Enhancing climate-resilience in tropical maize (Zea may L.)

PH Zaidi* and Jill Cairns

Global Maize Program, CIMMYT

* E-mail: phzaidi@cgiar.org

Saturday 29 October 2011

South Asia boils -

52 years record temperature and heat waves Press Trust of India, Friday May 6, 2011, New Delhi

CLIMATE CHANGE Predictions for Asian Region (IPCC, 2007)

Temp. increase by 2050 : 2.5-3.00C, Rise in winter (night) temperature Good for winter maize, but more biotic pressure

Significant change in pattern of annual precipitation Frequency of temporary flooding/water-logging and drought likely to increases

Summers may become more drier & hotter Drought and heat stress are likely to increases

De

pa

rtu

re in

Te

mp

. (0

C)

fro

m 1

99

0 v

alu

e

(ADB, 2009)

Climate-change vulnerability map Criteria:

• Exposure (highly exposed if the temperature increases by at least 2oC or if variation

in annual precipitation levels at least 20%)

• Sensitivity (represented by

share of labor employed in

agriculture (FAO 2004); countries

with agricultural employment

above 40% are considered to be

highly sensitive)

• Adaptive capacity (represented by poverty level. A

poverty level of more than 30% is

considered to be low adaptive

capacity)

Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector

of Asia and Pacific (IFPRI and ADB, 2009)

Effect on Crop production

• If current trends persist until

2050, the yields of major crops in

South Asia will decrease

significantly :

Maize (-17%),

Wheat (-12%) and

Rice (-10%)

due to of climate change-induced

heat and water stress.

• Resulting food scarcity will lead

to higher prices and reduced

caloric intake across the region.

Lobell et al., 2011; DOI: 10.1126/science.1204531

Effect of Temperature max. and min. on maize yield

Projected increase in demand for major cereals in developing countries, 1995–2020

Source: VISION 2020, IFPRI.

1.23

1.58

2.09

2.35

Rice Wheat Other grains

Maize 0 0

1

2

3 Annual percent increase

1995 2020 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Millio

n m

etr

ic t

on

s

Rice Maize Wheat Other grains

Over 80% maize is grown as rain-fed crop, with avg. yield

<1/2 of irrigated maize

Further increase in rain-fed maize area

@1.8% per year (~ six time faster than irrigated area) (Edmeades, 2007)

Declining ground water table

Irrigation capacity under threat

Climate change effects more frequent & severe stresses

Maize Demand Projection

More than double by 2020 (IFPRI IMPACT model, 2000)

The Challenging Task!

Meet the projected demand by

enhancing productivity of rain-fed

ecology

Some facts about Asian Tropics

Development of climate-ready maize - CIMMYT-initiatives

Combined stress tolerance

Disease resistance

Drought Low-N tolerance / NUE Heat Water-logging/

Anaerobic germination

Drought + Heat Drought + waterlogging

Tlaltizapan

(Mexico) Drought; Heat

DT + Ht

Chiredzi

(Zimbabwe) Drought

Kiboko (Kenya) Drought

Nanga (Zambia) Drought

CIMMYT’s Abiotic Stress

Tolerant Maize Breeding Sites

Hyderabad (India) Drought; Waterlogging;

Heat, DT+WL, DT+ Ht

Cali

(Colombia)

Acidity

Abiotic Stress Screening/Phenotyping sites in South & SE Asia

Drought

Waterlogging

Heat

Cold

Irrigation for germination Last irrigation, before DT stress

Mon

itor

ing

str

ess

inte

nsi

ty

Genotypic variability at flowering At harvest

Managed Drought Stress

1. Early Yellow

S.No. Pedigree GY-DT Anth ASI GY-NM HG

1 P31C4S5B-23-#-#-6-B-1-B-B 3.05 51.2 3.3 8.50 A

2 CA03130-B-B-2-B-1-B 2.40 52.3 4.1 7.75 A 3 G18Seq C5 F68-2-1-1-2-2-B 3.35 50.1 4.2 7.68 A 5 G18Seq C5 F236-1-2-1-2-3-B 2.58 52.1 4.3 9.35 A 7 G18Seq C5 F76-2-1-2-1-2-B 2.75 50.0 3.2 7.88 A 8 CML-472 A 2 CA14514-6-B-1-B-B 2.08 52.1 2.3 7.52 B 3 G18Seq C5 F105-1-1-1-2-1-B 2.53 50.0 3.7 8.82 B

4 [G16SeqC1F47xP84c1 F26)-F2-1-2-2-B

2.09 51.1 1.6 7.76 B

2. Medium yellow 1 DTPYC9-F87-1-1-1-2-1-2-1-B 3.67 57.8 1.0 8.90 A 2 DTPYC9-F46-3-1-1-2-3-2-2-B 3.64 59.2 2.9 8.02 A 3 DTPYC9-F46-3-9-1-2-2-1-3-B 3.53 57.0 3.2 8.04 A 4 DTPYC9-F38-5-2-1-1-2-2-1-B 3.27 56.8 1.4 7.88 A 7 DTPYC9-F148-2-2-1-2-1-2-1-B 3.01 60.0 7.69 A 9 P401c2F2-248-1-B*5-1-B-1-B 2.97 58.2 2.0 9.08 A 1 SO4YLWL-172-B-1-1-B-1-B 3.15 57.6 2.6 8.69 B 2 WLS-F310-3-2-2-B-1-B 3.01 59.2 5.1 8.36 B

3 [Ent67:92SEW1-17/[DMRESR-W]-B-31-B

2.45 56.9 -0.9 8.06 B

7 POB.45c9 F2 23-4-2-1-B 2.69 57.8 2.3 8.82 B

Drought tolerant maize for Asian tropics

(Rex Bernardo, 2008)

Genetic architecture of the trait

can/should decide ways of

marker intervention

Pu

rpo

se o

f m

ark

er

use

• 279 hybrids (diverse lines crossed with common tester CML-312 SR)

DTMA association mapping panel

Wen et al. Crop Science 2011

Breeding program No. of lines Main sources

Acid soils 28 KU and P43

Drought 52 DTPW, DTPY, La Posta Sequia

Entomology 39 CML, MBR, ZM607, KLIMA, P84

Ethiopia 2 Pool9

Highland 5 ATZRI, BA90

Low N 32 DTPW, DTPY, La Posta Sequia

Nigeria 5 KU and P43

Sub-tropical 31 CML, MBR, SPMAT, Pop 33, Pop 45, Pop 501,

Pop 502

Tropical 41 CML, CLQ, CL

Zimbabwe 44 CML, CIMCALI, DTPW

Genotypic data – Babu Raman, Jianbing Yan

Mexico 2010

DTMA association mapping panel

Mexico 2009

Kenya 2010

• Drought – 9 experiments – Kenya 2010, 2011 (still in the field)

– Mexico 2009, 2010, 2011

– Thailand 2010, 2011 (Professor Grudloyma)

– Zimbabwe 2010, 2011 (still in the field)

• Well-watered – 7 experiments – Mexico 2009, 2010 (x2), 2011 (x2)

– Thailand 2010, 2011 (Dr. Pichet Grudloyma)

• Drought and heat – 2 experiments – Mexico 2010, 2011

• Drought and Heat – 1 experiment – India 2011

• Waterlogging – 1 experiment – India 2010

• Anaerobic germination – 1 experiment – India 2011

(Low N, MSV, GLS, Et, ear rots)

Drought stress Well-watered ENT Pedigree GY* AD ASI GY* AD ASI 238 DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-2 2.66 72.1 0.7 7.12 69.9 1.0 257 La Posta Seq C7-F86-3-1-1-1 2.53 74.0 2.5 7.83 73.8 1.3 207 CL-G1628=G16BNSeqC0F118-1-1-4-2 2.53 72.2 2.3 6.77 71.2 3.6

La Posta Seq C7-F64-2-6-2-2 2.51 74.5 1.3 7.65 74.0 0.9 298 La Posta Seq C7-F78-2-1-1-1 2.51 74.7 3.1 8.35 73.9 2.1

La Posta Seq C7-F86-3-1-1-1 2.50 75.9 2.3 7.74 75.5 0.0 217 DTPWC9-F24-4-3-1 2.49 72.5 1.4 6.97 71.5 1.0 261 La Posta Seq C7-F180-3-1-1-1 2.48 75.7 4.1 7.94 75.6 0.3 237 DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-1 2.48 72.3 1.9 6.73 71.7 0.8 256 La Posta Seq C7-F103-2-2-2-1 2.45 77.3 2.9 7.91 76.3 0.1 84 (200-3 x GUAT189)(16xP84c1 F27-4-1-4-B-1-B59)F1… 1.72 74.5 5.9 5.23 74.6 2.9

CML-491 1.72 81.0 5.0 7.78 79.8 2.4 9 CIMCALI8843/S9243-BB-#-B-5-1-BB-2-3-3 1.71 77.0 8.3 6.55 76.3 2.9

53 CLA183 1.71 75.5 7.8 6.50 74.9 1.7 22 P501SRc0-F2-47-3-2-1 1.69 76.2 5.5 6.04 75.4 4.8

108 [M37W/ZM607#bF37sr-2-3sr-6-2-X]-8-2-X-1… 1.67 74.5 9.2 5.33 72.8 3.5 40 [CML144/[CML144/CML395]F2-8sx]-1-2-3-2 1.61 75.6 8.5 6.77 75.6 2.5 39 [CML144/[CML144/CML395]F2-8sx]-1-1-1 1.61 77.3 7.2 6.81 76.7 1.1

147 CML-311 1.50 76.7 8.3 4.71 76.3 2.9

109 [M37W/ZM607#bF37sr-2-3sr-6-2-X]-8-2-X-1… 1.42 73.8 8.5 4.37 73.0 4.2

*best linear unbiased predictions

Combined analysis

MARS for improving Drought tolerance AMDROUT Phenotyping & Genotyping Summary

Population Parent1 Parent2 No. of F2.3

test crosses Evaluation Season

Polymorphic SNPs

F3 families genotyped

AMDROUT1 CML470 CML444 273 2010 & 2011

Drought, 2011 Rainy

353 294

AMDROUT2 VL1012767 CML444 165 2010 & 2011

Drought, 2011 Rainy

391 189

AMDROUT5 VL1012764 CML444 156 2011 Drought,

2011 Rainy 432 213

AMDROUT6 CML472 CML440 123 2011 Drought,

2011 Rainy 348 183

Phenotyping advances

• Identify field gradients, minimize error

• Placement of trials to avoid/minimize field gradients

Monitoring moisture content in soil profiles in drought trials

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

???

Root phenotyping

Root traits - focus on functions

Water use, its dynamics

y = 13.50x - 13.43 R² = 0.676**

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

Gra

in y

ield

(g

pla

nt-

1)

Water use (liters plant-1week-1)

Water use under drought stress

Water use

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Tolerant

Mod. Tolerant

Susceptible

Be

fore

an

the

sis

An

the

sis

Ea

rly g

rain

fill

ing

La

te g

rain

fill

ing

Wa

ter

use

(lit

ers

pla

nt-

1w

ee

k-1

)

Water use pattern

Temporary water-logging problem

in summer (Kharif) maize

Temporary water-logging problem

in summer (Kharif) maize

7th day

3rd day after

release of stress

Water-logging at vegetative growth stage

Recovery & completion

of crop cycle

Tolerant entry

Confirmation of response under field condition

WL tolerant medium maturity yellow lines- Per se & TC performance

No. Pedigree

Rank

Avg. Grain Yield Anth ASI HG

TC

Yield

Line

yield TLB Rust

# t/ha d d t/ha t/ha (1-5) (1-5

1 WLS-F287-1-3-1-B-1-B/CML474 1 3.32 58.2 2.8 B 6.38 3.05 1.7 3.2

2 J.local-18-6-2-3-3-1-B-B-B-B/CML470 2 3.11 61.2 2.6 A 6.98 2.98 2.4 1.3

3 WLS-F310-3-2-2-B-1-B/CML474 3 3.06 61.3 1.0 B 6.88 2.56 1.9 2.2

4 J.local-16-2-1-1-3-1-B-B-B-B/CML474 4 2.98 60.3 2.6 B 7.06 2.86 2.6 3.3

5 SO4YLWL-172-B-1-1-B-1-B/CML470 5 2.88 62.3 1.5 A 7.03 2.46 3.1 2.1

6 WLS-F102-3-2-1-B-1-B/CML474 6 2.56 58.3 2.3 B 6.86 2.98 2.3 1.9

7 Saracura-11-3-2-2-1-B-B-B-B/CML474 7 2.42 61.2 1.6 B 5.99 2.77 0.9 2.6

8 WLS-F183-3-2-2-B-2-B/CML470 9 2.39 62.1 2.1 A 6.79 2.51 2.1 1.8

9 CML-226-2-3-2-1-B-B-B-B-B/CML470 11 2.33 62.3 1.2 A 7.26 3.01 1.2 2.2

Under normal moistureTC under WL-Across

Anaerobic germination tolerant maize

Germination & seedling

establishment under prolonged

high moisture condition (R-M

system, diara lands etc.)

Anaerobic conditions (72 hrs)

Managed

anaerobic stress

High moisture (48 hrs)

31

96

135

25

7 5 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Zero

1-10%

11-30%

31-50%

51-80%

81-90%

>90%

No.

of

entr

ies

Frequency distribution

Fig. 1: Frequency distribution of hybrids for seedling emergence (%)

under anaerobic condition due excessive soil moisture.

31

96

135

25

7 5 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Zero

1-10%

11-30%

31-50%

51-80%

81-90%

>90%

No.

of

entr

ies

Frequency distribution

31

96

135

25

7 5 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Zero

1-10%

11-30%

31-50%

51-80%

81-90%

>90%

No.

of

entr

ies

Frequency distribution

Fig. 1: Frequency distribution of hybrids for seedling emergence (%)

under anaerobic condition due excessive soil moisture.

Anaerobic germination tolerance

Heat stress tolerant maize

Climate change - Mid-

season drought & heat

stress in main season

Intensive cereal system -

summer/spring maize as

3rd crop

CSISA project

15

20

25

30

35

40

20

25

30

35

40

45

Delhi

15

20

25

30

35

40

20

25

30

35

40

45

Hyderabad

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Rela

tive

hu

mid

ity (%

)

Managed heat stress at flowering/early grain-filling

Delayed planting of Spring maize –

Flowering/early grain filling coincides with high

temperature regime (400C+) and low RH

CSISA project

Pedigree GY Rank Anthesis ASI

BEST under heat stress t/ha Rank d d

G18Seq C5 F68-2-1-1-2-2-B-B 1.99 1 48.0 4.7

POOL 16 BNSEQ.C3 F28 x 15-3-1-2-1-B 1.64 2 51.0 2.8

Pop.61C1 QPM TEYF-40-1-2-1-1-B 1.51 3 56.5 1.7

LM 12 1.50 4 57.0 3.4

CA00106-9-B-2-B 1.47 5 55.0 -0.6

Pop.61C1 QPM TEYF-54-2-1-1-2-B-B 1.38 6 50.0 1.3

HKI 1094-WG 1.24 7 57.5 -1.7

POOL 16 BNSEQ.C3 F22 X 1-3-2-B 1.19 9 60.8 7.5

(CML161 x CML451)-B-23-1-B-B-B-B-B 1.07 10 54.0 -0.6

WORST under heat stress

CML 470 0.00 122 52.1 12.4

HKI 288-2 0.00 123 52.3 14.1

LM 17 0.00 124 52.6 3.9

P31C4S5B-99-JMM-B-3 0.00 125 50.7 13.4

Mean 0.17 45 56.4 5.3

LSD (0.05) 0.01 26 4.5 5.8

Mse 52.28 4.9 8.4

P *** *** ***

Min 0.00 1 48.0 -4.5

Max 1.99 125 66.0 17.0

Across five locations (Hyderabad, Jalna, Delhi, Karnal & Ludhiana)

Performance of Elite Inbred lines under Heat stress

CSISA project

Ent Pedigree Grain

yield Rank Anthesis ASI Plant Ht. 100 KW

t/ha d d cm g

BEST

31 (CML161xCML451)-B-23-1-B*4-1-

B/(CML165xKI45)-B-14-1-B*4-1-B 3.26 1 62.9 2.1 160.6 28.1

38 PAC740 3.19 2 59.9 2.2 167.0 25.2

24 Pop61C1QPMTEYF-40-1-2-1-1-B-3-

BB/(CML161xCML451)-B-23-1-B*4-1-B 3.17 3 57.4 5.3 171.9 23.0

40 J.K.M.H.502 2.90 4 61.7 2.6 144.1 27.6

35 (CML161xCML451)-B-23-1-B*4-1-B/LM12-B 2.88 5 60.6 2.8 173.1 27.4

8 (CML150xCL-03618)-B-16-1-1-1-B*6-1-

BB/LM12-B 2.82 6 62.4 2.4 172.1 25.4

32 (CML165xKI45)-B-14-1-B*4-1-B/LM13-B 2.76 7 60.4 3.4 154.7 29.5

25 LM13-B/Pop61C1QPMTEYF-40-1-2-1-1-B-3-

BB 2.75 9 57.7 4.0 160.3 23.5

20 LM13-B/G18SeqC5F19-1-2-1-2-4-BBB 2.68 8 54.0 4.9 152.2 27.2

WORST

17 (CML165xKI45)-B-14-1-B*4-1-

B/POOL16BNSEQC3F28x15-3-1-2-1-BBB 0.97 38 54.3 8.6 137.4 27.1

28 Pop61C1QPMTEYF-40-1-2-1-1-B-3-

BB/Pop61C1QPMTEYF-54-2-1-1-2-B-1-BB 0.75 39 59.2 5.7 145.5 19.1

11 Pop61C1QPMTEYF-54-2-1-1-2-B-1-

BB/POOL16BNSEQC3F28x15-3-1-2-1-BBB 0.38 40 53.4 9.5 136.5 24.8

Mean 2.04 21 58.3 4.7 152.3 25.7

LSD (0.05) 0.99 12 2.4 2.6 14.2 3.9

CV 28.47 1.7 29.0 7.2 9.2

H2 75.17 93.47 78.17 76.15 75.20

p 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Cross performance of heat tolerant lines

0

25

50

75

100

JuneJuly

Aug

Sep

Monsoon months

Weekly

rain

fall

(m

m)

Drought Water-logging Drought

Planting Vegetative stage Reproductive stage

Challenge of breeding for combinations of traits

Drought + heat drought +waterlogging Abiotic + biotic stresses

Drought & Waterlogging Tolerant Maize

Best under Drought Best under Waterlogging

DT WL WL DT

PAC-745 3.57 2.29 KMH-408710 4.36 3.16

BH-19 3.46 3.61 HTMH-5101 4.06 2.26

SAMPARN 3.34 2.53 BH-18 3.94 0.60

PAC-748 3.27 2.88 BH-5 3.83 0.80

KMH-408710 3.16 4.36 BH-1 3.71 1.48

YSC-354 3.15 1.78 BH-20 3.71 2.51

CML470/ CML472 3.07 1.41 HTMH-5103 3.70 1.25

C900MG 3.04 2.88 BH-4 3.68 0.59

PAC-740 3.02 2.65 BH-19 3.61 3.46

VIVEK HYBRID-9 2.92 0.92 BH-7 3.59 1.66

Mean data of 112 elite hybrids for two years &

three locations

(GY t ha-1, R2 = 0.13)

BMZ-Asia project

Combining DT and WL tolerance

o 24 DT lines, including lines from 17

lines CIMMYT-Asia and 5 lines from

CIMMYT-Zimbabwe

o Crossed with 2 veg. stage WLT and 2

anaerobic germination tolerant lines

o BC1 F3 (and F4) TC

o TC evaluation in Kharif-11 (WL, Yield,

disease) and Rabi-11 (DT)

Entry Pedigree Lines

1 G18Seq C5 F19-1-2-1-2-2-B R-lines

2 G18Seq C5 F19-1-2-1-2-3-B R-lines

3 G18Seq C5 F76-2-2-1-1-1-B R-lines

4 G18Seq C5 F100-1-1-3-1-2-B R-lines

5 G18Seq C5 F105-1-1-1-2-3-B R-lines

6 DTPWC9-F16-1-1-3-2-2-2-1-B R-lines

7 DTPWC9-F2-3-1-1-2-1-2-1-B R-lines

8 DTPWC9-F24-4-3-1-2-1-1-2-B R-lines

9 DTPWC9-F31-1-1-3-1-2-1-3-B R-lines

10 DTPWC9-F5-4-1-1-2-2-1-1-B R-lines

11 DTPWC9-F67-2-2-1-3-2-1-2-B R-lines

12 DTPYC9-F134-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-B R-lines

13 DTPYC9-F38-4-3-1-3-2-1-2-B R-lines

14 DTPYC9-F46-3-1-1-2-3-2-2-B R-lines

15 DTPYC9-F46-3-6-1-2-2-1-2-B R-lines

16 DTPYC9-F69-3-1-1-2-2-1-1-B R-lines

17,5406-119P28TSR-(S2)-3-1-2-2-B-

###-BBBB-B-B-B-B R-lines

18 CML488-2 R-lines

19 ZM621A-10-1-1-1-2-B*7-B-B-B-6 R-lines

20 DRB-F2-60-1-1-1-BBB-4 R-lines

21 ZM523B-29-2-1-1-BBB-2 R-lines

22 CML440-1 R-lines

23 CML442-3 R-lines

24 CML444-2 R-lines

25 WLS-F36-4-2-2-B D-Lines (Veg. stage WL)

26 Bio9681-WLS-6-3-2-1-2-B-B-B-B D-Lines (Veg. stage WL)

27(DT/LN/EM-46-3-1xCML311-2-1-3)-B-

F203-1-1 D-Lines (Germ. stage WL)

28(DT/LN/EM-46-3-1xCML311-2-1-3)-B-

F243-1-1 D-Lines (Germ. stage WL)

BMZ-Asia project

Each degree day spent above 30 C reduced the final yield by 1% under optimal

rain-fed conditions, and by 1.7% under drought conditions.

(Lobell et al., 2011)

Effects of heat stress on maize yield

Drought Tolerant Lines under Heat Stress

Pedigree GY Rank Anthesis ASI

BEST t/ha Rank d d

DTPWC9-F137-3-1-2-2-1-2-1-B 2.20 1 58.3 0.9

CML31-1 1.87 2 55.1 3.5

P31C4S5B-39-#-#-B-B-B-B-3-B-1 1.42 3 57.1 1.7

P147-F2#105-2-1-B-1-B-B-B-B- 1.39 4 56.4 0.2

POOL 16 BNSEQ.C3 F32 x 37-4-1-2-

1-B-B 1.28 5 52.0 -2.1

CA03139-B-B-B-1 1.23 6 55.0 2.0

DTPWC9-F2-3-1-1-2-1-2-1-B-B 1.11 7 57.7 1.4

DTPYC9-F46-3-1-1-2-3-2-2-B-B 1.03 8 53.2 1.9

CML292-1 1.02 9 61.5 -0.5

DTPYC9-F143-1-1-1-2-1-2-2-B-B 1.01 10 58.6 -0.5

WORST CML421-4-B-1 0.00 167 52.5 4.5

P31C4S5B-38-#-#-4-B 0.00 168 61.3 11.2

CML469-1-B-B-2-B 0.00 169 58.4 10.3

DTPYC9-F142-1-3-1-2-1-2-2-B-B 0.00 170 50.1 9.2

Mean 0.30 76 55.0 6.3

LSD (0.05) 0.42 44 4.3 8.3

MSe 0.04 4.6 17.5

p ** *** ***

Min 0.01 1 52.1 -2.6

Max 2.20 170 64.1 18.1

Entry Code Pedigree GY Rank Anthesis ASI Plant Ht.

t/ha Rank d d cm

BEST

28 DTMA-224 DTPWC9-F67-1-2-1-2-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312

SR 3.51 1 55.2 6.9 124.4

88 DTMA-240 DTPYC9-F114-2-4-1-2-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 3.11 2 59.9 13.4 120.3

106 DTMA-271 DTPWC9-F67-2-2-1-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 3.08 3 58.3 4.1 139.8

101 DTMA-242 La Posta Seq C7-F102-1-3-1-1-B-B-B-B-B /

CML-312 SR 2.78 4 60.1 3.3 126.1

150 CHECK-2 PAC740 2.77 5 63.4 2.4 150.6

59 DTMA-95 Cuba/Guad C3 F85-3-3-1-B-B-B-B-B-B / CML-

312 SR 2.52 6 55.7 6.5 130.8

107 DTMA-247 La Posta Seq C7-F96-1-2-1-1-B-B-B-B-B /

CML-312 SR 2.48 7 59.0 0.4 125.2

89 DTMA-265 La Posta Seq C7-F96-1-2-1-3-B-B-B-B / CML-

312 SR 2.38 8 55.7 6.3 140.1

149 CHECK-1 PAC339 2.32 9 64.6 -0.3 138.8

WORST

146 EARLY-

CHECK-1 CML-421 x CML-423 = Check 1 Early Maturity 0.09 147 55.8 14.7 152.4

118 DTMA-83

[(P86 S.F*P.S.P.A.A x P.S.P.A.A. TL91A 44-3-

1-18-2P-2-1-1-3-1) x A.I.R.L. TL91A 2(3)-1-4-2-

2TL-1-1-B]-3-2-3-1-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR

0.01 148 58.4 8.6 141.7

100 DTMA-232 DTPYC9-F11-2-3-1-2-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR -0.05 149 61.1 4.6 88.2

113 DTMA-142 P502c1#-771-2-2-3-B-1-1xCML-176]F2-61-4-2-

2-B-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR -0.10 150 60.8 9.1 104.0

Mean 1.30 76 58.6 6.8 124.2

LSD (0.05) 0.74 43 3.3 10.3 18.0

CV 35.19 3.4 76.1 12.4

p 0.000 0.000 0.340 0.000

Min -0.10 1 52.2 -0.3 88.2

Max 3.51 150 67.2 18.2 152.4

DTMA – AM panel under Heat and Drought Stress

CONCLUSIONS…….

• Climate change effects are biggest challenge for Asian food grain productivity.

• Stress-resilient germplasm, tolerant to key stresses is one of the key for addressing climate change effects

• Integration of stress-tolerant germplasm & resource efficient technologies, the way forward