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2004

biosafety_ch.indd 1biosafety_ch.indd 1 27.9.2005 9:03:2227.9.2005 9:03:22

WHO CDS CSR LYO 2004.11

(CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA) U50/CCU

012445-08 CDC

© 2004

Marketing and Dissemination World Health

Organization 20 Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland ( 41 22 791 2476

41 22 791 4857 bookorders who.int)

-

( 41 22 791 4806 permissions who.int)

minimum graphics

biosafety_ch.indd 2biosafety_ch.indd 2 27.9.2005 9:03:2427.9.2005 9:03:24

viiviii

1 11

5

2 788

3 99

121416161719

4 2020212222

5 252525

6 282929303132

• iii •

biosafety_ch.indd Sec1:iiibiosafety_ch.indd Sec1:iii 27.9.2005 9:03:2627.9.2005 9:03:26

• iv •

7 33

8 36

45

9 47

49

10 51515356565757

11 61616363646464

67

12 69697070707171727273737474747476

biosafety_ch.indd Sec1:ivbiosafety_ch.indd Sec1:iv 27.9.2005 9:03:2827.9.2005 9:03:28

• v •

13 787879

14 82828383888989899293

15 94949595

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16 DNA 101101102102102103103104

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18 110110111

biosafety_ch.indd Sec1:vbiosafety_ch.indd Sec1:v 27.9.2005 9:03:3027.9.2005 9:03:30

• vi •

111111

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19 117117118

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1415 145

174

biosafety_ch.indd Sec1:vibiosafety_ch.indd Sec1:vi 27.9.2005 9:03:3227.9.2005 9:03:32

• vii •

(WHO)

1983 (Laboratory

Biosafety Manual) 1

1983

2 1993

3 WHO

3

DNA

3

3

1997 WHO (1) (Safety in Health-Care

Laboratories)

WHO 3

Dr A. Asamoa-Baah

biosafety_ch.indd Sec1:viibiosafety_ch.indd Sec1:vii 27.9.2005 9:03:3527.9.2005 9:03:35

• viii •

Dr W. Emmett Barkley, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USADr Murray L. Cohen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA,

USA (retired) Dr Ingegerd Kallings, Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm,

SwedenMs Mary Ellen Kennedy, Consultant in Biosafety, Ashton, Ontario, Canada Ms Margery Kennett, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North

Melbourne, Australia (retired) Dr Richard Knudsen, Offi ce of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USADr Nicoletta Previsani, Biosafety programme, World Health Organization, Geneva,

SwitzerlandDr Jonathan Richmond, Offi ce of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (retired) Dr Syed A. Sattar, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,

CanadaDr Deborah E. Wilson, Division of Ocupational Health and Safety, Offi ce of Research

Services, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA

Dr Riccardo Wittek, Institute of Animal Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Ms Maureen Best, Offi ce of Laboratory Security, Health Canada, Ottawa, CanadaDr Mike Catton, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne,

AustraliaDr Shanna Nesby, Offi ce of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USADr Stefan Wagener, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg,

Canada

1 2

1997 WHO (1)

3

biosafety_ch.indd Sec1:viiibiosafety_ch.indd Sec1:viii 27.9.2005 9:03:3627.9.2005 9:03:36

• 1 •

11

(WHO 1 2 3 4 )

1

1

1 ( )

2 ( )

3 ( )

4 ( )

2

( “ ”)

( )

biosafety_ch.indd Sec2:1biosafety_ch.indd Sec2:1 27.9.2005 9:03:3727.9.2005 9:03:37

• 2 •

2

1 GMT

2 GMTBSC

3 BSC

4 BSC

BSC

( )

BSC GMT ( 4 )

1.

2.

3.

( ) ; , ;

4.

2


• 3 •

, ,

( 2 )

3

3

a

HEPA b

c

c

d

a

b ( 4 )c

d

( )

1


• 5 •


• 7 •

22

( 1 )

1.

2.

3.

4. ( )

5.

6.

7. ( )

8.

9. ( )

10.

( 16 )

11.


• 8 •

(standard operating pr edures SOPs)

(

)

1. (2)

( )

2.

3.

1.

2. (

)

3.

WHO

( 2003 (Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome, SARS) ) ‚

(genetically modifi ed organisms, GMOs)

16


• 9 •

33

1-4

1

( )

(GMT)

( )

(2)

( 4 5 )

“ ” “ ”‚

1. 2

( 1)


• 10 •

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

2.

1


• 11 •

3.

4.

( )

5. (

)

6.

7.

8.

9.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. (

)

8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

3


• 12 •

5.

1. ( )

2. ( )

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.


• 13 •

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

2( CUH2A, Princeton, NJ, USA )

3


• 14 •

13.

14. ( 1)

15.

16.

17.

(

)

18.

19.

( 9 )

( )

1.

2.

3.

4.

(

10 11 )

1.

2.


• 15 •

(

)

3.

4.

5.

3( CUH2A, Princeton, NJ, USA )

3


• 16 •

6.

7.

( 7 )

1. ( 2)

2.

3. ( )

4.

1.

2.

3. ( )


• 17 •

( 21 )

1. ( )

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1. ?

2.

?

3.

?

(

)

( 14 )

3


• 18 •

1. ( )

2. ( )

3.

4.

5.

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

(

)


• 19 •

( ) (

) ( 14 )

( 14 )

( 17 18 )

11

3


• 20 •

44

3

2

( 3 )

1.

2.

3.

1. ( 1)

2.

(

)

3.

( 10 )

4.

( 11 )


• 21 •

1.

(

)

2.

3.

( )

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

(high-effi ciency

particulate air fi lters HEPA )

( )

HEPA

(HVAC)

HVAC

9. HEPA

10.

( 10 )

11. ( 10 ) HEPA

4


• 22 •

12.

13.

HEPA

14.

4

( ( 10 ) )

( )

( )

HEPA

1.

2. ( 5 )


• 23 •

4 ( CUH2A, Princeton, NJ, USA )

( )

4


• 24 •

A.

B.

5


• 25 •

55

4

WHO 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

(

)

1 Biosafety programme, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (http://www.who.int/csr/).


• 26 •

( 10 )

HEPA

( 10 )

2.

3. HEPA

HEPA

HEPA

HEPA

HEPA HEPA


• 27 •

HEPA HEPA

4.

( )

pH

5.

6.

7.

8.

( 13 )

5


• 28 •

66

4

1 ABSL-1

2 ABSL-2 ABSL-1

BSC

3 ABSL-3 ABSL-2 BSC

4 ABSL-4 ABSL-3

BSC

ABSL BSC

1.

2.

3.


• 29 •

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

4

(

) 1

(GMT)

2

1.

2. ( 1)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

6


• 30 •

11. ( 14 )

12. (I II )

HEPA

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

HEPA

7.


• 31 •

8.

9. 3

10.

11.

12.

13.

(

5 )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 4

6.

7.

8. HEPA

( )

9.

10.

11.

12. 4

6


• 32 •

13.

14.

15.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

(3-6)


• 33 •

77

1-4

(

)


• 34 •

1.

2.

3.

4. ( ) (HVAC)

5. (HEPA)

6. HEPA

7. HVAC

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. ( )

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21. (LAN)

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.


• 35 •

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35. BSL4

36.

37.

38.

39. ( )

40

41.

42.

7


• 36 •

88

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

( 7 )

(

)

( )

5- 7


• 37 •

1 ( 3)

1 WHO Biosafety programme, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (http://www.who.int/csr/).

8


• 38 •

5

( )

(

)

(

)


• 39 •

( )

(

)

8


• 40 •

( )

( )

(

)

(

)

1m


• 41 •

6

( )

(BSC) (BSC)

BSC

BSC

BSC

••

8


• 42 •

( )

BSC

BSC

( )

( )

BSC

BSC


• 43 •

7

( )

( )

8


• 47 •

99

(laboratory biosafety) (laboratory biosecurity)

( )


• 48 •


• 51 •

1010

(biological safety cabinets BSCs)

5 µm 5-100 µm

HEPA 0.3 µm HEPA

99.97 99.99 HEPA

HEPA

(product protection)

8

(“ ”)

6 0.38 m s


• 52 •

WHO

02.

135

A

D

C

B

HEPA : (a)

; (b)

; (c) HEPA

8

1-3

4

4

B1

A2

B2

6A B C HEPA D

HEPA


• 53 •

(the exhaust plenum)

( A1 A2 B1 B2 )

HEPA ( )

2 3

4

1

II A1 7 ( )

0.38 m s HEPA

6-18 cm

70

HEPA 30

A1

( 8)

10


• 54 •

A2 B1 B2

A2 B1 ( 8) B2

A1

9

( 8)

(

? ?) (

?)

A B 7 8

WHO

02.

137

B

A

E

CD

F

7 A1A B C HEPA D

E HEPA F

HEPA


• 55 •

9

(m s) ( )

a 0.36 0 100

A1 0.38-0.51 70 30

A2 a 0.51 70 30

B1 a 0.51 30 70

B2 a 0.51 0 100

a 0 100

a

WHO

02.

138

BA

F

C

G

F

ED

10

HEPA

8 B1A B C HEPA D HEPAE F G HEPA


• 56 •

( 9) 4

“ ” HEPA

HEPA

( 124.5 Pa)

HEPA

A1 A2 “ (thimble)” “

(canopy hood)”

9 ( ( )A B C HEPAD HEPA E F

WHO

02.

136

B

AE

C D C

F

HEPA


• 57 •

2.5 cm

B1 B2

1-4

8

A1

A2 B1

B2

0.45 m s

30 cm

30-35 cm

10


• 58 •

70

( )

24 h

A1 A2

B1 B2

5 min


• 59 •

HEPA

70

5 min

10


• 60 •

( )

5 (7-16) 11


• 61 •

1111

10

10

12

4

(PVC)

HEPA

HEPA

( 3 4 )


• 62 •

10

• ()

•

• ()

•

••

•

•

••

••

•

•

•••

••

••

•

(

)

••


• 63 •

•

•( 0.45 µm)

•

•

( )

( )

(stomacher)

3

11


• 64 •

( 3 )

11

(prescription glasses)

( )

(

) ( )


• 65 •

11

••

•

•

• ()

•

• ( )•

••

•

(powered air

purifying PAPR)

•

••

( )

(ISO 13.340.30)

11


• 66 •

(12) (17) (18)


• 67 •


• 69 •

1212

3


• 70 •

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. (mark-to-mark)

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

1. 2-3 mm

6 cm

2.

3.

4.

( )

( )

5.

12

1.

( 10 )


• 71 •

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11. 5 min

12.

10

1. ( 5 µm)

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2. ( )

12


• 72 •

3. : (a) (

) ; (b)

4.

5.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. ( 14 )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. ( )

6.

7.

8.

9. ( 70%)


• 73 •

10. 3 4 ( )

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

1. ( )

2.

3.

(poly

tetrafl uoroethylene PTFE)

4.

5.

6.

1. ( )

2.

12


• 74 •

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

( “ (19)”)

(2)


• 75 •

1. [2]

2.

3.

4. ( 15 )

( )

5.

1.

2. ( )

3.

4.

1. ( )

2. (

)

( )

1.

2.

3.

12


• 76 •

1.

2.

20 °C

1 g l

5 g l ( 14 )

(prion “ ”)

(transmissible spongiform encephalopathies TSEs) (Creutzfeldt-Jakob

disease CJD ) - - (Gerstmann-Sträussler-

Scheinker syndrome)

(bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE)

(20-23)

1.

2. ( ) (

)

3.


• 77 •

4. (tissue pr essors)

( )

5.

6.

7.

8. 96 1 h (24‚ 25)

9.

134-137 °C 18 min 3 min

10. Kevlar

11. 20 g l (2 ) (

) 1 h

12.

( )

13. 20 g l (2 )

1 h

14. HEPA 1000 °C

a.

b. “ ”‚

c. HEPA

15. 20 g l (2 ) 1 h

16. 20 g l (2 )

1h

(12) (26) (27)

12


• 78 •

1313

3 4 (

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1.

2.

3.

4.


• 79 •

5.

6.

7.

8.

( )

( 1 h )

( 24 h)

13


• 80 •

( 30 min)

( 30 min)

( )

( 14 )

( )

1. (

)

2.


• 81 •

3.

4.

5.

6. (

)

7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

1. ( 3 4

)

2. (full-face

respirator)

3.

4.

5.

6.

(12) (28)

13


• 82 •

1414

(antimicrobial) (antimicrobial)

(antiseptic)(antiseptic)

(biocide) (biocide)

(chemical germicide) (chemical germicide)

(decontamination) (decontamination)

(disinfectant) (disinfectant)

(disinfection) (disinfection)

(microbicide)(microbicide)

“ ”

(sporocide)(sporocide)

(sterilization)(sterilization)


• 83 •

( )

(w v) 12

( ( )

(NaOCl)

( ) ( )

14


• 84 •

( )

12

a b

0.1 (1 g l) 0.5 (5 g l)

( 5% ) 20 ml l 100 ml l

( 70% ) 1.4 g l 7.0 g l

( 60% ) 1.7 g l 8.5 g l

( 1.5 g ) 1 4

( 25% ) c 20 g l 20 g l

a

b ( )c

1 g l 5 g l

50 g l 1 50

1 10 1 g l 5 g l

120 g l

(Ca (ClO) 2) 70

1.4 g l 7.0 g l 1.0 g l 5 g l

1-2 mg l


• 85 •

(NaDCC) 60 NaDCC

1.7 g l 8.5 g l 1 g l 5 g l NaDCC

1.5 g 1 4 1 1 g l

5 g l NaDCC

NaDCC 10 min

25%

20 g l

-T ( )

(Cl2) (O

2)

: (1) (HCl)

(NaClO2) ; (2)

20 °C (HCHO)

14


• 86 •

70%

370 g l (37%) (100 ml l)

( )

( ) (5% )

(OHC (CH2)

3 CHO)

20 g l (2%)

( )

1-4

(dipstick)

( )


• 87 •

(

)

(C2H

5OH) ((CH

3)

2CHOH)

70% (v v)

70% (v v) 100 g l

2 g l 70% (v v)

(polyvidone iodine)

14


• 88 •

4-10 °C

(H2O

2) (CH

3COOOH)

3% 5-

10 30% 3-6%

(NaOCl) 1%

(5 g l)

3%

( )

21 °C 70 (

)

8 h


• 89 •

( 0.8 )

( )

10 ( )

70%

( (duct tape) )

6 h

2 ( )

30 min

10 (

)

“ ”

160 °C 2-4 h ( )

14


• 90 •

(

)

( )

1. 134 °C 3 min

2. 126 °C 10 min

3. 121 °C 15 min

4. 115 °C 25 min.

(“ ”) 10

( HEPA )

HEPA

134 °C

3 min

80 °C


• 91 •

1.

2.

3.

WHO

02.

139

14

10


• 92 •

4.

5.

80 °C

6.

7. 80 °C

8.

“ ”

9. ( )

10.

( 3 )

800 °C 1000 °C

( )


• 93 •

( 3 )

(13) (29-39)

14


• 94 •

1515

1.

2.

3.

( )

(40)

(United Nations Committee of Exports on the Transport of Dangerous

Goods UNCETDG)

(International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO)

(Technical Instructions

for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (41) )

(the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage

of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) (42))

(International Air Transport Ass iation IATA)

(Infectious Substances Shipping Guidelines) (43)

IATA ICAO

IATA IATA


• 95 •

UNCETDG

13 (2003) (40) WHO (44)

11

1.

2.

3. ( 5

)

4.

15


• 96 •

A

B

11( IATA Montreal Canada )

50


5. ( 30 min)

6. ( 2-5 )

7.

8.

15

• 97 •


1616DNADNA

DNA

(genetically modifi ed organisms, GMOs)

1975

(45) DNA

DNA 25

DNA DNA

DNA

DNA

DNA

DNA

GMOs

DNA

pUC18 pUC18

K12

pBR322 K12

• 101 •


• 102 •

DNA K12

pUC18

1. DNA GMO

2. DNA DNA

3.

4.

( )

( )

(“ ” )


• 103 •

(GMOs)

( )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1.

2.

16 DNA


• 104 •

3.

4.

5.

(

)

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. DNA

GMO ?

5. ?

6. GMO

?

7. GMO ?

GMOs

GMOs

DNA

(17) (46-48)


• 107 •

1717

( 5)

(material safety data sheets MSDS)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

13

13


• 108 •

13

5

( )

1.

2.

3.

4.


• 109 •

5.

6.

7. ( Na2CO

3) (NaHCO

3)

8. ( )

9.

1.

2.

3.

4.

( )

5.

6.

7. ( )

14

14

a b • ( )

•

•

•

a b •

a

b

(1) (49-51) 5

17


• 110 •

1818

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

( )

15


• 111 •

15

CO2

(49)

(

)

(

)

(

)

1.

( )

18


• 112 •

2.

( 8-15 )

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2. - -

2


• 113 •

3.

( ) 1.3-1.5 cm

- -

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

( )

( 12)

2.

18


• 114 •

( )

3.

12


• 117 •

1919

(

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


• 118 •

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

DNA

1.

2.

3.

4. ( )

5.

6.

(

)


• 119 •

2020

(

)

( ( ))


• 120 •

2121

(

)

1. (

)

2.

3.

(

)

4.

5. (

)


• 121 •

( )

6.

7.

WHO

21


• 125 •

2222

( )

1. ?

2. (

) ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

10. ?

11. ?

12. ?

13.

?

14. ?

15. ?

16.

?

1. ?


• 126 •

2.

?

3. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ( ) ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. (

) ?

4. HEPA ?

5. ?

1. ( 300-400 lx) ?

2. ( ) ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

1. ?


• 127 •

2. ?

3. ?

4.

?

5. ?

6.

?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7.

?

8. ?

9. ?

10.

?

22


• 128 •

11. ?

12. ?

13.

?

14.

?

15. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

10. ?

11. ?

12. ?

13. ?

1.

?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6.

?


• 129 •

7. ?

8. ?

1.

?

2. ( ) ?

3. ?

4. ?

5.

?

6. ( ) ?

1.

?

2.

?

?

3. ( ) ?

4. ?

5. ( ) ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

HEPA ?

9. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

22


• 130 •

4.

?

5. (domestic and clerical staff)

?

6.

?

7.

?

8.

?

9. ?

10.

?

11. ?

12. ?

13. ?

14. ?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. HEPA ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

10. ?

11. ?


• 131 •

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8.

?

9. ?

10. ?

11. ?

12. ? ?

13.

?

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

10. ?

11. ?

12. ?

22


• 135 •

1. Safety in health-care laboratories. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997, (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1997/WHO_LAB_97.1.pdf).

2. Garner JS, Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. American Journal of Infection Control, 1996, 24:24–52, (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/isolat/isolat.htm).

3. Hunt GJ, Tabachnick WJ. Handling small arbovirus vectors safely during biosafety level 3 containment: Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and exotic blue-tongue viruses. Journal of Medical Entomology, 1996, 33:271–277.

4. National Research Council. Occupational health and safety in the care and use of research animals. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1997.

5. Richmond JY, Quimby F. Considerations for working safely with infectious disease agents in research animals. In: Zak O, Sande MA, eds. Handbook of animal models of infection. London, Academic Press, 1999:69–74.

6. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories, 4th ed. Washington, DC, United States Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion/National Institutes of Health, 1999.

7. Class II (laminar fl ow) biohazard cabinetry. Ann Arbor, MI, National Sanitation Foundation, 2002 (NSF/ANSI 49–2002).

8. Richmond JY, McKinney RW. Primary containment for biohazards: selection, installation and use of biological safety cabinets, 2nd ed. Washington, DC, United States Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institutes of Health, 2000.

9. Microbiological safety cabinets. Recommendations for information to be exchanged between purchaser, vendor and installer and recommendations for installation. London, British Standards Institution, 1992 (Standard BS 5726–2:1992).

10. Microbiological safety cabinets. Recommendations for selection, use and maintenance. London, British Standards Institution, 1992 (Standard BS 5726–4:1992).

11. Biological containment cabinets (Class I and II) : installation and fi eld testing. Toronto, Canadian Standards Association, 1995 (Standard Z316.3–95 (R2000) ).

12. Collins CH, Kennedy DA. Laboratory acquired infections: history, incidence, causes and preven-tion, 4th ed. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

13. Health Canada. Laboratory biosafety manual, 2nd ed. Ottawa, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1996.

14. Biological safety cabinets – biological safety cabinets (Class I) for personnel and environment protection. Sydney, Standards Australia International, 1994 (Standard AS 2252.1–1994).

15. Biological safety cabinets – laminar fl ow biological safety cabinets (Class II) for personnel, environment and product protection. Sydney, Standards Australia International, 1994 (Standard AS 2252.2–1994).


• 136 •

16. Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. Biological safety cabinets – installation and use.Sydney, Standards Australia International, 2000 (Standard AS/NZS 2647:2000).

17. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens. Guidance on the use, testing and maintenance of laboratory and animal fl exible fi lm isolators. London, Health and Safety Executive, 1990.

18. Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. Safety in laboratories – microbiological aspects and containment facilities. Sydney, Standards Australia International, 2002 (Standard AS/NZS 2243.3:2002).

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention of HIV trans-mission in health-care settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1987, 36 (Suppl. 2) :1S–18S.

20. Bosque PJ et al. Prions in skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002, 99:3812–3817.

21. Bartz JC, Kincaid AE, Bessen RA. Rapid prion neuroinvasion following tongue infection. Journal of Virology, 2003, 77:583–591.

22. Thomzig A et al. Widespread PrPSc accumulation in muscles of hamsters orally infected with scrapie. EMBO Reports, 2003, 4:530–533.

23. Glatzel M et al. Extraneural pathologic prion protein in sporadic Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003, 349:1812–1820.

24. Brown P, Wolff A, Gajdusek DC. A simple and effective method for inactivating virus infectiv-ity in formalin-fi xed tissue samples from patients with Creutzfi eld-Jakob disease. Neurology,1990, 40:887–890.

25. Taylor DM et al. The effect of formic acid on BSE and scrapie infectivity in fi xed and unfi xed brain-tissue. Veterinary Microbiology, 1997, 58:167–174.

26. Safar J et al. Prions. In: Richmond JY, McKinney RW, eds. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories, 4th ed. Washington, DC, United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1999:134–143.

27. Bellinger-Kawahara C et al. Purifi ed scrapie prions resist inactivation by UV irradiation. Journal of Virology, 1987, 61:159–166.

28. Health Services Advisory Committee. Safe working and the prevention of infection in clinical laboratories. London, HSE Books, 1991.

29. Russell AD, Hugo WB, Ayliffe GAJ. Disinfection, preservation and sterilization, 3rd ed. Oxford, Blackwell Scientifi c, 1999.

30. Ascenzi JM. Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics. New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1996.

31. Block SS. Disinfection, sterilization & preservation, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Wil-liams & Wilkins, 2001.

32. Rutala WA. APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. 1994, 1995, and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, INC. American Journal of Infection Control, 1996, 24:313–342.

33. Sattar SA, Springthorpe VS, Rochon M. A product based on accelerated and stabilized hydro-gen peroxide: evidence for broad-spectrum germicidal activity. Canadian Journal of Infection Control, 1998, 13:123–130.

34. Schneider PM. Emerging low temperature sterilization technologies. In: Rutala WA, eds. Disinfection & sterilization in health care. Champlain, NY, Polyscience, 1997:79–92.

35. Springthorpe VS. New chemical germicides. In: Rutala WA, eds. Disinfection & sterilization in health care. Champlain, NY, Polyscience, 1997:273–280.

36. Steelman VM. Activity of sterilization processes and disinfectants against prions. In: Rutala WA, eds. Disinfection & sterilization in health care. Champlain, NY, Polyscience, 1997:255–271.


• 137 •

37. Taylor DM. Transmissible degenerative encephalopathies: inactivation of the unconventional causal agents. In: Russell AD, Hugo WB, Ayliffe GAJ, eds. Disinfection, preservation and steri-lization, 3rd ed. Oxford, Blackwell Scientifi c, 1999:222–236.

38. Infection control guidelines for hand washing, cleaning, disinfection and sterilization in health care, 2nd ed. Ottawa, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1998.

39. Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA. Chemical disinfection of virus-contaminated surfaces. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 1990, 20:169–229.

40. Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods, 13th revised edition, New York and Geneva, United Nations, 2003, (http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev13/13fi les_e.html).

41. Technical instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air, 2003–2004 Edition. Montreal, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2002.

42. Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee. Restructured ADR applicable as from 1 January 2003. New York and Geneva, United Nations, 2002, (http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2003/ContentsE.html).

43. Infectious substances shipping guidelines. Montreal, International Air Transport Association, 2003, (http://www.iata.org/ads/issg.htm).

44. Transport of Infectious Substances. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004, (http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_CSR_LYO_2004_9/en/).

45. Berg P et al. Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Science, 1975, 188:991–994.

46. European Council. Council Directive 98/81/EC of 26 October 1998 amending Directive 90/219/EEC on the contained use of genetically modifi ed microorganisms. Offi cial Journal,1998, L330:13–31.

47. O’Malley BW Jr et al. Limitations of adenovirus-mediated interleukin-2 gene therapy for oral cancer. Laryngoscope, 1999, 109:389–395.

48. World Health Organization. Maintenance and distribution of transgenic mice susceptible to human viruses: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bulletin of the World Health Organiza-tion, 1993, 71:497–502.

49. Furr AK. CRC handbook of laboratory safety, 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2000.

50. Lenga RE. The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data, 2nd ed. Milwaukee, WI, Aldrich Chemical Company, 1988.

51. Lewis RJ. Sax’s dangerous properties of industrial materials, 10th ed. Toronto, John Wiley and Sons, 1999.


• 138 •

1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1.

2. 1

3. ( 14 )

1 Garner JS, Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. American Journal of Infection Control, 1996, 24:24-52, (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/isolat/isolat.htm).


• 139 •

2

(

)


• 140 •

3

WHOWHO

• Biosafety programme, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and

Response, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27,

Switzerland (http://www.who.int/csr/).

• WHO Collaborating Centre for Biological Safety, Swedish Institute for Infectious

Disease Control, Nobels Väg 18, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden

(http://www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se/English/english.htm).

• WHO Collaborating Centre on Biosafety Technology and Consultative Services,

Offi ce of Laboratory Security, Health Canada, 100 Colonnade Road, Loc.: 6201A,

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9 (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/ols-bsl).

• WHO Collaborating Centre for Applied Biosafety Programmes and Training,

Offi ce of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600

Clifton Road, Mailstop F05, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA (http://www.cdc.gov/).

• WHO Collaborating Centre for Applied Biosafety Programmes and Research,

Division of Occupational Health and Safety, Offi ce of Research Services, National Insti-

tutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 13/3K04 13 South Drive

MSC 5760, Bethesda, MD 20892-5760, USA (http://www.nih.gov/) .

• WHO Collaborating Centre for Biosafety, Victorian Infectious Diseases Refer-

ence Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn St, Nth Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia. Postal

address: Locked Bag 815, PO Carlton Sth, Victoria 3053, Australia (http://www.

vidrl.org.au/).


• 141 •

4

( 11 )

A4-1

A4-1

•

•

•

•


• 142 •

•

•

• ( ) (30 min)

• HEPA

•

•

•

•

•

• O

• 30 min

•

•

•

•

•

•


• 143 •

( )• O

•

•

•

•

•

•

A4-2

4


• 144 •

A4-2

•

•

•

•

•

•


• 145 •

5


• 146 •

2‚4-

C6H

3(N

O2)

2-N

HN

H2

1--2

‚4-

: 200

°C;

;,

2- (CH

3)2C

HO

H: -

89°C

: 82

°C,

: 112

°C :2.

3-12

.7

;;

,70

-85

o- (C6H

3-(3

CH

3)-

(4N

H2)

) 23

3-

-(1

1-

)-4

4-

: 131

°C: 2

00°C

;

()

;

A5-

1( (

)


• 147 •

5

: -78

°C: -

33°C

25: -

58°C

: 38

°C

: 15-

28,

;

()

C6H

6

: 6°C

: 80

°C

,,

;

;

:-11

°C

1.3-

8

,;

;

(

)


• 148 •

C6H

5NH

2

: -6

°C: 1

85°C

;: 7

0°C

: 1.2

-11

,

,

,

C6H

5OH

: 41

°C: 1

82°C

;

,, :

;

: 80

°C :1.

7-6

;;

;,

;

;,

,30

070 30

,


• 149 •

5

C5H

5N: 4

2°C

: 115

°C (

)

: 20

°C

1.8-

12.4

,

CH

3CO

CH

3

: -95

°C: 5

6°C

: -18

°C: 2

.2-

12.8

;;

,

, (

)

CH

2C

HC

HO

: -87

°C: 5

3°C

;

;

:-26

°C: 2

.8-

31

;,


• 150 •

HO

2CC

O2H

: 190

°C;

; ,

;;

(10

-14

)N

aOC

l

;,

;(

),

;;

;

;;

;

;

;

TlC

2H3O

2

: 110

°C;

;

;;

,:

;


• 151 •

5

I 2

: 114

°C: 1

84°C

;

()

N3N

a: 3

00°C

; ;

,;

;; ,

;

;

11

--

44

-: 1

28°C

: 400

°C

,,

()

;;


C4H

8O2

14-

: 12

°C: 1

01°C

,

,

;,

,

(CH

3)2N

H

: -93

°C

: 7 °

C

: -26

°C

2.8-

14 : -

18 °

C

;,

;;

• 152 •


• 153 •

5

()

C6H

4(C

H3)

2: -

95-

-13

°C : 1

36-

145

°C;

;

: 27-

32 °

C

;

;

ClO

2

: -59

°C

: 10

°C

;

()

CO

2

-79

°C

;;

;,


• 154 •

HC

lO4

;

;

,;

,;

;,

:

;

,

KM

nO

4: 2

40 °

C

()

;;

CrO

3

: 197

°C

250

°C,

(

)


• 155 •

5

Hg

()

: -39

°C

: 357

°C

;;

; ;;

;;

;

H2O

2: -

39 °

C

(70

) : 125

°C

(7

0)

(60

)

(6

)

;

;, ;

20

()

;

()

,

; ()


• 156 •

C7H

8

: -95

°C

: 111

°C

,

: 4 °

C :1.

4-7 :

()

;; ;

;;

CH

3OH

: -98

°C

: 65

°C

,: -

16 °

C

7-37

,

;;

;


• 157 •

5

(37-

41 11-

14)

HC

HO

: 96

°C;

;

: ;

; ;

: 50

°C (

);

,21

°C

21-

25 °C

; (

1-5

) (

5-25

)

44

--

(NN

-)

;

: 136

°C

;;

;


• 158 •

C6H

2(N

O2)

3OH

24

6-

: 122

°C

;

;

H3P

O4

: 42

°C

213

°C

;, ;

,

;

H2S

;: -

85 °

C: -

60 °

C

,: 4

.3-

46

,,

,


• 159 •

5

H2S

O4

;

: 10

°C (

)34

0 °C

15

; ;;

,

;(

),

;;

,

Cl 2

: -10

1 °C

: -34

°C

(RA

DS) ;

; (

)


• 160 •

()

C10

H9N

N-

--

N-

--

- : 50

°C:

301

°C- : 1

13 °

C:

306

°C

;

;

KO

H

: 360

°C

: 132

0 °C

;,

;(

), ,

;;

( )


• 161 •

5

NaO

H

: 318

°C

: 139

0 °C

5,

;

; ;

,

;(

),

;-

NaC

N

: 563

°C

: 149

6 °C

,; ; ,

;

(H

CN

) ;

()

24;

;

24h

;


• 162 •

CH

Cl 3

: -63

°C

: 61

°C;

;

()

CC

l 3C

OO

H

: 58

°C: 1

97.5

°C

;

()


• 163 •

5

CH

ClC

Cl 2

: -73

°C

: 87

°C

;

,;

,

(;

; (

);

CC

l 4

: -23

°C

: 76.

5 °C

,;

,,

;

;;

;

;,

,

(,

) (

)


• 164 •

C4H

8O:-

108.

5 °C

: 66

°C

,

: -14

°C

,

,

OsO

4

: 40

°C: 1

30 °

C,

;

;

,;

;;

:

,


• 165 •

5

Cu

: 108

3 °C

: 256

7 °C

()

P2O

5

: 340

°C

:360

°C

( )

;,

;

;

OH

C(C

H2)

3CH

O

: -14

°C

: 189

°C


• 166 •

Se,

:17

0-21

7 °C

: 685

°C

;

()

; ;50

°C

()

(A-J

) :

;;

C6H

5NO

2

: 6 °

C: 2

11 °

C:

: 88

°C

()


• 167 •

5

(50-

70)

HN

O3

: -42

°C

: 83-

121

°C

;;

;

;

, ;

;

AgN

O3

: 212

°C

: 444

°C

,

;

;

()

,; ;

;

,


• 168 •

Br 2

: -7.

2 °C

: 58.

8 °C

,

,,

BrC

N

: 52

°C: 6

1 °C

,

,,

K2T

eO3


• 169 •

5

NaH

SeO

3;

;

;;

(10

-37

)H

Cl

: -12

1 °C

;;

;

;;

()

()

,;

O2

:-21

8.4

°C: -

183

°C

,,

,


• 170 •

CH

3CH

2OH

: -11

7 °C

: 79

°C

‚: 1

2 °C

:3-

19

;

H2N

CH

2CH

2OH

2-: 1

0 °C

: 171

°C

: 85

°C

CH

3CN

: -46

°C

: 82

°C

: 12.

8 °C

: 3.0

-16

,,

,


• 171 •

5

C2H

5OC

2H5

;: -

116

°C: 3

4 °C

: -45

°C

1.7-

48

;;

;;

CH

3CH

O

: -12

1 °C

: 21

°C

;

: -39

°C

4-57

,

HC

CH

: -81

°C

:-84

°C

2.5-

100

,

, ,

;


• 172 •

CH

3CO

2H: 1

7 °C

: 118

°C

;;

: 40

°C

5.4-

16

;,

(C

H3C

O) 2

O

: -73

°C

: 139

°C

: 49

°C

2.7-

10.3

;

Ag

: 962

°C

: 221

2 °C

()

()


• 173 •

5

C9H

6O4

241

°C

0.5

;

: 39

°C;


1‚ 1 - -4‚ 4 - 151

1- -2‚ 4- 146

2‚ 4‚ 6- ( ) 108‚ 158

2‚ 4- 146

2- 170

3‚ 3 - - (1‚ 1 - ) -4‚ 4 -

146

4‚ 4 - - (N‚ N- ) 157

25-27

26

BSCs :

GMOs :

HEPA :

K12 101

N- - - 160

N- - - 160

o- 146

pUC18 101

WHO 140

125-131

:

14, 126

147

95, 96

33

8

108, 144

70

147

148

148

149

69

75

69, 75, 97

75

8

69

75

69

74

69, 75

94-97

75

74-76

101

102

74

74, 144

157

158

102

75

80, 95

71, 75

79

86-88, 89

11-12

20

25

150

51

142

63, 73, 142

142

11, 30

86

125

• 174 •


• 175 •

109, 128

125

128

12

(TSEs) 76

29-31

32

9-19

84

( ) 83-85, 88, 161

150

12, 20

87, 151

87

19, 105, 144

127

14 26

29 30

151

103, 165

29

28

102

28-32

: 29

: 29

: 30

: 31

28

32

(ABSL) 28

72

143

111

151

86, 89

9

133

1, 3, 9-18

29

11-14, 15

41-42

16

:

152

153

(NaDCC) 85

85, 154

( ) 154

152

163

( ) 20, 64-66

82, 86-88

25-27

25

:

25

26

( ) 1, 3,

20-23

20

20-21 23

21

22, 24

43

28

:

14, 22

114

66

113-114

113

17-19

29, 30, 31

26

17, 22

17, 22, 92

31

77

114


• 176 •

89

86

19, 92

30, 92

25

85, 88

19, 111-114

111

111-112

131

114

113

113

62, 63

74

142

:

18

70

70

:

18, 21

70, 81

130

12, 79, 96-97

70, 79

70

108, 154

155

88

(HEPA)

29

51-56

: 22

: 26

77

18, 90-93

62, 90-93

30

14, 16, 22, 27

25-27

90

90

90

90

90-93

16

29, 30

65

62, 63

64-66

30

9-11

60

129

20-22

25, 26

77

154

119

29

12, 13

12

:

34

51-57

25

:

14, 22

155

(UNCETDG) 94

(IATA) 94

(ICAO) 94

94

66

88, 171

88, 89

119

65

( ) 19, 107-109


• 177 •

56

108, 144

107

107

131

145-173

108

107

107-108

82, 84-88

11

:

125

20, 33, 42

58, 70

144

21, 110

110, 144

79

128

25-27

( )

1, 9-19

19

9-12

12-14

14-16

16

38-42

16

18-19

102

101-102

14, 138

138

81

102

86

12

155

157

85, 88, 157

36

36

36

38-43

119

16

139

22, 24

64, 74

72

12

12, 28

32

157

79-81

79-81

: 25, 28

79

79-81

29, 30

9-11, 20, 27

22, 60

82

(CJD) 76

:

: (HEPA)

108, 158

32

142

32

74-76, 142

79

22

144

63-65

11, 63-65

25, 30

158


• 178 •

29

12, 26

172

158

154

29, 30

32

111

84-85, 160

84, 85

162

168

15, 63

28

12, 20, 26

171

139

( ) 11, 65

110

26, 82-93

82, 84

82

89-93

77

:

82

160

12, 29

(HVAC) 21

126

29

21, 25, 51-56

20, 21

26

26

74-76

120-121

30, 32

60

47

16

142

64

70

79

:

32

( ) 84-85, 88, 161

65

15, 63

2, 21

21, 60

29, 30

51, 56

: 25

: 25-27

2

51

15, 51

63

79

62

26

109, 128-129

14

12, 20

79

161

161

97

89

60, 89

74

82

12, 26

89

88-90

77


• 179 •

19, 21

:

125, 131

60

119

82-84

74

161

56

89-93

89

89

12

47

125-126

:

139

12

117

119

:

58-60

36

79

19

63

18, 63

69, 74, 94

66

76-79

18

29

66, 72, 74

18,

63

94, 96

: 1, 3, 20-23

30

20-21

43

:

86

162

163

82

82, 84-88

32

: 12-14

: 20-22, 23

: 25-27

33

: 12-14

: 20-22, 23

: 25-27

1

13

47

47-48

16, 117

(BSCs) 51-60, 62

56

29

58

51, 56

51-55, 56

A1 54

A2. B1 B2 55

56

25-27

60, 89

:

22, 57

58

77

15, 20, 21


• 180 •

57-60, 70

51, 56

117-118

101

82

9, 11, 20, 29

84

51, 52

:

47-48

36

33-34

:

125

38-43

126

69-77

12

:

12, 117

16, 120

12, 117

12

11, 12, 29, 70

11

(WHO)

140

25

11

144

:

:

79

15

33-34

33

9, 60, 65, 66

25, 30

142

51

: 1, 3, 25-27

32-33

25-27

:

163

163

163

163-164

( ) 108

29

79

70-72

88

108

74-76

12, 20

111

28, 30

15

144

24

26

25

74-76

165

74

64, 65

9

2-3

1-2

2, 8

28

102-103

(GMT) 9-12,

69-77

:

62, 64


• 181 •

64, 65

119

:

12, 26

32

165

100, 165-166

166

11, 66, 89

29

12, 20, 29

166

74

82-93

60

84-88

82

82

89-93

97

19

:

82, 84-88

166

167

167

32

11, 20, 25, 65

:

12

167

168

74-76

72

88

168

168

168

11, 63-65, 70

142-143

16

170

63, 74

: 1, 3, 9-19

29

12-14

38-40

16

:

(ABSL) 28

3

1-3

21, 24

:

14-16

21

81

150-144

:

19, 62-66

130

15, 64, 62

62

70

69

15, 62, 63, 69

11, 63

16, 69

101

(GMOs) 101-103

103

102-103

101-102

88

( ) 86-88, 170

170

158

171

157

158

157


• 182 •

157

(2- ) 86, 146

( ) 86, 146

128

79

58

76

108

11, 70

172

11, 12, 29

11

172

16, 130

82, 84

64, 74, 142

12, 94-97

19, 21

94

69, 74

94, 96

79, 80

101

111

12, 14, 126

11, 74, 141

17

70-72

21, 63

144

101, 102

DNA 101, 103

11, 18

102

101, 102

74

75

:

58

79, 80

76-77

76

74, 142

( )

1, 3, 25-27

25

25-27


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