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CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER ONE -
INTRODUCTIONS -
In Chapter One you will learn how to do the following:
1. to understand basic introductions2. to use appropriate greetings3. to recognize and to form patronymics (i.e. Russian middle names, which are
always based on the first name of ones father)
You will learn the following points of grammar:1. the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)2. the possessive pronoun my3. regular plurals
Activity One - Listening/Reading Informal greetings. Listen to and read the following.
nj Jku Kyf^ Yfnif b Ukz& Jy cnelyns&
- Plhdcndeq, Jku. - Plhdcndeq, Kyf. - Ghbdn, Jku.- Plhdcndeq, Yfnif. - Plhdcndeq, Ukz. - Ghbdn, Kyf.
nj this is / these are cnelyns students
b and plhdcndeq hello (informal)jy they (are) ghbdn hi
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Activity Two - Listening/Reading Formal greetings. Listen to and read the following.
nj vcnth Vfrtypb^ujcgjly
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Activity Four - Speaking How would you respond to the following greetings? (You should fill in your
first name or surname, as appropriate, on the lines provided.)
Name of speaker His/her form of address to you1. Fktrcq - Plhdcndeq^2& Ujcgjly Bdfyd - Plhdcndeqnt^vcnth#vccbc#vbcc3. Ujcgj; h for hf or Kty for Kyf, is also extremely widespread.
MENS NAMES
First name Diminutives Endearing forms male Patronymics female
Fktrcylh Cif^ Ihf^ Cyz Citymrf^Citxrf^Ihjxrf Fktrcylhjdbx / FktrcylhjdyfFktrcq Fk/if^ K/if Fk/itymrf^ K/itymrf Fktrctdbx / Fktrctdyf
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How to form patronymics
As you can see from the charts above, it is quite easy to form patronymics. Simply take thefathers first name and add the appropriate endings.
Masculine - Usual forms: -jdbx or-(m)tdbx(when name ends in -qor-m)*Feminine - Usual forms: -jdyfor-(m)tdyf(when name ends in -qor-m)*
e.g.
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Activity Six - Speaking Work out with a partner suitable dialogues based on the following
situations. (In some cases more than one form of address is acceptable.)
1. Two school friends, Sasha and Kostya, greet each other in the street.
2. Two young women, Klara and Olga, who are already acquainted, acknowledgeeach other at the hairdressers.3. A mother says hi to her little daughter Lyuda (whom she knows affectionately as
Lyudochka). [The Russian formummy is vvf.]4. Sergei Sergeevich meets his bosss wife, Anna Pavlovna, at the bus-stop.5. Miss Derby-Jones meets her Russian teacher, Natalya Antonovna, in the buffet.6. A young Russian, Igor Petrovich, says hello to his new English teacher, Mrs
Cuttlefish.7. An elderly couple, Fyodor Mikhailovich Karamzin and Lidia Vasilevna
Lomonosova, greet each other in a queue.8. A young Russian businesswoman, Galina Vadimovna Derzhavina, meets her
American business partner, Mr Wellsbury, at Sheremetyevo airport.
Activity Seven - Reading/Writing Complete the family tree.
The Prokofievs, Marina and Pavel, have a daughter and son. Fill in their names and the
names of their children, by selecting carefully from the list below.
Camz Gdkjdyf^ Tkyf Fynyjdyf^ ujhm Fynyjdbx^ DfktynyYbrjktdbx^ Nfnmyf Ybrjktdyf^ Ybrjkq Gdkjdbx^ Fhrlbq
Ybrjktdbx
GHJRAMTDS - HJLJCKDYJT LHTDJ THE PROKOFIEVS - FAMILY TREE
Vfhyf A/ljhjdyf Ghjramtdf Gdtk Gtnhdbx Ghjramtd
Fyny Kfhcf
Fktrcylhjdbx Fylhtdyf
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Activity Eight - Reading/Writing Marina is getting old and confused. She no longer really
remembers the family relationships. Say whether her assertions, listed below, are True
(Ghdbkmyj) or False (Ytghdbkmyj).
1. My fathers name was Pyotr.2. My children are called Sofia and Larisa.3. Nikolai is my son-in-law.4. Igor is my daughters son.5. Tatyana is Antons niece.6. Tatyanas great-grandfather was called Pyotr.
Activity Nine - Listening/Reading Getting better acquainted. Listen to and read the following.
nj Fktrcq^Bhyf^Nfnmyfb Bdy&
- Plhdcndeqnt& - Plhdcndeqnt& - Hfphtint ghtlcndbnmcz%- Plhdcndeqnt& - Plhdcndeqnt& vty pjdn Bdy- Rfr dfc pjdn$ - Rfr dfc pjdn$ Bdyjdbx &&& f afvkbz- Vty pjdn Fktrcq - Vj afvkbz Rhgjdf& Bdfyd&
Cthutdbx& - F vz b nxtcndj$ - xtym ghbnyj&- F afvkbz$ - Vj/ vz Nfnmyf^-
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Activity Ten - Listening/Reading Informal meeting. Listen to and read the following.
nj G/nh^ yyf
b Dhf&
- Plhdcndeq!- Plhdcndeq!- Vty pjdn G/nh^
kb ghcnj Gnz&F nt, $
- Vty pjdn yyf^kb yz&
- F rnj nj$
- nj vj gjlhuf^Dhf&- Plhdcndeq^ Dhf&- Plhdcndeq! Rfr
nt, pjdn$- Vty pjdn G/nh&- Lj cdblybz^ yz&- Lj cdblybz^ Gnz&
Activity Eleven - Speaking Role-play
1. You are meeting your new Russian teacher for the first time. Your partner will playthe role of the teacher.
Your role Your partners role
Say hello. Reply appropriately.Introduce yourself by your first name. Ask the student his/her second name.Give your second name. Express pleasure at meeting him/her.Say goodbye. Reply appropriately.
2. You are at a night club in Moscow and you have just met someone you quite like.Your partner will play that person.
Your role Your partners role
Say hello. Reply appropriately.Ask your partner what his/her name Choose a suitable Russian name andis. ask what his/her name isGive your name. Ask him/her who Say that it is your (girl)friend, Zina.his/her friend is.
k b or f nt,? (informal) and you? gjlhuf (girl)friend
ghcnj simply rnj nj$ whos this lj cdblybz goodbye
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Activity Twelve - Listening/Reading In a business context. Listen to and read the following.
- Gjpyfrvmntcm^ gj;keqcnf^ nj - Gjpyfrvmntcm^ gj;keqcnf^ njCthuq Hjvyjdbx Lth;dby& Ykkb Dbnkmtdyf Ajydpbyf&
- Hlf c dvb gjpyfrvbnmcz& - Hl c dvb gjpyfrvbnmcz&
Activity Thirteen - Listening/Reading Back in the night club. Listen to and read the following.
Fktrcylh - Plhdcndeq^ Vif&Vfhz - Ghbdn^ Cif& F rnj nj$
Fktrcylh - nj vj ctcnh^ yyf&Vfhz - yyf$Fktrcylh - Lf^ yyf&Vfhz - Vs to/ yt pyfrvs&
xtym ghbnyj&yyf - xtym ghbnyj&Vfhz - F nj vjq ,hfn^ Djklz&
Ds pyfrvs$Fktrcylh - Ytn vs yt pyfrvs&
xtym ghbnyj&
Djklz - xtym ghbnyj&(Embarrased pause)Djklz b yyf - F vs pyfrvs!
Lj cdblybz!
gjpyfrvmntcm let me introduce you lf ye s(literally:get to know each other) vs we
gj;keqcnf please to/ yt not yethlf (female speaker) cdvb (Im) glad to make your pyfrvs (plural) acquaintedgjpyfrvbnmcz acquaintance ,hfn brotherhfl (male speaker) cdvb (Im) glad to make your ytn no
gjpyfrvbnmcz acquaintance f and, butctcnh sister
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Activity Fourteen - Listening/Reading Describing how you feel. Listen to and read the following.
RFR LTK$
- Cgfc,j^ (xtym) - Yjhvkmyj& - Ybxtu& - Gk[j& - E;cyj& [jhji&
Activity Fifteen - Speaking Role-play
Look at the drawings below and take it in turns to play the role of the person depicted.Thequestion will be the same in each case: Rfr ltk$
Activity Sixteen - Listening State how each of the following people feels.
1. Marina 4. grandmother 2. Vitaly 5. the doctor 3. Aleksandr 6. the student
Activity Seventeen - Reading Using the phrases below, state how you would most probably feel if you
had the following.
1. fggtylbwn 3. ntvgthfnhf2. vbkkby lkkfhjd 4. bynthcyfz ryuf
XTYM {JHJI {JHJI GK{J E: CYJ
rfr ltk$ hows things? [jhji fine, good ybxtu middling gk[j bad, poor
cgfc,j thanks yjhvkmyj OK (pronouncedybxtd) (jq) e;cyj (oh) awful
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Activity Eighteen - Reading In this chapter you have already met a number of similar-sounding words
connected with getting to know people. The common element in each case is pyfrv(acquainted) which has the same root as the verb pyfnm(to know).Unfortunately, in the list
below the phrases have got rather muddled up. Sort them out and match them with the
appropriate translation on the right-hand side, if possible without referring back.
let me introduce you please
Im glad to make your acquaintance
introductions
we are not yet acquainted
Activity Nineteen - Reading/Writing The two most common Russian equivalents ofbye! are very
informal and are only used when you know someone quite well. Find the words for bye(running vertically below) and also state the meaning of each of the words running horizon-
tally. (You can check whether you are right by looking at Activity Twenty-One.)
1& g h b d t nu j c g j l b y
l j r e v t y np y f r j v c n d j
2& p l h f d c n d e q n tj n x t c n d j
a f v b k b zu j c g j ; f
c t c n h fg j ; f k e q c n fc g f c b , j
h t d j k m d t hj x t y m
Activity Twenty - Writing Devise similar charts to the one above to illustrate each of the following
words (using the written form of the alphabet) and then try them out on someone else.
1& , f , e i r f2& c n e l t y n3& g j p y f r j v m n t c m
4& g h j c n j
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vsto/yt
pyfrv
cndj
hl(f)
cdvb
gjpyfrvmntcm
gjpyfrvbnmczpy
frv
s
gj;keqcnf
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Activity Twenty-One - Reading There are a number of ways to say goodbye in Russian. You have already
met lj cdblybz!, which is the most neutral expresssion and can be used in both formaland informal situations. In Activity Nineteen you also came across gjr! (bye) andcxfcnkdj! (which is rarely written and is a corrruption of cxfcnkdjuj gen! (bon
voyage!). Another alternative is lj pdnhf! (see you tomorrow).
Look at the following and say if you think that the form suggested below is appropriate.
- Gjr! - Lj cdblybz! - Cxfcnkdj! - Lj pdnhf!- Lj cdblybz!
Activity Twenty-Two - Speaking Which of the four forms listed above would appear most suitable in the
following situations? (You may choose more than one if you wish.)
1. A boy saying goodbye to his teacher.2. A business woman saying goodbye to her partner.3. A student saying cheerio to his friend who is returning home (before they go out again
in the evening).4. A policeman saying goodbye to an old woman.5. A schoolgirl saying goodbye to her friend after school on a Monday afternoon.6. A priest saying goodbye to his flock after a church service.
Activity Twenty-Three - Listening/Reading/Speaking Firstly, listen twice to the following scene which takes
place at a Russian wedding and answer the questions below in English (without referring to
the text). Then read the transcript on the next page with your partner(s) and, if possible, act
out the scene.
1. What is Marias patronymic?2. What is Ivans surname?3. Who is Igor?4. How is Igor feeling?5. How is Petya feeling?6. What diminutive is used with reference to Natasha?
Yf cdlm,t At a Wedding
Bdy Gtnhdbx - PlhdcndeqntVfhz Cntgyjdf - Plhdcndeqnt& Hfphtint ghtlcndbnmcz% vty pjdn
Vfhz Cntgyjdf&Bdy Gtnhdbx - xtymghbnyj&Vfhz Cntgyjdf - F rfr dfc pjdn$
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Bdy Gtnhdbx - Vty pjdn Bdy Gtnhdbx&Vfhz Cntgyjdf - F dif afvkbz$Bdy Gtnhdbx - Cckjd&Vfhz Cntgyjdf - (Recognizing the surname) F-f-f^ rjyxyj^ Bdy Gtnhdbx
Cckjd& Hlf c dvb gjpyfrvbnmcz&Bdy Gtnhdbx - F crf;nt^ gj;keqcnf^ rnj nj$
Vfhz Cntgyjdf - nj vjq csy^ ujhm&Bdy Gtnhdbx - ujhm^ djn vj ljxm& Gjpyfrvmntcm^ gj;keqcnf&ujhm - Rfr nt, pjdn$Yfnif - Vty pjdn Yfnif& F nj vjq lheu^ Gnz& Ds
pyfrvs$Gnz - Lf^ vs pyfrvs& Rfr ltk^ ujhm$ujhm - Cgfc,j^ [jhji& F rfr ndj ltk$Gnz - Ybxtu&
(Several minutes later)Gnz - Gjr^ Yfnitymrf&Yfnif - Cxfcnkdj!
Gnz - Lj pdnhf^ ujhm!ujhm - Lj pdnhf^ Gnz! Lj cdblybz^ Yfnif!Yfnif - Lj cdblybz!
In Soviet times people either had a simple, unpretentious wedding ceremony in the local registry office ( PFUC)
or a more elaborate and grand affair in the so-called Wedding Palace (Ldjhw ,hfrjcjxtnybz). Nowadaysthere is an increasing tendency for people to get married in church. The festivities which follow the wedding
ceremony have always been big occasions, with an abundance of food and drink, which can last anything up to
two or three days (especially in rural areas). The celebrations include numerous speeches, a great deal of music and
dancing and countless toasts, frequently to the accompaniment of the refrain uhmrj! (bitter!), which is the
prompt for the newly-weds to kiss, the reby sweetening the atmosphere. Couples who dec ide to take their
honeymoon (vtldsq vczw) after the wedding (which is by no means the norm) will not usually leave until
all the revelry has finished.
dif afvkbz (formal) your surname ljxm (feminine ) daughter rjyxyj (pronouncedrjyiyj) of course lheu friendcrf;nt^ gj;keqcnf tell me please rfr ndj ltk$ (informal) how are things wi th
csy son (literally: how are your you?djn here is/are things?)
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GRAMMAR
TO BE OR NOT TO BE?
You may have already noticed, there is no present tense of the verb to be in Russian. Youhave already met the following examples:
we are acquainted - vs pyfrvsare you acquainted? - ds pyfrvs$they are students / teachers - jy cnelyns / ghtgjlfdntkb
A / THE
Russian similarly does not have the definite article (the) or the indefinite article (a). Hence,nj cnelynmeans both this is the studentand this is a student. The plural form njcnelyns means both these are the students and they/these are students.
GENDERS IN RUSSIAN
Russian, like German, has three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) in the singular andone plural form. Normally it is possible to guess the gender of a word by looking at theending.
Masculine
Nouns ending in a consonant or -are usually masculine:e.g. ,hfn (brother), ljv (house/block of flats), rfhfyli (pencil), Ekmc (Wales), nhfvdq(tram)
Note: ggf(dad) and lleirf (grandfather) are clearly also masculine, despite ending in a vowel
rat(coffee) is also masculine, despite ending in -
Some nouns ending in a soft sign (-) are masculine:*e.g. ghtgjlfdntkm (lecturer), gjhnakm (briefcase), exntkm (teacher), lj;lm (rain), ltym(day)
Feminine
Nouns ending in the letters - or -/ - / - are usually feminine:e.g. ctcnh (sister), rdfhnhf (flat/apartment), ,,eirf (grandmother), hxrf (pen),vtklbz (tune), Ijnkylbz (Scotland), Fvhbrf (America), afvkbz (surname), ctvm(family)
Some nouns ending in a soft sign (-) are feminine:*
e.g. ljxm (daughter), ntnhlm (exercise book), xfcnm (part), yfwbjykmyjcnm (nationality)
Neuter
Nouns ending in - and -/ -/ - are usually neuter:e.g. nxtcndj (patronymic), gbcmv (letter), jry (window), vht (sea), eghf;yybt(exercise), cxcnmt (happiness)
Note: there is a small group of words ending in -, including vz (first name) and dhvz (time),which look feminine but are in fact neuter
* All words ending in soft signs must be learnt separately. Make a note of their gender as soon asyou come across them!
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HOW TO SAY MY
You have already met all the different forms for my. They are as follows:
Singular
Masculine v j q - vjq ,hfn my brother
Feminine v j - vj ctcnh my sister
Neuter v j / - vj/ nxtcndj my patronymic
Plural
Masculine, Feminine & Neuter v j - vj cnelyns my students
vj ihns my shorts
Activity Twenty-Four - Reading The following phrases have got jumbled up. Draw lines to indicate which
form of my should go with which word. Each form of my appears three times.
1& vj gbcmv (letter)2& vj/ ,hfn (brother)3& vj ctcnh (sister)4& vjq cbufhns (cigarettes)5& vjq afvkbz (surname)6& vj/ rfhfyli (pencil)7& vj cnelyns (students)8& vj nxtcndj (patronymic)
9& vj gjhnakm (briefcase)10& vj/ ntnhlm (exercise book)11& vj ghtgjlfdntkb (lecturers)12& vjq cxcnmt (happiness)
REGULAR PLURALS
MasculineTo form a plural from a masculine noun, you normally just add -:
cnelyn (student) cnelyns (students)
vfufpy (shop) vfufpys (shops)ljrevyn (document) ljrevyns (documents)
Note the spelling rule: if the final letter is , , , , , or, you must use -instead of-:
gkz; (beach) gk;b (beaches)rfhfyli (pencil) rfhfylfi (pencils) (Note the change in stress )
If the noun ends in a soft sign (-) or-, remove the final letter and add -:
gjhnakm (briefcase) gjhnakb (briefcases)nhfvdq (tram) nhfvdb (trams)
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FeminineTo form a plural from a feminine noun, you normally remove the final -and add -:
;yobyf (woman) ;yobys (women)cbufhnf (cigarette) cbufhns (cigarettes)rdfhnhf (flat) rdfhnhs (flats)rh nf (map) rhns (maps)
Note the spelling rule:if the final letter is , , , , , or, after you have removed -, you must use-instead of -:
ryuf (book) ryub (books)kbyqrf (ruler) kbyqrb (rulers)
If the noun ends in a soft sign (-) or-/-/ -, remove the final letter and add -:
x f c n m (part) xc nb (parts)n / n z (aunt) n/ nb (aunts)cnywbz (station) cnywbb (stations)ctvm (family) cvmb (families) (Note the change in stress )
Neuter
To form a plural from a neuter noun, you normally remove the final - and add -:jry (window) ryf (windows) (Note the change in stress )gbcmv (letter) gcmvf (letters) (Note the change in stress )vcnj (place) vtcn (places) (Note the change in stress )
If the noun ends in -or-/ -, remove the final letter and add -:
vht (sea) vjh (seas) (Note the change in stress)eghf;yybt (exercise) eghf;yybz (exercises)ghtlvcnmt (suburb) ghtlvcnmz (suburbs)
Activity Twenty-Five -
Writing Put the following words into the plural.
1. pfdl (factory)2. cnelyn (student)3. rh nf (map)4. jry (window)5. fdnjvj,km (m) (car)6. kvgf (light, lamp)7. ntnhlm (f) (exercise book)8. ,b,kbjnrf (library)9. gkz; (beach)10. cj,hybt (meeting)
11. nxtcndj (patronymic)12. eybdthcbnn (university)13. gkt (field)14. ctvm (family)15. vtklbz (tune)
Activity Twenty-Six - Writing The following phrases are in the plural. Put them back into the singular .
1. vj rfhfylfi (my pencils)2. gjk (fields)3. vj ,,eirb (my grandmothers)
4. vj gcmvf (my letters)5. ryub (books)6. vj fdnjvj,kb (my cars)
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