1

The Republic of Rwanda (hereinafter

“Rwanda”) established a long-term development

plan called “VISION 2020” in 2000 to announce

its aim to develop the country to a middle-income

country by 2020. Regarding the water resource

development and water supply, the plan is aimed at

improving the water supply coverage of 52% as of

2000 (according to the definition provided by the

Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (hereinafter

“MININFRA”)) to 100% by 2020. The Economic

Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2

(EDPRS II) brought forward the goal to attain the

water supply coverage of 100% by 2018. The ratio

of people who use water resources that have been

treated for water supply is 87% in the urban area

and 72% in the rural area (WHO/UNICEF Joint

Monitoring Programme, hereinafter, “JMP,” 2015),

relatively higher in the former than in the latter. On

the other hand, advancing urbanization has resulted

in a rapid increase in the urbanization rate from

19.3% to 28.8% in the last ten years (JMP, 2015).

In Kigali City which is the capital city of Rwanda,

in particular, the urban population growth rate is

expected to reach 4.1% to 5.8% by 2025. The

water service has not caught up with this rapid

population growth. Furthermore, shortage of

amount of water resources and a great deal of

water leakage are causing water to be supplied

only for a short time, eight hours on the average,

and making constant restriction or stop of water

supply unavoidable. Therefore, the Water and

Sanitation Corporation (hereinafter “WASAC1”) in

1WASAC is an organization formed in 2014 under the supervision

of MININFRA by creating an independent entity of the water

supply and sanitary departments of the Energy, Water and

Sanitation Authority, which was established in 2012 as the

organization for implementation, planning, and monitoringof

JICA Project Brief Note

Rwanda

Project for Strengthening Non-revenue Water Control in Kigali City

Water Network June 2017

1. Project Background and Problems

Republic of Rwanda Project Location Map

2

charge of water service under the supervision of

MININFRA is pursuing a target of ensuring the

water supply quantity of Kigali and promoting a

plan to double the water supply quantity in Kigali

as of 2015 by the end of 2017 by implementing

plans for constructing a new purification plant and

expanding an existing purification plant through

public-private partnerships(PPP).

However, Kigali, despite its limited amount of

water resources, had a high Non-Revenue Water

(NRW)(the portion of the treated water that has

been produced at the water treatment plants and is

leaked, stolen, not measured, etc. Before it reaches

the customer, which is revenue loss) rate of 25% to

38% in 2015 (result of JICA Detailed Planning

Survey in January 2016). Therefore, WASAC

urgently needs to undertake improvement in

quantity of water supplied, and improvement in the

financial performance of WASAC as a whole,

through measures for NRW reduction. Under these

circumstances, a request was made for this Project

in June 2015 with the aim of the enhancement of

technical capacity regarding NRW reduction

measures and the construction of sustainable

systems. In the project, since Kigali has about half

the piping length of the urban water supply

network in the entire country (2,400 km), use of

this Project in Kigali as a model for NRW

reduction of Rwanda will allow WASAC to spread

the effect to other cities. Implementation period of

the project is from July 2016 to June 2019, and the

following is an outline of its progress as of June

2017 (at the end of Phase 1).

policy regarding energy, water supply, and sanitation.

2.1 Project objective and outputs

The objective of this project is to strengthen the

capability of WASAC to carry out measures to

reduce non-revenue water in Kigali City in a

planned manner, and the above 4 outputs were

adopted as indices for the achievement of the

objective.

2.2 Project implementation system

The implementing agencies of this project are

Urban Water and Sanitation Services (UWSS) and

Commercial Services (CS) of WASAC, with

MININFRA as the supervising ministry. CS has

jurisdiction over 20 branches of WASAC

throughout the country, but the branches directly

2. Approach to Problem Solving

【Overall Goal】

WASAC conducts NRW reduction

measures as planned for Kigali city.

【Project Purpose】

WASAC's capacity is enhanced to

conduct NRW reduction measures as

planned for Kigali city.

【Output 1】

Planning capacity of NRW reduction of

WASAC is enhanced.

【Output 2】

Basic knowledge, skills and technique on

NRW control are acquired by WASAC.

【Output 3】

WASAC learned how to conduct NRW

reduction measures through the

implementation of the Pilot Project.

【Output 4】

4 branches in Kigali establish the system to

measure NRW rates accurately.

3

involved in this project are 4 branches in Kigali

city: Kacyiru, Gikondo, New Nyarugenge, and

Nyamirambo. The Counterparts (hereafter, “C/P”)

that are the implementing organizations of

WASAC that are the subject of the technology

transfer in this project are the staff of UWSS and

CS. The head of UWSS was appointed as the

Project Director, the Section Head of the

Non-revenue Water Section of UWSS was

appointed as Manager.

Fig. 1: WASAC organization chart

In addition, immediately after commencement of

the project, the Management Team was organized

to produce the 5-year Strategic Action Plan for

Non-revenue Water Reduction, with the head of

the Urban Water and Sanitation Services as the

leader. Furthermore, an Action Team was

organized including mainly technical staff

members that will carry out the actual non-revenue

water reduction measures in pilot project.

Fig. 2: Project implementation system

2.3 Project outputs and approaches

(1) Activities regarding Output 1

Despite the fact that non-revenue water is the

major issue in WASAC, WASAC does not have a

specific strategy to deal with non-revenue water.

Therefore, by formulating the 5-year Strategic

Action Plan for Non-revenue Water Reduction in

this project, the activities will become specific, and

it will be required that the WASAC plan

formulation capabilities be improved in the process

of formulating this plan. The following work will

be carried out jointly by the JICA Experts and the

Counterparts.

1) Evaluation of the details of the non-revenue

water reduction measures currently being

implemented by WASAC, and identification of

issues.

In order to determine the status of water supply

MINIＮFRA

Rural Water Services(RWS)

Board of Directors

WASAC

Water and Sanitation

Development Services (WSDS)

Director Urban Water and

Sanitation Services(UWSS)Commercial Services(CS) Financial Sservices(CFO) Support Services(SS)

Water Operation

Services(WOS)

Sewerage Operation

Services(SOS)

Non-Revenue Water(NRW)

Quality Assurance Services

Utility Planning Services

Revenue Management

Services

Customer Services

Management

Branch Management

Services

Nationwide branch offices

(20 branchs)

Corporation Secretary

Executive Assistant

Internal Audit Officers

Legal Advisory Services

Head Public Relations

Steering Committee (SC)Chairman: WASAC-CEO

[Rwandan Side] ［Japanese Side］Project Board JICA Experts

Project Director JICA Rwanda Office

Project Manager Embassy of Japan (Observer)

NRW Management Team MembersOfficials from MININFRA

JICA Experts Team

Project Director (PD） : Director of UWSS

Project Manager (PM)： Manager of NRW, UWSS

NRW Management TeamLeader: Director of UWSSCo-leader: Director of CS

Director of CFOMember: Manager of NRW, UWSS

Manager of Water Operation Services(WOS), UWSSManager of Utility Planning Services, UWSSManager of Revenue Management Services (RMS), CSManager of Customer Service Management (CSM), CS

NRW Action TeamLeader: Head of leak detection and pressure management,

NRW, UWSSCo-leader: Kachiru Branch Manager (CS)

Gikondo Branch Manager (CS)Nyarugenge Branch Manager (CS)Nyamirambo Branch Manager (CS)Kanonbe Branch Manager (CS)

Remera Branch Manager (CS)Member: Head of zoning and mapping services, NRW, UWSS

Head of water distribution services, WOS, UMSS

Head of Leak Detection and Pressure Management (NRW,UWSS)

Inspection and Enforcement Officer (NRW,UWSS)

Mapping Officer (NRW,UWSS)

Head of Meter Management Services (CSM,CS)

Water Distribution Officer of each Branch

Customer Service Officer of each BranchBilling Officer of each Branch

4

and the status of implementation of non-revenue

water countermeasures in each branch, information

was obtained through a questionnaire survey for

the Non-revenue Water Section of UWSS of

WASAC and the 20 branches, site visits to each of

the branches, and from the Geographical

Information System (GIS) and customer database.

The information was shared at the meetings and

workshops held afterwards and issues of

non-revenue water countermeasures were

identified.

From the WASAC side, many issues were

identified, such as (1) Organization (low priority

for NRW reduction within WASAC, insufficient

personnel and budget, insufficient coordination

between departments), (2) Systems (NRW

reduction procedures, regulations for new water

supply connections (existing pipe connections,

material selection), insufficient sharing of

information between branches), (3) Equipment

(insufficient pipe materials, heavy machinery,

vehicles, tools, etc.), (4) Knowledge/awareness of

the personnel (insufficient expertise, insufficient

ownership), (5) Asset management (maintenance,

renewal of pipelines and valves). From the JICA

Experts side the issues were, a: Design/ standards/

records (long-term renewal plans, various types of

design, material standards, criteria for new

connections, drawings, insufficient control

documents), b: Management of outsourced

construction (insufficient inspection after

appointment of contractor), c: Accuracy of basic

data (GIS, customer data, details of various types

of facility, drawings). Also, issues regarding

facilities that were recognized in common included

lack of a system for measurement of non-revenue

water percentage,high water distribution pressures,

water leakage surveys, repair of distribution pipe,

management of water meters, management of

public water hydrants, management of water theft,

etc.

2) Based on the issues identified, the policies and

procedures to be implemented by WASAC in the

future as non-revenue water reduction measures

were proposed.

After identification of the issues, workshops were

held continuously, to determine the status of the

activities being implemented by WASAC, and

summary of the policies for non-revenue water

reduction measures being implemented with

respect to these issues is being carried out.

Regarding these issues, 105 items have been

proposed as methods to deal with them. These

were broadly classified into the basic

countermeasure items: water supply system input

metering accuracy, apparent losses (commercial

losses), actual losses (water leakage), unbilled

authorized water (water that is not billed such as

water for facility management, firefighting, etc.),

based on the water balance table of the

International Water Association (IWA). By further

classifying them into 18 main component items of

the 5-year Strategic Action Plan for Non-revenue

Water Reduction, the countermeasure actions were

clarified. Also, the order of priority, the schedule

for year of implementation, and the department

within WASAC responsible for implementation

were clarified for these 105 countermeasure items.

Table 1 shows an overview (framework) of some

of the Action Plan.

Table 1: Overview of Part of the Action Plan

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From this table it can be seen that there are many

departments in WASAC involved in the

non-revenue water countermeasure activities, such

as formulation of the plan at Headquarters, 11

sections (Non-revenue Water Section, Facility

Maintenance Section, Quality Control Section,

Planning Section, Revenue Management,

Customer Services, Branches, Financial Services,

Personnel Services, Information Technology,

Procurement Services) of 4 departments carrying

out executive management (Urban Water and

Sanitation Services, Commercial Services,

Financial Services, Support Services), and the 20

branches carrying out activities on site, etc. The

non-revenue reduction countermeasure activities

must be implemented as a unit through cooperation

between these multiple departments. Therefore, in

order to create a consensus among these relevant

departments regarding the 5-year Strategic Action

Plan for Non-revenue Water Reduction, a joint

workshop with the Management Team and the

Action Team was held on the May 29, 2017 at

which the framework was confirmed.

It is necessary in the future to formulate each of

these countermeasure items as more detailed and

specific actual work, clarify the quantities of work,

set schedules, and carry out budget preparation

measures for these activities.

(2) Activities regarding Output 2

Basic knowledge, technologies, and skills

regarding non-revenue water management were

acquired by the WASAC Counterparts through

indoor training and OJT.

i) Management of non-revenue water

A “Non-revenue Water Reduction Measures

Overview Manual (Draft)” was prepared, and

distributed to the Management Team. Also,

training was carried out based on seminars to

identify the problems in terms of formulating basic

countermeasures in non-revenue water

management, so that knowledge was acquired

relating to non-revenue water management.

ii) GIS

OJT was carried out on updating GIS data, using

the GIS database owned by WASAC. Specifically,

pipeline network and customer data that is being

prepared by ESRI (a company commissioned by

WASAC to prepare GIS applications) was

used,and training was carried out in the techniques

necessary for organized and efficient flow of

updating.In addition, specifically trainings were

carried out to promote the sharing and use of GIS

data, such as introduction of examples of

utilization of GIS in seminars, distribution of GIS

data using free software such as QGIS, etc.,

introduction of applied layout techniques using

GIS, and data analysis techniques, etc.

iii) Hydraulic Analysis

To date there are few personnel and departments

within WASAC with experience of hydraulic

analysis of water pipe distribution networks, and

there has been absolutely no hydraulic analysis

carried out to determine the properties of the water

distribution pipe networks of WASAC by hydraulic

calculation. The introduction of hydraulic analysis

systems has been delayed, associated with the

delay in development of the GIS data. However

first it was necessary to start with understanding

hydraulic calculation, so training was provided in

hydraulic calculation using the general purpose

software EPANET and Excel.

iv) Water leak detection

Instruction on water leak detection was carried

out by indoor training and OJT with the following

components as the framework, taking into

consideration that control of the flow rate is the

basis for achieving an effect.

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1 Measurement of flow rates in the WASAC

network

2 Water leak detection techniques

3 Data monitoring and data analysis

4 Method of analysis of NRW composition

5 Flow rate measurement by WASAC and repair

of instruments for water leak detection

v) Pipe Repair

As a result of a survey of the status of water pipe

repair in WASAC, issues were identified and a

training plan was formulated, based on discussions

with the C/P. The items for training were not

simply confined to the work of pipe repair on site,

but also included items on countermeasures against

water leakage and maintenance management

systems, that are necessary for continuous

improvement in the future. There were a total of 5

items: safety management, earthworks construction,

technical specifications and records, repair of pipe

connections, and inspection of structures and

materials. Those receiving the training included

pipeline engineers from the 6 branches in Kigali

City, and those responsible for construction on site.

(3) Activities regarding Output 3

1) Pilot area project overview

Two locations were selected as pilot areas from

among 11 candidate locations within the city based

on the conditions shown below, and preparation

work was carried out in Phase 1 for the

implementation of non-revenue water reduction

measures.

- It had to be possible to hydraulically isolate the

area. As a result of isolation, there must be no

reduction in water pressure or water quality.

- There shall be about 1,000 water supply

hydrants.

- There is 24 hour 7day continuous water

supply.

- There must be drawings of the pipe network.

- Meters must be installed at all households.

- The pipes must be old, and the pressure high.

- It must be an environment in which water leak

detection can be carried out.

Table 2: The 2 selected pilot areas

No. Area name Branch name

Area 1 Kadobogo Kacyiru

Area 2 Ruyanzi New Nyarugenge

2) Pilot area activities and plan

The non-revenue water reduction activities in

the pilot areas are broadly divided into preparation

work and non-revenue water reduction activities.

a) Installation of valves, flow rate meters, and

chambers for pilot DMA2 configuration

Pipes flow into the pilot areas at a total of 4

locations, namely, 3 locations in Kadobogo pilot

area and 1 location in Ruyenzi pilot area.

Fig. 3: Kadobogo pilot area (Area 1)

Fig. 4: Ruyenzi pilot area (Area 2)

2Abbreviation of District Meter Areas, areas partitioned for control

of water supply with water meters

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Table 3: Main indices for the pilot areas

b)The baseline of non-revenue water percentage is

calculated based on the records of the installed

flow rate meters and the customer invoice data.

c) Implementation of the reduction measures

i) Survey of meter accuracy:

- The accuracy of all the household water meters is

carried out using a test meter, and meters with an

error of greater than ±5% over the range of flow

rates in use are replaced (preparation of test meter

survey report).

ii) Survey of water theft, and quantity of

acknowledged uninvoiced water:

- A water theft countermeasure team is organized,

which carried out a survey of households using

water even though a water meter is not installed,

and households where a water meter is installed

but the quantity of water used is extremely low

(preparation of a water theft report (including

reasons for the water theft)).

- If water theft is discovered, the illegal connection

pipe is immediately removed, and official

subscription is recommended. If they do not

respond, then a fine is applied, in addition to

removal of the illegal connection pipe.

- Publicity activities regarding subscription to the

water supply and prevention of water theft are

carried out using churches and schools.

iii) Water leakage survey:

- A survey of the minimum flow rate at night time

is carried out to determine the total quantity of

water leakage. In addition, flow rates are measured

in each small area to select areas with large water

leakage, then using the water leak detectors the

location of the water leaks are identified. After

identification of the water leak location, repairs are

carried out immediately. When carrying out the

repairs, the quantity of leakage is measured.

- Patrols are carried out twice per day to detect

water leaks above ground, and inspection for water

leakage from water storage tanks and overflows is

carried out once per week, and if a leak is detected

immediately repairs and countermeasures are

investigated. In this case the quantity of water

leakage is measured or estimated (preparation of

patrol records).

iv) Other surveys:

- In case of the causes of water leakage are likely

to be high water pressure, aged pipes, and pipe

materials, so investigation is carried out into

sustainable high water pressure measures.

- Regulations for subscribers are prepared so that

water meters can be installed in locations where

they are easy to read.

d) The non-revenue water percentage is calculated

after implementation of this work

- The non-revenue water percentage is calculated

based on the records of the installed flow rate

meters and the customer invoice data.

e) Preparation of non-revenue water analysis table

(water distribution rate analysis table)

After carrying out the above work, the results

are summarized on a table as an analysis of the

water distribution rate, the non-revenue water

reduction effect in the pilot areas is analyzed, and

the effectiveness of each action is reflected in the

5-year Strategic Action Plan.

f) Analysis of cost-effectiveness

Pilot AreaArea1

Kadobogo (Kiyovu)

Area 2

Ruyenzi (Runda)

Area 100.4ha 648.2ha

Population 15,329 32,467

Served Population (=Number of connections x 5) 4,940 5,925

Service Coverage Ratio (%) 32 18

Number of Connections 938 885

Domestic 906 854

Public taps 1 6

Collectivity 2 3

Commercial 27 18

Industry 0 0

Government 2 4

Monthly Water Consumption (m3/month) 13,157 12,259

Average Consumption per Capita (L/day) 86 67

Number of Illegal Connections 19 14

Number of Meter Problems 98 50

(including screen and index status problems)

Percentage of Illegal and Meter Problems 12% 7%

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- The increase in revenue due to reduction of the

non-revenue water percentage and the cost of the

non-revenue water reduction countermeasures are

compared, to calculate the cost effectiveness

(benefits and costs B/C).

g) Formulation of future non-revenue water

reduction measures

・From analysis of the results of the work in a) to g),

non-revenue water reduction measure manuals will

be formulated.

The following shows the implementation

procedure flow within the pilot areas.

Fig. 5: Flow of procedures for implementation of

non-revenue water reduction measures

(4) Activities regarding Output 4

In order to calculate the non-revenue water

percentage, it was planned to hydraulically isolate

water pipe distribution networks of the 4 branches

in Kigali City by installing electromagneticflow

meters and construct the flow rate monitoring

system.The boundaries for hydraulic isolation of

water networks of the branches were determined

by coordination of opinions between the GIS team

and the branches and on-site observation, while

advice was provided by the JICA Experts.

Thereafter the positions for installation of the flow

rate meters for isolation of water networks of the

branches was investigated on GIS maps, and after

joint confirmation with the WASAC side, it was

decided to install chambers for flow rate

measurement at 23 locations. Detailed design of

each chamber main structure and their ancillary

equipment was carried out,contracts were placed

with local contractors, and chamber construction

was commenced.

At present construction of chambers has been

completed at 11 locations, and construction will be

continued in Phase 2. Also tender procedures for

the equipment such as electromagnetic flowmeters,

etc., were carried out in May 2017.

Fig. 6: Chamber construction location map (23

locations)

Fig. 7: Overview of the monitoring system

Calculation of non-revenue water percentage prior to non-revenue

water countermeasures

Non-revenue water countermeasures

(1) Meter accuracy

measures

(2) Measures against water theft,

and quantity of acknowledged

uninvoiced water

Calculation of non-revenue water percentage after

implementation of this work

(3) Leak detection and

repair measures

Analysis of cost-effectiveness

Formulation of future non-revenue water reduction measures

Hydraulic isolation of water networks of the pilot areas

Analysis of current situation

(4) Other surveys

Preparation of non-revenue water analysis

table

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(1) Results for Output 1

An objective of the technical cooperation project

is to strengthen the capabilities of the Recipient

side, so it is essential that the cooperation is not

imposed by the Japanese side, and that the training

is conducted so as to nurture the self-help efforts

and independence of the Recipient side. The

WASAC side may have the wrong idea that a

technical cooperation project is work outsourced to

the JICA Experts, which continued in this project

from the start of the project. However, eventually

at the Management Meeting held in March 2017,

when the JICA Experts presented the summary of

the results of the analysis of the causes of

non-revenue water and the framework that is the

basis of the planned countermeasures, the

agreement of the Management Team was obtained.

In the meeting, it was decided that investigations

would be carried out through workshops by a

WASAC select team. In this way, WASAC itself

was enabled to carry out the work of formulating

the 5-year Strategic Plan, so the workshops were

held led by WASAC and preparation of the Action

Plan proceeded, with advice from the JICA

Experts.

Photo 1: Workshop led by WASAC

Photo 2: Grouping of countermeasures

(2) Results for Output 2

i) Management of non-revenue water

Training materials were prepared in order to

raise problems in terms of formulation of basic

measures for non-revenue water management.

Seminars were held in the regular weekly meetings.

This training document will be used as a basic

document for the studies for formulation of the

5-year plan for NRW Reduction. A questionnaire

survey was carried out to identify the priority items

of WASAC.

The items that were judged should be promptly

implemented were as follows.

1. Formulate a long-term basic concept for the

water supply system

2. Update the customer data and pipe maps

3. Replace defective customer meters

4. Continuously replace aged pipes based on

evaluation of the degree of aging of the pipes

5. Separate water supply pipes from water

delivery pipes

The other priority items were, 1. Considerations

for areas where water is not supplied, 2. Carry out

customer surveys and check the accuracy of water

meters on site, 3. Water distribution piping as-built

drawings, sketches of water supply pipes, etc., to

be added to GIS information, 4. Survey of the

status of operation of public water hydrants and

updating the positions of public water hydrants on

3. Practical Results of the Approach

10

GIS, 5. Survey of the status of use of water by

large-scale customers to determine the future

demand for water, 6. PVC pipe replacement as

pointed out by the FS report, 7. Proper design work

(in particular thrust blocks 3 , measures against

water hammer, elimination of large diameter hard

vinyl chloride PVC pipes, etc.), 8. Clarification of

the distinction between water delivery pipes and

water distribution pipes, and 9. Continuous surveys

for illegal connections.

ii) GIS

A seminar was held with the GIS team in

connection with updating, utilization, and sharing

of GIS data. At the seminar there were lively

discussions regarding the updating of GIS data and

other issues, and many of the participants

expressed the opinion that sharing and utilization

of GIS data was very interesting. As a result of

holding the seminar the overall understanding of

updating, sharing, and utilization of GIS data was

deepened. At the start of the project the team

members were unable to go around carrying out

the field reconnaissances carrying maps and

drawings, but when the instruction was completed

they are seen carrying out the field reconnaissances

with maps and drawings prepared by the members

of the GIS team.

Also, an environment that enables sharing of

GIS data among the 6 branches of WASAC in

Kigali City and that enables the GIS data

possessed by WASAC to be freely viewed was

constructed using QGIS.

3At pipe fittings with a deformed shape such as bends, etc., a

non-uniform force (force acting to the outside on the pipe bend:

thrust) due to the water pressure within the pipe acts so as to move

the pipe. A thrust block is a concrete block that prevents movement

of the pipe due to this non-uniform force, which would otherwise

push the pipe bend to the outside, possibly causing it to separate

from the pipe joint.

Photo 3: (Left) Commencement of field

reconnaissance (Right) Field reconnaissance

several months later

Fig. 8: Kigali City pipeline network map viewed

with QGIS, developed so that it can be viewed in

the 6 branches in Kigali City

iii) Hydraulic Analysis

As a result of separate concentrated instruction,

the basic theory of hydraulic analysis was

understood, and, the importance of hydraulic data

quality was understood by the GIS team.

The C/P were members of the GIS team, and so

were proficient in the use of PCs, so they quickly

understood the hydraulic analysis application

(EPANET), and became proficient in the basics of

hydraulic analysis. A manual for use was provided,

so the members were instructed on how to proceed

while checking by themselves, in future examples

of application.

Trial hydraulic analysis was carried out using

the pilot area as a model. It was possible to

understand general tendencies that were commonly

known, such as in areas where there is a large

difference in level the pressures are extremely high

in some parts, and WASAC uses pipes that are on

the large side, so the reduction in quantity of water

is small.

11

Fig. 9: Results of trial analysis of Ruyenzi area

iv) Water leak detection

Instruction was repeatedly given on the method

of use of ultrasonic flow rate meters on the four

existing main water delivery pipes and water

distribution pipes. As a result the trainees could

experience that it is possible to measure the

quantity of water leakage from the flow rate

measurements. Also, the trainees gradually

understood the necessity of paying attention to

differences in accuracy of the measured values that

can occur due to the conditions.

Instruction was given on the methods and

principles of water leak detection within the pilot

areas. The sound of water leaking and its

transmission was explained, and there are

differences in the water leakage sound and

transmission between water supply pipes, water

distribution pipes, metal pipes, and nonmetal pipes,

so the trainees understood the necessity for a

certain amount of skill and experience.

Photo 4: Carrying out water leak detection

In addition, a seminar on water leak detection

was held, and instruction was given to many

people in how to use leak detection equipment, etc.,

thereby disseminating the understanding of the

importance of water leak detection.

Photo 5: Water leak detection training

In addition testing was carried out on the

functional state of water leak detection equipment

possessed by WASAC but that is not used, with a

view to restoring their function. By checking

whether it can be used by expert, and what part

must be repaired so that it can be used, the

equipment was restored to a usable state.

12

Fig. 10: List of equipment on which repairs and

checks were carried out

v) Pipe Repair

Training materials (safety management,

earthworks, technical specifications and records,

repair of pipe joints, inspection of structures and

materials) were prepared with reference to

Rwandan technical standards and specifications,

manufacturers’ procedures, technical specifications

of Japanese water supply organizations, and the

specifications of international organizations.

During the training there was lively exchange of

opinions regarding document control and

earthwork methods, so it is clear that these were

weak points in the day-to-day work of the trainees.

Photo 6: Explanation of how to use machinery by

the trainees

Also instruction was given on how to

appropriately repair pipes using the equipment

provided. In this way the awareness and

knowledge regarding pipe repair in WASAC was

strengthened, and this will be useful in future pipe

repairs.

Photo 7: Training in pipe repair

(3) Results for Output 3

Construction of the chambers (for installation of

the flow rate meters, pressure gauges, valves) for

measurement of the non-revenue water percentage

that will be the baseline in the pilot areas has been

completed. With these chambers it is possible to

hydraulically isolate the pilot area DMA, so a

system has been prepared that enables the quantity

of water distributed to the DMA to be measured.

Equipment

nameUse Photo

Details of

repair/check

Seba KMT

Hydrolux

Leak

Locator

HLE 5000

(Water leak

detector)

Detector that

identifies water leak

locations by

detecting the

location of the

sound of water

leaking

Battery holder

and battery snap

were replaced.

Seba KMT

Digital

Correlator :

Correlux P1

(Leak

sound

correlator)

Water leak detector

in which 2 sensors

are installed on a

wastewater pipe, to

detect the location

of a water leak

between the

sensors

After initializing

everything and

recharging the

battery, it could

be used.

COSMOS

DATA

LOGGER

(CDL-2U )

SENSUS

(Data

logger)

Device that stores

various types of

data measured and

collected by flow

rate meters and

pressure gauges

It was found that

it could be used

after re-

assembling the

sensors.

Ultrasonic

Flow Meter

( FLUXUS

F601 )

FLEXIM

(Ultrasonic

flow rate

meter)

Flow rate meter that

measures the flow

rate of a liquid

flowing within a

pipe using

ultrasonic waves

It was found that

it could be used

after the battery

was charged.

13

Photo 8: Flow rate meter and valve installed

within constructed chamber

In Area 1, water leak detection expert and the

NRW team conducted sonic testing at each house.

Meter data at 36 locations was identified within

Pilot Area 1 from the customer data, each house

was visited, and testing was carried out to

determine whether or not there was the sound of

leaking water, the status of operation of the meters

was checked, etc. There were many meters that

were not on the GIS data, so the importance of

improving the accuracy of the GIS data was again

recognized.

Photo 9: Sonic testing at houses

In Pilot Area 2, 14 locations having different

elevations within the same water distribution

system were selected, and a water pressure survey

was carried out by the pipe fitters of New

Nyarugenge. From the survey results it was found

that the high-pressure area is at an elevation of

close to 1,400 m. From this training the trainees

understood that by preparing pipe drawings

showing contours, it is possible to identify the high

water pressure areas, and judge the locations with

high water pressure.

Fig. 11: Map of Ruyenzi high water pressure area

Photo 10: Measurement of water pressure

14

(4) Results for Output 4

The locations of installation of the flow rate

meters to be used for calculating non-revenue

water percentage of the 4 branches in Kigali City

have been decided, and construction of the

chambers for installation of the flow rate meters is

in progress.

(1) Initiatives adopted for project

implementation

The C/P WASAC is participating in this project

while also carrying out their normal work, so the

work of this project is also a part of their normal

work. The objective of this project is to make the

non-revenue water reduction activities of WASAC

more clear, efficient, and sustainable, and it is an

extension of their normal activities.

The C/P tends to want rapid results (outputs)

from the JICA Experts (for example: detection of

water leaks, preparation of plans). However, the

objective of this project is not directly to produce

the outputs that WASAC wants, the objective is to

enable WASAC to produce these outputs by

themselves. It is important to patiently but strongly

get across the point that above all this project is

about capacity building. Therefore regular

meetings are held every week on Fridays at which

WASAC and the JICA Experts share the status of

their activities and problem points, etc., so that the

project can proceed smoothly. By ensuring daily

close communication, a state is created in which

both sides always understand the details of

activities.

Photo 11: Weekly meeting

Also, when seminars are held, the main C/P of

WASAC takes the lead as facilitator, thereby

encouraging their independence, and a sense of

pride. The knowledge of the C/P themselves and

the knowledge obtained from the instruction of the

JICA Experts is expressed in the seminars. In this

way an environment is formed in which many

discussions are exchanged with high awareness of

the participants, with the WASAC staff sharing the

situation on site so that issues can be raised that

they are closer to, and not just lectures delivered

one-sidedly from the Experts.

Photo 12: View at seminar

(2) Lessons learned during project

implementation

Gradually the understanding evolved that the

project must be undertaken together cooperatively,

and not by the WASAC side and the JICA Experts

4. Initiatives adopted and lessons

learned during project implementation

15

each leaving the other side to get on with their own

work. By holding hands and stepping forward

together, a relationship of trust was built, leading

to a good quality project. This took time, but it is

believed firmly that it is of major significance.

○ Project implementation period

This project extends from July 2016 to June

2019, in 2 phases. The time period of each phase is

as follows.

- Phase 1: July 2016 to June 2017

- Phase 2: July 2017 to June 2019

References:

- Japan International Cooperation Agency (2016)

“Project for Strengthening Non-revenue Water

Control in Kigali City Water Network - Survey

Report for Detailed Plan Formulation”

- Japan International Cooperation Agency /

Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd., Kyowa Engineering

Consultants Co., Ltd., Yokohama Water Co., Ltd.

(2017) “Republic of Rwanda Urban Water Supply

Survey to Collect and Check Basic Information -

Final Report”

- SusWas (2014) “PPP for increased access to

Sustainable Water Services in Rwanda Monitoring

NRW in Kanombe”

- SusWas (2014) “PPP for increased access to

Sustainable Water Services in Rwanda Monitoring

NRW in Remera”