S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 1 PM in Europe - State and past trends Emissions and...

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 1

PM in Europe - State and past trendsPM in Europe - State and past trends

Emissions and concentration levels

Steinar Larssen

Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)

European Topic Centre for Air Quality and Climate Change (ETC-ACC)


Conclusions on PM emissionsConclusions on PM emissions

• PM emission and trends data have been improved, but are still uncertain

• Primary PM10 and precursor gases emissions have been reduced by 18 % and 40% since 1990, respectively.

• Source contributions:

- differs in EU15 and AC13

• Resuspension of particles from road surfaces in an important source, but poorly quantified; source strength highly dependent on weather/climatic conditions


PMPM1010

emissions, 2000emissions, 2000

Country Grouping

Country PM10 NOx SO2 NMVOC NH3

AC Bulgaria 93 184 982 120 56

AC Czech Republic 125 398 265 247 74

AC Estonia 33 41 95 34 9

AC Hungary 62 187 485 172 71

AC Latvia 13 37 18 96 12

AC Lithuania 20 48 43 61 25

AC Poland 314 922 1511 599 325

AC Romania 186 319 912 638 221

AC Slovakia 41 106 120 89 30

AC Slovenia 13 58 97 40 19

AC Total 900 2300 4528 2096 842

EFTA4 Iceland 0 40 44 10 0

EFTA4 Liechtenstein 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.2

EFTA4 Norway 0 223 27 372 305

EFTA4 Switzerland 26 96 19 159 68

EFTA4 Total 26 359 90 542 373

EU15 Austria 47 184 41 239 68

EU15 Belgium 59 289 181 248 100

EU15 Denmark 34 207 27 132 101

EU15 Finland 48 236 74 160 33

EU15 France 567 1432 659 1660 791

EU15 Germany 887 1637 832 1653 624

EU15 Greece 41 382 541 398 74

EU15 Ireland 19 125 131 90 122

EU15 Italy 204 1485 923 1672 448

EU15 Luxembourg 5 17 3 15 7

EU15 Netherlands 53 421 91 281 153

EU15 Portugal 21 369 375 484 103

EU15 Spain 115 1419 1535 1585 518

EU15 Sweden 30 247 58 418 56

EU15 United Kingdom 172 1513 1166 1499 297

EU15 Total 2303 9963 6637 10533 3495

European emissions of primary PM10

and PM10

precursors, 2000 (in ktonnes)

29 countries


PMPM1010 emissions, 2000 emissions, 2000

Source contributions, primary PM10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Energy

Industries

Industry

(Energy +

Processes)

Other (Energy

+ Non Energy)

Road

Transport

Agriculture Waste

% c

on

trib

uti

on

EU15

AC13


PM emissions, 2000PM emissions, 2000

Source contributions, PM precursor gases (weighted)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

EnergyIndustries

Industry(Energy +

Processes)

Other (Energy+ Non Energy)

RoadTransport

Agriculture Waste

% c

on

trib

uti

on

EEA18

AC13


PMPM1010 emission trends 1990-2000 emission trends 1990-2000

Primary PM10 Precursor gases

0

1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0

1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0

kto

nn

es S O 2

N O xN M V O C

N H 3

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

kto

nn

es SO2

NOxNMVOC

NH3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

kto

nn

es EFTA

AC

EU15

0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0

4 0 0 0

4 5 0 0

5 0 0 0

1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0

kto

nn

es E F T A

A C

E U 1 5


Conclusions on state of PMConclusions on state of PM1010, 2001, 2001

• Data from 928 stations (97 / 417 / 293 / 77)750 cities and towns

• Methods: Beta 40% ; Gravi 20% ; TEOM 20% ; nondef 20%

• Limit value exceedances at 34% of the stations

• Limit value exceedances in cities with total 30 mill people

• Population exposure: Remember importance of indoor exposure

• Average annual concentrations Rural 20.6 µg/m3

Urban 25.2 µg/m3

Traffic 32.1 µg/m3


• From 89 traffic/urban station pairs:– 35% higher concentration at traffic stations– Up to 90% higher

• Regional differences– Rural background higher in some accession countries

and in NL, BE and NW DE– Urban concentrations highest in Southern/Eastern

Europe?

• The indicative LV for 2010 was exceeded at most stations in cities and at about 50% at the rural sites.

• Significant uncertainty in such summary assessments due to– Representativeness of stations– Different monitoring methods


PMPM1010 concentrations, Europe 2001 concentrations, Europe 2001

Max. value

µg/m3

# stations > LV

Annual average 103 (Spain) 93 of 718

36th highest day 180 (Spain) 242 of 718

8th highest day 245 (Spain) 584 of 718

Some statistics


PMPM1010 2001 Map 2001 Map

PM10

Rural stations

Annual average

Note: different methods,no corrections(also following maps)


PMPM1010 2001 Map 2001 Map

PM10

Rural stations

”Max 36”


PMPM1010 2001 Map 2001 Map

Urban background

”Max 36”


PMPM1010 2001 Map 2001 Map

PM 10

Hot spot

”Max 36”


””Population exposure” to PMPopulation exposure” to PM1010

Population in cities according to concentration range, ”max 36”

exposure of urban population in EEA-31exceedance days with daily mean > 50 ug/m3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

urb

an p

op

ula

tio

n(M

illi

on

)

0 days 1-7 days 8-35 days >35 days


PMPM1010 2001 Distribution of 2001 Distribution of concentrations at stations concentrations at stations

Rural stations

y = 1,65x

y = 2,4747x

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

annual average ug/m3

MAX8

MAX36

stage 1

stage 2

Linear (MAX36)

Linear (MAX8)


PMPM1010 2001 Distribution of 2001 Distribution of concentrations at stations concentrations at stations

Urban stations

y = 1,6026x

y = 2,3613x

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80


MAX8

MAX36

stage 1

stage 2

Linear (MAX36)

Linear (MAX8)


PM10 2001 Distribution ofPM10 2001 Distribution of concentrations at stations concentrations at stations

Street stations

y = 1,5476x

y = 2,1903x

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90


MAX8

MAX36

stage 2

stage 1

Linear (MAX36)

Linear (MAX8)


PMPM1010 for station types for station types

PM10, Annual average mean - max

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

rural urban street

ug

/m3

2001max

mean


PMPM1010 at hot-spot stations, 2001 at hot-spot stations, 2001

Data from ”station pairs”Ratio PM10 street / PM10 urban, Annual average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2,0

-1,9

1,9

-1,8

1,8

-1,7

1,7

-1,6

1,6

-1,5

1,5

-1,4

1,4

-1,3

1,3

-1,2

1,2

-1,1

1,1

-1,0

1,0

-0,9

0,9

-0,8

PM10 ratios of annual means

Average ratio: 1.34 0.25

Also up to 50 more daily exceedances at street station


Conclusions on PMConclusions on PM1010 past tendencies past tendencies

• Time series are too short (1997-2001) to conclude statistically on trend

• Only 6 countries have a significant amount of stations reporting data since 1997 (UK, NL, BE, CZ, CH, ES)

• The tendency is towards lower concentrations (15-20%) but the tendency is not monotonic

• The upward tendency since 1999 is to a large extent guided by the tendency in the Czech Republic.


• The tendency, and absolute amount of reduction, is on the average, about the same for rural, urban and hot-spot areas

• Much of the downward tendency can be explained by reductions in rural concentrations of secondary inorganic particles (SO4, NO3, ....)


PMPM1010 concentration concentration tendenciestendencies 1997-2001 1997-2001

PM10 36th highest valueall stations

0

20

40

60

80

100

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 c

once

ntra

tion

(ug/

m3)

urban

street

rural

PM10 annual meanall stations with 4-5 mon years

0

20

40

60

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/m

3)

urban

street

rural

Annual average183 stations

36th highest day193 stations


PMPM1010 trends trends1997-20011997-2001

s ign dow n ( 54)

s ign up ( 4)

n.s .dow n ( 82)

n.s .up ( 43)

PM 10

annua l m ean 1997 -2001

Location of stations with >4 years with data

Mainly UK, NL, BE, CH, CZ, ES


The use of correction factors for PMThe use of correction factors for PM1010

Information extracted from the Compliance Reporting Questionnaire, for 2001

Correction Factor for PM10: beta-absorption method

0

50

100

150

200

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Value of Correction Factor (+/- 0.05)

Num

ber

of s

tati

on

s

Correction Factor for PM10: gravimetric method

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4


Num

ber

of s

tati

on

s

Correction Factor for PM10: oscillating

microbalance method

020406080

100120140

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4


Num

ber

of s

tati

on

s

Total stations: 1098

No methods info on

353 stations


PMPM1010 correction factors on AirBase data correction factors on AirBase data

Belgium: No corrections till 2001 (included)1.37/1.47 from 2002 onwards

Germany: All PM10 data are in principle corrected PM10 data

Netherlands: 1.33 for all station years

Czech Republic: No correction applied

United Kingdom:

No correction applied

France:

Spain:




PM Rural tendencies 1992-2001PM Rural tendencies 1992-2001

PM (”SPM”) at EMEP stations, country averages

CH: PM10 from 1997 onwardsDE: PM10 from 1999 onwards

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

µg/

m3

CH(4)

DE(8)

ES(4)

JRC(1)

Source: EMEP-CCC


PM Rural tendencies 1997-2001PM Rural tendencies 1997-2001

Country averages

CH: PM10

DE: PM10 from 1999 onwards

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

µg/

m3

CH(6)

CZ(19)

UK(3)

NL(7)

DE(8)

ES(5)


PMPM1010 Rural tendencies Rural tendencies

Secondary inorganic particles (SO4) (EMEP data)

SO4-S at EMEP Stations

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

ug S

/m3

DE(8) ES(5) FR(6) UK(7) CH(2) CZ(2) NL(2) SE(5) NO(5) DK(3)

FI(4) PL(4) SK(4) Average

Rough estimate of reduction of sulfate and nitrate particles 1997-2000: Source: EMEP-CCC ~ 5 µg/m3


PMPM1010 Urban tendencies 1997-2001 Urban tendencies 1997-2001

Urban background, 36th highest day, country averages

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

100,00

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

BE(3)

CH(4)

CZ(29)

UK(29)

NL(5)

PL(4)

SE(2)


PMPM1010 Street tendencies 1997-2001 Street tendencies 1997-2001

Traffic stations, 36th highest day, country averages

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

120,00

140,00

160,00

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

BE(4)

CH(2)

CZ(5)

DE(1)

ES(17)

FI(2)

UK(5)

NL(4)

PL(1)

PT(1)


Conclusions on other PM metricsConclusions on other PM metrics

• Available data on PM2.5, PM1.0 and UFP are too scarce to draw firm conclusions

• The PM2.5 / PM10 ratio is about 0.65 (average 0.4-0.8)

• The indicative PM2.5 LV of 20 µg/m3 (aa) was

– met at all rural and most urban sites– exceeded at 15 or 23 traffic sites


• PM1.0 was reported from 15 stations in 4 countries

• The PM1.0 / PM2.5 ratio was about 0.75

• Annual average PM1.0 range: 6-21 µg/m3

• Max. 24 h concentration: 147 µg/m3

• UFP was reported from 15 stations in 5 countries

• High surplus burden of UFP at traffic sites


PMPM2.52.5 Concentrations, Europe 2001 Concentrations, Europe 2001

• 13 countries with data

• 119 station years

38 urban background

23 traffic

58 rural

• Methods: Gravimetry: 8 countries TEOM: 6 countries


PMPM2.52.5 at urban and street stations at urban and street stations

36 of 61 stations met a threshold of 20 µg/m3 in 2001

< 10

10-1

2,5

12,5

-15

15-1

7,5

17,5

-20

20-2

2,5

22,5

-25

25-2

7,5

27,5

-30

>30

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

N

µg/m3

traffic

urban background


PMPM2.52.5 Ratio 90%-ile (day) to annual average Ratio 90%-ile (day) to annual average

PM2.5-statistics (2001 *); sites from: Germany, Portugal, Sweden, Spain

y = 1.677xR2 = 0.9076

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 10 15 20 25 30

mean value (µg/m³)

90

-pe

rce

nti

le (

µg

/m³)


Ratio PMRatio PM2.5 2.5 / PM/ PM1010

From PM WG

questionnaire

Putaud et al.2002

Average 0.65 0.73

Range 0.42-0.82 0.57-0.85

Std. Dev. ±0.09 ±0.15

N 72

Somewhat higher at rural than at traffic stations,reflecting resuspension at traffic stations


PMPM1.01.0 concentrations, 2001 concentrations, 2001

• 4 countries

• 15 station years

• no rural stations

0-55-10

10-1515-20

20-25

UT

UB0

1

2

3

4

5

6

µg/m3

N

• Range: 6-21 µg/m3 annual average

• Max. daily: > 50 µg/m3 at most stations

• Max. 24 h conc: 147 µg/m3


PM ratiosPM ratios

PM2.5 / PM10 0.65 0.09 N = 72

PM1.0 / PM10 0.49 ± 0.16 N = 15

PM1.0 / PM2.5 0.73 0.11 N = 15


Ultra-fine particles, UFP 2001Ultra-fine particles, UFP 2001

Number size distributions

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

<10 <50 <100 <280 <500 <800 <1000 Total

Size fraction

Nu

mb

er o

f U

FP

Traffic Urban background Rural background


UFP 2001UFP 2001

Total number of particles

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

0 1 2 3 4 5

Station type

Nu

mb

er

of

UF

P

R(B) SB U(B) T

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