Heaiers and thy, the OIE Ding informatally used, tcination of nformation o
untries of th
ed to coundards;
elivered wty of the cou
tion in thene in sub-op
/ replenishmbeing used;
- 63 -
VACCINE B
anne Münste
establishmeective of
wing steps :ender, (b) iation and sinitial stocction of vahe supply/
national airp
establisheds by submate, to the OIE regionaame of delivd chain infre disease si
adquarters aen provided
Delegate is rtion on the the numberwhich spec
on post-vacc
he OIE are n
ntries are
with the reuntry;
e risks assoptimal cond
ment mecha;
BANKS
ermann
nt of a glothe diseas(a) the pubthe selec
signature ofk of vaccine
accines upo/delivery o
ports.
d, countrieitting an oOIE Direc
al offices. A very has therastructure tuation in t
and flight ded to the corequested tovaccination
r of animalcies, age grcination mo
numerous :
of high qu
equired fle
ociated wititions;
anism ensu
obal or regiose targetedlication of a
ction of su a contract,es, (e) the n request f
of the vac
es can accofficial reqtor Generalvaccine req
en to be subis present.he country
etails and suntry. Aftero provide thn campaign s vaccinateroup, etc…onitoring.
uality and
exibility an
h storing l
res that pro
onal vaccind, will enan internatioupplier(s), , (d) the propurchase orfrom countccines to
cess these quest, by tl, with the quest form bmitted, alo It also req
shipping docr the vaccinhe OIE with period (dated, the vac), the geog
comply w
nd based
large quan
oduced vacc
ne bank, tail the onal call (c) the
oduction rder and ries and
agreed
vaccine the OIE support with the ong with quires a
cuments nes have updates tes), the
ccination graphical
with OIE
on the
tities of
cines do
- 64 -
Logistics
• Timely dispatch of emergency stocks in line with field needs;
• Possible delivery of relatively small or large quantity of vaccines;
• Limits possible costs associated with the multiplication of local registration and vaccine purchases;
• The burden of storage lies with the selected vaccine supplier(s), rather than with the purchasing countries or international organisations;
Cost effectiveness
• Economies of scale - a cost reduction per vaccine unit or dose;
• Financial mechanisms allowing direct purchase by countries (OIE as sole supplier);
Improved coordination
• Harmonisation and coordination of regional control programmes or the implementation of global / regional control strategies;
• Support for multi-party vaccination campaigns (e.g. public-private partnerships and NGOs)
To date, OIE has established several vaccine banks across the world. The vaccine bank for avian influenza is funded through a multi-donor approach* involving the European Union, Canada, and the UK, for a total of 62 million AI vaccines delivered (as per April 1st, 2015), mostly to Egypt and Vietnam. The OIE Rabies Regional Vaccine Bank has so far supplied 3.7 million doses to Asian countries and 3.2 to other countries, including several African countries (Mali, South Africa, Togo). The OIE Regional Vaccine Bank for PPR in Africa has supplied vaccines to the pilot control areas of Ghana and Burkina Faso mostly, but also to Mali and Togo, for a total of 14 million doses. Finally the OIE Regional Vaccine Bank for FMD in Asia, has delivered some 3 million doses in 5 Asian countries
This proven track record raises the question : is there scope and justification for an OIE regional vaccine bank for RVF in (Eastern) Africa and the Middle East ?
RegionECTADFAO Nairob
the SeCommand paoverall The Gincludactivitinformdiseas(iv) imsupporlaborat(vi) enand (vprivate The Pl The GOuaga
a)
al Manager D Eastern Afr
i, Kenya
ecretariat is mission for A
artners attel guidance a
GF-TADs foing (i) facies; (ii)
mation/data se preventiomproving drting the etories, refer
nsuring the vii) develope veterinaria
lan focuses
GF-TADs Afdougou ado
The GF-TAcountries,diseases:
ica
provided bAfrica and reend the RSCand supervis
or Africa’s cilitating reimproving on priority
on, surveilladiagnostic lestablishmerence laboraappropriateing allianceans and live
on 7 priorit
frica 9thStopted differe
ADs for Afric AU-IBAR, FMD, PPR,
GF-
TTinthdinatsucon Ta It(R
y the OIE RepresentativC annual msion of the
5-year Acegional and
national animal dis
ance, early laboratory nt/reinforceatories; (v) e advocacy es and fosteestock profes
ty diseases:
teering Coment recomm
ca Action pFAO, OIE, CBPP, ASF
- 65 -
-TADS – AF
Bouna Diop
The Global Transboundan 2004 is ahe preventi
diseases (TAn the past st country lustainable oordinated ational fram
The GF-TADsview to res
t is governRSC) chaireRepresentatves from the
meetings. ThGF-TADs G
ction Plan d cross-borand regioeases; (iii) detection, capacity a
ement of nsupporting for animal er collaborassional orga
PPR, FMD
mmittee mmendations i
lan be comRECs and
F and RVF;
FRICA
p
Framework ary Animal joint initiaton and con
ADs). The inshowing thaevel is notunless th
regional apmeworks.
s for Africa pond to prio
ned by a Red by FAO ion for Africe Regional Ehe GF-TADslobal Steeri
2012-201rder collaboonal knowproviding tnotificationnd performational andthe reinforcdisease pre
ation betweanisations.
, RVF, rabie
meeting heldincluding:
pleted with other relev
for the ProDiseases (Gtive of OIE antrol of traitiative is b
at progress t likely to he efforts pproach/emb
was establority diseaseRegional Swith AU-I
ca. CVOs, mEconomic C
for Africa ng Committ
6 target doration, incledge andtechnical gu and rapid
mance at nd regional vcement of Vevention anden public V
es, ASF, ND
d on 8 –
baseline sivant partner
ogressive CoGF-TADs), laand FAO to
ansboundarybuilt on expin controllinbe success
are partbedded into
ished in 20es of the co
Steering CoBAR as vic
members of Communities
operates untee.
different obcluding netd sharing uidance to response snational levaccine proVeterinary Sd control acVeterinary S
D and CBPP
9 July 2
tuation provrs for the f
Control of aunched achieve
y animal eriences ng TADs sful and t of a o supra-
006 with ontinent. ommittee ce-chair; the OIE
s (RECs) nder the
bjectives tworking
quality improve
systems; vel and oduction Services; ctivities; Services,
P.
2014 in
vided by following
- 66 -
b) The Secretariat of the ALive Executive Committee, supported by key partners of GF-
TADs for Africa, ensure a proper advocacy at the highest authority to promote ownership of the GF-TADs for Africa mechanism and its 5 year Action Plan by the RECs and Members Countries;
c) African countries be encouraged to continue their progression in the OIE PVS
Pathway, especially by requesting, when relevant, PVS Evaluation Follow-up mission and taking ownership of the outcomes in order to improve the good governance of their Veterinary Services and to ease access to funding both internally and externally using round tables with donors.
Under the GF-TADs for Africa aegis, different initiatives have been taking place including the preparation of the ASF regional strategy, the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) Roadmap meetings, as well as the RVF conference in Djibouti.
RepresRegionOIE Beirut,
The sp
a) b) c)
d)
Actionsuch ameetinthese strateg Among • f
i• a
s The neCommin Nov
sentative al Represent
Lebanon
pecific objec
promotprovidefoster Organisand, toepidem
ns conducteas FMD, PPngs to discudiseases, i
gies.
g others, the
facilitate coin the regioand promotstandards th
ext RSC memission for thvember 201
tation for the
ctives of thi
e the controe strategic dcooperation
sations and ogether wit
miological ev
d by the GFPR, RVF anuss and agincluding t
e RSC will c
ollaboration n; te adequathrough capa
eeting will he Middle E5.
GF-TAD
e Middle East
TgAtar2iaeMS
s 5 years ac
ol and eradidirection to tn between the Regiona
th the Secvents and co
F TADs RSCnd lumpy skree on comhe assessm
continue to:
and maxim
e governanacity buildin
be held in East, to be
- 67 -
DS – MIDD
Ghazi Yehia
t
The previougathered inAmman (Jorto raise a aspects of reference o2012-2016information activities establishingMiddle EastSecretariat.
ction plan a
ication of spthe Secretamember c
nal Support cretariat, toontrol effort
C addressedkin disease
mmon procement of nat
:
mize synergi
ce of Veteng programm
the marginheld in Doh
LE EAST
ia
us GF-TAD Dubaï (UArdan) in Sepregional cthe GF-T
of a regiona6 aiming
and data related to
g a reportint activities,
are to:
pecific TADriat; countries, Units; o ensure gts.
d priority di, through adures for ttional plans
es among t
erinary Servmes at natio
s of the 13ha, Qatar or
Ds RSC forAE) in April ptember 22onsensus o
TADs and al action pin particufor monit
o the prig mechanislinked to t
s in the reg
donors, Re
uidance fo
seases prevassistance the surveillas and elab
the countrie
vices in acconal and reg
3th Conferento be held
r the Midd 26, 2012
2, 2013, suon the govon the te
plan for theular at getoring the iority TADsm of the Gthe Global G
gion;
egional Spe
r field, lab
vailing in thto organise ance and coboration of
es and stak
cordance wgional levels
nce of the Rin Beirut, L
dle East , and in cceeded vernance erms of e period enerating
regional Ds; and GF-TADs GF-TADs
ecialized
boratory,
e region regional
ontrol of regional
eholders
with OIE s.
Regional Lebanon
AFRI
(*) CooInter-afAU Nairob
TADs w To impIBAR cinformaSystemequipm To enhof RVF AU-IBAStandaUSAID preventother Tcapacitas protstatus trainedof SMPfrom tproducparticippolicy acoordinand wicommo
CAN UNIO
ordinator of tfrican Burea
i, Kenya
within the fra
prove informcompiles andation system
m (ARIS) in tment.
ance knowleoutbreaks, c
AR and the Iard Methods are supportion and conTADs is basty building fotocols for theand welfare
d on sanitary Ps for exportthe HoA haction laboratopation of AUand regulatonation, commth importing
odity associat
N INTE
James S
he SMP-AH u for Animal
amework of L
ation sharingd disseminatems is being pthe AU MS t
edge on the ecross-section
IGAD Centre and Proced
rting regionantrol in the sed on the or laboratory e prevention ae of livestock
processes at quarantine s also beenories is also
U MS in animry environme
munication ag countries ition, the Nor
R-AFRICAN
Wabacha*, ZSamuel Wakh
Project Resources
The specIts mdevenutriprosp LivespeopRVFVprodu To aAfricappro(LiDethe l
LiDeSA.
g among thees informatioprovided throhrough train
epidemiologyal surveys fo
e for Pastoraldures in Animal coordinatHoA. The coStandard Metesting, surv
and control ok for export
and certificatstations. Te
n enhanced being streng
mal health stent for the dend information the Middlerth Eastern A
- 68 -
N BUREAU
Zelalem Tadehusama & Ah
Interafricanialized technmandate is lopment andtion and foodperity of the
stock contribple and to thV pose a mauctivity and a
address the a, the AUoved the LeSA) as a lolivestock sec
e MS and Ron on the sanough the rollings and the
y of RVF to aor RVF are be
l Areas and mal Health (Sion and haroordination a
Methods and veillance andof RVF in line, veterinary tion. Supportechnical and
through tragthened andtandard settielivery of veton sharing oe East, AU-
Africa Livesto
FOR ANIM
esse, Henry Whmed El-Sawa
Bureau for Anical office oto support
d utilization d security anpeople in the
butes significheir nationaajor challengaccess to live
challenges Heads of S
Livestock Deong-term framctor. AU-IBA
Regional Econitary status.ing out of th
e provision of
aid decision meing undertak
Livestock DeSMP-AH) prormonization and harmonizProcedures
d disease cone with OIE stpersonnel in
t has also bemanagerial
ainings. The AU-IBAR isng processeserinary servic
on livestock tIBAR and ICck Council o
MAL RESOU
Wamwayi, alhy
Animal Resoof the Africanand coordinof animal r
nd contributee MS of the A
antly to the l economies e due to theestock marke
facing the tates and G
Development mework for tAR is addres
onomic Comm Further suphe Animal Rf information
making on pken in IGAD M
evelopment (oject with fiof animal d
zation of the(SMPs) app
ntrol and thetandards. To n quarantineeen providedcapacity for capacity o
s coordinatins. The develoces is also surade among
CPALD are sr NEALCO.
URCES (AU
ources (AU-IBn Union Comnate the suresources to e to the wellbAfrican Unio
livelihoods obut TADs
e negative eets.
livestock seGovernments
Strategy fothe transformssing RVF a
munities (REpport to animResources Infn and comm
prevention anMS.
(ICPALD) thrnancial suppdisease surve control of proach. This e application guarantee the stations ha for the deve
r veterinary pof veterinaryng and promopment of reupported. To countries inupporting a
-IBAR)
BAR) is a mmission. stainable enhance
being and on (AU).
f Africa’s including ffects on
ectors in recently
or Africa mation of and other
ECs), AU-mal health formation unication
d control
rough the port from veillance, RVF and involves of SMPs
he health ave been elopment personnel y vaccine oting the esponsive enhance the HoA livestock
Head, Centre IGAD Nairob
traders ICPALand Prin IGA The mcontro Under joint eand vstreamlaboratsurveil With tGuidelCertifiand AHlessonanimaand mwas dethrougimprovPPR aControguidanlessonRVF an
INTE
Livestock Profor Pastoral
i, Kenya
s.
LD and AU-Procedures inAD MS (STS
main progresol is summar
SMP-AH nefforts to coalidated wi
mlining of ttory technicllance, insp
the supporelines for Livication (AHCHC forum hs in the arel diseases s
motor bikes. eveloped. A gh the Animve disease rand other smol Coordinance on dev. The samend other TA
R-GOVERN
ogramme Areas and Li
IBAR have n Animal HeD) and mob
s of the tworized below
ine priority ontrol TADs ith MS andhe SMP incians and exection, cert
t of the Sivestock IdeC) Systems has also beeea. MSs wersurveillanceRFV is oneregional co
mal health nereporting. Tmall ruminaation Commelopment oe regional CADs.
MENTAL A
A
ivestock Deve
The Ina RECKenya,livestoruminaproducMiddlecountrGulf acoverinthe mereasoncapacialso ewhich
been able tHealth (SMP-bilize resour
o regional p:
TADs were and RVF is
d developmto the natixport quaratification, d
STSD projecentification and validat
en establishre also suppe through pee of the fouoordination etworks to ehe regional
ant diseasesmittee embrof national Coordination
- 69 -
AUTHORITY
Ameha Sebsi
elopment
ntergovernm covering e, Somalia, ck resourceants. The cts in the ree East counies and adare also oppng about 50eat required hamperingty to contr
export bans affected h
to develop -AH,) and Irces from U
projects and
identified ts one of th
ment partneonal develo
antine workeiagnostic te
ct, ICPALDand Tracea
ted by MS ahed to providported to imersonnel traur diseases mechanismenhance excframework
s were also racing MS strategies
n Committee
Y ON DEVE
sibe
mental Authoeight countr
South Sudes are esti
demand egion, in othtries is highaptation to tportunities. 0% of live d annually bg the growtrol trans-bo
on East Aheavily the
two projectImproving SSAID and E
support to
together witem. An SMers; the proopment proers were alsechniques a
D and AU-Iability Systeand developde guidance
mprove their aining for lafor which a
m on diseasechange of lefor progresdeveloped has also
and facilitae will also
LOPMENT
ority on Devies: Djibout
dan, Sudan mated at afor livesto
her regions wh. Proximitythe taste ofHowever, sanimal and
by the Middth of markeoundary disAfrican cou
livelihood
t proposals; Surveillance EU respectiv
MS with sp
h MS for spP for RVF woject is woogrammes. Vo trained onnd managem
BAR develoems (LITS) ment partnee and suppocapacity of
abs, provisioa cross secte surveillancessons and sive controland validatbeen estab
ate implemecoordinate
(IGAD)
velopment (ti, Eritrea, and Ugan
about 373ock and lwithin Africy to the Midf our animasome IGAD d less than dle East. Onet share isseases. Theuntries due
of produc
Standard e of Animal Dvely.
pecial focus
pecial attenwas also deorking with Veterinary On epidemioment skills.
oped the Rand Animaers. A regioort MS to ef undertakinon of reagentional surveyce is also sugood pract
l and eradicted. A regioblished to entation anactivities re
IGAD) is Ethiopia da. The million
livestock a and in dle East ls in the MS are 10% of
ne major limited
ere were to RVF
cers and
Methods Diseases
s on RVF
tion and eveloped
MS on Officers, logy and
Regional al Health onal LITs exchange ng active nts, cars y design upported ices and cation of nal PPR provide
nd share egarding
EAST
RegionECTADFAO Nairob
informsurveilsustainindividCommnetworparticiepidemowners2012 and deand psharedUgandtwo sumeet recomThe EAeach oepidemcurren In 20HealthactivitmeetinCVOs functiohas agenhanbudget
ERN AFRIC
al Manager D Eastern Afr
i, Kenya
mation. The llance, risknable regiodual finite p
munities (RErks met seppants the
mio-surveillaship by couduring the eputies are priority dised regularly. da and Kenyub-networksannually.
mended in AREN and of the twelvemiology andnt two sub-n
13, an umbh Regional ies related ng. The infobefore the
onality of thgreed to takce sustainatary process
CAN EPIDE
ica
activities k analysis anal infrastrprojects. PlaECs) are on-parately afte
opportunityance systemuntries, twojoint EAREbased in d
ease outbreCurrently,
ya coordinats based on
Other subthe last joinEARLN netwe countries d laboratorynetworks on
brella netwoNetwork (to animal
ormation to e sharing he networkske a leadinability and oses.
EMIOLOGY
ThwthwRsuancoEafosum Thna
of nationaland early wucture for aans to anch-going to ener which joy to discum encompao regional cN & EARLNifferent cou
eaks and otEthiopia ate the EARdiseases (
b networksnt annual mworks meet in the regioy activities.FMD and A
ork of the C(C-AHRN) -health, thebe shared bprocess us
s can be saing role in cownership b
- 70 -
AND LABO
Bouna Diop
he regionawere establihrough FAO
work in the rRegional Epurveillance nimal diseoordination
Eastern Africocuses on upport ear
management
he Regionational net networks warning. Tanimal heaor the regionsure their
oint networkss early dasses both coordinators
N meeting huntries on rother epidemnd RwandaLN. Since tFMD and A
s (rabies ameeting held
annually, bon that act a. This is a
ASF.
Chief Veter- was estae CVOs fromby the counsually doned to be mo
coordinatingby countries
ORATORY N
p
l epidemioshed in 2
O facilitationregion. The
pidemiology for early
eases to and harm
ca Regional national l
rly detectit plans.
al networktworks, serinclude cohe Regionalth, functio
onal networksustainabil
k meetings etection annetworks.
s and theireld in Momotational bamio-surveilla coordinatethe establisASF) have and CBPPd in Septembringing togas focal poiaugmented
rinary Officeablished. Cm all twelvntries is valie through re or less a
g the regions by mainst
ETWORKS
logy and la2009 and n to coordifirst, beingNetwork (Edetection enable p
monization. l Laboratory aboratories on of dis
ks, supportrve to shallecting qu
al networksoning in theks into the ity. Until 2were adoptnd warningTo ensure
r deputies wmbasa, Keny
sis. Informaance issuese the EAREhment of Ebeen estab) are bein
mber 2014 igether two rents to discuwith repres
ers (CVOs) onsidered re countriesdated and ethe two csuccess sto
nal networksreaming the
(EAREN, E
aboratory n2008 respnate anima
g the EasterEAREN) foc
and repoplanning,
The secoy Network (E for diagnseases an
ted by fuare expert
uality data, s seek to ce long-termRegional Ec
2010, both ted in orderg for disea
sustainabiwere nomin
ya. The cooration on ems and actiEN activitieEAREN and lished and ng establisin Arusha Tepresentativ
uss issues resentation f
- the Chiefresponsible
s participateendorsemencoordinatorsory and sins, there is e activities
EARLN)
networks pectively al health rn Africa cuses on rting of regional nd, the EARLN), nosis to d their
unctional ise and disease
create a beyond
Economic regional
r to give ses. An lity and nated in rdinators
mergency vities is
es, while EARLN, actively
shed as anzania. ves from elated to rom the
f Animal for all e in the nt by the s. While ce IGAD need to into the
- 71 -
Session Poster session
- 72 -
- 73 -
COMPARATIVE GENOME SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF RVF VIRUS ISOLATES FROM 2008 TO 2010 OUTBREAKS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Moabi Rachel Maluleke, M. Phosiwa, Baratang Alison Lubisi, G. Michuki a,
P.S Kegakilwe b, S.J Kemp a,c & P.A.O Majiwa d Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute ARC-OVI Pretoria, South Africa a. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya b. Veterinary Services, Northern Cape Province, South Africa c. School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom d. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa RVF is a zoonotic disease. Since the 1930s when it was first noticed in Kenya, the disease has appeared in other African countries and in the Arabian Peninsula. The disease affects both humans and animals, causing major losses in livestock and negative impact on the livelihoods of people who depend on them. Because of its zoonotic nature, RVF is recognized as a disease which is a threat to all who live in countries where its mosquito vector thrives. Because of the changing weather patterns, it is essential to institute and sustain in-country bio-surveillance of this disease using the best tools available, to stop potential outbreaks at source or effectively manage them if they were to occur. Outbreaks of RVF usually follow weather conditions which favour increase in mosquito populations. Such outbreaks are normally cyclical, occurring once every 30 or so years. However, this is not always the case. For example, recent outbreaks of the disease in South Africa have occurred with increasing frequency and rather unexpectedly: in 2008 (in Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Gauteng), in 2009 (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Northern Cape provinces) and in 2010 (Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Western Cape, North West, Free State and Mpumalanga). As of August 2010, there were 232 human cases, with 26 confirmed human deaths. In order to obtain comprehensive background information on the genetic composition of the RVF viruses circulating in South Africa, genome sequence analyses WERE undertaken on RVF viruses isolated from samples collected over time from animals at discrete foci of the outbreaks. The oldest isolate whose genome was analysed is from a 1955 case and the most recent one from a case in the 2010 outbreak. Complete sequences have been obtained from 20 different isolates so far. We report on, and discuss, phylogenetic relationships among the isolates as reflected by their genome sequences, and implicit recombination among genes encoding glycoproteins Gc and Gn, which have a role in host protective humoral immune responses. Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, No. 100 Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110 Gauteng, South Africa [email protected]
- 74 -
SEROPREVALENCE OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER ANTIBODIES IN SOUTH AFRICAN SUIDS
Baratang Alison Lubisi, P. Ndouvhada, T.V. Mareledwane, T. Tshabalala,
V. Mangwale, M-L Penrith a & A.D.S Bastos c Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute ARC-OVI Pretoria, South Africa a. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa b. Mammal Research Institute, Dept of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa RVF is a serious viral zoonotic disease causing wide-spread abortions, mortalities and illness in clinically susceptible species. The virus responsible for the disease is transmitted by mosquito vectors and epidemics coincide with periods of high rainfall when the vectors are abundant. However, low circulation of RVF virus (RVFV) and sporadic outbreaks of the disease often occur outside epidemic seasons, raising suspicion of existence of inter-epidemic maintenance hosts of RVFV, in the form of wildlife and other sub-clinically affected animals such as those in the Suidae Family. The current study was aimed at determining the sero-prevalence of RVF antibodies in suids from the 9 provinces of South Africa, to determine whether these animals had been exposed to RVFV infected mosquitos, have subsequently been infected and sero-converted. Approximately 4000 sera collected between 2007 and 2013 were screened with an indirect RVF IgG ELISA and 700 of these, were tested using serum neutralisation test (SNT). Overall ELISA sero-prevalence was 2.2 % and the rates per province ranged from 0.8 % to 6.3 %. Among the randomly selected sample subset tested, the SNT recovered a country-wide seroprevalence of 16.4 %, whereas ELISA prevalence was 0.1 %. The SNT results indicate that the serological prevalence of RVF in South African suids is higher than what is discernible by the indirect ELISA, a result that is likely due to lower binding capacity of the ELISA conjugate to suid IgG. The results indicate that suids exposed to RVFV seroconvert, corroborating earlier findings by investigators in Egypt. Further studies to investigate the role of these species in the epidemiology of RVF in enzootic areas are warranted. Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, No. 100 Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, Gauteng, South Africa [email protected]
- 75 -
LINKAGES BETWEEN SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES AND VULNERABILITY TO RIFT VALLEY FEVER (RVF) IN BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA
Edna Mutua
Graduate Fellow, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI Nairobi, Kenya RVF is a zoonotic disease that affects domestic ruminants, particularly sheep, cattle and goats. In livestock and humans, RVF is spread through bites from infected aedes and culex mosquitoes. Additional avenues of human infections include contact with infected animal secretions, tissues and aerosols. In Kenya, RVF outbreaks have occurred ten times with the first recorded in 1931 and the last in 2006. During the 2006-2007 outbreak, RVF occurred in Baringo County for the first time. The outbreak was associated with ENSO related climatic anomalies. Through an on-going study on community adaptation to Malaria and RVF, which specifically focuses on how culture influences disease, data on socio-cultural practices in livestock production has been collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews among the Tugen and Ilchamus communities of Baringo County. Preliminary findings show that both communities largely depend on livestock for their livelihoods. In terms of risk of exposure to RVF, both communities exhibit vulnerability based on their low level of awareness of the disease; consumption of meat from animals that die of diseases and unknown causes; disposal of dead animals; close contact with both healthy and sickly livestock; and management of human febrile illnesses. The study concludes that both communities are vulnerable to RVF and recommends that they should receive targeted awareness creation messages on the occurrence, transmission and prevention of RVF in order to decrease vulnerability to human and livestock infections. International Livestock Research Institute ILRI P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]
- 76 -
PERCEIVED RISK FACTORS AND RISK PATHWAYS OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN CATTLE IN IJARA DISTRICT, KENYA
Nelson O. Owange, William O. Ogara, Jacqueline Kasiiti a, P. B. Gathura, Sam Okuthe e,
Rosemary Sang c,d, Hippolyte Affognon c, Onyango Ouma b & Murithi Mbabu a University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nairobi, Kenya. a. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Veterinary Services, Nairobi, Kenya. b. Institute of Anthropology, Gender & African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, c. International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya, d. The Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. e. Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Eastern Africa, FAO, UNoN, Gigiri, Kenya. Ijara district in Kenya was one of the hotspots of RVF during the 2006/2007 outbreak which led to human and animal deaths causing huge economic losses. The main constraint in the control and prevention of RVF is inadequate knowledge about the risks factors promoting its occurrence and maintenance. This study was aimed at understanding the perceived risk factors and risk pathways of RVF in cattle in Ijara to enable the development of improved community-based disease surveillance, prediction, control and prevention. A cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2012 to June 2013. Thirty-one key informant interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders to determine the local pastoralists’ understanding of risk factors and risk pathways of RVF in cattle in Ijara district. The key informants rated the high presence of mosquitoes, availability of large herds of cattle and once in a while high rainfall leading to floods in the relatively flat land of the region to be the main risk factors. Close contact between wildlife and cattle was suggested to be another main risk factor for occurrence of RVF. The main risk pathways were infected mosquitoes that bite cattle while grazing and at watering points as well as the close contact between domestic animals and wildlife. The mobility of the cattle to markets and search of pasture suggested the likelihood of infection transfer over a wide area. The likelihood of contamination of the environment due to poor handling of carcasses and aborted foetuses during RVF outbreaks was considered an important pathway. The findings pointed that availability of mosquitoes, livestock and wildlife as well as rainfall leading to floods were the main risk factors towards occurrence and maintenance of RVF in cattle in Ijara. On the other hand, the contact between livestock and wildlife around watering points and grazing fields were perceived to be the main risk pathways for RVF in cattle in Ijara. The transmission through poor handling of carcasses was perceived to be negligible. As a result there is need to carry out regular participatory community awareness campaigns on handling of both domestic and wildlife carcasses for preparedness, prevention and control of any possible RVF epizootics. Additionally, monitoring of environmental conditions to detect enhanced rainfall and flooding should be prioritized for preparedness. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Veterinary Services, Private Bag 00625, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]
- 77 -
Conclusions
- 78 -
- 79 -
CONCLUSIONS
INTER-REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON RVF NEW OPTIONS FOR TRADE, PREVENTION AND CONTROL
21 – 23 Avril 2015 Djibouti
Considering that
• Rift Valley Fever is recognised as a priority disease for the Greater Horn of Africa and Middle East regions and has been integrated into the regions’ 5-year action plan for GF-TADs
• RVF is a zoonosis and causes significant socio-economic impact during times of outbreak
• Livestock trade between the Horn of Africa and the Gulf countries is of significant importance to reduce poverty in the region especially in vulnerable populations such as pastoralist communities and women.
• The OIE has followed up on recommendations by previous meetings and has revised the Code Chapter on RVF including provisions for safe trade during inter-epizootic as well as during epizootic periods
• The tripartite (FAO, OIE, WHO) has developed One Health tools to facilitate reviews of competencies at the interface between Animal and Human Health Services
• The probability of new RVF outbreaks in the countries at risk such as Kenya, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan and South Sudan is high, given that this is year 8 after the last outbreaks and the high probability of a medium to strong El Nino event during the coming season, which may lead to above normal rains during the latter half of the year and that countries should therefore be considered as standing between the Early Warning Phase and the Alert Phase
• The Decision Support Framework developed by ILRI and partners has been updated and can assist the countries at risk to assess their level of preparedness
• The Clone 13 vaccine is still the only registered alternative to the Smithburn-based and inactivated vaccines, with registration only in South Africa and Namibia
• Despite the progress in research on promising new vaccines with potential DIVA capacity, durable immunity and improved safety, none of these candidate vaccines are on the market as yet.
- 80 -
The Conference concludes:
That the countries in the regions should develop an attitude of preparedness rather than reactivity once a crisis is imminent.
On surveillance, outbreak prevention and early response
• Countries should recognise that RVF outbreaks might occur in the region within the next 18 months, given the extended time period of 8 years since the last outbreaks and the increased susceptibility of populations due to the turnover in livestock populations after the last severe draught (2010 – 2011) and the ENSO prediction indications, and are urged to make the following preparations:
o Urgently develop, evaluate and update, where appropriate, their national Contingency Plans using a One Health approach, e.g. by using the tools developed jointly by OIE/WHO/Worldbank with the support of FAO (Integrated IHR – PVS tool and Trans-sectorial Coordination Framework)
o Develop concrete national action plans for the Early Warning Period based on the updated Contingency Plans and the updated Decision Support Framework
o The national action plans should be prioritised and include updated risk maps and estimation of animal numbers in the risk areas
o Countries should heighten surveillance in high risk areas, e.g. increased monitoring of sentinel herds where available; and increased surveillance in markets or places where large numbers of animals are traded or congregate
• Countries previously affected by RVF should consider to start carrying out targeted vaccination campaigns in high risk areas
• Regional African and Middle East organisations including AU-IBAR, IGAD and AU-PANVAC should assist countries at risk to develop a detailed vaccination policy strategy based on the national risk maps
• International and regional organisations are encouraged to support this operational planning, preferably within the framework of already ongoing existing projects or within joint advocacy platforms for donor funding
On vaccine development
• Vaccine producing laboratories are encouraged to speed up the process to commercialise candidate vaccines in order to overcome the shortcomings of the currently existing vaccines such as availability, safety, efficacy and stability in line with OIE standards for vaccine quality
• In order to increase the uptake of preventive vaccination during the inter-epidemic period by farmers and the
- 81 -
Veterinary Services, vaccine manufacturers are encouraged to develop live attenuated multivalent combination vaccines offering protection against multiple transboundary animal diseases and with an improved benefit/cost ratio as compared to monovalent RVF vaccines
• AU-PANVAC with the support of AU-IBAR is encouraged to carry out quality assessment of existing vaccines as well as an assessment of the production and delivery capacity of vaccine producers of registered vaccines (Smithburn, Inactivated, Clone 13) within a short time period
• OIE in collaboration with AU-PANVAC and IGAD should facilitate the establishment of RVF regional vaccine banks at regional level based on the results of the aforementioned assessment
On diagnosis of RVF
• Reference Laboratories and pharmaceutical companies are encouraged to increase the production of reagents necessary for serological detection of RVF IgM and IgG and to increase collaboration with AU-PANVAC for the evaluation, quality control, production and distribution of diagnostic assays/reagents to national laboratories
• Reference laboratories are encouraged to continue capacity building activities on RVF diagnosis and to consider twinning programmes within the framework of the OIE.
On trade
• Countries are encouraged to translate the revised OIE Code Chapter into their national legislation and regulations and reinforce its application; and to exchange information with trading partners on the disease situation in their countries
• Veterinary Services should regularly audit quarantine stations for compliance with national regulations and inter-governmental standards.
• IGAD and AU-IBAR are requested to support improvement of technical capacity of quarantine stations through the export quarantine network being formed
On communication
• International and regional organisations are urged to communicate these recommendations jointly via a Press Conference to attract sufficient attention
• National authorities should also disseminate these recommendations at the national level
• Countries should develop awareness campaigns among vulnerable populations such as farmers, abattoir workers, and other stakeholders
• National Authorities should establish regular communication channels between public health and veterinary authorities to ensure disease surveillance results are timely reported.
- 82 -
- 83 -
Annexes
- 84 -
- 85 -
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
Tuesday, 21 April 2015 Time Topic Speaker
08.00 – 09.00 Registration Grace Omwega, Rita Rizk
09.00 – 10.30 Official Opening Statement by OIE RR / Middle-East Statement by OIE SRR / Eastern Africa Statement by WHO Statement by FAO Statement by AU-IBAR Statement by AU-PANVAC Statement by IGAD Secretariat Opening by the Guest of Honour
Ghazi YehiaPatrick Bastiaensen
Pierre FormentyEmmanuelle Guerne-Bleich
Ahmed El-SawalhyCharles Bodjo
Moh. Moussa MohamedMohamed Ahmed Awaleh
Objectives of the meeting Susanne Münstermann
Participants’ introductions and expectations Participants
Group photograph with Guest of Honour Photographer
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee break
SESSION 1 : SETTING THE SCENE
11.00 – 11.20 Recall of previous meetings, their outcomes and recommendations
S. Münstermann (OIE)
11.20 – 12.00 RVF in the Horn of Africa, East Africa, and the Middle East – a historical overview : • Animal health • Public health
Bouna Diop (FAO)Pierre Formenty (WHO)
12.00 – 12.40 Recent RVF outbreaks : • in north-western Africa • in southern Africa
Alessandro Ripani (OIE NA)Rachel Maluleke (ARC OVI)
12.40 – 13.00 Questions for clarification
13.00 – 14.00 Lunch
- 86 -
SESSION 2 : CHALLENGES TO DISEASE CONTROL
14.00 – 14.20 Available control options Kariuki Njenga (KEMRI)
14.20 – 14.40 Vaccination strategies, vaccine availability and quality control
D. Goovaerts (GalvMED)
14.40 - 15.20 Vaccines • Vaccines currently used in the field and
their issues • Novel vaccines • Novel vaccines
Bethuel Nthangeni (OBP)
L. Maartens (Deltamune) Mehdi El Harrak (MCI)
15.20 – 15.40 Discussion
15.40 – 16.00 Coffee break
16.00 – 16.15 Diagnostic tests for RVF and role of Reference Laboratories: what is available?
Kariuki Njenga (KEMRI)Alison B. Lubisi (ARC – OVI)
16.00 – 16.15 Role of Reference Laboratories : twinning (South Africa – Yemen)
Alison B. Lubisi (ARC – OVI)Ghazi Yehia (OIE ME)
16.20 – 17.20 Research and development for RVF diagnostic tests: what is new? • Deltamune • PANVAC
L. Maartens (Deltamune)Charles Bodjo (PANVAC)
17.40 – 18.00 Discussion
20.00 Dinner Reception
Wednesday, 22 April 2015
Time Topic Speaker
SESSION 3 : TRADE ISSUES
09.00 – 09.20 OIE Code Chapters relevant to RVF and trade S. Münstermann (OIE)
09.20 – 09.40 Current livestock trade between the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. The new RVF OIE Code Chapter and what it means to inter-regional trade
Edgar ‘Chip’ Stem (OIE ad-hoc group RVF)
09.40 – 10.00 Perspective from the importing countries : KSA Abdelhamid El-Fadil
10.00 – 10.30 Discussion
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee break
11.00 – 13.00 Working session 1 : Case studies / Different scenarios
Gregorio Torres(facilitator)
13.00 – 14.00 LUNCH
- 87 -
SESSION 4 : PREVENTION, BIOTHREAT AND EARLY WARNING
14.00 – 14.20 Surveillance systems in place Zelalem Tadesse (AU-IBAR)
14.20 – 14.50 Bridging WHO and OIE tools for the assessment of national capacities
S. de la Rocque (OIE/WHO)
14.50 – 15.10 Contingency planning for RVF : Kenya Austine Bitek (ZDU Kenya)
15.10 – 16.40 Working session 2 (including coffee break) Case studies / Contingency plans
Gregorio Torres(facilitator)
16.40 – 17.00 Decision – support framework for East Africa Bernard Bett (ILRI)
17.00 – 17.20 Early Warning Systems in place Assaf Anyamba (NASA)
17.20 – 17.40 The joint Early Warning release D. Beltrand-Acrudo (FAO)
Thursday, 23 April 2015
Time Topic Facilitators
07:00 – 12:00 Visit of the Djibouti Quarantine Facilities (Prima) Moussa Cheikh Ibrahim
12:00 – 13:00 Lunch at the Djibouti Quarantine Facilities (courtesy of PRIMA International C°)
13:00 – 14.00 Reports from the Working groups of Sessions 1 and 2 and resulting recommendations
Rapporteurs
SESSION 5 : REGIONAL COORDINATION
14.00 – 14.15 OIE Vaccine banks S. Münstermann (OIE)
14.15 – 14.45 • GF-TADs – Africa • GF-TADs – Middle East
Bouna Diop (FAO)Ghazi Yehia (OIE)
14.45 – 15.00 AU-IBAR James Wabacha (IBAR)
15.00 – 15.15 IGAD Ameha Sebsibe (IGAD)
15.15 – 15.30 Eastern African Epidemiology and Laboratory Networks (EAREN, EARLN)
Bouna Diop (FAO)
15.30 – 16.00 Discussion
16.00 – 16.30 Tea break
16.30 – 17.00 Conclusions
Closing remarks
Backg The Hcompriand ErHorn oThe reglobal African The livEast, includihundreabout goats b(2.5 mhas beetrade. Sfrom th The Guin the wishing Interna
• • • • •
Risk an Animalmanagethe conits imp
round (in
orn of Africsing several ritrea. In adof Africa alsogion is liveslivestock pop
n continent.
estock trade supplying ling Haj an
eds of years.six million but also cam
million) come en estimatedSource : Abbhe Horn of Af
ulf Cooperatioworld which
g to have acc
ational Stand
Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial
nalysis frame
l import riske the diseasentext of this pact on anima
REPORT
troduced by
ca covers acountries: Ddition to tho
o includes Kestock rich, hpulation and
from the Hoive animals nd Ramada Annually, thead of an
mels and cafrom the Ho
d to be arounbas B., Yousif
Africa. Rev. Sc
ion Council (Gh has a greacess to this m
dards of refer
Code. GlossaCode ChapteCode ChapteCode ChapteManual Chap
ework
k analysis ise risk associaexercise riskal health.
T OF THE W
CA
y Gregorio T
large geogDjibouti, Ethiose countriesenya, Ugandolding about40% of that
orn of Africa for religiou
n, has devhis market aimals, mainttle of whic
orn of Africa nd USD 0.6 bf M.A., Nur Hc. Tech. Off.
GCC) region at demand f
market should
ence (www.o
ary er 8.13 Infecer 1.4 Animaer 1.5 Surveipter 2.1.14 R
concerned ated with thek will refer m
- 88 -
WORKING
ASE SCENAR
Torres, OIE)
graphical areopia, Somals, the greate
da and Sudant 10% of tht of the entir
to the Middus festivitieveloped ovealone requirely sheep anh about 42%and Sudan.
billion per yeH.M. (2014)Int Epiz.
remains as ofor animals d fulfil provis
oie.int)
ction with Rifl health survllance for artRift Valley fe
with guidinge importation
mainly to the
GROUP SE
RIOS
.
ea ia er n. he re
le s, er es nd % Trade betwe
ear, being ten. Animal hea
one of the mproduced in
sions of inter
ft valley fevereillance thropod vectoever
g the decisin of live animprobability o
ESSION 1
een the Hornn times greatalth constrain
ost importann the region.rnational hea
r virus (RVFV
ors of animal
on-making pmals and theof RVFV ente
and the Midter than intrans to livestoc
nt live anima. Exporting
alth standard
V)
l diseases
process to eir products (ering the cou
ddle East a-regional ck exports
l markets countries s.
ffectively OIE). For untry and
Case s Consigcamel is avai Rift Vareporteearly dcases As a re20-yeaconsidwas incarriedthe ca Detailsthe co Questi 1. Wha thro 2. Wh 3. Wha Plea
scenario 1
gnment: 50 arrived at tlable.
alley fever sed to the OIdetection suhave been n
esult of thisar old male dered infectfected in h
d out active se was foun
s of the movuntry of des
ions:
at is the risough this m
ich article o
at are the mase, provide
sheep and the farm one
status of theIE in 2003.urveillance snotified to t
s early detecwho was vised with RVFis country osero-survei
nd. All samp
vement: Thestination.
k (very low, ovement?
of Chapter 8
mitigation me the rationa
2 camels. Ae month ago
e country of After the o
system in cothe OIE sinc
ction systemsiting his reF. The epideof residencyllance in su
ples were ne
e animals w
low, mediu
8.13 of the
measures youale if they d
- 89 -
All animals o. No reliab
origin: Lasoutbreak, thoordination ce 2003 des
m, a human elatives. Hisemiological . As responsusceptible aegative.
will be trans
um, high, ve
Terrestrial C
u will requediffer from t
but one camble informat
t outbreak oe veterinarywith publicspite the in
case was ds permanent
investigatiose to this ca
animals 10
ported direc
ery high) of
Code applie
st to allow the Terrestri
mel were boion on the o
of RVF in any authorities health authtensive surv
etected 2 yt residency wons concludase the vetekm around t
ctly from th
introduction
es?
this movemal Code pro
orn in the faorigin of this
nimals was s establishehorities. Noveillance.
years ago. Itwas a count
ded that theerinary auththe village w
e farm of or
n of RVFV
ent? ovisions.
arm. The s camel
d an o further
was a try
e patient orities where
rigin to
- 90 -
Case scenario 2 Consignment: 40,000 local breed sheep and goats with different origins and unknown history of previous vaccination. Rift Valley fever status of the country of origin: Last big outbreak of RVF occurred 4 years ago. The outbreak was controlled by a mass vaccination launched by the government. Since then, 2 human cases have been officially reported. The epidemiological studies carried out to investigate the human cases demonstrated a certain level of sporadic virus circulation in ruminants without causing significant losses. The latest public health data available indicate a human prevalence of 2%. Currently, the vaccination in ruminants is voluntary. There is only non-official data of vaccination coverage available and it is assumed to be low. Details of the movement: The movement is planned from an official coastal quarantine station which acts as hub before moving to the final importing country, probably within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. There are no plans to vaccinate the sheep and goats with an approved RVF vaccine. The animals will be quarantined for 21 days in the approved coastal quarantine that is situated in an area with low vector activity and in which the quarantine operators routinely practice vector control through “fogging” with an approved and safe insecticide. Should any of the animals in the quarantine demonstrate a fever, they will be closely observed for signs of RFV disease. Questions: 1. What is the risk (very low, low, medium, high, very high) of introducing RVFV through this movement? 2. Which article of Chapter 8.13 of the Terrestrial Code applies? 3. What are the mitigation measures you will request to allow this movement? Please, provide the rationale if they differ from the Terrestrial Code provisions.
- 91 -
Case scenario 3 Consignment: • 15,000 sheep and 1,000 camels. All camels are older than 1 year, all sheep and goats are older than 6 months. None of them have been vaccinated. • 200 kg of wool from different origins.
Rift Valley fever status of the country of origin: The country is experiencing a large number of outbreaks. There is social alarm and the farmers report important losses in the affected areas. All the human and animal cases are concentrated in the Southern part of the country. The Central and Northern provinces are not affected. The Northern provinces have never been affected by previous RVFV outbreaks. The country has an approved quarantine station along the coast which is unaffected by the outbreak with the nearest case 350 km away and most cases and outbreaks more than 500 km away. Strict movement controls in the affected areas of the country have been put in place by the Director of Veterinary Services and vaccination strategies including ring vaccination are being practiced. Details of the movement and proposed quarantine procedures: The sheep and camels come from farms located in a province in the North of the country bordering the country of destination. Before the shipment, all animals will be placed in an approved quarantine station following transport through areas of the country that remain clear and unaffected by the disease. The reception holding area is located 1 km from the quarantine. The quarantine is located in an area of low vector activity and mosquito fogging is practiced regularly in both the quarantine and the reception holding area. All animals will be vaccinated in the reception area with an appropriate vaccine and taken to the quarantine where they will be observed closely with temperatures monitored daily. All animals will be quarantined for 21 days following vaccination. Should any of the animals in the quarantine demonstrate a fever, they will be closely observed for signs of RFV disease. The wool has been collected by a local dealer presumably from several farms situated all around the country. Questions: 1. What is the risk (very low, low, medium, high, very high) of introducing RVFV through this movement? 2. Which article of Chapter 8.13 of the Terrestrial Code applies? 3. What are the mitigation measures you will request to allow this movement? Please, provide the rationale if they differ from the Terrestrial Code provisions.
- 92 -
Case scenario 4 Consignment: 10 tons of sheep and goat and 1,000 kg of camel meat. Animals were slaughtered in a local slaughterhouse supervised by the veterinary authority. Rift Valley fever status of the country of origin: The country of origin reported some cases of RVF two years ago. There were no further reports since then. However the level of surveillance in the country is unknown Details of the movement: Before the shipment, the carcases were matured at more than 4°C in a controlled temperature room for at least 24 hours. Questions: 1. What is the risk (very low, low, medium, high, very high) of introducing RVFV through this movement? 2. Which article of Chapter 8.13 of the Terrestrial Code applies? 3. What are the mitigation measures you will request to allow this movement? Please, provide the rationale if they differ from the Terrestrial Code provisions.
Case scenario 5 Consignment: 100 semen straws from a 3 year old Boran bull registered in the Boran Society. The donor bull was kept in an insemination centre authorised by veterinary authorities. The owner claimed that the bull was vaccinated less than one year ago but no vaccination records are available. Rift Valley fever status of the country of origin: The country of origin reported some cases of RVF two years ago. There were no further reports since then. However the level of surveillance in the country is unknown Details of the movement: The semen straws will be transported in a nitrogen flask. Questions: 1. What is the risk (very low, low, medium, high, very high) of introducing RVFV through this movement? 2. Which article of Chapter 8.13 of the Terrestrial Code applies? 3. What are the mitigation measures you will request to allow this movement? Please, provide the rationale if they differ from the Terrestrial Code provisions.
Case s Consig Rift VaRVF twsurveil DetailscentreThey dfarmer Questi 1. Wha thro 2. Wh 3. Wha Plea
scenario 6
gnment: 1,0
alley fever swo years agollance in the
s of the move in the regiodeliver camers in a cream
ions:
at is the risough this m
ich article o
at are the mase, provide
000 litres of
status of theo. There wee country is
vement: Locon. The milel milk dailymery near th
k (very low, ovement?
of Chapter 8
mitigation me the rationa
f camel milk
e country of re no furthe
s unknown
cal producek collectiony. The goat he capital c
low, mediu
8.13 of the
measures youale if they d
- 93 -
k and 250 k
origin: Theer reports si
ers sell the mn centre hascheese is m
city.
um, high, ve
Terrestrial C
u will requediffer from t
kg of goat c
e country of nce then. H
milk to the os around 10made from m
ery high) of
Code applie
st to allow the Terrestri
cheese.
origin reporHowever the
only camel 0 small pro
milk collecte
introducing
es?
this movemal Code pro
rted some c level of
milk collectoducers assoed from loca
g RVFV
ent? ovisions.
cases of
tion ociated. al
- 94 -
Case scenario 7 Consignment : An order of 5,000 cattle, 30,000 sheep, 20,000 goats and 1,500 camels purchased from markets all over the country. It will be the largest consignment in the year to respond to high livestock demand by importing country due to Ramadan. Rift Valley fever status of the country of origin: The country is currently considered to be in an inter-epizootic period, reporting epizootic events every 5-10 years. The last epizootic event was reported 8 years ago. This year, the country is experiencing abnormally high rainfall causing floods in areas of the country previously affected by RVF disease. There are already rumours and online press reports of people falling ill with an unknown disease and also increasing incidence of livestock abortions and mortality. In response to the environmental conditions and to the unofficial reports, the DVS has dispatched his rapid response team that investigates outbreaks in the affected areas, but at the moment, detailed field reports and lab results are not available. The last official vaccination campaign was carried out as response to the last large RVF outbreak 8 years ago. No official vaccination has been carried out since then. Providing healthy livestock is critical to maintain the trust between importing and exporting countries to ensure long-lasting trading relationship between both countries. Trading with RVFV infected countries could result in a trade ban with devastating consequences for the economy of the exporting country. Details of the movement: Cattle are generally sourced from areas of the country that have not been seriously affected by RVF in previous epizootics. Upon questioning by the DVS office, the manager of the quarantine station reports that as much as 20% of the camel and goats will come from areas that have historically experienced RVF epizootics and additionally, some of the sheep are also coming from these previously affected areas. The time schedule for the export is 28 days, covering : 17 days in the quarantine station, 1 day transit to and loading at the port in an area of the country that is not experiencing abnormally heavy rainfall, and 10 days on a clean and disinfected ship which is managed by the quarantine company. The quarantine station is located in a low vector activity area and the quarantine operators routinely practice vector control through “fogging” with an approved and safe insecticide. A decision needs to be made as to whether and under what conditions this shipment should be made. Questions: 1. What is the risk (very low, low, medium, high, very high) of introducing RVFV through this movement ? 2. Considering the socioeconomic consequences of the trade for the exporting country. Should this movement be allowed? If not, justify your answer. 3. If the movement is allowed. What measures described in the code (if any) or other additional measures would you use to mitigate the risk of introduction by this consignment and to build trust between both trade partners.
- 95 -
REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP SESSION 2
THE TASK OF THE WORKING GROUPS
Background Planning and preparedness is critical to effectively response to a RVF outbreak. It requires inter-sectoral collaboration involving veterinary, public health authorities and stakeholders at all levels. A contingency plan should be a well-articulated strategy document being both flexible and dynamic. It should define roles and responsibilities and it should provide details of the resources needed to effective contain and eliminate the disease as well as an action plan for efficiently mobilise both human and material resources. All described actions aiming to prevent or minimize the disease impact in human and animal population should meet the obligation of international Standards, namely the WHO International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) and the OIE International Standards (Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Manual of Diagnostic tests and vaccines for Terrestrial Animal). While it is not feasible to produce a model contingency plan that fits all situations and circumstances in the different countries, the main general principles should be taking in consideration when designing and evaluating national RVF contingency plans. The objectives of this exercise are: • Assess the state of play of the RVF contingency plans in the region • Facilitate participants with understanding of the roles and limitations in the
management of RVF outbreaks. • Promote the evaluation and the updating of existing contingency plans highlighting
the importance of establishing collaboration between Veterinary and Public Health Authorities in the preparedness and response to a RFV outbreak.
1. Surveillance for early detection The main objective of the surveillance section of a contingency plan is the early detection to RVF outbreak or the detections of the putative risk factors that can determinate the presence of the disease. The impact of a RVF outbreak usually corresponds to the number of epidemiological units or geographical distribution that have been affected at the moment the disease is first diagnosed. The suspicion or confirmation of a RVF case will trigger the actions described in the contingency plan. Based on your own experience, which components should be included in the surveillance section of a RVF contingency plan? Please, identify the strength and weakness of your contingency plan. Enumerate at least three strong and three weak components related to disease control and prevention.
2. Once descridiseasepidem Based prevenyour cto dise
3. Risk cmanagthat wway pr The dstakehoutbreensure The go
Disease co
the presencbed in the
se. The actmic or epide
on your exntion sectionontingency ease control
Communic
communicatgers and oth
will facilitaterocess.
isseminatioholders andeak. The coe consistent
oal should b
ontrol and p
ce of the dcontingencions to be emic.
perience, wn of a RVF cplan. Enum and preven
cation and a
tion involvesher intereste prompt exc
on and sha general p
ommunicatiot messages t
be: “Be first
prevention m
disease is ccy plan to m
taken will
which compocontingency
merate at lention.
awareness
s an interacted parties. change of in
aring timelypublic is ofon strategyto the gene
t, be honest
- 96 -
measures
confirmed iminimise th be driven
onents shouy plan? Pleaeast three st
ctive exchaInformatio
nformation
y, accurate f paramouny must be ral public.
t, be right, b
t is necesshe impact a by the ep
uld be incluase, identifytrong and t
nge of infon protocol sbetween all
and easilynt importancoordinated
be credible
sary to impand preventpidemiologic
ded in the dy the strenghree weak c
rmation aboshould be s of them an
y-understoodce when m
d among he
and be cons
lement thet the spreadcal scenario
disease congth and weacomponents
out risk amstructured ind it must b
d informatimanaging aealth autho
nsistent”
actions d of the o: inter-
ntrol and kness of s related
mong risk n a way
be a two-
ion with and RVF orities to
Based awarenyour cto com 4. Respoinforminto cthose know t Based chain weakncompo 5. VeterinVeterindetectrespon Based RVF coEnumeyour co
on your expness sectionontingency
mmunication
Coordinati
nding to amation availalear coordinwho are chthat the ind
on your exof commaness of you
onents relate
Legal fram
nary legislanary Servicetion and repnse to a RVF
on your exontingency erate at leaontingency
perience, wn of a RVF cplan. Enum
n and aware
on and cha
an outbreaable from anated indicaharged withications hav
xperience, wnd section ur contingeed to coord
mework
ation is an es to efficieporting of dF outbreak m
xperience, wplan? Pleas
ast three strplan.
hich compocontingencymerate at leeness.
in of comm
k requires all sources. ations whicthe respon
ve been car
which compof a RVF cncy plan. ination and
essential eently carry oiseases, rapmust be sup
which compse, identify rong and th
- 97 -
onents shouy plan? Pleaeast three st
mand
taking deIt requires
ch can be cnsibility of rried out and
ponents shocontingencyEnumerate chain of co
element of out their kepid responspported by e
ponents shothe strengt
hree weak c
uld be includase, identifytrong and t
cisions bass the capacconveyed docarrying thed with what
ould be incy plan? Plea
at least tommand of
the nationey functionse, etc. The effective an
ould be inclh and weakcomponents
ded in the cy the strenghree weak c
sed on anacity to convown the chaem out but results.
luded in thase, identifthree stronyour contin
al infrastrus, includingVeterinary
d updated l
uded in theness of you related to
communicagth and weacomponents
alysis of tvert those dain of commt also the a
he coordinatfy the streng and thregency plan
ucture that g surveillancServices ac
legislation.
e legal sectur contingen
legal frame
tion and kness of s related
he best decisions mand to ability to
tion and ngth and ee weak
enables ce, early ctions to
tion of a ncy plan. ework of
- 98 -
THE REPORTS BY MODERATORS AFTER THE DISCUSSIONS WITH THE GROUPS
1. Surveillance for early detection (Moderator: Stephane de la Rocque) The Moderator reminded the audience on the classical drawing of the disease epidemiology with a very narrow time window for detection of disease in animals before the peak of disease spread. Against this background, he listed the strong points for facilitating surveillance for early detection of RVF as follows: • In most countries, based on history of the disease and retrospective data available, the
hotspots for outbreaks are known and can be targeted for surveillance activities • There is also sufficient knowledge of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease and
its vector available • However, the early warning surveillance should include meteorological monitoring as
well as vector activity monitoring • Surveillance protocols should be adjusted to this knowledge and should also include
monitoring of sentinel herds • Within geographical zones strategic points for surveillance need to be identified, for
example on an island surveillance is particularly important at the port and airport • It was noted that if the country is an exporting country there should be enough
incentive to carry out surveillance in order to maintain this status • Surveillance teams should be readily available, they should also make use of CAHW, if
available and training efforts of all staff involved in surveillance should be undertaken • The results of surveillance should be communicated in a clear and rapid manner • The negative points were summarised as follows: • Surveillance teams might face difficulties to access remote areas and suffer from lack
of infrastructure to carry out their work effectively • There is often a lack of human and financial resources to carry out surveillance • Teams might suffer from lack of training, particularly in sample taking and sample
shipment • Passive surveillance can play a major role but might be hampered if livestock owners,
particularly pastoralists do not have the culture of reporting • Livestock owners might not always interpret abortions as an early warning sign for
RVF, as it can be caused by so many other factors. • The results of laboratory tests on surveillance samples might be delayed as there are
no rapid tests available • Although many countries have Contingency Plans available, they are sector specific
and often lack inter-sectorial coordination • A lack of exchange of data and information is often observed • Government commitment to surveillance for a disease that occurs only sporadically
might be missing • In addition, willingness at local level to carry out such activities might also be missing • Surveillance activities are often project based and therefore lack sustainability over
longer time periods
- 99 -
2. Disease control and prevention measures (Moderator: Austine Bitek) The moderator summarised the information he had received from the different groups into different categories. He first listed the components of disease control and prevention as understood by the groups: • Livestock vaccination • Surveillance – laboratory capacity • Vector control • Quarantine • Public education/communication On livestock vaccination, he listed the following points as important: • Although RVF vaccines are existing since a long time, they are often not readily
available to countries in the face of an outbreak since there is limited capacity to produce the vaccine in most of the infected countries
• The current vaccines have a short shelf life • Therefore there is a need for regional vaccine banks • Countries would like to receive guidelines on vaccination protocols during the different
periods of RVF (after an outbreak, during the inter-epizootic period etc.)
On laboratory capacity, he listed the following points: • Low diagnostic capacity in the affected countries • Test kits to be used in laboratories are not readily available and very costly • In general the capacity in laboratories to carry out PCR and virus isolation is limited
On quarantine, he noted the following observation: • Countries have a good legislative framework for quarantine stations, but in some cases
there is lack of reinforcement of this legislation
On vector control, he noted the following points: • Effective insecticides and larvicides are available but they are expensive, often with
residual effect on the environment • However, coverage when using them is usually very low • There is fear that repeated application might lead to resistance of the vectors to these
chemicals
- 100 -
3. Communication and awareness (Moderator: James Wabacha) The moderator presented the contributions from the groups in the following categories:
(i) Information messages should include… (ii) Strength of communication and (iii) Weakness of communication.
On “information messages should include…”, he noted the following points: • Include some basic information about the diseases:
o Zoonotic and vector borne o Common signs in human and animal o Mainly animals affected o But animal products are safe
• Should be joint statements with Public Health to avoid conflicting messages • Clear chain of command to release messages • Only one authority and one focal person should be in charge of information
dissemination • An indication of the stakeholders to be targeted for the messages (vets, human
medics, livestock owners, abattoir personnel etc) • Include religious leaders in the awareness raising process • An indication on the need for coordination at all levels, local/regional/sectors • Massages should be tailored to periods before the outbreaks • Messages should provide regular updates on activities • Should clearly state that control efforts are under way • Should state how the diseases affects the stakeholders • Should emphasise transparency • How to detect and to identify that it is RVF? • Explain the mode of transmission • Messages should target the high risk areas and use local languages wherever possible • Include non-traditional modes of information dissemination like social media • Include messages during the recovery phase to inform on when to resume routine
practices • Modes of information dissemination could be:
o Radio, posters, TV, social media, official websites, print media, lectures/seminars
o The goal should be: be fast (not first), be honest, be right, be credible and consistent !
On the strength of communication, he noted: • It is an effective tool in reducing the impact of the disease, support provision of
accurate information and can avoid panic • In some countries the Communication Plan (CP) for RVF is not in place, but a multi-
sectorial technic working group is in place (e.g. Uganda) • Some countries have a communication strategy in place • Some countries have sufficient human capacity to undertake communication and
awareness activities • Some countries use their extension units, personal for this type of communication
On the• W• • G
m• S• O• S• T• P•
u•
i• M
p
e weaknesseWhile there In some couGiven the lomessaging wSimulation Often commSome countThere is oftePanic messInappropriaused Inadequate interpretatioMechanismpastoralists
es of commmight be a
untries a CPong inter-epwith low freexercises co
munication atries report en poor infoages in the te modes an
monitoring on of messas to get theis not well
unication, h CP availab
P is not avaipidemic periquency ould be a goand awarenelow human ormation shpress- how nd methods
and evaluaage, impacts informationestablished
- 101 -
he noted: ble, it is not ilable iod between
ood remedyess activitiecapacity toaring acrossto counter
s of informa
ation of the s et) n to grass rod (use of CA
operational
n RVF outbr
for this, bues are carrieo undertake s sectors it? Lack of tion conten
whole comm
oot stakehoAHW, pastor
lized
eaks, there
ut they are ned out only dcommunica
experience t and disse
munication
lders especal associati
is often a d
not carried oduring outbation activit
mination m
process (ex
ially the ons etc)
decay of
out reaks
ties
ight be
xtend,
- 102 -
4. Coordination and chain of command (Moderator: Susanne Münstermann) The moderator summarise the input she received from the groups as follows: • For most countries represented in the groups there exists a coordination unit or
mechanism between MoA/Livestock and the MoH; often this unit is based under the Prime Minister’s Office, which often has a special Officer for Public Health affaires whose responsibility it is to relay the messages to the next lower levels. Only few countries have also other sectors such as environment or security forces integrated into this coordination unit.
• However, quite a number of countries mentioned that there is no proper equilibrium between the two sectors (MoA and MoH) and that often MoA dominates this coordination unit and often also the distribution of funds
• Furthermore, this cooperation appears to be most active during crisis periods, rather than during “peace times” as visible for example in the number of meetings that take place
• The difficulty to maintain a rapid processing along the top-down steps of the chain of command in decentralised countries was mentioned, particularly in countries where animal health is integrated into Municipality Administrations, leading to a slowdown of processes up to the extent that they are no longer able to implement any urgent matters
• The speed of information such as on suspicious surveillance results from the bottom to the top for the top to make decisions, seems also to be slow in the majority of countries.
5. Legal framework (Moderator: Samuel Wakhusama) The moderator summarised the information received from the groups under different headings as shown below: On statutory provisions: • They can be found under the general Disease Control and Prevention Proclamations
Acts On notifications: • While notification of a disease outbreak is regulated under the Acts, notification of
outbreaks is in some cases seen as an indirect punishment to trade and therefore might be avoided. How can we improve on this situation and promote transparency in information sharing ? There is a clear need for awareness increase and communication
On compensation upon destruction: • Some countries have provisions for this in their CPs (Ethiopia, Tanzania), other don’t
(South Africa – but also no destruction) • Problems of funding and potentially open to abuse where identified
- 103 -
On animal movement control and quarantine law: • There is a unified quarantine law in the GCC States • But there is no such harmonised regional approach in the Greater Horn of Africa
region • A need for harmonisation at national and regional level was identified • The autonomy of provinces or counties makes it often difficult to implement
movement control at country level in some countries – no legal support measures (e.g S. Africa)
On penalties: • They are currently vague and not specific to RVF – they are covered under the General
Animal Disease Control Act in form of Proclamations, tending to be less specific for RVF
On enforcement of compliance: • Inadequate capacity for policing (long borders) • Smuggling, rustling • In some cases no clear legal arrangement made to support enforcement The moderator also identified other issues related to the regulatory framework, which are summarised as shown below: On outdated legislation/inadequate legislation: • A structure is present for a legal framework but the CPs are outdated and seem not a
priority for some countries • In some cases draft CPs were developed but were not approved – they are shelved • In some cases, no Veterinary Statutory Body (Veterinary Board, etc) exists, e.g.
Somalia On vaccines: • GMO vaccines are being developed but no adequate legal frameworks for approval are
available in countries wishing to use them • Vaccination to be carried out based on risk assessment but not legal enforcement in
place in the event of an imminent outbreak • In some countries, no clarity on who bears the cost of vaccinations in an anticipated
outbreak situation, e.g. Kenya, Sudan the Governments pay, but the situation in other countries is less clear
On the “One Health” approach: • There is the need for legal text in CPs to link Animal and Human health aspects On coordination: • Police, Veterinary Services, Administration, Public Health need close coordination –
appears good in Kenya, poor in Tanzania (separate ministries do their own thing)
- 104 -
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVES
BAHRAIN Dr Abbas Al Hayki Senior Veterinary Officer Control and Animal Health Directorate Ministry of Municipalities P.O.Box 251 Manama +973 17 79 74 26 +973 17 69 46 73 📱 +973 39 64 64 86 [email protected] [email protected] COMOROS Mr Miradji Soule Chef de service santé animale Direction nationale de l’élevage Ministère de la production BP 41 Moroni +269 775 60 26 +269 775 00 03 📱 +269 333 09 04 [email protected] [email protected] DJIBOUTI Dr Moussa Ibrahim Cheikh Directeur de l’élevage et des services vétérinaires Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la mer. BP 297 Djibouti +253 77 86 06 00 [email protected] Dr Ali Ibrahim Mohamed Chef de Service de contrôle alimentaire et vétérinaire Direction de l’élevage et des services vétérinaires Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la mer. BP 297 Djibouti +253 77 86 06 00 [email protected]
Dr Elmi Ali Ahmed Vétérinaire Direction de l’élevage et des services vétérinaires Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la mer. BP 297 Djibouti [email protected] Dr Abdi Mahamoud Elmi Vétérinaire Direction de l’élevage et des services vétérinaires Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la mer. BP 297 Djibouti +253 77 64 64 18 [email protected] EGYPT Dr Osama Mahmoud Ahmed Slim Chairman (CVO) General Organization for Veterinary Services First Nadi El Said Street Dokki - Giza 12618 Cairo +20 11 18 00 82 92 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ETHIOPIA Dr Hadgu Mendefro Senior Quarantine Expert Veterinary Services Directorate Ministry of Agriculture P.O.Box 62347 Addis Ababa +251 11 64 61 969 +251 11 64 62 095 📱 +251 913 26 221 [email protected] [email protected]
- 105 -
Dr Gedion Yilma Defabachew Public Health Veterinarian Veterinary Services Directorate Ministry of Agriculture P.O.Box 62347 Addis Ababa +251 11 64 62 003 📱 +251 19 11 73 577 [email protected] [email protected] JORDAN Dr Majed Al Hawaosha Head of Animal Health Division Ministry of Agriculture P.O.Box 17110 Madaba +962 64 12 07 13 📱 +962 777 32 52 41 📱 +962 799 03 85 54 [email protected] KENYA Dr Kisa Juma Ngeiywa Director of Veterinary Services State Department of Livestock Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Kabete P.O.Box 23355 00625 Nairobi 📱 +254 722 37 62 37 [email protected] Dr Kasiiti Lichoti Assistant Director of Veterinary Services State Department of Livestock Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Central Veterinary Laboratories, Kabete, P.O.Box 23355 00625 Nairobi 📱 +254 733 70 76 85 [email protected]
KUWAIT Mr Khaled Almutawaa Head of Veterinary Laboratory Public Authority of Agriculture and Fisheries Kuwait City +965 55 03 32 22 [email protected] Dr Saad Jasim Al Anzi Head of Veterinary Quarantine Public Authority of Agriculture and Fisheries Kuwait City +965 66 700 918 [email protected] LEBANON Dr Mohamad Sokarie Veterinary Officer Animal Health Department Ministry of Agriculture Bir Hassan - Jnah Beirut 📱 +961 3 87 17 20 [email protected] OMAN Dr Sultan Al Ismaili Veterinary Epidemiologist Director General of Animal Wealth Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries P.O.Box 2298 PC112 Muscat +968 99 38 03 16 [email protected] Dr Anwar Nasser Al Saadi Directorate of Animal Wealth Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 20413 Ibra +968 99 38 17 79 [email protected] QATAR Dr Farhoud Al-Hajri Head of Animal Resources Department Ministry of Environment P.O.Box 23211 Doha +974 44 56 04 00 +974 44 66 31 63 📱 +974 66 67 66 99 [email protected]
- 106 -
Mr Saleh Al-Marri Head of Veterinary Services Section Animal Resources Department Ministry of Environment P.O.Box 23211 Doha +974 44 56 05 55 +974 44 65 43 90 📱 +974 55 85 95 80 [email protected] SAUDI ARABIA Dr Alarabi Mehidi Alomim Animal Health Department Ministry of Agriculture Riyadh +966 50 48 81 477 [email protected] Dr Abdelhamid El-Fadil KSA / Consultant Epidemiologist Sudan University of Science and Technology Khartoum +249 915 689 630 [email protected] SOMALIA Dr Habiba Hamud Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range Mogadishu +252 615 178 424 [email protected] Dr Ahmed Abdi GEDI Chief Veterinary Officer Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range Mogadishu +252 615 914 495 [email protected] [email protected] SOMALIA (SOMALILAND) Mr Warsame Haibeh Animal Health Director Ministry of Livestock Hargesia +252 63 44 46 174 [email protected] [email protected]
SOUTH SUDAN Dr Mabior Yuot Inspector of Veterinary Services Directorate of Veterinary Services Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Industry P.O.Box 126 Juba +211 95 55 44 437 [email protected] [email protected] SUDAN Dr Kamal Tagelsir Elsheikh Elfaki Chief Veterinary Officer Undersecretary Ministry of Livestock P.O.Box 1111 Khartoum 📱 +249 91 23 38 522 [email protected] [email protected] SYRIA Dr Mohammed Riad Dayoub Head of Vaccine Production Vaccine Production Department Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Bab Sharki – Airport Square, Al Hejaz Damascus +963 11 54 22 472 +963 11 54 24 761 📱 +963 93 37 46 913 [email protected] TANZANIA Dr Makungu Luka Selemani National Epidemiologist Directorate of Veterinary Services Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development 131, Nelson Mandela Road P.O.Box 9152 15487 Dar Es Salaam +255 75 44 32 113 📱 +255 68 55 12 765 [email protected] [email protected]
- 107 -
Dr Mwananyanzala Dotto Maziku PVO Veterinary Public Health Directorate of Veterinary Services Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development 131, Nelson Mandela Road P.O.Box 9152 15487 Dar Es Salaam +255 22 28 62 592 📱 +255 76 44 95 881 [email protected] [email protected] UGANDA Dr Dan Tumusiime Senior Veterinary Officer Livestock Health Department Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries Lugard Avenue P.O.Box 513 Kampala 📱 +256 77 23 40 032 [email protected] Dr Noelina Nantima Principal Veterinary Officer Livestock Health Department Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries P.O.Box 513 Kampala +259 77 25 15 962 [email protected]
- 108 -
SPEAKERS (except FAO and OIE)
Dr Assaf Anyamba Research Scientist GESTAR/USRA & Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 618 20771Greenbelt, MD UNITED STATES OF AMERICA +1 30 16 14 66 01 +1 30 16 14 66 95 [email protected] Dr Bernard Bett Scientist Food Safety and Zoonosis ILRI P.O.Box 30709 00100 Nairobi KENYA +254 20 422 34 53 +254 20 422 30 01 📱 +254 722 84 19 38 [email protected] Dr Austine Bitek Veterinary Epidemiologist Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Zoonotic Disease Unit P.O.Box 20811 00202 Nairobi KENYA 📱 +254 721 606 743 [email protected] Dr Charles Bodjo Senior Diagnostics Officer Pan-African Veterinary Vaccines Centre AFRICAN UNION P.O.Box 1746 Debre – Zeit ETHIOPIA +251 913 48 90 79 [email protected]; [email protected]
Dr Mehdi El-Harrak Director R & D MCI Santé Animale Lot 157 ZI Sud Ouest, BP 278 28810 Mohammadia Rabat MOROCCO +212 52 33 03 132 +212 52 33 02 130 📱 +212 66 28 83 378 [email protected]; [email protected] Prof. Ahmed El-Sawalhy Director Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources AU Kenindia Business Park Building Museum Hill, Westlands Road P.O.Box 30 786 00100 Nairobi KENYA +254 20 367 40 00 +254 20 367 43 41 📱 +254 710 888 810 [email protected] Dr Pierre Formenty Emerging and Dangerous Pathogens Team Alert and Response Operations Office Department of Communicable Diseases, Surveillance and Response (CDS/CSR) WHO 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva (27) SWITZERLAND +41 22 79 12 550 +41 22 79 14 198 📱 +41 79 46 55 571 [email protected] Dr Danny Goovaerts Consultant Research Department GALVmed Langenberg 3, 2460 Lichtaart BELGIUM 📱 +32 4 87 65 79 86 [email protected]
- 109 -
Dr Baratang Alison Lubisi Head of Virology Department ARC-OVI Onderstepoort Veterinary Intitute (ARC-OVI) Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort P/bag X05 Pretoria 0110 SOUTH AFRICA +27 12 529 92 33/ +27 12 529 9418 📱 +27 79 52 44 895 [email protected] [email protected] Dr Louis Maartens Research Veterinarian Research & Development Deltamune Jean Avenue 248, P.O.Box 14167 0140 Lyttelton SOUTH AFRICA +27 12 664 5730 +27 12 664 5149 📱 +27 82 899 8056 [email protected] [email protected] Mrs Moabi Rachel Maluleke Researcher Virology Department Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort P/bag X05 0110 Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA +27 12 529 92 86 +27 12 52 99 249 📱 +27 82 400 4557 [email protected] [email protected] Mr. Mohamed Moussa Mohamed Director Agriculture and Environment Division IGAD Secretariat B.P. 2653 Djibouti DJIBOUTI +253 21 31 27 40 +253 21 35 69 94 📱 +253 77 81 45 27 [email protected]
Dr Kariuki Njenga Head of One Health Programme Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) P.O.Box 54840 00200 Nairobi KENYA 📱 +254 72 22 08 925 [email protected] Dr Mulalo Bethuel Nthangeni Chief Scientific Officer Research and Development Department Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort P/Bag X07 0110 Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA +27 12 522 1549 +27 12 522 1591 📱 +27 82 885 7260 [email protected] Dr Chip Stem CEO Livestock Trade Services P.O.Box 2997 00100 Nairobi KENYA 📱 +254 72 22 05 703 [email protected]; [email protected] Dr Zelalem Tadesse Coordinator STSD Project Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources AU Kenindia Business Park Building Museum Hill, Westlands Road P.O.Box 30 786 00100 Nairobi KENYA +254 20 367 43 52 📱 +254 71 88 65 692 [email protected] [email protected]
- 110 -
Prof. James Wabacha Coordinator SMP-AH Project Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources AU Kenindia Business Park Building Museum Hill, Westlands Road P.O.Box 30 786 00100 Nairobi KENYA +254 20 36 74 00 +254 20 36 74 341 📱 +254 72 28 74 870 [email protected] Dr Ameha Sebsibe Woldemariam Head, Livestock Programme ICPALD P.O.Box 47824 00100 Nairobi KENYA 📱 +254 721 23 30 45 [email protected]
- 111 -
OBSERVERS
Dr Thomas Albrecht Veterinarian US Army Camp Lemonier BP 09363 DJIBOUTI +253 77 174 719 Dr Jodi Collins Veterinarian US Army Camp Lemonier BP 09363 DJIBOUTI +253 77 174 719 [email protected] Dr Ahmed Issa Dawud Laboratory Manager Technical Department PRIMA International Company DJIBOUTI +253 77 11 75 66 +251 91 14 08 989 [email protected] Dr Jeroen Kortekaas Virologist / Project Leader Central Veterinary Institute Wageningen University Edelhertweg 15, P.O.Box 65 8219 PH Lelystad THE NETHERLANDS +31 320 23 81 98 📱 +31 6 209 19 110 [email protected] Ms Boitumelo Moetlhoa Research Assistant Research and Development Department Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) 10 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort P/bag X05 0110 Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA +27 12 522 15 52 📱 +27 73 37 89 592 [email protected]; [email protected]
Dr Momtaz Shahein Deputy Director Animal Health Research Institute PRIMA International Company Nadi El Said St. Dokki – Giza EGYPT +20 10 07 321 765 [email protected] Dr Shebta Shebta Virology Department Animal Health Research Institute PRIMA International Company Mansoura EGYPT +20 10 919 79 167 +20 11 134 79 437 [email protected] Dr Khalid Omari Tadlaoui Director General MCI Santé Animale Lot 157 ZI Sud Ouest, BP 278 28810 Mohammadia Rabat MOROCCO +212 52 33 03 132 +212 52 33 02 130 📱 +212 66 11 41 860 [email protected] [email protected]
- 112 -
(OTHER) REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
AU-IBAR / IGAD Dr Samuel Wakhusama VET-GOV Coordinator for the IGAD Region IGAD - ICPALD 1st floor, Jadala Place Ngong Lane, off Ngong Road P.O.Box 47824 00100 Nairobi KENYA 📱 +254 72 52 54 600 📱 +254 73 36 25 866 [email protected]; [email protected] ILRI Ms Edna Nduku Mutua Graduate Fellow Food Safety and Zoonoses Department ILRI ILRI Campus Kabete P.O.Box 30709 00100 Nairobi +254 20 422 3029 📱 +254 722 97 5578 [email protected] [email protected] CDC Dr Peninah Munyua Public Health Scientist Division of Global Health Protection CDC - Kenya Village Market P.O.Box 606 00621 Nairobi KENYA +254 202 713 008 📱 +254 710 602 787 [email protected] [email protected]
- 113 -
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
Dr Emmanuelle Guerne-Bleich Resident Representative FAO Lottissement du Héron Immeuble Moussa Bouraleh, Lot No. 16 BP 2588 DJIBOUTI [email protected] [email protected] Dr Markos Tibbo Regional Representative Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa FAO 11 Aleslah El Zerai St. P.O.Box 2223 Cairo EGYPT +20 23 33 16 143 / 6000 (ext. 2803) +20 23 74 95 981 [email protected] Dr Daniel Beltrán Alcrudo Animal Health Officer AGAH FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome ITALY +39 (0) 6 570 53 823 📱 +39 (0) 6 570 53 057 [email protected] Dr Bouna Diop Regional Manager ECTAD Eastern Africa Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Block P Level 3 United Nations Complex, UN Avenue, Gigiri P.O.Box 30470 00100 Nairobi KENYA +254 20 76 25 926 📱 +254 73 69 99 180 [email protected] [email protected]
- 114 -
WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH (OIE)
HEADQUARTERS (PARIS) 12, rue de Prony 75017 Paris FRANCE +33 1 44 15 18 88 +33 1 42 67 09 87 Dr Susanne Munstermann Programme Officer Scientific and Technical Department [email protected] Dr Gregorio Torres Programme Officer Scientific and Technical Department [email protected] REGIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR THE MIDDLE EAST 1st Floor, Ministry of Agriculture bldg Furn El Chebak Beirut LEBANON Dr Ghazi Yehia Regional Representative for the Middle East [email protected] Dr Xavier Pacholek Programme Officer [email protected] Ms Rita Rizk Secretary [email protected]
SUB-REGIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR EASTERN AFRICA 4th Floor, Taj Towers, Upper Hill Road, Upper Hill P.O.Box 19687 00202 Nairobi KENYA +254 20 271 3461 Dr Patrick Bastiaensen Programme Officer [email protected] Ms Grace Omwega Administrative and Financial Assistant [email protected] Ms Loise Ndungu Secretary [email protected] SUB-REGIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR NORTH AFRICA Sub-Regional Representation for North Africa 17 Av d’afrique, El Menzah 5, BP 17 Tunis TUNISIA Dr Alessadro Ripani Programme Officer [email protected] SUB-REGIONAL REPRESENTATION IN BRUSSELS Bd du jardin Botanique, 55 1000 Brussels BELGIUM Dr Stéphane de La Rocque Programme Officer +41 14 41 15 19 73 📱 +41 6 76 57 90 99 [email protected]
- 115 -
USEFUL WEBSITES
www.arc.agric.za/arc-ovi/Pages/ARC-OVI-Homepage.aspx
www.ars.usda.gov/Business/Docs.htm?docid=23464
www.au-ibar.org
www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/
www.cirad.fr/
www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html
www.deltamune.co.za/
www.fao.org
www.fao-ectad-nairobi.org
www.galvmed.org
www.gcc-sg.org/eng/
www.icpald.org
www.igad.int
www.ilri.org
www.mci-santeanimale.com
www.nasa.gov
www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/riftvalley_fever.html
www.obpvaccines.co.za
www.oie.int
www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/technical-disease-cards/
www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/
www.primaic.com
rea.au.int/en/RO/PANVAC
www.rr-africa.oie.int
www.rr-africa.oie.int/en/news/20121127.html
www.rr-middleeast.oie.int
visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=37025
www.wageningenur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Research-Institutes/Central-Veterinary-Institute.htm
www.who.int
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/
www.zdukenya.org
- 116 -
R V F CHAPTER OF THE OIE TERRESTRIAL CODE (2014)
CHAPTER 8.13. INFECTION WITH RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS
Article 8.13.1.
General provisions The aim of this chapter is to mitigate the animal and public health risks posed by Rift Valley fever (RVF) and to prevent its international spread. Humans and many animal species are susceptible to infection. For the purpose of the Terrestrial Code, RVF is defined as an infection of ruminants with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). The following defines the occurrence of RVFV infection:
• RVFV, excluding vaccine strains, has been isolated and identified as such from a sample from a ruminant; or
• antigen or ribonucleic acid specific to RVFV, excluding vaccine strains, has been identified in a sample from a ruminant epidemiologically linked to a confirmed or suspected case of RVF, or giving cause for suspicion of association or contact with RVFV; or
• antibodies to RVFV antigens which are not the consequence of vaccination, have been identified in a sample from a ruminant with either epidemiological links to a confirmed or suspected case of RVF, or giving cause for suspicion of association or contact with RVFV.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, the infective period for RVF shall be 14 days. In areas where RVFV is present, epizootics of RVF may occur following favourable climatic, environmental conditions and availability of susceptible host and competent vector populations. Epizootics are separated by inter-epizootic periods. For the purposes of this chapter:
• 'area' means a part of a country that experiences epizootics and inter-epizootic periods, but which does not correspond to the definition of zone;
• 'epizootic of RVF' means the occurrence of outbreaks at an incidence substantially exceeding that during an inter-epizootic period;
• 'inter-epizootic period' means the period of variable, often long, duration, with intermittent low level virus activity, which is often not detected;
• ‘ruminants’ include dromedary camels. The historical distribution of RVF has been parts of the African continent, Madagascar, some other Indian Ocean Islands and the south western Arabian Peninsula. However, vectors, environmental and climatic factors, land-use dynamics, and animal movements may modify the temporal and spatial distribution of the infection. When authorising import or transit of the commodities covered in the chapter, with the exception of those listed in Article 8.13.2., Veterinary Authorities should require the conditions prescribed in this chapter relevant to the RVF status of the ruminant population of the exporting country. Standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines are described in the Terrestrial Manual.
- 117 -
Article 8.13.2.
Safe commodities When authorising import or transit of the following commodities and any products made from them, Veterinary Authorities should not require any RVF related conditions, regardless of the RVF status of the ruminant population of the exporting country:
• hides and skins; • wool and fibre.
Article 8.13.3.
Country or zone free from RVFV infection A country or a zone may be considered free from RVFV infection when the disease is notifiable in the whole country and either:
• it meets the requirements for historical freedom in point 1 of Article 1.4.6.; or • met the following conditions:
o an on-going pathogen-specific surveillance programme in accordance with Chapter 1.4. has demonstrated no evidence of RVFV infection in ruminants in the country or zone for a minimum of ten years; and
o no indigenous human cases have occurred in the country or zone. A country or zone free from infection with RVFV will not lose its free status through the importation of ruminants that are seropositive, so long as they are either permanently identified as such or destined for immediate slaughter.
Article 8.13.4.
Country or zone infected with RVFV during the inter-epizootic period
A country or zone infected with RVFV, during the inter-epizootic period, is one in which virus activity is present at a low level but the factors predisposing to an epizootic are absent.
Article 8.13.5.
Country or zone infected with RVFV during an epizootic A country or zone infected with RVFV, during an epizootic, is one in which outbreaks of RVF are occurring at an incidence substantially exceeding that of the inter-epizootic period.
- 118 -
Article 8.13.6.
Strategies to protect from vector attacks during transport Strategies to protect animals from vector attacks during transport should take into account the local ecology of the vectors and potential risk management measures include:
• treating animals with insect repellents prior to and during transportation; • loading, transporting and unloading animals at times of low vector activity; • ensuring vehicles do not stop en route during dawn or dusk, or overnight, unless the
animals are held behind insect-proof netting; • using historical and current information to identify low risk ports and transport routes.
Article 8.13.7.
Recommendations for importation from countries or zones free from RVFV infection For ruminants Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals:
• were kept in a country or zone free from RVFV infection since birth or for at least 14 days prior to shipment;
AND • either:
o were vaccinated at least 14 days prior to leaving the free country or zone; or o did not transit through an area experiencing an epizootic during transportation to the place
of shipment; or o were protected from vector attacks when transiting through an area experiencing an
epizootic.
Article 8.13.8.
Recommendations for importation from countries or zones infected with RVFV during the inter-epizootic period
For ruminants Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals:
• showed no sign of RVF on the day of shipment; • met one of the following conditions:
o were vaccinated against RVF at least 14 days prior to shipment with a modified live virus vaccine; or
o were held for at least 14 days prior to shipment in a mosquito-proof quarantine station which is located in an area of demonstrated low vector activity. During this period the animals showed no clinical sign of RVFV infection;
AND • either:
o did not transit through an area experiencing an epizootic during transportation to the place of shipment; or
o were protected from vector attacks when transiting through an area experiencing an epizootic.
- 119 -
Article 8.13.9.
Recommendations for importation from countries or zones infected with RVFV during an epizootic
For ruminants Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals:
• showed no sign of RVF on the day of shipment; • did not originate in the area of the epizootic; • were vaccinated against RVF at least 14 days prior to shipment; • were held for at least 14 days prior to shipment in a quarantine station,
which is located in an area of demonstrated low vector activity outside the area of the epizootic. During this period the animals showed no sign of RVF;
• either: o did not transit through an area experiencing an epizootic during transportation to the place
of shipment; or o were protected from vector attacks when transiting through an area experiencing an
epizootic.
Article 8.13.10.
Recommendations for importation from countries or zones not free from infection with RVFV For semen and in vivo derived embryos of ruminants Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the donor animals:
• showed no sign of RVF within the period from 14 days prior to and 14 days following collection of the semen or embryos;
AND • either:
o were vaccinated against RVF at least 14 days prior to collection; or o were demonstrated to be seropositive on the day of collection; or o testing of paired samples has demonstrated that seroconversion did not occur between
semen or embryo collection and 14 days after.
Article 8.13.11.
Recommendations for importation of fresh meat and meat products from ruminants from countries or zones not free from infection with RVFV
Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat comes from:
• ruminants which showed no clinical sign of RVF within 24 hours before slaughter; • ruminants which were slaughtered in an approved slaughterhouse/abattoir and were
subjected to ante- and post-mortem inspections with favourable results; • carcasses which were submitted to maturation at a temperature above 2°C for a
minimum period of 24 hours following slaughter.
- 120 -
Article 8.13.12.
Recommendations for importation from countries or zones not free from infection with RVFV For milk and milk products Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the consignment:
• was subjected to pasteurisation; or • was subjected to a combination of control measures with equivalent performance as
described in the Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products.
Article 8.13.13.
Surveillance
Surveillance should be carried out in accordance with Chapter 1.4.
• During an epizootic, surveillance should be conducted to define the extent of the affected area.
• During the inter-epizootic period, surveillance and monitoring of climatic factors predisposing an epizootic should be carried out in countries or zones infected with RVFV.
• Countries or zones adjacent to a country or zone in which epizootics have been reported should determine their RVFV status through an on-going surveillance programme.
To determine areas of low vector activity (see Articles 8.13.8. and 8.13.9.) surveillance for arthropod vectors should be carried out in accordance with Chapter 1.5. Examination of vectors for the presence of RVFV is an insensitive surveillance method and is therefore not recommended. 2014 © OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code.
21 - 23 April 2015Djibouti City, Djibouti
“RVF: NEW OPTIONS FOR TRADE, PREVENTION
AND CONTROL”
INTER-REGIONAL CONFERENCE MIDDLE EAST & HORN OF AFRICA
INT
ER-R
EGIO
NAL CO
NFER
ENCE M
IDD
LE EAST
& H
ORN
OF A
FRICA
“RVF : N
EW O
PTIO
NS FO
R T
RA
DE, PR
EVEN
TIO
N A
ND
CON
TRO
L”
OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern AfricaFAO Emergency Centre for TADs (ECTAD) Eastern Africa
Nairobi, Kenya
Viale de terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, ITALYEmail: [email protected] | http://www.fao.org
12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, FRANCEEmail: [email protected] | http://www.oie.int
