SAARC Action Plan onEnergy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre, Islamabad
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page iii
FOREWORD
SAARC Energy Centre (SEC) is mandated to initiate, coordinate and facilitate regional Cooperation in energy sector in South Asia. It provides relevant information, updates on technology, and necessary expertise to Member States to promote the integration of energy strategies within the region.
Import dependence for energy supplies in SAARC Member States varies between 25% in case of Bhutan to 100% in case of Maldives. With accelerated economic development, the energy consumption is increasing rapidly with resultant increase in import dependence. Inefficient use of energy to support such economic growth further compounds the rate of growth in energy use with consequent environment degradation. Member States, therefore, need to become energy efficient to become competitive in the global market besides getting environmental dividend.
The Sixteenth SAARC Summit (Silver Jubilee Summit) held in Thimphu, 28-29 April 2010, placed utmost importance on energy, especially energy conservation in the region. The Silver Jubilee SAARC Declaration, titled “Towards a Green and Happy South Asia”, states:“The Leaders agreed that an Action Plan on Energy Conservation would be prepared by the SAARC Energy Centre with inputs from the Member States and submit its recommend ations to the inter-governmental mechanism for consideration”.
The draft SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation was accordingly prepared by SEC. The Plan also included the elements of SAARC Road Map on Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation, recommendations of SAARC Working Group on Energy and various other valid suggestions made at several energy fora held in the region.
The first draft of the Action Plan was placed before the 6th Meeting of SAARC Working Group on Energy held in August 2011 in Islamabad. The Working Group recommended that the draft be sent to the Member States for comments and the final version should be developed incorporating those comments. Accordingly, the draft was circulated among Member States, and the comments received from them have been incorporated in the revised draft.
The revised draft was subjected to extensive external and internal peer review and is being submitted to the 7th Meeting of the Governing Board of SAARC Energy Centre to be held on 18-19 September 2012 in Islamabad for approval and onward submission to SAARC Secretariat for consideration of the SAARC inter-governmental mechanism for consideration.
This Action Plan has no binding obligations. It provides useful guidelines and the actions required for energy conservation. The Member States may adopt this Action Plan according to their needs and priorities and may wish to alter the suggested targets and goals to suit the prevailing ground situation.
Hilal A. RazaDirector, SAARC Energy CentreIslamabadAugust 17, 2012
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LIST OF CONTENTS
1. SITUATION ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................1
1.1 Preamble .....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background Information ...............................................................................................1
1.3 Action Plan Development Mechanism .........................................................................1
1.3.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................1
1.4 Main Focused Areas for Energy Conservation ............................................................2
1.5 SWOT Analysis and SMART Goal Settings .................................................................4
1.5.1 The Balanced Score Card Approach ...........................................................................5
1.6 Outcome and Way Forward .........................................................................................5
2. ENERGY CONSERVATION AT SUPPLY SIDE ..........................................................7
2.1 Conservation of Energy during Power Generation (Hydro or Fossil Fuels based) ......7
2.2 Conservation of Energy at Fossil Fuels Production Sites and Oil Refineries ............12
3. ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING POWER TRANSMISSION AND TRANSPORTATION ..................................................................................................15
3.1 Electricity Transmission .............................................................................................15
3.2 Fossil Fuels Transportation and Distribution ..............................................................19
4. ENERGY CONSERVATION AT THE END-USE LEVEL ...........................................23
4.1 Conservation of Energy in Transport Sector ..............................................................23
4.2 Conservation of Energy in Household Sector ............................................................31
4.3 Conservation of Energy in Industrial Sector (Including Agriculture)...........................40
4.4 Conservation of Energy in Large Commercial and Service Sector............................48
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5. ENERGY CONSERVATION BY INTRODUCING ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY ...........................................................................................55
5.1 Renewable Energy ....................................................................................................55
5.2 Bio-Fuels ....................................................................................................................59
6. LEGISLATIVE MEASURES AND CAPACITY BUILDING ........................................63
6.1 Introduction and Implementation of Legal Frameworks and Policies ........................63
6.2 Introduction and Implementation of Capacity Building Activities................................67
7. CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................71
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE I SEC FORMAT FOR COLLECTING INPUTS ...........................................75
ANNEXURE II FORMAT DEVELOPED BY THE BEE, INDIA TO EVALUATE EE PERFORMANCES IN ESTABLISHMENTS .............................................76
ANNEXURE III. REFERENCE LITERATURE ....................................................................77
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AC Air conditioner/ Alternative Current
Bcum Billion Cubic Meters
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency, INDIA
BMS Building Management System
BSC Balanced Score Card
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
DC Direct Current
DSM Demand Side Management
EA Energy Auditing/ Energy Auditor
EC Energy Conservation
EEBC Energy Efficiency Building Code
EEI Energy Efficiency Improvement
EEI&C Energy Efficiency Improvement & Conservation
EES Energy Efficiency Services
EM Energy Management/ Energy Manager
ENERCON National Energy Conservation Centre, Pakistan
ESCO Energy Services Company
ESDP Energy Services Delivery Project
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Green House Gas
GWh Giga Watt-Hour
ICS Improved Cooking Stove
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IFL Incandescent Filament Lamp
kgOE Kilogram Oil Equivalent
Km Kilo Meter
kVA Kilo Volt-Ampere
kWh Kilo Watt-Hour
LED Light Emitting Diode
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
Min Ministry of
M&V Monitoring & Verification
Mln Million
MRT Mass Rapid Transport
mT Million Tonne
mTOE Million Tonne of Oil Equivalent
N/A Not Available/ Not Applicable
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
RE Renewable Energy
R&D Research & Development
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SEA Sustainable Energy Authority, Sri Lanka
SEC SAARC Energy Centre
SMART Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely(in relation to Goals)
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
TV Television
VSD Variable Speed Drive
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INTRODUCTION TO THE ACTION PLAN
It is imperative to consider integrated aspects when Energy conservation is evaluated in the SAARC region. It should be done hand in hand with introduction of alternative fuels, new and alternative energy strategies, and necessary capacity buildings towards efficient use of energy. This approach will help to achieve energy conservation which is an integral part of energy security. Hence a total and comprehensive scenario analysis was undertaken in the development of the Action Plan. Understanding the importance of minimizing losses of this valuable commodity, i.e., Energy, wherever possible, an entire Supply Chain Management approach was employed, from the place of harnessing the energy to the end-user level. The Supply Chain Management approach that weigh-up the total path is very important.
If only supply chain management is considered, other factors that affect the use and production of Energy & Energy Resources might be overlooked. Accordingly introduction of necessary legislations, and building codes along with introduction of new and alternative fuels to the national energy mix has also been discussed. The analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and SMART goal settings based on the analysis are the basic tool used in the development of the Action Plan. SWOT analysis helps to evaluate the present situation, and to identify measures that evidence futuristic approach to achieve EE & EC. Emphasis was given to manage the anticipated threats well in advance and address weaknesses to minimize possible impacts. The Strengths need to be enhanced along with Opportunities to gain the momentum.
Any good action plan should set out time bound targets with well defined milestones and an evaluation strategy; without which the Action Plan losses its value. It is in this context that time bound targets and evaluation mile stones have been incorporated in the SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation. The executing agency should be in a position to evaluate the progress of the implementation of the Action Plan on a continuous basis to identify the reasons for non-adherence to the plans, and also to take remedial actions. For the evaluation purpose, it is proposed to employ Balanced Score Card (BSC) mechanism that pin-points the issues. As the BSC is needed to be prepared according to the Member State specific requirements, it is not appropriate to develop a sample of BSC for proposed actions. Nevertheless, a draft of BSC has been developed for the action “Analyse whether there is room for use of wasted-heat for any valuable applications” in Goal “Energy Conservation at Source: Power Generation (Fossil fuel based)”. This is given in Annexure III. This may be used to develop other BSCs where applicable.
However, due to national situations the Member States may alter BSCs or consider this action plan as base to develop their own action plan, if need arises. As the Action Plan is developed to suit most of the Member States, there would definitely be targets and areas that are not relevant or applicable to some of Member States. The Member States may adopt this action plan to suit ground realities and change targets accordingly. In this dynamic plan there may be rooms for further improvements based on different levels of Member State initiatives and plans for energy conservation.
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Inputs received from Member States (India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) are gratefully acknowledged. Editorial support of Dr Muhamed Pervaz, Programme Leader (Technology Transfer) at the SEC, and Mr. Arshad M. Sheikh (Former Deputy Director, SEC) were immense to the Researcher. Peer review done by Dr Arshad Mohammed Khan (Executive Director, Global Climate Change Impact Study Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan), and Dr. P. N. Fernando (Former Manager, Energy Division (East), Asian Development Bank, Manila) has been invaluable.
The development of this Action Plan has been materialized thanks to the direction, support, guidance and advice of Mr. Hilal A. Raza, Director SAARC Energy Centre.
Dr Saman FernandoResearch Fellow, Renewable Energy and Energy EfficiencySAARC Energy CentreIslamabad(e mail: [email protected])
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SITUATION ANALYSISChapter 1
1.1 Preamble
The Sixteenth SAARC Summit held in Thimphu, 28-29 April 2010, placed utmost importance on energy especially the energy conservation in the region. The Silver Jubilee Declaration “Towards a Green and Happy South Asia” in Para 32 states: “The Leaders agreed that an Action Plan on Energy Conservation would be prepared by the SAARC Energy Centre (SEC), Islamabad with inputs from the Member States and submitted to the inter-governmental mechanism for consideration. They called for the creation of a web portal on Energy Conservation for exchange of information and sharing of best practices among SAARC Member States.”
The SEC prepared the format for collecting inputs from the Member States, and it was circulated to the Member States through the SAARC Secretariat. The SEC acknowledges Governments of India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka for responding positively. Further, the SAARC Energy Centre incorporated inputs of the study on implementation of the SAARC Road Map for Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation (EE&EC) conducted by the SEC. The preparation of this Action Plan was facilitated by the information collected by the SEC through web searches and knowledge and experience of the Researcher.
1.2 Background Information
The brief energy scenario of the Member States was analyzed to understand the energy consumption and supply pattern in the Region. The consumption pattern in the Member States varies depending on population size, climatic conditions, living habits, status of development of the industry and so on. Most of the Member States except Maldives are blessed with cheap hydropower, while some have fossil fuel resources. Nuclear power is used to generate electricity only in two Member States. Despite large renewable sources; wind and solar have yet to be exploited by the Member States in a significant manner, so as to reflect their presence in a big way in their energy mix. , Besides, it is essential to mention that about one half of the total energy requirements of the entire Region are met by biomass.
1.3 Action Plan Development Mechanism
1.3.1 Methodology
Data were collected and information gathered about the Energy production, transportation, and consumption along with information on other parameters that affect Energy Conservation in the region. Analysis of collected Data led us to identify five key areas which have direct impact on Energy Conservation. Therefore, The Action Plan for Energy Conservation in the SAARC Region seeks conservation of energy by exploring the identified five different levels:(i)
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production level, (ii) transportation level, (iii) end-use level, (iv) introducing Renewable (home grown resources) or Alternatives to the national grid, and (v) by introducing necessary legislations and initiating required capacity building pertaining to EC.
In the identified five areas, key stakeholders have been identified to address the Energy Conservation issues. Areas such as marine transport, use of animal power, and utilization of nuclear power were not taken in to account due to their specific nature. However, the identified key areas are not common for all the Member States as these depend on geography, development status and social aspects of Member States.
Energy consumption and Energy resources data with information on Transmission losses was evaluated to assess the current situation. Further, information on Policy related issues that might have an impact on Energy Conservation were also considered.
The Action Plan noted that planned gas pipelines such as Iran-Pakistan-India and Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India will bring natural gas from vast gas fields of Iran and Central Asia to the SAARC Region. There is a possibility that the projects will be extended to cover Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka too. Further, Myanmar is exploringits gas fields and has good gas reserves. In that case, a gas pipeline connecting Myanmar and Bangladesh will also be possible. The earlier mentioned two pipelines are expected to be in operation by 2017. However, energy conservation will remain a very important aspect in all the SAARC Member States to achieve sustainable development.
In each of identified areas that may have impact on energy conservation, a SWOT Analysis was conducted to identify the current status. Based on the SWOT analysis SMART Goals were set for the sectors to achieve. These SMART Goals have led to define evaluation milestones for each of sub-activity that contributes to the overall energy conservation. Evaluation mile stones may be further expanded to have a detailed investigation of successes and failures. The Balanced Score Card (BSC) mechanism is recommended to be utilized to analyze the failures.
1.4 Main Focused Areas for Energy Conservation
In order to achieve Energy Conservation at the maximum possible level it is prudent to investigate the entire supply chain of Energy; i.e., being supplied, being lost, and being consumed. Furthermore, it is imperative to assess non-technical approaches also that help to conserve energy. In this context a comprehensive approach for Energy Conservation is proposed.
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Table I: Identification of Sector-wise Potential Contributors to Energy Conservation
Main focused area for Energy Key Players in identified area Conservation1. Energy Production Level a) Power Generation (Hydro or Fossil fuel based)
b) Fossil fuel mining sites
2. Energy Transportation Level a) Electricity transmission
b) Fossil fuel transportation
3. Energy End-use Level a) Transport sector
b) Household sector
c) Industry sector (including Agriculture)
d) Large Commercial and Service sector
4. Introduction of Renewable and a) Renewable Energy Alternative Energy Resources
b) Bio-Fuels
5. Introduction of Legislations and a) Introduction and Implementation of Capacity Building enabling Legal frameworks
b) Introduction and Implementation of Capacity building activities
Initially the energy consumption pattern and the energy supply pattern were identified in the region. The supply was categorized as Biomass, Electricity, Fossil Fuels and Others. The consumers were categorized as Household, Industry (inclusive of Agriculture), Transport, and Large Commercial and Service Sector. Attempts were made to assess what type of energy is being used for a particular activity. This was done so as to obtain a comprehensive picture about the room available for energy conservation. A SWOT analysis was performed on the identified key players with a view to embark on Energy Conservation. The “identified Key stakeholders” in the “Main focus areas for Energy Conservation” were evaluated by introducing sub-sections to examine the feasibility of introducing Energy Conservation approach. Then, based on the SWOT analysis, Action Plans were developed for the same.
The following are the five Main focus areas for Energy Conservation:
1. Energy Harnessing (mining) or Generation
2. Transmission and Transportation
3. End-use level
4. Introduction of Alternative Energy (Renewable +)
5. Introduction of Legislations and Capacity Building.
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By studying these areas and their sub-sections, it became possible to understand the energy conservation potential and make recommendations for overall improvement of aggregate energy conservation.
1.5 SWOT Analysis and SMART Goal Settings
Before embarking on development of Action Plan, it is essential to make an environmental scanning (or situation analysis) of Main focus areas and their corresponding Key players which make an impact on the Main focus areas. The environmental scanning led to a vital element; namely the SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis scans Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. In this analysis, Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors while Opportunities and Threats have both internal and external components. The SWOT analysis was developed in 1960s at the Stanford University Mainly for Business Entities. Later it has spread in many more areas where the initial planning was vital for the process. In the present case the SWOT analysis was focused on the Key players that have impact on the identified Main focus areas. An in-depth analysis was done on the Key players’ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in relation to energy conservation. A careful exposition of the findings of the SWOT analysis helped in setting the Goals and formulating the Action Plan for achieving the targets.
Proper attention was paid to set SMART goals due to the uneven stage of development amongst the Member States. The Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely goals were set up with an option to adopt and change them depending on the Member State’s development level.
Strengths (Positive attributes to succeed)
Availability of Resources Level and support enjoyed Tacit Knowledge Funds available Established system
Weaknesses (Factors within that hamper the progress)
Lack of expertise Inadequate funding Lack of skills or technology Poor infrastructure Negative attitude
Opportunities (Potential that we can realize to maximum)
Potential for growth Changing life style in SAARC Region Encouraging perception from people in the Region
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Threats (Factors beyond control that might affect the proposed change)
Need to identify them to have contingency plan Examples: price increase for commodities; Economic downturns; negative lobbying
by NGOs or Media; WTO regulations
The SMART goal settings were focused on further strengthening the Strengths, addressing the identified Weaknesses, capitalizing on Opportunities, and possible elimination of Threats. An attempt was made to give a cap in goal setting to suit all the Member States. Following the goal settings an action plan is proposed to achieve the goals, hence achieving energy conservation.
Beside the SWOT analysis findings, all other available information was considered when quantifying the Goals.
1.5.1 The Balanced Score Card Approach
Evaluation of progress is proposed to be carried out by identifying milestones while using simplified version of the Balanced Score Card (BSC) approach as it will highlight the success as well as illustrate the negative impacts that caused delays. The SEC has not developed specific BSCs for all the elements of the Action Plan. They can be developed by Member States taking into account country-specific attributes. However, a sample BSC is developed for the activity of “whether there is room for use of wasted-heat for any valuable applications” under “Energy Conservation at Source.
1.6 Outcome and Way Forward
During the development of the Action Plan we have examined all the possible ways to conserve the Energy in Direct and Indirect ways. In addition to that, we have considered the ways to achieve Energy Security of the region as we feel it as a vital component in the current context. As entire Energy supply chain management was considered in this exercise, we did not separate Energy conservation and Energy Security. The implementation of Energy Conservation Plan will make significant contributions towards achieving Energy Security in South Asia.
It is expected that after adopting the proposed actions, the Member States will continue in the same path beyond 2021 to achieve energy conservation as well as energy security in a sustainable manner.
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ENERGY CONSERVATION AT SUPPLY SIDE (FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCTION AND POWER GENERATION)
Chapter 2
Historically no adequate attention was paid to conserve the energy at the source of mining or power generation as all the conservation activities were focused towards the end-users. Nevertheless, conservation of energy at the source is very much important. It is estimated that out of 100 units of energy from mined coal at a mining site, only 2 units of energy is delivered as an output for lighting when incandescent bulbs are used at the end-use level. That forces us to consider options for conservation (waste eradication) at sites. Hydro power stations are running at almost 97% efficiency. If additional 1% increase in efficiency is achieved, it will bring huge impact, considering the share of Hydro power in national energy mix.
2.1 Conservation of Energy during Power Generation (Hydro or Fossil Fuels based)
The power stations are designed to generate power at their maximum efficient level such as about 97% for hydro and about 34% for thermal. Technological development leading to increase of efficiency has stagnated and very few options are available. However, proper housekeeping and adoption of some innovative ideas may yield increase of overall efficiency of power generation thus helping to generate more power for the same input.
A SWOT analysis was done to evaluate possible options for increase of efficiency with respect to fossil fuel based power generation and hydro power generation.
Strengths Member States’ Leadership commitment on EE & EC Government ownership of power stations (in most cases -easy to make orders) Environmental lobby Policies towards energy security
Weaknesses High cost of new technologies Lack of motivation as payback period is high in certain cases Inadequately availability of expertise
Opportunities Possibility of CDM claim Possibility of cost cutting Possible technology break-through development Potential for Fuel Saving
Threats Discovery of a new fuel type or discoveries of vast deposits of fossil fuels, which
may lead to drop in the fuel prices, thus energy conservation may lose focus Accelerated development rate in the region may result in forgoing energy
conservation
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Goal Setting
Recent studies in technologically advanced countries have shown that there is a potential to increase the overall efficiency of existing coal based thermal power plants to the level 32.5% to 35.8% and even work is going on to increase the overall efficiency up to 45%. Whereas Gas turbine have shown the overall efficiency increase potential up to 60.75%.
These studies have been carried out in more technically advanced countries where power plants may already run at the design efficiencies, i.e., 26%-28%. However, in the SAARC Region the plants normally do not run at even designed efficiencies due to various reasons. The SWOT analysis indicates that there is a room for improvements. These studies also point out that simple and proper housekeeping may also help to increase the efficiency. Considering the prevailing economic situation in the region, non-availability of state of the art technologies, and inadequate knowledge base in our region against new technological developments that are taken place in more technological advanced countries, it is proposed to set a moderate target to increase the overall efficiency of existing fossil fuel fired power plants by minimum 2%. Individual Member States may embark on activities that may eventually overshadow the achievements of the advanced nations of the world.
GOAL: To increase overall efficiency of the existing fossil fuel based Power Plants minimum by 2% by the Year 2021.
As the Hydro Power Plants already operates at more than 90% efficiency there seems to be little scope for improvement. However, continuous research and development is needed to be supported in hydro power as well.
The following Action Plan with its components and time frame was defined to achieve the set Goal:
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Page 10 SAARC Energy Centre
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d)
i) pa
ram
eter
s an
d cu
rren
t ope
ratin
g pa
ram
eter
s (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Iden
tify
disp
ariti
es if
ther
e ar
e an
y an
d re
ason
s (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
Com
plet
e th
e un
derta
ken
labo
rato
ry s
cale
ex
perim
enta
l stu
dy (Y
ear 1
)
iv)
Und
erta
ke a
nd c
ompl
ete
Pla
nt M
odifi
catio
n fe
asib
ility
Stu
dy (Y
ear 2
), C
ompl
ete
tech
no-
econ
omic
stu
dy (Y
ear 3
), Im
plem
ent (
Year
3)
v)
Con
tinue
with
new
tech
nolo
gy a
nd
anal
yze
the
resu
lts a
nnua
lly fo
r fur
ther
im
prov
emen
ts (Y
ear 3
- Yea
r 9)
b)
Ana
lyze
whe
ther
pro
per h
ouse
keep
ing
is in
pla
ce
Hou
se k
eepi
ng
Cle
anin
g bo
iler t
ubes
; app
ly
Year
1-Y
ear 3
M
in P
ower
U
tility
/Min
pr
oper
sea
ling;
Tur
bine
bla
de
Pow
er
clea
ning
; exp
lore
pos
sibi
litie
s
of in
trodu
ctio
n of
VS
Ds;
If fe
asib
le, i
ncor
pora
te in
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity/M
in
rout
ine
mai
nten
ance
P
ower
c)
Expl
ore
poss
ibili
ty o
f ado
ptin
g C
oal G
as F
iring
in p
lace
of D
irect
Coa
l Bur
ning
for S
team
Gen
erat
ion
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Ta
rget
F
undi
ng
Ado
ptio
n of
Coa
l U
nder
take
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r3
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
Gas
Firi
ng
Do
it on
a la
b. s
cale
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 5
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
Exp
lore
pos
sibi
litie
s of
app
lyin
g Ye
ar 6
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
in P
ower
Sta
tions
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 11
d)
Expl
ore
poss
ibili
ty o
f ado
ptin
g Su
per C
ritic
al L
ive
Stre
am in
Coa
l Bas
ed P
lant
s
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Ta
rget
F
undi
ng
Und
erta
ke fe
asib
ility
stu
dy
Year
1-Y
ear3
M
in P
ower
U
tility
Do
it on
a la
b. s
cale
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 5
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
Exp
lore
pos
sibi
litie
s of
app
lyin
g Ye
ar 6
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
in P
ower
Sta
tions
e)
Intr
oduc
tion
of C
ombi
ned
Cyc
les
to G
as b
ased
Pow
er P
lant
s
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
S
ched
uled
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Und
erta
ke fe
asib
ility
stu
dy
Year
1-Y
ear3
M
in P
ower
U
tility
Do
it on
a la
b. s
cale
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 5
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
Exp
lore
pos
sibi
litie
s of
app
lyin
g Ye
ar 6
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Util
ity
in P
ower
Sta
tions
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
, (lis
ted
in th
e
pare
nthe
sis
is th
e Ye
ar th
at is
targ
eted
to
com
plet
e a
part
icul
ar a
ctiv
ity)
i) S
tudy
and
mea
sure
Pow
er P
lant
des
ign
para
met
ers
and
curr
ent o
pera
ting
para
met
ers
(Yea
r 1),
Iden
tify
disp
ariti
es if
th
ere
are
any
and
reas
ons
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Com
plet
e U
nder
take
n la
bora
tory
sca
le
expe
rimen
tal s
tudy
(Yea
r 2) o
r see
k te
chno
logy
tran
sfer
from
an
adva
nced
C
ount
ryiii
) U
nder
take
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
in in
trodu
cing
no
vel m
etho
dolo
gy (Y
ear 2
), co
nduc
t te
chno
-eco
nom
ic a
naly
sis
(Yea
r 3),
Impl
emen
t (Ye
ar 4
)iv
) C
ontin
ue w
ith n
ew te
chno
logy
and
an
alyz
e th
e re
sults
ann
ually
for f
urth
er
impr
ovem
ents
(Yea
r 3-Y
ear 9
)
Ado
ptio
n of
Sup
er
Crit
ical
Liv
e st
ream
in
Coa
l Pow
er P
lant
s
Eva
luat
ion
Mile
ston
es
(list
ed in
the
pare
nthe
sis
is th
e Ye
ar th
at is
ta
rget
ed to
com
plet
e a
parti
cula
r act
ivity
)
i) S
tudy
and
mea
sure
Pow
er P
lant
des
ign
para
met
ers
and
curr
ent o
pera
ting
para
met
ers
(Yea
r 1),
Iden
tify
disp
ariti
es if
th
ere
are
any
and
reas
ons
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Und
erta
ke fe
asib
ility
stu
dy in
intro
duci
ng
nove
l met
hodo
logy
(Yea
r 2),
cond
uct
tech
no-e
cono
mic
ana
lysi
s (Y
ear 3
), Im
plem
ent (
Year
4)
iii)
If no
t suc
ceed
see
k as
sist
ance
from
ad
vanc
ed c
ount
ry in
the
regi
on o
r SE
Civ
) C
ontin
ue w
ith n
ew te
chno
logy
and
an
alyz
e th
e re
sults
ann
ually
for f
urth
er
impr
ovem
ents
(Yea
r 3- Y
ear 9
)
Com
bine
Cyc
le
intro
duct
ion
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 12 SAARC Energy Centre
2.2 Conservation of Energy at Fossil Fuels Production Sites and Oil Refineries
Taking measures to minimize waste is very important whether it is a Coal mine, Gas or Oil well, or an Oil refinery. The Member States may still be exploiting outdated technologies in Coal mining or in tapping Oil and Gas. There is a chance that some of the Oil refineries and Oil and Gas wells just flare excess gas due to absence of any value added application. Hot steam injection and CO2 injection in to the oil wells to tap oil second and third time may or may not be taking place in our region. Due to lack of valid data, a Generalized SWOT is proposed.
The SWOT analysis was done to introduce fuel conservation at Fossil fuel mining sites and Oil refineries
Strengths
Member States’ Leadership commitment In most cases ownership is with the Government (easy to implement orders) Environmental lobby Low intensive technology
Weaknesses
High cost of new technologies Payback period is high for certain new technologies Lack of awareness on new technologies
Opportunities
Possibility of cost cutting Help to secure energy independence New job opportunities
Threats
Discovery of a new fuel type or discoveries of vast deposits of fossil fuels may lead to drop in the fuel prices, thus conservation may not be very attractive and/or cheap option.
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis has shown that there are avenues for energy conservation and efficiency improvement at the mining sites but very little at the refineries. However, the literature indicates that there are limited possibilities even at the refineries. Considering all the above, a Goal was set to reduce waste in, both, mining and refineries.
Goal: To reduce the waste in Fossil fuels mining and in Oil refineries by 25% of the present level by the Year 2021, while other affecting factors remain as of now.
The following Action Plan has been developed to achieve the set Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 13
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
at S
ourc
e: F
ossi
l Fue
l Min
ing
Site
s
GO
AL:
To
redu
ce th
e w
aste
in F
ossi
l fue
l min
ing
by 2
5% (o
f the
pre
sent
leve
l pro
vide
d ot
her c
ompo
nent
s re
mai
n sa
me)
by
the
Year
202
1.
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e Se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
(T
houg
h th
ere
are
man
y op
tions
to im
prov
e th
e ov
eral
l pro
duct
ivity
of m
inin
g at
this
C
ontr
ibut
ion
stag
e w
e ar
e co
nsid
erin
g on
ly w
aste
min
imiz
atio
n)
to E
ffici
ency
Impr
ovem
ent
by
(%)
a)
Min
imiz
e th
e cu
rren
t was
tage
s
75
b)
Exp
lore
new
min
ing
tech
niqu
es w
ith M
inim
um w
aste
and
em
ploy
them
25
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Min
imiz
e th
e cu
rren
t was
tes
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
S
ched
uled
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Cal
cula
te th
e w
aste
s Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Min
ing,
M
in M
inin
g
Pet
role
um
Com
pute
the
was
tage
s
Year
3 M
in M
inin
g,
Min
Min
ing
perc
enta
ge re
lativ
e to
Pet
role
um
prod
uctio
n
Take
mea
sure
s to
min
imiz
e
Year
4
Min
Min
ing,
M
in M
inin
g
w
aste
s in
min
ing
field
s
Pet
role
um
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
Maj
or s
avin
gs c
an b
e ac
hiev
ed
thro
ugh
the
depl
oym
ent o
f lat
est
tech
nolo
gies
in O
il an
d G
as s
ecto
r. H
owev
er, t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
r ac
quiri
ng o
f the
sam
e co
uld
be c
ostly
.
Eva
luat
ion
Mile
ston
es
(list
ed in
the
pare
nthe
sis
is th
e Ye
ar th
at is
ta
rget
ed to
com
plet
e a
parti
cula
r act
ivity
)
i) U
nder
take
a s
ite s
urve
y to
mea
sure
the
was
tage
s (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Iden
tify
met
hods
to m
inim
ize
it (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Che
ck w
ith in
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
iv)
benc
hmar
king
for c
ompa
rison
(Yea
r 2)
v)
Und
erta
ke te
chno
-eco
nom
ic fe
asib
ility
st
udy
(Yea
r 3)
vi)
Impl
emen
t the
find
ings
(Yea
r 4)
Min
imiz
ing
over
all
was
te in
the
curr
ent
min
ing
prac
tices
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 14 SAARC Energy Centre
b)
Expl
ore
new
min
ing
tech
niqu
es
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
S
ched
uled
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fund
ing
New
tech
niqu
es
Sea
rch
for n
ew m
inin
g an
d
Year
1
Min
. Min
ing,
M
in M
inin
g
pr
oduc
tion
tech
niqu
es th
at a
re
P
etro
leum
al
read
y de
velo
ped
Und
erta
ke fe
asib
ility
to a
dopt
th
ose
tech
niqu
es
Year
1-Y
ear 3
M
in M
inin
g M
in M
inin
g
Ado
pt th
em
Year
4
Min
Min
ing
Min
Min
ing
Em
ploy
R&
D d
epar
tmen
ts to
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 9
Min
Min
ing,
in
vest
igat
e ne
w m
inin
g
P
etro
leum
M
in M
inin
g
te
chni
ques
so
that
was
tage
is
min
imiz
ed
Eva
luat
ion
Mile
ston
es, (
liste
d in
the
pare
nthe
sis
is th
e Ye
ar th
at is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rticu
lar a
ctiv
ity)
i) U
nder
take
a s
tudy
on
empl
oyed
min
ing
tech
niqu
es fo
r sav
ing
was
tage
s (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Iden
tify
met
hods
to im
prov
e (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Und
erta
ke b
ench
mar
king
stu
dy fo
r ind
ustry
be
st p
ract
ices
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
Und
erta
ke te
chno
-eco
nom
ic a
naly
sis
in
adop
ting
new
min
ing
tech
niqu
es (Y
ear 4
)
v)
Impl
emen
t (Ye
ar 4
)
vi)
Con
tinue
with
new
met
hodo
logi
es a
nd
impr
ove
it (Y
ear 5
- Yea
r 9)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 15
ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING POWER TRANSMISSION AND TRANSPORTATIONChapter 3
Any form of energy whether fossil fuel or electricity has to be brought to the point of use. The delivery path has its losses, some of which are unavoidable but steps could be taken to minimize them. Whether electricity is transmitted using overhead lines or fossil fuel is transported by pipelines, trucks or railways; minimization of losses needs to be given due importance. In this Action Plan Electricity distribution losses such as theft, are not considered due to their specific nature and need to be eliminated through requisite administrative and legal mechanisms.
3.1 Electricity Transmission
Electricity that is normally generated between 11 kV and 33 kV by Generator sets cannot be efficiently transmitted to long distances. As such stepping-up transformers are used at the power stations to increase the voltage in the range 132 kV to 400 kV generally in the SAARC region, except for India which is having A/C transmissions systems at 765kV, and major DC systems as well. The high voltage overhead lines (usually double circuit on pylons or towers) connect the generating stations with the grid substations where stepping-down of the voltage takes place in order to make the electricity usable in most of the equipment. In the technically advanced countries average technical losses in the transmission of electricity are around 5%.
A SWOT analysis was conducted to examine the current situation and for exploring the possibilities for promoting energy efficiency of transmission lines.
Strengths
High cost of new technologies Government owned transmission lines (easy to address changes) Political leadership Good knowledge base in the region Availability of reliable Data
Weaknesses
Lack of funds for major changes/augmentation of systems Lack of new skills and technology in some of the Member Countries, but available
in the region High stake of System stability of the power system on Economy
Opportunities
Potential for heavy savings Possible technology break-through Potential for new knowledge development
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 16 SAARC Energy Centre
Threats
Any decrease of fossil fuels prices may hamper the efforts. Problems in Technology Transfer
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis indicates more difficulties than possibilities. Considering all available information about the potential of energy savings during power transmission and the SWOT findings, it is proposed that steps be taken to reduce transmission losses by 1/5th of the existing levels by the Year 2021.
Goal: To reduce technical losses in power transmission by 1/5th in comparison with today’s relative losses by the Year 2021
The following Action Plan has been developed to accomplish the Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 17
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
durin
g Tr
ansm
issi
on a
nd T
rans
port
atio
n: E
lect
ricity
Tra
nsm
issi
on
GO
AL:
Red
uctio
n of
Pow
er tr
ansm
issi
on lo
sses
by
1/5t
h fro
m e
xist
ing
rela
tive
loss
es (p
rovi
ded
othe
r fac
tors
rem
ain
sam
e) b
ythe
Yea
r 202
1
Pr
opos
ed A
ctio
n Pl
an to
Ach
ieve
the
Set G
oal
Ant
icip
ated
(It is
und
erst
ood
that
her
e w
e ar
e co
nsid
erin
g on
ly te
chni
cal l
osse
s)
Con
trib
utio
n
to E
ffici
ency
Im
prov
emen
t
by
(%)
a)
Ass
es th
e cu
rren
t pow
er lo
sses
in T
rans
mis
sion
line
s, ta
ke re
med
ial s
teps
to re
duce
it
20
b)
Exp
lore
ste
ppin
g-up
of V
olta
ge, w
here
pos
sibl
e, to
redu
ce th
e lo
sses
30
c)
In n
ew c
onst
ruct
ions
, pay
due
atte
ntio
n to
Con
duct
or c
apac
ity in
crea
se, H
igh
Volta
ge a
nd
N
ew G
ener
atio
n of
Tra
nsfo
rmer
s 50
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Ass
es th
e cu
rren
t pow
er lo
sses
in tr
ansm
issi
on li
nes
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fund
ing
Line
loss
es
Ass
ess
line
loss
es
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Eva
luat
e th
e lo
sses
aga
inst
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
in
tern
atio
nal n
orm
s
Take
act
ions
to re
duce
line
Ye
ar 3
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
lo
sses
C
ompo
nent
Wei
ghta
ge
Furth
er m
inim
izin
g of
line
loss
es
from
cur
rent
5%
-6 %
is v
ery
diffi
cult
task
as
the
loss
es m
ainl
y de
pend
s on
resi
stan
ce o
f the
con
duct
or.
Maj
or c
ontri
buto
r to
the
expe
cted
re
duct
ion
wou
ld b
e fro
m n
ew li
nes
cons
truct
ion
and
intro
duct
ion
of
step
ping
-up
trans
form
ers
whe
re
appl
icab
le. H
owev
er, n
ot o
verlo
adin
g th
e ex
istin
g co
nduc
tors
will
hav
e to
be
mai
ntai
ned.
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
i) S
tudy
the
line
ratin
g lo
sses
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Mea
sure
act
ual l
osse
s (Y
ear 1
)iii
) Id
entif
y th
e ca
use
for e
xces
sive
loss
es
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Che
ck in
tern
atio
nal b
ench
mar
king
(Yea
r 2)
v)
Pro
pose
rem
edia
l mea
sure
s (Y
ear 2
)vi
) Im
plem
ent (
Year
3)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 18 SAARC Energy Centre
b)
Expl
ore
step
ping
-up
of T
rans
mitt
ing
Volta
ge, w
here
pos
sibl
e, to
redu
ce th
e lo
sses
Volta
ge S
tep-
up
Eva
luat
e th
e ne
ed a
nd
Year
1-Y
ear 3
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Util
ity
tech
nica
l fea
sibi
lity
M
in P
ower
Cal
cula
te C
ost-e
cono
mic
s Ye
ar 3
M
in P
ower
U
tility
Mak
e a
prop
osal
and
Ye
ar 4
M
in P
ower
U
tility
Im
plem
ent
C)
In n
ew c
onst
ruct
ions
pay
due
atte
ntio
n to
Con
duct
or c
apac
ity in
crea
se, H
igh
Volta
ge a
nd N
ew G
ener
atio
n of
Tra
nsfo
rmer
s
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fund
ing
Cal
cula
te C
ost-e
cono
mic
s Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 3
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Con
side
r the
abo
ve w
ith n
ew
Year
4
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
in P
ower
ge
nera
tion
of T
rans
form
ers
etc.
Min
Pow
er
Eva
luat
e th
e fe
asib
ility
Ye
ar 4
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
Mak
e a
prop
osal
and
try
to
Year
4-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
im
plem
ent
i) Th
e lin
e lo
ad is
mea
sure
d to
det
erm
ine
loss
es (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Loss
es a
re c
ompa
red
with
inte
rnat
iona
l be
nchm
arks
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
If lo
sses
are
wel
l abo
ve th
e be
nchm
arke
d lo
sses
, exp
lore
tech
nica
l fea
sibi
lity
of S
tep-
ping
up
the
Volta
ge (W
heth
er e
xist
ing
Tow
-er
s, C
ondu
ctor
s an
d ot
her E
q co
uld
supp
ort
Aug
men
tatio
n) (Y
ear 1
)
iv)
Und
erta
ke te
chno
-eco
nom
ic e
valu
atio
n (Y
ear 2
/ Yea
r 3)
v)
Impl
emen
t (Ye
ar 4
)
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
i) U
nder
take
stu
dies
on
new
gen
erat
ion
of
Tran
sfor
mer
s w
here
Cu-
loss
es a
re fu
rther
m
inim
ized
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Car
ry-o
ut te
chni
cal f
easi
bilit
y st
udy
of in
tro-
duci
ng th
em to
the
syst
em (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
Und
erta
ke a
tech
no-e
cono
mic
eva
luat
ion
of
the
prop
osed
idea
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Impl
emen
t (Ye
ar 4
- Yea
r 9)
Intro
duct
ion
of
New
Gen
erat
ion
of
Tran
sfor
mer
s, e
tc.
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 19
3.2 Fossil Fuels Transportation and Distribution
Coal is transported to the end user from mine by railways or road transport. Oil is initially transported to the refineries either through pipelines or in containers, and from there it is transported to the end user in containers. Gas is also taken to the end user mostly through pipelines but also in containers in liquid form (LPG). Though the issue has not been addressed adequately, losses do exist in transportation and distribution of fossil fuels. As the stakes are high, it is essential to explore the possibilities for reducing the losses.
A SWOT analysis was undertaken to assess the situation.
Strengths High stakes involved facilitates promotion of energy conservation Policy making level support may be enjoyed Easy to calculate losses Mainly government controlled fleet (easy to enforce)
Weaknesses Poor funding situation Lack of expertise in gas pipelines Mainly government controlled fleet (lack of incentives for affecting savings)
Opportunities Huge potential for savings Immediate cash recovery Modest level technology requirement
Threats Sudden drop of fossil fuels price may cause a negative impact Accelerated economic growth in Member States may force to forgo conservation Shifting to a new fuel will threaten conservation
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis indicates the possibilities of getting support from the concerned authorities but funding is not expected. Considering the importance of the sector being assessed and all available information about the potential of energy savings in this sector, it is proposed to reduce energy losses in fossil fuels transportation and distribution by a half. Accordingly a Goal is set.
Goal: To reduce Energy losses incurred during fossil fuels transportation and distribution by a half from today’s losses by the Year 2021 for the same amount transported while other affecting factors remaining unchanged.
The following Action Plan has been developed to accomplish the set Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 20 SAARC Energy Centre
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
durin
g Tr
ansm
issi
on a
nd T
rans
port
atio
n: F
ossi
l Fue
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
GO
AL:
Red
uctio
n of
Fos
sil f
uels
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d di
strib
utio
n lo
sses
by
a ha
lf by
the
Year
202
1 fo
r the
sam
e am
ount
tran
spor
ted
whi
le o
ther
affe
ctin
g fa
ctor
s re
mai
ning
unc
hang
ed
Pr
opos
ed A
ctio
n Pl
an to
ach
ieve
the
Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
Con
trib
utio
n
to E
ffici
ency
Im
prov
emen
t
by
(%)
a)
Ass
es c
urre
nt lo
sses
in fo
ssil
fuel
s tra
nspo
rtatio
n In
tang
ible
im
pact
b)
Iden
tify
way
s to
min
imiz
e lo
sses
and
Impl
emen
t 50
c)
Ado
pt n
ew te
chno
logi
es to
min
imiz
e lo
sses
50
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Ass
es th
e cu
rren
t los
ses
in F
ossi
l fue
ls tr
ansp
orta
tion
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Eva
luat
ion
of lo
sses
Id
entif
y m
eans
of t
rans
port
that
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pet
role
um
Min
Pet
role
um
deliv
er fu
el to
the
end
user
ac
cord
ing
to th
e ca
paci
ty
(Pip
elin
e, R
ail,
Truc
k, o
ther
)
Loss
es a
re m
easu
red
to
Year
2- Y
ear 3
M
in P
etro
leum
M
in P
etro
leum
de
term
ine
the
prop
ortio
n
agai
nst m
eans
of t
he tr
ansp
ort
C
ompo
nent
Wei
ghta
ge
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
v)
Ana
lyze
the
trans
porta
tion
of fu
el fr
om th
e po
int o
f min
ing
to e
nd u
ser o
r fro
m th
e po
int
of d
eliv
ery
to th
e co
untry
to e
nd u
ser
(Yea
r 2)
vi)
Iden
tify
the
maj
or c
ontri
butin
g m
eans
of
trans
port
that
incu
r hig
her l
osse
s (Y
ear 2
)
Iden
tify
way
s to
min
imiz
e lo
sses
an
d as
sess
men
t of c
urre
nt lo
sses
is
the
key
to im
prov
e th
e fo
ssil
fuel
tra
nspo
rtatio
n. N
ew te
chno
logi
es
alw
ays
redu
ce lo
sses
how
ever
it
depe
nds
on th
e C
ost.
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 21
b)
Iden
tify
way
s to
min
imiz
e lo
sses
occ
urre
d in
foss
il fu
el tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
Impl
emen
t rem
edia
l act
ions
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
How
to m
inim
ize
D
evel
op m
odel
s to
iden
tify
Year
3
Min
Pet
role
um/
Min
Pet
role
um/
loss
es
caus
es fo
r los
ses
S
cien
ce &
S
cien
ce &
Te
chno
logy
Te
chno
logy
Iden
tify
caus
es fo
r los
ses
Year
1-Y
ear 3
M
in P
etro
leum
M
in P
etro
leum
Und
erta
ke T
echn
olog
y W
atch
Ye
ar 3
M
in P
etro
leum
M
in P
etro
leum
/
to
det
erm
ine
Glo
bal r
emed
ial
Sci
ence
and
m
easu
res
Te
chno
logy
Cal
cula
te C
ost-e
cono
mic
s an
d Ye
ar 4
- Yea
r 9
Min
Pet
role
um
Min
Pet
role
um
Impl
emen
t if f
easi
ble
c)
Ado
pt n
ew te
chno
logi
es to
min
imiz
e lo
sses
Und
erta
ke T
echn
olog
y W
atch
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 3
Min
Pet
role
um
Min
Pet
role
um
Eva
luat
e ne
w te
chno
logi
es
Year
4
Min
Pet
role
um
Min
Pet
role
um
Und
erta
ke te
chno
-eco
nom
ic
eval
uatio
n Ye
ar 4
M
in P
etro
leum
M
in P
etro
leum
If fe
asib
le C
onsi
der i
ntro
duct
ion
Year
4
Min
Pet
role
um
Min
Pet
role
um
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
i) Id
entif
y th
e ca
uses
for l
osse
s (Y
ear 3
)
ii)
Scr
een
glob
al b
est p
ract
ices
to re
duce
lo
sses
(Yea
r 3)
iii)
Eva
luat
e re
med
ial m
easu
res
for t
echn
o-co
st e
ffect
iven
ess
(Yea
r 4)
iv)
impl
emen
t mea
sure
s(Ye
ar 4
- Yea
r 9)
i) Lo
sses
are
gra
ded
acco
rdin
g to
mea
n of
th
e tra
nspo
rt (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Und
erta
ke T
echn
olog
y W
atch
to d
eter
min
e ne
w m
etho
dolo
gies
dev
elop
ed (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Take
Cos
t ben
efit a
naly
sis
of n
ew
tech
nolo
gies
with
com
paris
on to
the
amou
nt
of lo
sses
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
App
ly a
ppro
pria
te n
ew te
chno
logi
es
(Yea
r 4)
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
ne
w te
chno
logi
es
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 23
ENERGY CONSERVATION AT THE END-USE LEVELChapter 4
Energy consumption data of the Member States were analyzed to explore the possibility of Energy Conservation at the end-use level. For that purpose, four categories of energy end-users have been identified, which are Transport sector, Household sector, Industry sector (including Agriculture), and Large Commercial & Service sector. Contribution by Agriculture harvesting combines has been taken as negligible. These sectors were identified in order to have a common platform for all the SAARC Member States.
4.1 Conservation of Energy in Transport Sector
The Transport sector in the SAARC region is dominated by motorized road transport followed by railways. Contribution of river / marine based transport is minimal in comparison with the other two. Poor road conditions and over worn vehicular fleet lead to more energy consumption and heavy pollution. Recent reports indicate that in OECD countries the transport sector contributes 27% to their total CO2 emissions. Considering the poor vehicle fleet that are on the roads in the SAARC region and the current development stage of the SAARC countries, it is understood that the CO2 emissions from road transport sector in the SAARC countries will definitely be more than 27% of their total emissions. Therefore, Conservation of Energy in the road transport sector will have a substantial impact on the overall fuel consumption of these countries as well as reduction of their GHG emissions. The number of private vehicles per unit of population is very low compared to that in the developed countries, while the public transport systems are widely used in the SAARC Region. Development of Bio-fuels for use in transport sector is still in the R&D stage. Once achieved, it will be beneficial at least for a fraction of the vehicular fleet.
The SWOT analysis for conserving energy in the Transport sector has been very helpful in formulating the Action Plan for this sector.
Strengths
Commitment of the Member States’ leadership
Fewer numbers of private vehicles per unit of population in comparison with the developed world
Easy to train workmanship
Well distributed road network in the Member States
Growth of income facilitates shifting to more fuel economical modes of transport (from private motor bicycles to cars; from old, inefficient vehicles to new, more efficient vehicles)
Cost effectiveness is visible
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 24 SAARC Energy Centre
Weaknesses
Vehicular engines and locomotives are made outside the SAARC Region, so no chance for influencing their design
Lack of expertise to increase efficiency of the engines and locomotives Railway transport is not evenly developed among Member States Poor public transport schemes force people to use inefficient private means of
transportation Inadequate funding for development of Mass Rapid Transport schemes Highly urbanized economies attract traffic and people to cities
Opportunities
Huge potential of users for more efficient vehicular engines, if developed A good potential of users for more efficient public transport system Potential for induction of Solar powered/ Battery powered motor vehicles in the
region with the maturing of thee technologies.
Threats
Un-announced sudden change of policies in the Member States will have adverse impacts
If the fuel prices fall drastically then no one will be interested in energy conservation Improved income of the people leads to purchase of private and more comfortable
means of transport instead of using public transport services
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis indicates that there is ample room to conserve energy in the Transport sector. Various studies suggest that the SAARC Member Studies can reduce the consumption of energy to meet their transport demand by a quarter, if the issue is properly addressed. However, poor funding and inadequate deployment of sophisticated technologies can reduce it to a moderate targets. Thus, an appropriate specific target would be to reduce the fuel consumption in the Transport sector by10% from the current consumption level and achieve it by the Year 2021. This is attainable considering the strengths we do posses and realistic with the possible technology development and awareness creation. So the timely target is to conserve Energy use in the Transport sector so that by 2021 fossil fuel requirement is reduced by 10% for a unit of commodity transported (Ex: per passenger km or per ton of goods transported per km) in comparison to 2012 figures.
Goal: 10% reduction in Fuel used in Transport sector in SAARC Member States by 2021 for a unit of transported while other affecting factors remain as of today.
To accomplish the set goal, the following Action Plan is developed comprising various components:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 25
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
at E
nd-U
se L
evel
: Tra
nspo
rt S
ecto
r
GO
AL:
To
impr
ove
Ene
rgy
Con
serv
atio
n in
the
Tran
spor
t sec
tor b
y 20
21 p
er p
asse
nger
-km
and
per
uni
t of t
on-k
m; s
o th
at p
er u
nit o
f pas
seng
er-k
m a
nd p
er to
n of
goo
d-km
tran
spor
ted,
foss
il fu
el c
onsu
mpt
ion
is re
duce
d by
10%
(in
com
paris
on w
ith 2
012
figur
es).
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
C
ontr
ibut
ion
to E
nerg
y
C
onse
rvat
ion
by (%
)
a)
Intro
duct
ion
of M
ass
Rap
id T
rans
port
sche
mes
in la
rge
citie
s 5
b)
Enc
oura
ge s
hifti
ng to
mor
e fu
el e
ffici
ent m
eans
of t
rans
port
by p
rovi
ding
app
ropr
iate
ince
ntiv
es
(e
.g. b
ring
in y
our f
uel i
neffi
cien
t car
and
giv
e in
cent
ives
in th
e sh
ape
of ta
x br
eaks
for p
urch
asin
g
a
new
fuel
effi
cien
t veh
icle
s)
20
c)
Enc
oura
ge u
se o
f Bic
ycle
s fo
r sho
rt di
stan
ces
(so
that
peo
ple
trave
l les
s by
Car
s)
30
d)
Und
erta
ke R
oad
netw
ork
deve
lopm
ents
15
e)
Enc
oura
ge d
evel
opm
ent o
f Bio
-fuel
s fo
r Tra
nspo
rt In
tang
ible
impa
ct
f) U
nder
take
Rai
lway
net
wor
k de
velo
pmen
ts
30
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Intr
oduc
tion
of M
ass
Rap
id T
rans
port
sch
emes
for l
arge
citi
es
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Iden
tify
mai
n ju
nctio
ns/ s
ubur
bs
Year
1
Loca
l Aut
ho
Tran
spor
t
in
out
er c
ity li
mits
M
inis
try
(list
ed in
the
pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Ye
ar th
at is
ta
rget
ed to
co
mpl
ete
a
parti
cula
r act
ivity
)
Und
erta
ke s
urve
y of
Ye
ar 3
Lo
cal A
utho
rity
Tran
spor
t
co
mm
uter
s pa
ssin
g th
ose
M
inis
try
poin
ts in
the
peak
hou
rs
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
i) U
nder
take
sur
vey
to id
entif
y ke
y po
ints
at
the
city
ent
ry p
oint
s an
d m
ain
subu
rbs
ii)
whe
re p
asse
nger
s di
sem
bark
from
Bus
ses/
R
ail f
or fu
rther
trav
ellin
g (Y
ear 1
)iii
) E
xpan
d th
e su
rvey
to id
entif
y m
ain
attra
ctio
ns/ f
requ
ent v
isiti
ng p
lace
s (Y
ear 3
)
Ene
rgy
cons
erva
tion
in th
e Tr
ansp
ort s
ecto
r may
be
achi
eved
by
mor
e E
ffici
ent w
ays
of u
tiliz
atio
n of
tran
spor
t or u
se o
f Alte
rnat
ive
met
hod
of tr
ansp
orta
tion.
In
SA
AR
C C
ount
ries
we
will
hav
e to
pa
y m
ore
atte
ntio
n to
enc
oura
ge
to u
se B
icyc
les,
and
to u
nder
take
de
velo
pmen
t of R
ail n
etw
ork
Iden
tifyi
ng c
ity li
mits
M
RT
star
ting
poin
ts.
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 26 SAARC Energy Centre
Mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns fo
r Ye
ar 2
Lo
cal A
utho
rity
Tran
spor
t
M
RT
poin
ts
Min
istry
Hire
loca
l ins
titut
ion
or s
ecur
e
Year
2
Mem
ber S
tate
Tr
ansp
ort
assi
stan
ce fo
r pre
para
tion
of
Min
istry
M
RT
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
Intro
duct
ion
of Z
onal
ent
ry ta
x Ye
ar 3
M
embe
r Sta
te
Tran
spor
t
sy
stem
with
in th
e ci
ty li
mits
M
inis
try
If R
ail b
ased
MR
T is
feas
ible
, Ye
ar 4
-Yea
r 6
Mem
ber S
tate
Fi
nanc
e
ei
ther
sec
ure
own
fund
ing
or
or
Len
ding
M
inis
try/
arra
nge
BO
O/ B
OO
T
O
rgan
izat
ion
Tran
spor
t
m
echa
nism
to s
ecur
e th
e
Min
istry
op
erat
ion
Neg
otia
tions
, hiri
ng c
onsu
ltant
s,
Year
4
Mem
ber S
tate
Tr
ansp
ort
EIA
, pro
ject
fina
lizin
g
M
inis
try
Sta
rt co
nstru
ctio
n of
MR
Ts o
r Ye
ar 2
(Bus
)-
Loca
l Aut
horit
y/
Fina
nce,
S
tart
Bus
ser
vice
Ye
ar 5
M
embe
r Sta
te
Min
istry
/
(con
stru
ctio
n
Tr
ansp
ort
of
MR
Ts)
M
inis
try/
E
nviro
nmen
t
Min
istry
Intro
duct
ion
of M
RTs
Ye
ar 9
M
embe
r Sta
te
Tran
spor
t
or
Len
ding
M
inis
try/
Org
aniz
atio
n E
nviro
nmen
t
Min
istry
Intro
duce
legi
slat
ions
Ye
ar1
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
embe
r Sta
te/
SE
C
Tran
spor
t
Min
istry
/
AG
Offi
ce
Em
pow
er lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s fo
r Ye
ar 2
* M
embe
r Sta
te
Loca
l Aut
horit
y/
tax
colle
ctio
n
E
nviro
nmen
t
Min
istry
Impl
emen
t Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 5*
Loca
l Aut
horit
y Lo
cal A
utho
rity
*a
fter a
rran
ging
that
If a
ltern
ativ
e tra
nspo
rts a
re p
rovi
ded
with
i) H
iring
Con
sulta
nts
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Feas
ibili
ty S
tudy
(Yea
r 2)
iii)
Bid
ding
for B
OO
/ BO
OT
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
Neg
otia
tion
and
Awar
d of
the
Con
tract
s (Y
ear 4
)
i) B
ased
on
initi
al s
urve
ys a
nd re
ports
, co
nsul
tant
s ar
e hi
red
to p
repa
re fu
ndin
g pr
opos
als
and
othe
r rep
orts
(EIA
, et
c) (Y
ear
3)
ii)
Sec
ure
fund
ing,
sig
n co
ntra
cts
(Yea
r 6)
iii)
Sta
rt co
nstru
ctio
n (Y
ear 7
)
iv)
Exp
and
faci
litie
s ba
sed
on s
ucce
ss (Y
ear 9
)
i) In
trodu
ctio
n of
Poi
nt to
Poi
nt B
usse
s at
Id
entifi
ed lo
catio
ns (Y
ear 2
)
ii)
Eva
luat
ion
(Yea
r 3)
iii)
Intro
duct
ion
of T
ax S
yste
m in
the
Res
trict
ed
Are
a (Y
ear 4
)
Intro
duct
ion
of
MR
T (T
ube
train
s or
“poi
nt-to
-poi
nt”
Luxu
ry/ N
orm
al
Bus
ses)
Impl
emen
t the
Zon
al
taxe
s sc
hem
e fo
r pr
ivat
e ve
hicl
es
Und
erta
ke fe
asib
ility
st
udie
s an
d se
cure
fu
ndin
g
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 27
b)
Enco
urag
e sh
iftin
g to
mor
e fu
el e
ffici
ent m
eans
of t
rans
port
by
prov
idin
g ap
prop
riate
ince
ntiv
es
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
exis
ting
law
s Ye
ar 1
M
embe
r Sta
te
Dra
ft ne
w le
gisl
atio
ns if
the
Ye
ar 2
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Tran
spor
t
ex
istin
g la
ws
are
not a
dequ
ate
S
EC
Min
istry
/
(L
eadi
ng C
ount
ries
in th
e
AG
Offi
ce
regi
on m
ay h
elp.
)
Enf
orce
the
Law
s
Year
5
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Tran
spor
t Min
istry
/ AG
Offi
ce
c)
Enco
urag
e co
mm
uter
s to
get
off
from
car
s an
d us
e pe
ddle
d bi
cycl
es
Und
erta
ke a
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
Ye
ar 1
Lo
cal A
utho
rity
Mem
ber S
tate
/
Tran
spor
t
Min
istry
/
Loca
l Aut
horit
y
If fe
asib
le, s
ecur
e fu
ndin
g Ye
ar 2
Lo
cal A
utho
rity
Mem
ber S
tate
/
Tran
spor
t
Min
istry
/
Loca
l Aut
horit
y
Bui
ld C
yclin
g pa
ths
Year
4
Loca
l Aut
horit
y Lo
cal A
utho
rity
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
i) S
tudy
the
exis
ting
trans
port
law
s (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Und
erta
ke D
rafti
ng n
ew la
ws
to b
ridge
the
gaps
(Yea
r 3)
iii)
Und
erta
ke O
pini
on v
iew
(Yea
r 4)
iv)
Get
the
law
app
rove
d (Y
ear 5
)
i) Aw
ard
the
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
to lo
cal
Uni
vers
ity (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Eva
luat
e th
e re
sults
(Yea
r 3)
iii)
Mar
k C
ycle
lane
s on
the
Roa
ds o
r Bui
ld
sepa
rate
ly (Y
ear 3
)
iv)
Eva
luat
e fo
r effe
ctiv
enes
s (Y
ear 4
)
Mak
e ro
ads
safe
r fo
r Cyc
lists
and
P
edes
trian
s(e.
g.
build
cyc
ling
path
s)
Intro
duct
ion
of la
ws
to re
gula
te fu
el
inef
ficie
nt v
ehic
les
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 28 SAARC Energy Centre
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Stu
dy th
e w
ays
thro
ugh
whi
ch
Year
1
Mem
ber S
tate
D
esig
nate
d
im
prov
emen
ts m
ay b
e ac
hiev
ed
SA
AR
C
La
bora
tory
Awar
d R
&D
Pro
gram
me
Year
2
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
embe
r Sta
te
SD
F/ S
EC
Sca
le-u
p th
e R
&D
Res
ults
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 5
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
embe
r Sta
te
SD
F
Req
uest
Med
ia In
stitu
tions
’ Ye
ar 3
M
embe
r Sta
te
Mem
ber S
tate
/
su
ppor
t
M
ass
Med
ia
M
inis
try
Invi
te M
edia
to c
over
the
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 8
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Eve
nts
Mas
s M
edia
Min
istry
d)
Und
erta
ke ro
ad n
etw
ork
deve
lopm
ents
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Und
erta
ke a
sur
vey
usin
g
Year
1- Y
ear 2
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Mem
ber S
tate
/
ac
tual
dat
a
Len
ding
Tr
ansp
ort
Org
aniz
atio
n M
inis
try
Map
hea
vily
con
gest
ed ro
ads
Ye
ar 3
Tr
ansp
ort
Tran
spor
t
M
inis
try/ S
urve
y M
inis
try
Min
istry
Und
erta
ke ro
ad e
xpan
sion
s or
Ye
ar 4
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Mem
ber S
tate
/
de
velo
p al
tern
ativ
e ro
ads
Le
ndin
g
Tran
spor
t
O
rgan
izat
ion
Min
istry
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
i) H
ire c
onsu
ltant
to s
tudy
feas
ibili
ty (Y
ear 1
)ii)
H
ire c
onsu
ltant
for T
oR p
repa
ratio
n (Y
ear 2
)iii
) C
all f
or c
ompe
titiv
e R
&D
pro
ject
s (Y
ear 2
)iv
) Aw
ard
Aut
o-R
icks
haw
Mod
ifica
tion
gran
ts
(Yea
r 2)
v)
Obt
ain
rese
arch
resu
lts (Y
ear 5
)vi
) E
valu
ate
resu
lts (Y
ear 5
)vi
i) S
tart
mas
s pr
oduc
tion
base
d on
sca
ling-
up
(Yea
r 6)
viii)
Re-
visi
t the
R&
D fo
r fur
ther
impr
ovem
ent
(Yea
r 9)
i) A
rran
ge a
wid
e M
edia
Cam
paig
n (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Mak
e M
edia
as
partn
ers
for t
his
Pro
gram
me
(Yea
r 2)
iii)
Arr
ange
Ann
ual G
ala
Med
ia E
vent
to c
over
th
is a
ctiv
ity (Y
ear 2
- Yea
r 8)
i) Aw
ard
the
stud
y to
a lo
cal U
nive
rsity
(Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Eva
luat
e th
e R
epor
t (Ye
ar 2
)
iii)
Am
end
the
repo
rt an
d pu
blis
h it
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
Mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns to
impr
ove
the
cond
ition
s (Y
ear 4
)
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Arr
ange
nec
essa
ry
publ
icity
Iden
tify
heav
ily u
sed
road
s
Dev
elop
mor
e ef
ficie
nt B
icyc
le
Ric
ksha
ws
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 29
e)
Enco
urag
e de
velo
pmen
t of B
io-fu
els
for t
rans
port
Und
erta
ke s
tock
taki
ng o
f all
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
istry
of
Mem
ber S
tate
/
m
anuf
actu
ring
plan
ts
P
etro
leum
M
inis
try o
f
Agr
icul
ture
,
Fore
stry
Ass
ess
seas
onal
var
iatio
ns o
f Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
istry
of
Min
istry
of
prod
uctio
n
Agr
icul
ture
/ A
gric
ultu
re
Pet
role
um
Stu
dy d
istri
butio
n ne
twor
ks
Year
2 –
Year
3
Min
istry
of
Min
istry
of
Pet
role
um
Pet
role
um
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fund
ing
Intro
duce
var
ious
tax
bene
fits
Ye
ar 1
M
embe
r Sta
te
Mem
ber S
tate
an
d ot
her b
enefi
ts fo
r Bio
-fuel
s
pr
oduc
tion
Iden
tify
purc
hasi
ng p
rice
Ye
ar 3
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Mem
ber S
tate
(w
ith u
pper
and
low
er li
mits
in
M
inis
try o
f
re
latio
n to
Oil
pric
es)
P
etro
leum
Take
nec
essa
ry s
teps
to e
nsur
e Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 4
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
embe
r Sta
te/
prop
er d
istri
butio
n ne
twor
k or
Min
istry
of
Min
istry
of
Ble
ndin
g w
ith G
asol
ine.
Pet
role
um
Pet
role
um
Pro
posa
ls fo
r Car
bon
Trad
ing
Ye
ar 4
N
atio
nal N
odal
M
inis
try o
f
P
oint
E
nviro
nmen
t
i) U
nder
take
a N
atio
nwid
e st
ock
taki
ng o
f cu
rren
t Bio
-Fue
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Inst
itutio
nal
Cap
acity
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Und
erta
ke a
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
of p
rodu
ctio
n w
ith s
easo
nal v
aria
tions
(Yea
r 2)
iii)
Stu
dy c
urre
nt a
nd fe
asib
le e
nd u
sers
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
Stu
dy a
vaila
ble
and
feas
ible
Dis
tribu
tion
netw
orks
(Yea
r 3)
i) In
trodu
ce le
gisl
atio
ns to
sup
port
Bio
-Fue
ls
prog
ram
me
with
gua
rant
eed
min
imal
pu
rcha
sing
pric
e de
pend
on
the
Cos
t and
th
e te
chni
calit
y of
the
prod
uctio
n (Y
ear 3
)
ii)
Em
bark
on
aggr
essi
ve c
ampa
ign
for
prom
otio
n (Y
ear 4
)
iii)
See
k le
gisl
ativ
e su
ppor
t to
intro
duce
m
anda
tory
ble
ndin
g (Y
ear 4
)
iv)
Exp
lore
pos
sibi
lity
on C
arbo
n tra
ding
(Y
ear 4
)
Und
erta
ke B
io-
fuel
pro
mot
ion
prog
ram
mes
Ass
ess
the
feas
ibili
ty
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 30 SAARC Energy Centre
f) U
nder
take
railw
ay n
etw
ork
deve
lopm
ents
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
If ra
ilway
is in
exi
sten
ce,
Year
1
Min
Tra
nspo
rt M
in T
rans
port
iden
tify
the
lines
that
are
ov
ercr
owde
d
Und
erta
ke fe
asib
ility
stu
dy o
n
Year
1-Y
ear3
M
in T
rans
port
Min
Tra
nspo
rt
im
prov
ing
the
spee
d (w
here
ne
eded
by
elec
trify
ing
too)
Sec
ure
fund
ing
Year
3
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te
Impl
emen
t Inc
reas
e of
Spe
ed
Year
5
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te
If ra
ilway
is n
ot in
exi
sten
ce,
Year
1-Y
ear 4
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Mem
ber S
tate
un
derta
ke fe
asib
ility
stu
dy to
Lend
ing
have
maj
or e
cono
mic
and
Org
aniz
atio
n
po
litic
al h
ubs
conn
ecte
d by
ra
ilway
net
wor
k
Invi
te in
vest
ors
to in
vest
in
Year
5
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te
BO
O/ B
OO
T sc
hem
es
i) In
itiat
e a
stud
y (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Pub
lish
the
Stu
dy R
epor
t (Ye
ar 3
)
iii)
Cal
l for
exp
ress
ion
of In
tere
st in
M
odifi
catio
n (Y
ear 3
)
iv)
Und
erta
ke s
tudi
es to
incr
ease
exi
stin
g ra
il sp
eed
or b
uilt
new
(Yea
r 3)
v)
Pub
lish
the
repo
rt (Y
ear 4
)
vi)
Invi
te in
vest
ors
(Yea
r 5)
i) C
all f
or fe
asib
ility
stu
dy (Y
ear 2
)
ii)
Eva
luat
e pr
opos
als
(Yea
r 3)
iii)
Tapp
ing
fund
ing
mec
hani
sms
(Y
ear 3
- Yea
r 5)
iv)
Cal
l for
BO
O/ B
OO
T in
vest
men
ts (i
f the
re
are
no o
ther
way
s) (Y
ear 5
)
Cou
ntrie
s try
ing
to
intro
duce
Rai
lway
s
Und
erta
ke
railw
ay n
etw
ork
deve
lopm
ents
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 31
4.2 Conservation of Energy in Household Sector
The Household sector consumes between 35-50 % of the total primary energy consumed by the Member States. The energy consumption in households includes lighting, cooking and thermal comfort. Electrification of households in the region varies from 20% to 90%. Predominantly biomass is used for meeting the energy needs for food preparation, followed by petroleum gas (liquefied and piped). To achieve thermal comfort in the households during the winter and summer season, gas burning heaters, air conditioners, or biomass burning stoves (Chullah) are being used. Electric heaters are also in use. As the sector’s consumes more than 1/3rd of the total primary energy, it is essential to give due importance to energy conservation.
The SWOT analysis was done to scan the environment and, based on that, the goals were set.
Strengths
Commitment of the Leadership of Member States on EE&EC Expertise/ knowledge available in the region Energy labeling programmes are in progress in the region Awareness creation activities are being undertaken Very aggressive campaigning for CFL Experience in promoting ICS and Fuel shifting ICS, including the Third Generation of ICS, are in exploitation Possibilities for benefiting from CDM
Weaknesses
Lack of enforcement power as the choice is with the consumer Insufficient funding for LED focused research Consumer behavior (e.g. not concerned/ no funds for replacements) affects the
results of campaign CFLs and LEDs are costlier than incandescent bulbs Use of CNG and LPG to achieve thermal comfort inside the houses in the winter
(inefficient approach) End-user behavior (reluctance to change) Lack of Intelligent (Socially accepted) approach in ICS promotion Inadequate funding for ICS promotion Centralized promotion of ICS has not worked Poor knowledge of the end-user behavior resulted in failures in ICS promotion Lack of support from community for ICS (pressure groups are lacking)
Opportunities
Tax on incandescent bulbs Develop LEDs as an industry-new jobs creation
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 32 SAARC Energy Centre
Introduce natural light inside the houses (Solar tubes)-new jobs Fuel shifting for indoor thermal comfort during the winter season (from petroleum
gas to biomass based) Ever rising cost of fossil fuels Chance for a CDM claim (GHG reduction) Chance for an ICS technology breakthrough Reduce deforestation (in some areas) Climate change and loss of biodiversity Improved health conditions (reduction of health related expenses) when using ICS Collaborative work for regional experts Introduction of Environmental Ambassadors (promoting ICS to replace Gas plates) Sustainably grown forests (Afforestation) Room for co-generation activities (use of grassfire, excess power to grid, etc) for
small and medium scale industries
Threats
Increase of income may hamper energy conservation at the household level Consumer behavior (not concerned/ no funds for replacements) affects the results
of campaigns In relation to ICS, an increase of household income leads to fuel switching to Gas Rapid urbanization makes fossil fuels freely available (Gas, Furnace oil, Coal) Low cost for biomass (in some areas) may lead to a failure in energy conservation Rapid electrification in the Member States changes lifestyles of people as Media
plays a negative role (e.g. by offering cooking lessons using Gas plates on TV) Heavy international lobbying for Coal and Gas usage In industries, an increase in production (from limited to mass) leads to fuel switching
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis indicates that there is a huge potential for energy conservation in this sector. Some surveys conducted in the region suggest that there is a possibility for conservation of up to 30% of energy in comparison with the current level. However, a moderate goal of 15% reduction by 2021 is set under the current economic conditions but the target could be increased at any time, if needed. Consequently an Action Plan was developed to achieve that goal through diverse stakeholders’ effort such as CFL promotion, ICS promotion, promotion of fuel switching, etc.
Goal: To reduce the Energy used by the Household sector by 15% by the Year 2021 considering that same level of comfort is maintained while other affecting factors remain as of 2012
To achieve the set Goal, the following Action Plan was developed involving several Components:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 33
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
at E
nd-U
se: H
ouse
hold
Sec
tor
GO
AL:
To
redu
ce th
e E
nerg
y us
ed b
y th
e H
ouse
hold
sec
tor b
y 15
% b
y th
e Ye
ar 2
021
cons
ider
ing
that
sam
e le
vel o
f com
fort
is m
aint
aine
d w
hile
oth
er a
ffect
ing
fact
ors
rem
ain
as o
f 201
2
Pro
pose
d A
ctio
n P
lan
to A
chie
ve th
e se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
C
ontri
butio
n
to
Effi
cien
cy
Im
prov
emen
t
by (%
)
a)
Impo
se C
ES
S o
n in
cand
esce
nt b
ulbs
and
div
ert t
hat f
unds
to re
duce
the
cost
of C
FLs
and
LED
s 20
b)
Mak
e en
ergy
labe
ling
man
dato
ry fo
r hou
seho
ld a
pplia
nces
15
c)
Dis
cour
age
use
of A
Cs
in h
ot w
eath
er a
nd u
se o
f fos
sil f
uels
bas
ed h
eate
rs in
col
d w
eath
er
25
co
nditi
ons
(for i
nter
nal t
herm
al c
omfo
rt) a
nd e
ncou
rage
use
of S
olar
Bas
ed A
ir C
ondi
tione
rs a
nd
S
olar
Wat
er H
eate
rs
d)
See
k m
edia
invo
lvem
ent i
n en
ergy
con
serv
atio
n ca
mpa
igns
In
tang
ible
, but
hi
gh im
pact
e)
Intro
duce
Ene
rgy
cons
erva
tion
as a
uni
t / s
ubje
ct in
Jun
ior/
Upp
er s
choo
l cur
ricul
a In
tang
ible
, but
hi
gh im
pact
f) E
ncou
rage
use
of I
CS
for c
ooki
ng in
hou
seho
lds
and
disc
oura
ging
sw
itchi
ng to
Nat
ural
Gas
and
40
LPG
bas
ed s
tove
s
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
In th
e S
AA
RC
Reg
ion
tota
l ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
in fo
od p
repa
ratio
n is
rela
tivel
y hi
gh c
ompa
red
to
othe
r use
rs. M
ore
than
a 7
5% o
f ho
useh
old
in th
e re
gion
use
bio
-m
ass
base
d co
okin
g st
oves
.
Use
of E
nerg
y in
ach
ievi
ng in
tern
al
ther
mal
com
fort
lead
s to
exc
essi
ve
use
of F
uels
in th
e E
nerg
y M
ix.
This
regi
on c
ompr
isin
g of
dev
elop
ing
coun
tries
has
mor
e lo
ad fr
om
light
ing
in th
e E
lect
ricity
Loa
d C
urve
th
an fr
om o
ther
equ
ipm
ent.
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 34 SAARC Energy Centre
a)
Impo
se C
ESS
on in
cand
esce
nt b
ulbs
and
div
ert t
hat f
unds
to re
duce
the
cost
of C
FLs
and
LED
s
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Stu
dy le
gal f
easi
bilit
y Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
If no
t in
plac
e, in
trodu
ce n
ew
Year
1-Y
ear 2
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
/
le
gal a
cts
A
G O
ffice
Initi
ate
an A
war
enes
s
Year
2- Y
ear 5
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
,
C
ampa
ign
Mas
s M
edia
Iden
tify
how
the
colle
cted
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
,
C
ES
S is
cha
nnel
ed fo
r
Fi
nanc
e
pr
omot
ing
LED
use
Enf
orce
the
legi
slat
ions
for
Year
2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er,
CE
SS
Fi
nanc
e
Initi
ate
a m
echa
nism
for
Year
3
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er,
supp
ortin
g th
e C
FL m
anuf
ac-
Mas
s M
edia
tu
res
Initi
ate
aggr
essi
ve c
ampa
ign
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
M
embe
r Sta
te,
targ
etin
g th
e C
onsu
mer
s
M
in P
ower
Sur
vey
exis
ting
rele
vant
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
m
anuf
actu
ring
faci
litie
s
Indu
stry
Sup
port
pers
pect
ive
LED
Ye
ar 3
–Ye
ar9
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
man
ufac
turin
g fa
cilit
ies
In
dust
ry,
Fina
nce
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Ass
ess
lega
l fe
asib
ility
Pre
pare
im
plem
enta
tion
mec
hani
sm
Exp
lore
LE
D
man
ufac
turin
g Fa
cilit
y
i) S
tudy
the
loca
l pro
duct
ion
and
impo
rt of
all
type
s of
lam
ps to
Com
pare
the
usag
e
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Eva
luat
e ex
istin
g le
gal f
ram
e w
orks
for
feas
ibili
ty o
f ban
ning
inca
ndes
cent
lam
ps
and
also
mak
ing
man
dato
ry u
se o
f LE
D
lam
ps in
som
e pl
aces
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
Intro
duce
new
legi
slat
ions
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Initi
ate
publ
ic a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
ign
(Yea
r 2-
Year
5)
i) C
ES
S p
erce
ntag
e an
d C
hann
elin
g m
echa
nism
iden
tified
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Lega
lize
CE
SS
(Yea
r 2)
iii)
Initi
ate
PA c
ampa
ign
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Sup
port
loca
l CFL
man
ufac
ture
rs
(Yea
r 3)
i) U
nder
take
a s
urve
y of
exi
stin
g lig
ht b
ulb
man
ufac
turin
g fa
cilit
ies
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Und
erta
ke a
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
of C
FL a
nd
LED
man
ufac
turin
g (Y
ear 2
)iii
) If
feas
ible
Cha
nnel
CE
SS
fund
s to
m
anuf
actu
ring
faci
litie
s (Y
ear 3
)iv
) E
valu
ate
the
prog
ress
of u
tiliz
atio
n of
CE
SS
fu
nds
by th
em (Y
ear 5
- Yea
r 9)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 35
b)
Mak
e en
ergy
labe
ling
man
dato
ry fo
r hou
seho
ld a
pplia
nces
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Initi
ate
surv
eys
to id
entif
y
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
hous
ehol
d eq
uipm
ent t
hat
cons
ume
mor
e el
ectri
city
Ass
ess
the
feas
ibili
ty o
f Ene
rgy
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
la
belin
g th
e id
entifi
ed e
quip
-
Com
mer
ce
men
t
Em
bark
on
Ene
rgy
labe
ling
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 3
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
in P
ower
ac
tivity
for t
he s
elec
ted
Min
Pow
er
equi
pmen
t
Ass
ess
the
exis
ting
lega
l and
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
/
re
gula
tory
fram
ewor
k fo
r
A
G o
ffice
en
forc
ing
the
Man
dato
ry
labe
ling
If ga
ps a
re fo
und
or th
ere
is n
o
Year
1
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
in P
ower
/ AG
le
gisl
atio
n, ta
ke in
itiat
ive
to
M
in P
ower
/ SE
C
offic
e
dr
aft l
aws
(Lea
ding
Sta
tes
in
the
SA
AR
C R
egio
n m
ay h
elp.
)
Lega
lize
the
Act
Ye
ar 2
M
embe
r Sta
te
Mem
ber S
tate
Enf
orce
the
legi
slat
ions
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 3
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te
The
Mem
ber S
tate
s m
ay
Year
1
Mem
ber S
tate
M
embe
r Sta
te
eval
uate
ava
ilabl
e la
belin
g
prog
ram
mes
in th
e re
gion
for
adop
tion
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Iden
tify
com
mon
ly
used
hou
seho
ld
equi
pmen
t (e.
g. li
ght
bulb
s, re
frige
rato
rs,
fans
, A/C
s, g
as
wat
er h
eate
rs, e
tc.)
for m
akin
g la
belin
g m
anda
tory
Intro
duce
le
gisl
atio
ns
Har
mon
izat
ion
of la
belin
g of
ap
plia
nces
i) H
ouse
hold
com
mon
ly u
sed
equi
pmen
t su
rvey
ed (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Iden
tify
grou
ps o
f equ
ipm
ent w
here
co
nsum
ptio
n va
ries
a lo
t (Ye
ar 2
)
iii)
Rep
licat
e E
nerg
y Li
belin
g th
at h
as ta
ken
plac
e in
oth
er m
embe
r cou
ntrie
s (Y
ear 2
)
iv)
Ene
rgy
labe
ling
prog
ram
me
intro
duce
d fo
r se
lect
ed a
reas
(Yea
r 3)
i) S
tudy
exi
stin
g le
gal f
ram
e w
orks
for E
nerg
y la
belin
g (Y
ear 2
)
ii)
If th
ere
are
any
gaps
in th
e ex
istin
g le
gisl
atio
ns o
r no
legi
slat
ions
exi
st,
intro
duce
lega
l fra
me
wor
ks (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Impl
emen
t and
Mon
itor E
nerg
y La
belin
g pr
ogra
mm
e (Y
ear 3
)
i) Th
e M
S s
tudi
es E
nerg
y la
belin
g pr
ogra
mm
es in
oth
er M
embe
r Sta
tes
(Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Pro
gram
me
gaps
and
sim
ilarit
ies
iden
tified
(Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Dis
sem
inat
e th
e in
form
atio
n fo
r ado
ptio
n (Y
ear 2
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 36 SAARC Energy Centre
c)
Dis
cour
age
use
of A
Cs
in h
ot w
eath
er a
nd u
se o
f fos
sil f
uels
bas
ed h
eate
rs in
col
d w
eath
er c
ondi
tions
(for
inte
rnal
ther
mal
com
fort)
and
enc
oura
ge u
se o
f
Sol
ar B
ased
Air
Con
ditio
ners
and
Sol
ar W
ater
Hea
ters
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Eng
age
Res
earc
h Te
ams
to
Year
1
Mem
ber S
tate
/ M
in H
ealth
id
entif
y in
door
air
pollu
tion
and
M
in H
ealth
its im
pact
on
hum
an h
ealth
w
hen
Gas
room
hea
ters
are
be
ing
used
Ana
lyze
the
rese
arch
resu
lts
Year
1-Y
ear 2
M
in H
ealth
M
in H
ealth
an
d pr
esen
t the
m g
ivin
g
prom
inen
ce to
the
impa
ct o
n
heal
th p
art
Intro
duce
sim
ple
hous
e
Year
2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er,
insu
latin
g te
chni
ques
as
wel
l as
Env
ironm
ent
low
cos
t air
cool
ing
syst
ems
(E
x: D
eser
t Coo
lers
)
Laun
ch A
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
/ Ye
ar 3
M
in H
ealth
M
in P
ower
M
edia
app
eals
Iden
tify
dem
and
incr
ease
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
pa
ttern
s fo
r Gas
and
Ele
ctric
ity
P
etro
leum
Con
side
r int
rodu
cing
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r4
Mem
ber S
tate
s M
embe
r Sta
tes
diffe
rent
iate
d ta
riffs
for G
as
and
Ele
ctric
ity
(afte
r int
rodu
cing
insu
latin
g
tech
niqu
es)
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Hea
lth h
azar
d aw
aren
ess
crea
tion
(Gas
bas
ed ro
om
heat
ers)
Intro
duct
ion
of
incr
emen
tal t
ariff
for
elec
trici
ty a
nd g
as
i) R
esea
rch
task
and
TO
R id
entifi
ed (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Res
earc
h is
aw
arde
d (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
Res
earc
h re
sults
are
ana
lyze
d an
d pu
blis
hed
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
PA c
ampa
ign
star
ted
(Yea
r 3)
v)
Intro
duct
ion
of In
sula
tions
and
Impl
emen
t B
uild
ing
Cod
es (Y
ear 3
)
i) C
onsi
der i
ncre
men
tal t
ariff
pla
n on
Gas
and
E
lect
ricity
as
a m
easu
re fo
r con
serv
atio
n (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Und
erta
ke s
teps
to c
hann
el c
olle
cted
ad
ditio
nal m
oney
on
inve
stin
g lo
w c
ost
cool
ers
and
hom
e in
sula
tions
dev
elop
men
t (Y
ear 4
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 37
d)
Seek
med
ia in
volv
emen
t in
ener
gy c
onse
rvat
ion
cam
paig
ns
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Org
aniz
e E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
Ye
ar 1
- Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
info
rmat
ion
diss
emin
atio
n
M
ass
Med
ia
wor
ksho
ps E
XC
LUS
IVE
LY fo
r
m
edia
per
sonn
el
Med
ia in
stitu
tions
are
giv
en li
st
Year
1
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Sci
ence
of
Sci
entis
ts e
ngag
ed in
EC
Mas
s M
edia
, &
Tec
hnol
ogy
activ
ities
Sci
ence
&
Tech
nolo
gy
Invi
te M
edia
to h
ave
regu
lar
Year
1-Y
ear 3
M
in P
ower
, M
in M
ass
disc
ussi
ons
with
Sci
entis
ts
M
ass
Med
ia
Med
ia
Invi
te M
edia
to re
min
d vi
ewer
s
Year
1-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
,
to
sav
e en
ergy
(onc
e, e
very
Mas
s M
edia
M
ass
Med
ia
hour
)
Ann
ounc
e th
e Aw
ard
and
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
pr
epar
e cr
iteria
for s
elec
tion
M
ass
Med
ia
Sel
ect,
thre
e ou
tsta
ndin
g
Year
1-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
pe
rform
ers
from
eac
h st
ream
of
Med
ia
Pre
sent
the
Awar
ds w
ith
Year
1-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
M
embe
r Sta
te/
max
imum
pos
sibl
e pa
rtici
patio
n
M
in P
ower
of
hig
h pr
ofile
Fig
ures
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Invi
te m
edia
to
prom
ote
Ene
rgy
Effi
cien
cy
Intro
duce
an
awar
d fo
r the
Med
ia
inst
itutio
n do
ing
best
en
ergy
con
serv
atio
n ca
mpa
ign
i) P
repa
re li
st o
f Jou
rnal
ists
who
wor
k in
S
cien
ce/ E
nerg
y pr
ogra
mm
es (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Pre
pare
list
of S
cien
tists
who
can
/ w
illin
g sp
eak
to m
edia
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
Arr
ange
Nat
ionw
ide
wor
ksho
ps fo
r med
ia
pers
onne
l in
prom
otin
g of
Ene
rgy
Effi
cien
cy
(Yea
r 1, Y
ear 2
)
iv)
Intro
duce
som
e m
easu
res
that
enc
oura
ge
med
ia p
erso
nnel
take
the
mes
sage
to th
e pu
blic
(Yea
r 2)
i) Id
entif
y ev
alua
tion
crite
ria, p
anel
of j
udge
s,
amou
nt o
f Rew
ard
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Adv
ertis
ed th
e Aw
ard
and
Cal
l for
no
min
atio
ns/ a
pplic
atio
ns (Y
ear 2
)iii
) S
elec
tion
of th
e W
inne
rs a
nd R
unne
rs-u
p (Y
ear 2
)iv
) R
ewar
d th
e w
inne
rs a
t a G
ala
even
t with
pa
rtici
patio
n of
Hig
hest
pos
sibl
e na
tiona
l fig
ure
(Yea
r 2)
v)
Mon
itor m
edia
initi
ativ
es a
nd re
war
d th
em
(Yea
r 3- Y
ear 9
)
i) D
evel
op a
pro
gram
me
to re
war
d th
e m
edia
fo
r EC
cam
paig
ns (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Dev
elop
mec
hani
sm to
eva
luat
e (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
Initi
ate
annu
al a
war
d (Y
ear 2
- Yea
r 9)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 38 SAARC Energy Centre
e)
Intr
oduc
e En
ergy
con
serv
atio
n as
a u
nit /
sub
ject
in J
unio
r / U
pper
sch
ool c
urric
ula
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
curr
ent S
cien
ce
Year
1
Min
Edu
catio
n M
in E
duca
tion
curr
icul
a in
Jun
ior S
choo
ls
Iden
tify
mos
t sui
tabl
e ye
ar/
Year
1
Min
Edu
catio
n M
in E
duca
tion,
gr
ade
whe
n E
nerg
y co
nser
va-
Pow
er
tion
shou
ld b
e in
trodu
ced
Eva
luat
e th
e av
aila
ble
Ye
ar 2
M
in E
duca
tion
Min
Edu
catio
n,
com
pete
nt re
sour
ces
for
Pow
er
curr
icul
a de
velo
pmen
t
Hire
Spe
cial
ists
to d
evel
op th
e
Year
2
Min
Edu
catio
n,
Min
Edu
catio
n
cu
rric
ula
P
ower
Laun
ch E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
Ye
ar 3
M
in E
duca
tion,
M
in E
duca
tion
subj
ects
in N
atio
nal S
choo
l
Pow
er
Cur
ricul
a
Eva
luat
e th
e co
mpe
tenc
y of
Ye
ar 2
M
in E
duca
tion
Min
Edu
catio
n
av
aila
ble
reso
urce
s fo
r
cu
rric
ula
deve
lopm
ent
If sa
tisfa
ctor
y re
sour
ces
not
Year
3
Min
Pow
er, S
EC
M
in E
duca
tion,
fo
und,
see
k S
EC
ass
ista
nce
in
Pow
er
iden
tifyi
ng s
uita
ble
pers
onne
l
fro
m o
ther
Mem
ber S
tate
s
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Intro
duct
ion
of E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
in to
S
choo
l cur
ricul
ar
In th
e ab
senc
e of
reso
urce
s, th
e S
AA
RC
Ene
rgy
Cen
tre m
ay h
elp
in id
entif
ying
co
mpe
tent
re
sour
ces
from
oth
er
Mem
ber S
tate
s
i) S
tudy
the
Sch
ool c
urric
ula
to s
ee w
heth
er
Ene
rgy
Con
serv
atio
n is
alre
ady
ther
e
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
If ye
s se
e w
ays
to im
prov
e (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
If no
, ide
ntify
the
idea
l lev
el in
whi
ch th
at
is to
be
intro
duce
d w
ith th
e he
lp o
f Exp
erts
(Y
ear 1
)
iv)
Con
tract
cur
ricul
ar d
evel
opm
ent (
Year
1)
v)
Intro
duce
the
topi
c in
to C
urric
ular
(Yea
r 3)
i) C
onta
ct S
EC
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
The
SE
C c
onta
cts
regi
onal
exp
erts
(Y
ear 1
)
iii)
Reg
iona
l exp
erts
hel
ps c
urric
ular
de
velo
pmen
t (Ye
ar 2
)
iv)
The
SE
C re
ports
to th
e M
embe
r Sta
te
conc
ern
(Yea
r 2)
v)
The
Mem
ber S
tate
ado
pts
the
curr
icul
ar
(Yea
r 3)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 39
f) En
cour
age
use
of IC
S fo
r coo
king
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Initi
ates
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
n
Year
1
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
on h
ealth
haz
ards
bas
ed o
n
E
nviro
nmen
t
al
read
y kn
own
fact
s
Hire
sui
tabl
e S
cien
tists
to
Year
1- Y
ear 2
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
,
C
emen
t the
Arg
umen
ts a
nd
E
nviro
nmen
t E
nviro
nmen
t
de
velo
p in
form
atio
n di
ssem
ina-
tio
n m
echa
nism
Invi
te C
eleb
ritie
s (G
oodw
ill
Year
2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er,
Am
bass
ador
s) fr
om S
ports
and
Cul
ture
, Mas
s M
ass
Med
ia
Cin
ema
to jo
in h
ands
with
the
Med
ia
cam
paig
n
Mak
e a
few
TV
adv
ertis
emen
ts
Year
2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er,
invo
lvin
g C
eleb
ritie
s to
pro
mot
e
Cul
ture
, Mas
s M
ass
Med
ia
the
ICS
Med
ia
A sa
mpl
e si
ze is
iden
tified
to
Year
2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
colle
ct a
feed
back
on
ICS
Env
ironm
ent
Feed
back
is a
naly
zed
Year
3
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Ana
lyze
d fe
edba
ck is
giv
en
Year
3
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
as a
n in
put f
or fu
rther
dev
elop
-
m
ent o
f IC
S
Nat
iona
l lev
el C
ompe
titio
n is
Ye
ar 3
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
or
gani
zed
to fu
rther
dev
elop
th
e IC
S
Eva
luat
es th
e N
ew IC
S a
nd
Year
4
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
sele
ct w
inni
ng m
odel
s
Rew
ard
the
win
ners
and
Ye
ar 4
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Min
Pow
er
prom
ote
the
win
ning
mod
els
Min
Pow
er
with
the
help
of C
eleb
ritie
s
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Hea
lth h
azar
d aw
aren
ess
crea
tion
(Indo
or a
ir po
llutio
n, T
B, v
isio
n de
terio
ratio
n, e
tc.)
Agg
ress
ive
cam
paig
n of
ICS
w
ith p
artic
ipat
ion
of
Cel
ebrit
ies
Org
aniz
e co
mpe
titio
ns to
fu
rther
dev
elop
ICS
to
giv
e bl
ue fl
ame
and
heat
regu
latio
n ab
ility
i) D
ata
gath
erin
g ab
out h
ealth
haz
ards
from
tra
ditio
nal c
ooki
ng s
tove
s (Y
ear 1
)ii)
H
ire a
Sci
entis
t to
deve
lop
the
data
in to
in
form
atio
n (Y
ear 1
)iii
) G
athe
r dat
a/ in
form
atio
n fro
m o
ther
co
untri
es (Y
ear 1
)iv
) In
itiat
e aw
aren
ess
mak
ing
cam
paig
n
(Yea
r 2)
i) R
eque
st s
ports
and
/ or c
inem
a ce
lebr
ities
jo
in th
e IC
S p
rom
otio
n ca
mpa
ign
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Hire
an
adve
rtisi
ng c
ompa
ny fo
r mak
ing
the
com
mer
cial
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
Fund
the
com
mer
cial
on
TV o
r see
k fu
ndin
g su
ppor
t for
the
TV ti
me
(Yea
r 1)
iv)
Em
bark
on
aggr
essi
ve c
ampa
ign
for I
CS
(Y
ear 2
)
i) S
ampl
e an
d sa
mpl
e si
ze is
iden
tified
for t
he
ICS
feed
back
sur
vey
(Yea
r 2)
ii)
Sur
vey
resu
lts a
naly
zed
for e
nd-u
ser
perc
eptio
ns (Y
ear 2
)iii
) A
nnou
nce
a N
atio
n-w
ide
com
petit
ion
to d
evel
op n
ew IC
S to
sat
isfy
end
-use
r pe
rcep
tions
and
whi
ch h
ave
regu
late
Blu
e-Fl
ame
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
Eva
luat
e ne
w d
esig
ns a
nd R
ewar
d th
e w
inne
rs (Y
ear 3
)v)
E
mba
rk o
n pr
omot
ion
of w
inni
ng IC
S to
the
publ
ic (Y
ear 4
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 40 SAARC Energy Centre
4.3 Conservation of Energy in Industrial Sector (Including Agriculture)
The Energy consumption by the industry sector in the SAARC Member States varies from 5% to 50% depending on the level of the industrial development of country. This disparity does not allow making generalized recommendations to conserve the energy in these consumer categories. Some Member States have very few industries or none at all, while some others can boast with their industries developed to a level which puts them at par with the fastest developing industrial economies. When conservation of energy in the industrial sector is considered, it is imperative to identify industry specific ways, as conservation methodologies vary depending on the type of the industry. That part is left for the Energy Managers, who are responsible for detailed planning. Nevertheless, general proper housekeeping will also lead to conservation of energy to a reasonable extent.
A SWOT analysis was conducted to assess the feasibility of introducing energy conservation and to derive an Action Plan. As mentioned earlier, only a general picture of industries was studied for the SWOT analysis, targeting those non-technical measures that may help in achieving the main objective.
Strengths
Regulations exist to make hiring of Energy Managers mandatory (in classified industries in some Member States)
With the availability of Energy Managing expertise, training is regularized (in some Member Countries)
Experience of Energy Conservation exists in Industries (in some Member States) Industry realizes the necessity of Energy Management (for Cost saving) Different Energy Conservation Awards and Awareness Creation Campaigns are in
place (in some Member States) GDP growth in Member States will lead to acquiring of new technologies that are
energy efficient Industries are organized through different kinds of Chambers (Easy to approach) Easy to train workmanship
Weaknesses
Industry feels hiring of Energy Managers increases their running costs Poor benchmarking and target setting Positive results of Energy Conservation are not measurable on the spot (difficulty
in convincing) Limited opportunities to train Energy Managers (in some Member States) Absence of proper legislations that make hiring of Energy Managers mandatory (in
some Member States) Awareness campaigns are not much effective Top management is more interested in Sales and Marketing rather than in Energy
Management or R&D Resistance to change (from shop floor workers)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 41
Opportunities
GDP growth in Member States will lead to acquiring new technologies that are energy efficient
Proper Tax reduction on import of energy efficient technologies will lead to the use of new technologies
Low energy consuming products will have greater demand (Carbon foot print) Greater energy savings may lead to claiming of CDM funding as well as support
out of other Kyoto protocol funding possibilities New industrial estates/zones amenable to adoption of energy efficient technologies Cost saving from deployment of efficient technologies in the prevailing high energy
price regime
Threats
Discovery of a new fuel type or discoveries of vast deposits of fossil fuels may lead to drop in the prices of fuels
Another economic downturn in the West may lead to low production in Member States, thus reducing the energy efficiency initiatives
The current pattern of fuel consumption in Member States and the upward trend of fossil fuels prices hamper the industrial growth as well as the growth of disposable income in Member States
Non-affordability of industry to acquire new technologies that are energy efficient Poor Law and Order situation in some areas in Member States Non-tariff barriers to import of state-of-the-art technologies into the region
(technology transfer issue) Resistance to change (from shop floor workers)
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis has shown avenues for energy conservation as well as drawbacks in the region. Considering all the available information about the potential of energy savings in the industry and the results of the SWOT analysis, it is proposed to reduce energy consumption in this sector by 15% by the Year 2021.
Goal: To reduce by 15%, the Energy used per unit of Value Added products of the Industrial sector by the Year 2021.
The following Action Plan has been developed to accomplish the target of achieving the set Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 42 SAARC Energy Centre
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
at E
nd-U
se: I
ndus
try
Sect
or (i
nclu
ding
Agr
icul
ture
)
GO
AL:
To
redu
ce b
y 15
% th
e E
nerg
y us
e pe
r uni
t of V
alue
Add
ed p
rodu
ct o
f the
Indu
stria
l sec
tor b
y th
e Ye
ar 2
021
assu
min
g th
at o
ther
rela
ted
fact
ors
rem
ain
freez
e as
of i
n 20
12
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
C
ontr
ibut
ion
(%
)
a)
Intro
duct
ion
of le
gisl
atio
ns fo
r man
dato
ry E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
in In
dust
ry a
nd fo
r dev
elop
men
t of
35
E
nerg
y P
olic
y
b)
Intro
duct
ion
of N
atio
nal r
ewar
ding
sys
tem
for b
est e
nerg
y co
nser
ving
indu
strie
s 10
c)
Intro
duct
ion
of ta
x be
nefit
s or
oth
er in
cent
ives
for i
ndus
tries
, enc
oura
ging
them
to s
witc
h ov
er to
25
fuel
effi
cien
t tec
hnol
ogie
s
d)
Inef
ficie
nt A
gric
ultu
re p
umps
to b
e re
plac
ed
5
e)
Enc
oura
ge in
dust
ries
to ta
p ho
me-
grow
n so
urce
s of
sus
tain
able
ene
rgy
(Ren
ewab
le)
15
f) E
ncou
rage
indu
stria
l sta
tes/
zon
es/ p
arks
to re
duce
the
ener
gy lo
sses
in tr
ansp
orta
tion
10
Tim
e fra
me
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
The
Indu
stry
and
Its
deve
lopm
ent
vary
ver
y m
uch
in th
e S
AA
RC
R
egio
n. S
ame
as e
nerg
y co
nser
vatio
n po
tent
ial o
f diff
eren
t ty
pe o
f ind
ustri
es. B
ut d
iffer
ent
surv
ey in
dica
ted
that
the
Indu
stria
l se
ctor
cou
ld s
ave
up to
35%
of
ener
gy fr
om th
e cu
rren
t con
sum
ptio
n fo
r the
sam
e pr
oduc
t. Th
ere
are
num
ber o
f way
s to
ach
ieve
EE
, but
do
min
ant s
olut
ions
can
com
e fro
m
self-
asse
ssm
ent b
y th
e In
dust
ry
it-se
lf w
hich
is to
be
done
by
Ene
rgy
Man
ager
s.
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 43
a)
Intr
oduc
tion
of le
gisl
atio
ns fo
r man
dato
ry E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
in in
dust
ry a
nd fo
r dev
elop
men
t of E
nerg
y Po
licy
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
the
curr
ent a
vaila
ble
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
po
licie
s
App
oint
a g
roup
of e
xper
ts to
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
dr
aft N
atio
nal E
nerg
y C
onse
r-
vatio
n P
olic
y
Pre
pare
Ene
rgy
Con
serv
atio
n
Year
2
Min
Pow
er/ A
G
Min
Pow
er
Act
whe
re n
eede
d
Offi
ce
Take
initi
ativ
es p
rom
otin
g
Year
3
Min
Pow
er/ A
G
Min
Pow
er
ener
gy c
onse
rvat
ion
in th
e
O
ffice
M
embe
r Sta
tes
thro
ugh
le
gisl
atio
ns.
Ass
ess
the
avai
labl
e le
gal
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
fram
ewor
ks
Iden
tify
Indu
stry
seg
men
ts fo
r Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
w
hich
hiri
ng o
f EM
s ne
eds
to
be m
ade
man
dato
ry
Ass
ess
the
avai
labl
e le
gal
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
fram
ewor
ks
Con
tact
the
SE
C If
exp
ertis
e is
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
/ SE
C
Min
Pow
er/
not a
vaila
ble
S
EC
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Mem
ber S
tate
s w
ith
no o
r ina
dequ
ate
ener
gy c
onse
rvat
ion
polic
y ta
kes
actio
ns to
pre
pare
co
mpr
ehen
sive
po
licy
Mem
ber S
tate
s w
here
ther
e ar
e no
legi
slat
ions
that
m
ake
it m
anda
tory
hi
ring
Ene
rgy
Man
ager
s ar
e to
ta
ke in
itiat
ives
to
draf
t leg
isla
tions
Mem
ber S
tate
s w
here
exp
ertis
e is
lack
ing
for t
he
purp
ose;
see
k he
lp
from
mor
e ad
vanc
ed
Mem
ber S
tate
s th
roug
h S
EC
vi)
App
oint
a te
am to
stu
dy a
ll av
aila
ble
Ene
rgy
rela
ted
Pol
icie
s (Y
ear 1
)
vii)
Iden
tify
Pol
icy
gaps
(Yea
r 1)
viii)
Pre
pare
Act
s an
d P
olic
ies
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
(Yea
r 1)
ix)
Initi
ate
publ
ic a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
ign
(Yea
r 2)
x)
Em
bark
on
lega
l enf
orce
men
t (Ye
ar 2
)
xi)
Re-
visi
t the
act
ivity
for f
eedb
ack
(Yea
r 3)
i) S
tudy
the
legi
slat
ions
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Iden
tify
the
indu
stry
seg
men
ts a
nd s
ize
of
the
indu
stry
to in
trodu
ce E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
If no
room
for E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
in e
xist
ing
legi
slat
ions
, go
to A
ctio
n (ii
i) in
abo
ve it
em
(Yea
r 1)
iv)
Iden
tifica
tion
of E
xper
ts (Y
ear 1
)
v)
Nee
ds a
sses
smen
t (Ye
ar 1
)
vi)
See
k A
ssis
tanc
e th
roug
h th
e S
EC
for
expe
rts to
hel
p dr
aftin
g th
e le
gisl
atio
ns
(Yea
r 2)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 44 SAARC Energy Centre
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
avai
labl
e m
echa
nism
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
fo
r Ene
rgy
Man
agem
ent i
n
Indu
strie
s
Stu
dy h
ow to
inco
rpor
ate
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
ce
rtific
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
e in
the
le
gisl
atio
ns
Incl
ude
inpu
ts to
Ene
rgy
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
C
onse
rvat
ion
Act
Stu
dy w
heth
er E
nerg
y La
belin
g
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Pro
gram
me
is in
exi
sten
ce
If no
t, ad
opt o
ne o
f the
labe
ling
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er/
prog
ram
mes
dev
elop
ed b
y
SE
C
fore
front
cou
ntrie
s in
the
regi
on,
and
star
t effo
rt to
dev
elop
ow
n
la
belin
g sy
stem
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Mem
ber S
tate
s ta
ke
initi
ativ
es to
inst
itute
a
certi
ficat
ion
mec
hani
sm fo
r E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
Mem
ber S
tate
s ad
opt E
nerg
y La
belin
g P
rogr
amm
es
deve
lope
d by
oth
er
Mem
ber S
tate
s or
de
velo
p th
eir o
wn
labe
ling
syst
em
i) S
tudy
exi
stin
g m
echa
nism
s to
cer
tify
Ene
rgy
Man
ager
s an
d th
eir d
raw
back
s (Y
ear 1
) ii)
C
onsi
der i
ntro
duci
ng c
ertifi
catio
n al
ong
with
m
akin
g it
man
dato
ry to
hire
EM
s (Y
ear 1
)iii
) If
loca
l exp
ertis
e is
not
ade
quat
e, s
eek
SE
C
help
in a
rran
ging
regi
onal
exp
erts
(Yea
r 1)
iv)
Wor
k to
war
ds le
galiz
ing
Act
s an
d re
gula
tions
(Yea
r 2)
i) S
tudy
whe
ther
ene
rgy
labe
ling
prog
ram
me
is in
exi
sten
ce (Y
ear 1
)ii)
If
not,
Con
side
r dev
elop
ing
own
labe
ling
prog
ram
me
or a
dopt
from
a M
embe
r Sta
te
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
If to
be
adop
ted,
con
tact
SE
C (Y
ear 1
)iv
) M
ake
Ene
rgy
Labe
ling
man
dato
ry fo
r se
lect
ed e
quip
men
t (Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 9)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 45
b)
Intr
oduc
tion
of N
atio
nal r
ewar
ding
sys
tem
for b
est e
nerg
y co
nser
ving
indu
strie
s
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Iden
tify
high
ene
rgy
cons
umin
g
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
indu
strie
s
Stu
dy h
ow o
ther
cou
ntrie
s in
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
th
e re
gion
arr
ange
rew
ardi
ng
syst
ems
(Mem
ber S
tate
s m
ay
seek
hel
p fro
m S
EC
)
Ann
ounc
e N
atio
nal A
war
d
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Sys
tem
s (F
orm
s of
BE
E m
ay
be u
sed
for e
valu
atio
n )
Sel
ect w
inne
rs
Year
2-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
Rew
ard
the
win
ners
at t
he
Year
2-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
M
embe
r Sta
te/
high
est p
ossi
ble
leve
l
M
in P
ower
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Iden
tify
Indu
stry
se
gmen
ts u
nder
w
hich
the
rew
ardi
ng
com
petit
ions
are
to
be o
rgan
ized
i) S
tudy
loca
l ind
ustry
and
seg
rega
te it
ac
cord
ing
to th
e en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n E
x:
per u
nit o
f pro
duct
or t
otal
con
sum
ptio
n (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Dev
elop
a re
war
ding
sys
tem
for e
nerg
y co
nser
vatio
n an
d ca
ll fo
r nom
inat
ions
(Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Eva
luat
e th
e w
inne
rs a
nd re
war
d th
em
annu
ally
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Bas
ed o
n an
nual
sav
ings
for a
uni
t of
prod
uctio
n an
nual
ly d
evel
op b
ench
mar
ks
for o
ther
inst
itutio
ns in
the
sect
or (Y
ear 3
)
v)
Incl
ude
benc
hmar
king
to E
nerg
y sa
ving
ac
ts (Y
ear 4
)
vi)
Mak
e th
ese
happ
en a
nnua
lly
(Yea
r 4- Y
ear 9
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 46 SAARC Energy Centre
c)
Intr
oduc
tion
of ta
x be
nefit
s or
oth
er in
cent
ives
for i
ndus
try,
enc
oura
ging
them
to s
witc
h ov
er to
fuel
effi
cien
t tec
hnol
ogie
s
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
the
sche
mes
of o
ther
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
/ M
in P
ower
/
fo
refro
nt M
embe
r Sta
tes
S
EC
S
EC
Ado
pt th
e sc
hem
es w
ith
Year
2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
nece
ssar
y m
odifi
catio
ns
Lega
lize
the
sche
me
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
Impl
emen
t the
sch
eme
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 4
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
d)
Inef
ficie
nt A
gric
ultu
re p
umps
to b
e m
ade
ener
gy e
ffici
ent
Ass
ess
the
Agr
o pu
mps
’ Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
co
ntrib
utio
n to
Nat
iona
l Ene
rgy
Agr
icul
ture
D
eman
d
Mem
ber S
tate
s m
ay a
dopt
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er,
succ
essf
ul s
chem
es fr
om
A
gric
ultu
re
Agr
icul
ture
fo
refro
nt M
embe
r sta
tes
(e
.g. I
ndia
)
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Intro
duce
Tax
B
enefi
t sch
emes
Re-
Sca
ling
of A
gro
pum
ps
i) S
tudy
whe
ther
ther
e ar
e an
y ta
x be
nefit
s or
ot
her b
enefi
ts fo
r the
Indu
stry
who
em
bark
on
fuel
effi
cien
t tec
hnol
ogie
s to
con
serv
e en
ergy
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Dev
elop
ow
n sc
hem
e or
ado
pt fr
om a
n ad
vanc
ed M
embe
r Cou
ntry
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
If ne
eded
see
k S
EC
ass
ista
nce
(Yea
r 1)
iv)
Mak
e re
war
dsa
lega
l bin
ding
(Yea
r 1)
v)
Re-
visi
t afte
r tw
o ye
ars
for a
feed
back
(Y
ear 3
)
vi)
Impr
ove
the
sche
me
base
d on
feed
back
(Y
ear 4
)
i) S
tudy
the
Agr
icul
ture
pum
ps b
eing
use
d in
a
larg
e sc
ale
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Est
imat
e av
erag
e en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n an
d w
ays
to im
prov
e th
e ef
ficie
ncy
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
In c
ase
of in
adeq
uate
exp
ertis
e, s
eek
assi
stan
ce fr
om th
e S
EC
(Yea
r 1)
iv)
Re-
scal
e th
e pu
mps
whe
re n
eces
sary
(Yea
r 2)
v)
Eva
luat
e in
trodu
ctio
n of
Sol
ar B
ased
wat
er
pum
ping
in a
gric
ultu
re (Y
ear 2
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 47
e)
Enco
urag
e in
dust
ries
to ta
p ho
me-
grow
n so
urce
s of
sus
tain
able
ene
rgy
(Ren
ewab
le)
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Mem
ber S
tate
s id
entifi
es
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
indu
stry
seg
men
ts w
here
this
co
ncep
t will
be
intro
duce
d
easi
ly
Initi
ate
a pr
omot
ion
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Est
ablis
h an
inst
itutio
nal
Year
2
Min
Pow
er
Mem
ber S
tate
/
m
echa
nism
to s
uppo
rt th
e
M
in P
ower
in
dust
ries
that
are
usi
ng h
ome-
gr
own
sour
ces
of e
nerg
y
f) En
cour
age
indu
stria
l sta
tes/
zon
es/ p
arks
to re
duce
the
ener
gy lo
sses
in tr
ansp
orta
tion
/ tra
nsm
issi
on
Ass
ess
the
wor
king
mod
els
of
Year
1
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er,
exis
ting
Par
ks/ Z
ones
Indu
stry
In
dust
ry
Exp
lore
pos
sibi
litie
s to
exp
and
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
the
park
s In
dust
ry
Intro
duce
add
ition
al b
enefi
ts fo
r Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
in
dust
ries
whi
ch s
hift
thei
r
Indu
stry
fa
ctor
ies
to d
esig
nate
d zo
nes
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Enc
oura
ge u
se o
f ho
me-
grow
n en
ergy
(r
enew
able
)for
Indu
stry
Pro
mot
ion
of
Indu
stria
l Sta
tes/
P
arks
i) S
urve
y to
det
erm
ine
the
indu
stry
seg
men
ts
read
y fo
r fue
l sw
itchi
ng (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Stu
dy w
ays
to e
ncou
rage
fuel
sw
itchi
ng
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
Inst
itute
a m
echa
nism
that
sup
port
use
of
rene
wab
le in
Indu
stry
(Yea
r 1)
iv)
Dev
elop
a re
war
ding
mec
hani
sm fo
r the
in
dust
ry w
ho u
se re
new
able
(Yea
r 2)
i) A
sses
s ex
istin
g in
dust
rial e
stat
e op
erat
ions
fo
r min
imiz
ing
trans
porta
tion
cost
and
sel
f-su
ffici
ent z
ones
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Dev
elop
pro
mot
ion
sche
mes
so
mor
e an
d m
ore
indu
stry
mov
ed in
to s
peci
aliz
ed
zone
s (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Stu
dy p
ossi
bilit
ies
of b
ulk
trans
porta
tion
from
and
to Z
one
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
If fo
und
acce
ptab
le c
ontin
ue p
rom
otin
g it
(Yea
r 3- Y
ear 9
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 48 SAARC Energy Centre
4.4 Conservation of Energy in Large Commercial and Service Sector
The SAARC Member States can boast with the development of their tourism sectors where some of the world’s top hotel chains are present. Hotels occupy large land areas and buildings, hence there is room for substantial energy conservation. Most of the hotels are designed to make the guests comfortable compromising efficient utilization of energy resources. Hospitals and Government buildings also occupy vast land areas and are usually over-designed and have outdated interiors, thus contributing to inefficient use of energy within the premises. Further, lack of proper building management systems also contributes to the unnecessary loss or use of energy.
A SWOT analysis was performed to assess the energy saving capability and ways to promote conservation in this sector.
Strengths
Private ownership (savings matter) In most cases well educated staff (easy to make aware) Availability of expertise within the region Available experience in the sector Chains of hotels and groups of hospitals (easy to communicate)
Weaknesses
Inadequate top management support Lack of Energy Managers within the premises (current status) Inadequate funding (belief that other things are more important) Inadequate introduction of energy efficient technologies Poor infrastructure in some places (old) Negligence (in government buildings) Small scale operators cannot afford changes (costly) Inappropriate building and interior designs contribute to high energy consumption Poor standards (direct adoption from other countries) may lead to high energy
consumption
Opportunities
Possibility to exploit locally available experts Potential for employment generation (Energy Managers) Chance to market renewable energy resources Opening of new avenues for energy conservation
Threats
Sudden fall of fuel prices may lead to complete disregard of energy conservation Requirements of occupants of the premises may conflict with energy conservation Sudden income boost in the sector may lead to lack of interest in energy
conservation
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 49
Goal Setting
Based on the SWOT analysis and other information, an Action Plan was developed to reduce the energy consumption in this sector by 15% by the Year 2021.
Goal: To reduce the Energy used per Unit of Value added product/ service by Large Commercial Service Sector by 15% by the Year 2021 in comparison to Year 2012
The following components of the Action Plan with time frame are identified to achieve the set Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 50 SAARC Energy Centre
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
at E
nd-U
se: L
arge
Com
mer
cial
and
Ser
vice
Sec
tor
GO
AL:
To
redu
ce th
e E
nerg
y us
ed p
er U
nit o
f Val
ue a
dded
ser
vice
of L
arge
Com
mer
cial
Ser
vice
Sec
tor b
y 15
% b
y th
e Ye
ar 2
021
in c
ompa
rison
to 2
012
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
C
ontr
ibut
ion
(%
)
a)
Ben
chm
arki
ng fo
r Hot
el s
ecto
r (E
lect
ricity
con
sum
ptio
n pe
r gue
st/n
ight
ser
ved)
and
intro
duct
ion
15
of C
O2
foot
-prin
t
b)
Enf
orce
exi
stin
g B
uild
ing
Cod
es o
r dev
elop
Cod
es if
not
are
alre
ady
in p
lace
40
c)
Mak
e hi
ring
of E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
man
dato
ry fo
r lar
ge C
omm
erci
al/ S
ervi
ce e
ntiti
es (E
lect
ricity
30
cons
umpt
ion
> 40
0 kV
A??
)
d)
For l
arge
sca
le s
ervi
ce a
nd c
omm
erci
al e
ntiti
es, m
ake
ener
gy a
uditi
ng m
anda
tory
afte
r eve
ry
15
tw
o ye
as
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
Sig
nific
ant e
nerg
y co
nser
vatio
n co
uld
be a
chie
ved
by le
galiz
ing
build
ing
Cod
es a
nd m
akin
g hi
ring
of E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
man
dato
ry
for c
erta
in s
ize
of in
dust
ry.
Intro
duct
ion
of C
arbo
n fo
ot p
rint
and
the
requ
irem
ent o
f con
tinuo
us
impr
ovem
ent o
f car
bon
foot
prin
t will
le
ad to
redu
ce e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 51
a)
Ben
chm
arki
ng fo
r hot
el s
ecto
r (El
ectr
icity
con
sum
ptio
n pe
r gue
st/n
ight
ser
ved)
and
intr
oduc
tion
of C
O2
foot
-prin
t
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Iden
tify
a be
nchm
ark
for h
otel
s
Year
1-Y
ear2
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
fo
r ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
To
uris
m
Invi
te o
ther
pla
yers
to ta
rget
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 9
Min
Tou
rism
M
in P
ower
,
th
e be
nchm
ark
Tour
ism
Ass
ess
the
achi
evem
ents
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
Tour
ism
Incr
ease
ben
chm
arki
ng a
nd
Year
9 +
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
,
re
peat
the
exer
cise
Tour
ism
To
uris
m
As
a st
artin
g po
int,
intro
duce
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
,
ca
lcul
atio
n of
Car
bon
foot
prin
t
Tour
ism
To
uris
m
for H
otel
sec
tor
Afte
rwar
ds, i
ntro
duce
a
Year
2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Tou
rism
re
war
ding
mec
hani
sm fo
r
Tour
ism
m
inim
um C
arbo
n fo
otpr
ints
Onc
e it
is s
ucce
ssfu
l in
Hot
el
Year
3-Y
ear 9
M
in P
ower
, M
in P
ower
,
se
ctor
, tak
e st
eps
to e
xpan
d
To
uris
m
Min
Indu
strie
s
th
e sp
here
of a
pplic
atio
n
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Ben
chm
arki
ng o
f H
otel
s
(> 5
0 R
oom
s)
Intro
duct
ion
of
Car
bon
foot
prin
t
v)
Ass
ess
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n pe
r Gue
st
per N
ight
sta
y in
a fe
w le
adin
g ho
tels
(Y
ear 1
)
vi)
Take
the
min
imum
as
initi
al b
ench
mar
king
an
d ac
cept
it a
s th
e in
dust
ry
benc
hmar
king
. Req
uire
oth
er p
laye
rs to
fo
llow
(Yea
r 1)
vii)
Sur
vey
on in
tern
atio
nal b
ench
mar
king
for
the
sect
or (Y
ear 1
)
viii)
If i
nter
natio
nal B
ench
mar
king
is le
ss th
an
loca
l,acc
ept t
he in
tern
atio
nal fi
gure
as
the
benc
hmar
king
for t
he S
ecto
r and
follo
w
(Yea
r 2)
ix)
Incr
ease
the
benc
hmar
king
and
take
ne
cess
ary
step
s to
ach
ieve
it
(Yea
r 4-Y
ear 9
)
i) H
ire a
n ex
pert
to C
alcu
late
the
Car
bon
foot
-pr
int i
n a
luxu
ry H
otel
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
Exp
and
deve
lopi
ng C
arbo
n fo
ot-p
rint f
or th
e ho
telie
r sec
tor (
Year
1)
iii)
Rew
ard
the
low
est f
oot-p
rint a
chie
ver (
Year
2-
Year
9)
iv)
Bas
ed o
n su
cces
s ex
pand
the
carb
on-fo
ot
prin
t cal
cula
tion
to o
ther
exp
ort o
rient
ed
indu
strie
s (Y
ear 3
- Yea
r 9)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 52 SAARC Energy Centre
b)
Enfo
rce
exis
ting
Bui
ldin
g C
odes
or d
evel
op C
odes
if n
ot a
lread
y in
pla
ce
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Stu
dy w
heth
er B
uild
ing
Cod
es
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
are
in e
xist
ence
If in
exi
sten
ce, e
nfor
ce a
ll
Year
2-Ye
ar9
M
embe
r Sta
te
aspe
cts
of th
e C
odes
Ens
ure
prop
er a
sses
smen
t Ye
ar2-
Year
3 M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
m
etho
dolo
gy
Set
and
enf
orce
tim
e fra
me
for
Year
2-Ye
ar4
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
old
build
ings
to c
ompl
y w
ith
If B
uild
ing
Cod
es a
re n
ot in
Ye
ar2-
Year
4 M
embe
r Sta
te/
Mem
ber S
tate
/
ex
iste
nce,
ado
pt th
e C
odes
Min
Pow
er/ S
EC
M
in P
ower
/
fro
m o
ther
Mem
ber S
tate
s or
S
EC
de
velo
p th
em. T
he S
EC
may
he
lp in
this
rega
rd.
c)
For l
arge
sca
le s
ervi
ce a
nd c
omm
erci
al e
ntiti
es, m
ake
ener
gy a
uditi
ng m
anda
tory
afte
r eve
ry tw
o ye
as
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
the
Min
imum
mon
thly
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
embe
r Sta
te/
Ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
abov
e
Min
Pow
er
whi
ch E
nerg
y A
udit
is to
is to
be
mad
e m
anda
tory
Impo
se m
anda
tory
Ene
rgy
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r9
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Aud
iting
eve
ry tw
o ye
ars
with
as
sess
men
t of f
ollo
w-u
p ac
tions
(B
EE
Eva
luat
ion
form
may
be
use
d)
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Bui
ldin
g C
odes
Ene
rgy
Aud
iting
i) S
tudy
the
build
ing
code
s fo
r lar
ge
com
mer
cial
ent
ity s
truct
ures
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
If th
ere
are
no b
uild
ing
code
s st
art
deve
lopi
ng o
r ado
pt fr
om a
Mem
ber S
tate
th
roug
h S
EC
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
Mak
e it
man
dato
ry to
abi
de b
y th
e co
des
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Rev
isit
the
activ
ity fo
r com
plia
nce
(Yea
r 3,
Year
4)
v)
Bui
ldin
g co
des
enfo
rced
(Yea
r 4-Y
ear 9
)
i) S
ee w
heth
er E
A ha
s m
ade
man
dato
ry fo
r la
rge
entit
ies
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
If no
t, ta
ke a
ppro
pria
te a
ctio
ns fo
r the
sam
e (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
Intro
duce
Bi-a
nnua
l EA
(Yea
r 2)
iv)
Rev
isit
the
activ
ity fo
r bet
ter f
eedb
ack
afte
r fo
ur y
ears
(Yea
r 4)
v)
Man
dato
ry E
nerg
y A
udit
cont
inue
s (Y
ear
5-Ye
ar 9
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 53
d)
Mak
e hi
ring
of E
nerg
y M
anag
ers
man
dato
ry fo
r lar
ge C
omm
erci
al/ S
ervi
ce e
ntiti
es (E
lect
ricity
con
sum
ptio
n >
400
kVA
)
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
the
Min
imum
mon
thly
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
in
Pow
er
Ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
abov
e
whi
ch h
iring
of E
nerg
y M
anag
er
is to
be
mad
e m
anda
tory
Intro
duce
the
Man
dato
ry h
iring
Ye
ar 3
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
of
EM
s as
dec
ided
Ass
ess
whe
ther
ther
e is
a
Year
1-Y
ear2
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
sc
hem
e to
trai
n E
nerg
y
Man
ager
s
If no
t ava
ilabl
e, d
evel
op a
Ye
ar3-
Year
5 M
in P
ower
/ SE
C
Min
Pow
er
sche
me
or tr
ain
EM
s in
lead
ing
co
untri
es in
the
Reg
ion.
The
S
EC
may
hel
p in
this
rega
rd.
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Ene
rgy
Man
ager
si)
Stu
dy w
heth
er s
uch
prog
ram
me
is in
ex
iste
nce
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
If no
suc
h pr
ogra
mm
e in
ope
ratio
n de
velo
p on
e (Y
ear 1
)
iii)
If ex
perti
se is
inad
equa
te to
dev
elop
pr
ogra
mm
e se
ek a
ssis
tanc
e fro
m S
EC
(Y
ear 1
-Yea
r 5)
iv)
Defi
ne th
e el
ectri
city
con
sum
ptio
n le
vel
beyo
nd w
hich
EM
hiri
ng is
man
dato
ry
(Yea
r 2)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 55
ENERGY CONSERVATION BY INTRODUCING ALTERNATE SOURCES OF ENERGYChapter 5
It is vital to introduce as much indigenous energy to the national energy mix as possible, so as to reduce the burden of fossil fuel imports and for employment generation. Besides, the alternative energy sources are less polluting and environment friendly. As at this juncture, we are not considering nuclear power and animal power, the remaining alternative energies may be categorized into three groups.
5.1 Renewable Energy
Biomass; Biogas; Geothermal; Hydro power (mini, micro, and pico); Ocean power (Tidal, OTEC, and Wave); Solar based; and Wind energy harnessing are to be considered as renewable sources of Energy in the SAARC region. Normally, renewable energy costs are high compared to those of fossil fuels and traditional large hydro power. Their other disadvantage is that most of the renewable energy sources mentioned above are intermittent in nature or depend on weather pattern. In spite of these shortcomings, it is essential to examine the possibilities for introducing more renewable sources into the national energy mix.
In this context a SWOT analysis was conducted for scanning the environment. Noting the findings of the SWOT analysis and the current trends, a Goal was set to provide 10% of the total electric power generated in 2021 from renewable sources of energy.
Strengths
Commitment of the Leadership Ever rising cost of fossil fuels forces the market to think for alternative sources Availability of Expertise knowledge Experience gained by the Member States Employment generation potential Chances for CDM funding Minimal environmental pollution Step towards Energy independence
Weaknesses
Higher capital cost Higher per unit price of energy generated from renewable Low profile generation Intermittent generation Relatively higher funding requirements Larger Land area requirement Lack of intelligent (socially accepted) approach in promoting renewable energy Inadequate funding for promotion
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 56 SAARC Energy Centre
Poor centralized promotions Poor knowledge of end-user behavior resulted in failures (Biogas, Solar) Lack of proper pricing mechanism for supplying RE based energy to the Grid
Opportunities
Chance of a CDM claim (GHG reduction) Chances of a technology breakthrough Collaborative work for regional experts Sustainably grown forests (Afforestation) Room for co-generation activities (use of grassfire, excess power to the grid, etc.) Employment generation
Threats
Sudden drop of fossil fuels prices will cause a negative impact Accelerated economic growth in Member States may force them to forgo
conservation Heavy international lobby for Coal and Gas High cost Immature technology Improper technology transfer
Goal Setting
The SWOT analysis reveals that the SAARC region has enormous potential for Renewable Energy and its utilization is supported at the top leadership level. Considering all the available information about the potential for renewable energy and the findings of the SWOT analysis, it is proposed to have 10% of total electricity generation from Renewable sources in the region.
Goal: To have a RE share of 10% in the total electricity supplied to the National Grid in SAARC Member States by the Year in terms of 2021.
The following Action Plan has been developed to accomplish the target of achieving the above Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 57
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
by In
trod
uctio
n of
var
ious
form
s of
Alte
rnat
ive
Ener
gy: R
enew
able
Ene
rgy
GO
AL:
To
have
a R
E s
hare
of 1
0% in
the
tota
l ele
ctric
ity s
uppl
ied
to th
e N
atio
nal G
rid in
SA
AR
C M
embe
r Sta
tes
by th
e Ye
ar in
term
s of
202
1
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e
Ant
icip
ated
Con
trib
utio
n
(%)
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f exi
stin
g P
ower
Gen
erat
ion
Opt
ions
and
pos
sibl
e in
puts
of R
enew
able
Ene
rgy
20
(exc
ludi
ng la
rge
Hyd
ro)
b)
Ado
ptin
g le
gal f
ram
ewor
ks a
nd in
cent
ives
for n
ew p
ower
gen
erat
ions
from
Ren
ewab
le E
nerg
y 80
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f exi
stin
g Po
wer
Gen
erat
ion
Opt
ions
and
pos
sibl
e in
puts
of R
enew
able
Ene
rgy
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
essm
ent o
f pos
sibl
e in
puts
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
to
Nat
iona
l Grid
from
New
R
enew
able
(exc
ludi
ng L
arge
hy
dro
pow
er)
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudi
es to
ach
ieve
Ye
ar1-
Year
2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
the
targ
et
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
GD
P gr
owth
of t
he re
gion
is in
the
rang
e of
5%
-9%
p.a
. Acc
ordi
ngly
th
e po
wer
gen
erat
ion
is e
xpec
ted
to e
xpan
d by
7%
-12%
ann
ually
. To
achi
eve
the
set t
arge
t sup
porti
ng
sche
mes
for R
E b
ased
pow
er
gene
ratio
n ha
s to
be
radi
cally
in
trodu
ced.
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Sto
ckta
king
i) E
xist
ing
Pow
er G
ener
atio
n op
tions
as
sess
ed (y
ear1
)
ii)
Fuel
sw
itchi
ng o
ptio
ns to
war
ds R
E a
re
cons
ider
ed (y
ear1
)
iii)
The
new
RE
opt
ions
are
ado
pted
(with
out
com
prom
isin
g po
wer
sys
tem
relia
bilit
y)
(yea
r2)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 58 SAARC Energy Centre
a)
Ado
ptin
g le
gal f
ram
ewor
ks a
nd in
cent
ives
to s
uppo
rt th
e ta
rget
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Intro
duce
ince
ntiv
es fo
r Priv
ate
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er
Mem
ber S
tate
,
se
ctor
’s ‘R
enew
able
Ene
rgy
M
in P
ower
ba
sed
Pow
er G
ener
atio
n
Intro
duce
ince
ntiv
es fo
r Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Mem
ber S
tate
,
su
bstit
utin
g fo
ssil
fuel
s in
M
in P
ower
In
dust
ry/ S
ervi
ces
by
sust
aina
ble
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y
Intro
duce
net
met
erin
g fa
cilit
ies
Ye
ar 2
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
for l
arge
sca
le in
dust
ries
Intro
duce
“Gre
en P
ower
Ye
ar 3
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
P
urch
asin
g” fa
cilit
ies
to
conc
erne
d co
nsum
ers
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Ince
ntiv
esv)
D
evel
op p
olic
ies
so in
tens
ives
for
sust
aina
ble
Gre
en P
ower
gen
erat
ion
are
lega
lized
(yea
r1)
vi)
Intro
duce
fuel
sub
stitu
tion
and
fuel
sw
itchi
ng in
cent
ives
(yea
r2)
vii)
Intro
duce
net
met
erin
g at
the
cons
umer
le
vel a
nd G
reen
Pow
er P
urch
asin
g fa
cilit
y (y
ear2
)
viii)
Sch
eme
that
faci
litat
es c
once
rned
co
nsum
ers
purc
hase
gre
en s
usta
inab
le
pow
er in
trodu
ced
(yea
r3)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 59
5.2 Bio-Fuels
The SARRC region has enormous potential for bio-fuels. Bio-fuels are produced from food crops such as Corn, Cassava, Soy gum, Soybean, Rice, Sugar cane, etc. Biomass based bio-fuel production is still in the experimental stage. Jatropha seeds, Rubber seeds, Turpentine latex, Algae are other forms of feedstock for bio-fuel production. Algae based feedstock is the most promising feedstock that does not compromise with food supply chain as well as not demand additional land use or water use. Therefore, it seems to be the Champion beside Cellulose based bio-fuel production.
The SWOT analysis done for scanning the environment to assess the success of promotion of Bio-fuels
Strengths
Expertise knowledge in the region Chance of availing CDM benefits Commitment of the Leadership Ever rising cost of fossil fuels forces the market
Weaknesses
End user behavior (reluctance to change) Lack of intelligent (socially accepted) approach Inadequate funding for promotion Centralized promotion has not worked Lack of proper pricing mechanism for Bio-fuels Competition from other cash crops (land is limited) Technology at primitive stage
Opportunities
Chance for a CDM claim (GHG reduction) Chance for a technology breakthrough Reduce deforestation (in some areas), Climate change and loss of biodiversity Sustainably grown forests (Afforestation) Employment generation Convert barren lands to usable land
Threats
Sudden drop of fossil fuels prices will cause a negative impact Accelerated economic growth in Member States may force to forgo conservation Heavy international lobby for Coal and Gas
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 60 SAARC Energy Centre
Goal Setting
Considering all the macro-level and micro-level issues pertaining to the promotion of Bio-fuels and their use in the region and the findings of the SWOT analysis, a target of having 10% of the total transport energy requirements in the region in the Year 2021 met by Bio-fuels is set.
Goal: To meet 10% of total transport fuel by bio-fuels by the Year 2021 in real terms and adopt other fuel shifting options to minimize the import of fossil fuels.
The following Action Plan has been developed to accomplish the target of achieving the set Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 61
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
by In
trod
uctio
n of
Alte
rnat
ive
Ener
gy: B
io-fu
els
GO
AL:
To
mee
t 10%
of t
otal
tran
spor
t fue
l by
bio-
fuel
s by
the
Year
202
1 an
d ad
opt o
ther
fuel
shi
fting
opt
ions
for u
se o
f Bio
-fuel
s in
oth
er s
ecto
rs s
o to
min
imiz
e th
e us
e of
foss
ils fu
els
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e
Ant
icip
ated
Con
trib
utio
n
(%)
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
Cou
ntry
’s B
io-fu
el p
oten
tial
5
b)
Stu
dy w
ays
to im
prov
e th
e pr
oduc
tion
10
c)
Und
erta
ke P
olic
y de
velo
pmen
t and
intro
duce
legi
slat
ions
to s
uppo
rt B
io-fu
el p
rogr
amm
e 85
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f Cou
ntry
’s B
io-F
uels
pot
entia
l
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
essm
ent o
f pos
sibl
e in
puts
Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
to
Nat
iona
l Grid
from
New
R
enew
able
(exc
ludi
ng L
arge
hy
dro
pow
er)
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudi
es to
ach
ieve
Ye
ar1-
Year
2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
the
targ
et
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
GD
P gr
owth
of t
he re
gion
is in
the
rang
e of
5%
-9%
p.a
. Acc
ordi
ngly
th
e po
wer
gen
erat
ion
is e
xpec
ted
to e
xpan
d by
7%
-12%
ann
ually
. To
achi
eve
the
set t
arge
t sup
porti
ng
sche
mes
for R
E b
ased
pow
er
gene
ratio
n ha
s to
be
radi
cally
in
trodu
ced.
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Bio
-fuel
s S
tock
taki
ngi)
Tota
l Bio
-fuel
s pr
oduc
tion
at th
e cu
rren
t st
age
is a
sses
sed
(yea
r1)
ii)
Tota
l pro
duct
ion
pote
ntia
l fro
m a
ll th
e fe
edst
ock
is e
valu
ated
(yea
r1)
iii)
Feas
ibili
ty S
tudy
in p
rodu
ctio
n, s
ale,
and
ut
iliza
tion
is c
ondu
cted
(ass
umin
g th
e ta
rget
as
max
imum
pot
entia
l) (y
ear2
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 62 SAARC Energy Centre
a)
Stud
y w
ays
to im
prov
e th
e pr
oduc
tion
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Und
erta
ke s
tudi
es a
s to
how
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Sci
ence
&
othe
r cou
ntrie
s ha
ve s
ucce
eded
Agr
icul
ture
T
echn
olog
y
Rec
omm
end
new
app
roac
hes
Year
1-Y
ear 2
M
in P
ower
, M
in S
cien
ce &
A
gric
ultu
re
Tec
hnol
ogy
Ana
lyze
ant
icip
ated
road
bloc
ks
Year
1-Y
ear 2
M
in S
cien
ce &
M
in S
cien
ce &
Te
chno
logy
T
echn
olog
y
Eva
luat
e re
med
ial a
ctio
ns
Year
1-Y
ear 2
M
in S
cien
ce &
M
in S
cien
ce &
Te
chno
logy
Te
chno
logy
,
Pet
role
um
Pro
pose
way
out
and
sta
rt
Year
3-Y
ear 9
M
in S
cien
ce &
M
in P
ower
pr
omot
ion
Tech
nolo
gy,
Pow
er
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Impr
ove
Bio
-fuel
s pr
oduc
tion
ix)
Sur
vey
of le
adin
g co
untri
es’ s
ucce
ss
stor
ies
(yea
r 1)
x)
Eva
luat
e su
itabi
lity
of id
entifi
ed s
ucce
ss
stor
ies’
for r
eplic
atio
n in
loca
l con
ditio
ns
(yea
r 2)
xi)
Bas
ed o
n su
cces
s st
orie
s an
d lo
cal
know
ledg
e pr
opos
e ne
w a
ppro
ache
s (y
ear2
)
xii)
Eva
luat
e an
ticip
ated
road
bloc
ks (y
ear 2
)
xiii)
Pro
pose
rem
edia
l act
ions
to a
void
road
-bl
ocks
(yea
r 3)
xiv)
Sta
rt pr
omot
ion
at G
rand
Sca
le (y
ear3
-ye
ar 9
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 63
LEGISLATIVE MEASURES AND CAPACITY BUILDINGChapter 6
It is well known that several countries in the world as well as some SAARC Member States have achieved significant energy savings by simply introducing Energy Policies and various regulations. Thus this important aspect of the area of concern also needs to be properly addressed. It has two major components viz. Legal frameworks cum Policies, and Capacity building.
6.1 Introduction and Implementation of Legal Frameworks and Policies
As usual, the policies adopted and legal frameworks developed in the Member States in this regard are not comparable. Some Member States have adopted Energy Policies, Acts to conserve Energy, and have gone to the extent of adopting Bio-fuel policies, whereas some other Member States have not even embarked on the development of National Energy Policies. In order to discuss the way forward in the SAARC region, the usual SWOT analysis was conducted.
Strengths
Expertise/knowledge available in the region
Some Member States have demonstrated how policy changes can promote energy conservation in a big way
Other Member States can adopt such policies and initiatives with suitable modifications
Weaknesses
Uneven development among Member States
Acceptance and implementation of policies by the key stakeholders
Lack of Institutional arrangements for implementation
Opportunities
Collaborative work for regional experts
Huge indirect impact on Energy Conservation
Threats
Accelerated economic growth in Member States may force them to forgo energy conservation specific to this goal
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 64 SAARC Energy Centre
Goal Setting
Though the SWOT has given a gloomy picture, there is a chance that the region will be able to reduce its energy consumption by introducing legal frameworks. Thus a goal has been set for all the Member States to bring them to comparable situation.
GOAL: National Energy Policies, Energy Conservation Acts, Mandatory Labeling Programmes, and Mandatory Hiring of EMs are in place by end of 2021
The following Action Plan was developed with various components, considering the regional situation:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 65
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
by In
trod
uctio
n of
Leg
isla
tions
and
thro
ugh
Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
gs:
Intr
oduc
tion
and
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
Leg
al F
ram
ewor
ks
GO
AL:
Nat
iona
l Ene
rgy
Pol
icie
s, E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
Act
s, M
anda
tory
Lab
elin
g P
rogr
amm
es, m
anda
tory
Hiri
ng o
f EM
s ar
e in
pla
ce b
y en
d of
202
1
Prop
osed
Act
ion
Plan
to A
chie
ve th
e se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
C
ontr
ibut
ion,
%
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f exi
stin
g en
ergy
rela
ted
regu
latio
ns
40
b)
Und
erta
ke p
repa
ratio
n of
law
s an
d ac
ts if
they
are
not
in p
lace
(Lea
ding
Sta
tes
in th
e re
gion
30
may
hel
p)
c)
Und
erta
ke in
trodu
ctio
n of
Man
dato
ry L
abel
ing
Pro
gram
mes
, Hiri
ng o
f EM
s, a
nd M
anda
tory
30
Ene
rgy
Aud
iting
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f exi
stin
g en
ergy
rela
ted
regu
latio
ns
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Rev
iew
all
Ene
rgy
rela
ted
lega
l Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
/ M
in P
ower
do
cum
ents
/pol
icie
s
AG
Offi
ce
Und
erta
ke a
gap
ana
lysi
s Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Iden
tify
lega
l vac
uum
s an
d
Year
2-Y
ear 3
M
in P
ower
M
in P
ower
/
pr
opos
e re
med
ial m
easu
res
AG
Offi
ce
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
Reg
ulat
ion
and
Pol
icy
chan
ges
are
enab
lers
to im
plem
ent t
he s
trate
gic
plan
s an
d pr
ogra
ms
of n
atio
nal
impo
rtanc
e. T
here
fore
, pra
ctic
ally
all
the
com
pone
nts
cont
ribut
es e
qual
ly
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Situ
atio
n A
naly
sis
i) S
tudy
all
the
lega
l doc
umen
ts re
latin
g to
E
nerg
y P
rodu
ctio
n, tr
ansp
orta
tion,
and
U
se (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
Iden
tify
over
lapp
ing
and
Gap
s if
any
(Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Pro
pose
mea
sure
s to
add
ress
ove
rlapp
ing
and
Gap
s (Y
ear 3
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 66 SAARC Energy Centre
b)
Und
erta
ke p
repa
ratio
n of
law
s an
d ac
ts if
they
are
not
in p
lace
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Iden
tify
lega
l req
uire
men
ts to
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r2
Min
Pow
er/
Min
Pow
er
enco
urag
e an
d en
forc
e en
ergy
AG
Offi
ce
cons
erva
tion
Con
side
r fea
sibi
lity
of d
rafti
ng
Year
2
Min
Pow
er/
Min
Pow
er
them
with
ow
n re
sour
ces
AG
Offi
ce
If un
able
, see
k as
sist
ance
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
/ M
in P
ower
fro
m S
EC
AG
Offi
ce
Fina
lize
the
lega
l fra
mew
orks
Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er/
Min
Pow
er
AG
Offi
ce
c)
Und
erta
ke in
trod
uctio
n of
Man
dato
ry L
abel
ing
Prog
ram
mes
, and
Hiri
ng o
f EM
s an
d En
ergy
Aud
itors
Ass
ess
the
curr
ent s
ituat
ion
Year
1
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
Iden
tify
whi
ch m
anda
tory
EC
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
prog
ram
mes
are
nee
ded
to
be in
trodu
ce
Con
side
r fea
sibi
lity
of
Year
2
Min
Pow
er/
Min
Pow
er/
draf
ting
them
with
ow
n
A
G O
ffice
A
G O
ffice
re
sour
ces
If un
able
, see
k as
sist
ance
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
/ M
in P
ower
fro
m S
EC
SE
C
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Lega
l Asp
ects
Man
dato
ry
Pro
gram
mes
i) B
ased
on
abov
e re
sults
ass
ign
a dr
aftin
g te
am (Y
ear 3
)
ii)
If lo
cal r
esou
rces
is n
ot a
dequ
ate
seek
S
EC
hel
p (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
Ado
pt th
e le
gal f
ram
ewor
k (Y
ear 3
)
iv)
Impl
emen
t and
follo
w u
p (Y
ear 4
- Yea
r 9)
i) E
xcis
ing
ener
gy la
belin
g pr
ogra
mm
es
asse
ssed
(Yea
r 1)
ii)
If La
belin
g is
in e
xist
ence
Iden
tify
how
to
expa
nd (Y
ear 2
)
iii)
If La
belin
g is
not
ther
e, c
onsi
der
deve
lopi
ng p
rogr
amm
es (Y
ear 1
)
iv)
If ex
perti
se is
not
ava
ilabl
e se
ek a
ssis
tanc
e fro
m S
EC
(Yea
r 2)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 67
6.2 Introduction and Implementation of Capacity Building Activities
As in other sectors, capacity building is vital for efficient management of the energy sector. Energy conservation being a relatively new component in the process of energy sector management, there are not many professional with requisite knowledge and experience to support the various initiative required to support and implement energy conservation initiatives. However, some of the member states have taken the lead in the various aspects of this segment of energy sector management and have moved ahead with significant benefits. For example, capacity building for Energy Auditing is targeted to train professionals to conduct energy audit to identify misuses and wastage of energy. Similarly, capacity building in Energy Management leads to sustainable utilization of the recommendations made during the auditing process. When the situation within the region is analysed, it is seen that, while some Member States have programmes to train Energy Auditors and Energy Managers with Certification, some others do not even have qualified Energy Auditors or Managers.
In this context the SWOT analysis shows the ways for developing the capacities
Strengths
Well established systems are in place in some Member States Training facilities to train professionals and workers already operational in some
member countries Media sensitive population
Weaknesses
Low affordability (Costly undertaking) Impact is not felt immediately
Opportunities
Opportunity for exchange of experiences among Member States Opportunity to save between 10%-20% of total energy consumed in households
through capacity building and awareness creation
Threats
Migration of workforce (internal and external) hampers utilization of learned techniques
Goal Setting
Based on the available information and the findings of the SWOT analysis, a target is set for Member States to embark on Capacity building activities
GOAL: Embark on Capacity building activities to produce Certified Energy Managers and Energy Auditors by 2021.
The following Action Plan has been developed to accomplish the target of achieving the set Goal:
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 68 SAARC Energy Centre
Act
ion
Plan
for E
nerg
y C
onse
rvat
ion
by In
trod
uctio
n of
Leg
isla
tions
and
Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g:
Intr
oduc
tion
and
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g A
ctiv
ities
GO
AL:
Mem
ber S
tate
s em
bark
on
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g ac
tiviti
es to
pro
duce
Cer
tified
Ene
rgy
Man
ager
s an
d E
nerg
y A
udito
rs b
y 20
21
Pro
pose
d A
ctio
n P
lan
to A
chie
ve th
e se
t Goa
l A
ntic
ipat
ed
C
ontri
butio
n
(%)
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
nee
d fo
r EC
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g ac
tiviti
es w
ithin
the
Cou
ntry
20
b)
Ass
essm
ent (
Gap
Ana
lysi
s) o
f exi
stin
g E
C c
apac
ity b
uild
ing
activ
ities
and
brid
ge th
e ga
ps
40
c)
Und
erta
ke m
easu
res
tow
ards
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g fo
r brid
ging
the
Gap
s, u
tilis
ing
own
expe
rtise
40
Tim
e fr
ame
for I
mpl
emen
tatio
n:Ye
ar 1
= 20
13 ;
Year
2 =
201
4; Y
ear 3
= 2
015;
Yea
r 4 =
201
6; Y
ear 5
= 2
017;
Yea
r 6 =
201
8; Y
ear 7
= 2
019;
Yea
r 8 =
202
0; Y
ear 9
= 2
021
a)
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
nee
d fo
r EC
capa
city
bui
ldin
g ac
tiviti
es
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
nee
ds fo
r Ye
ar 1
M
in P
ower
S
EC
E
Ms
and
EA
s fo
r the
E
cono
mie
s of
the
Mem
ber
Sta
tes
Iden
tify
the
need
to e
mpl
oy
Year
1
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
EM
s, E
As,
and
Tec
hnic
ians
Sci
ence
&
Tech
nolo
gy
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
ava
ilabi
lity
Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 2
Min
Pow
er
Min
Pow
er
of E
Ms,
EA
s, a
nd T
echn
icia
ns
Com
pone
nt W
eigh
tage
Reg
ulat
ion
and
Pol
icy
chan
ges
are
enab
lers
to im
plem
ent t
he s
trate
gic
plan
s an
d pr
ogra
ms
of n
atio
nal
impo
rtanc
e. T
here
fore
, pra
ctic
ally
all
the
com
pone
nts
cont
ribut
e eq
ually
.
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Nee
d as
sess
men
ti)
The
impa
ct o
f EA
and
hirin
g of
EM
are
as
sess
ed (Y
ear 1
)
ii)
If fo
und
esse
ntia
l ide
ntify
leve
ls w
here
the
EA
and
EM
ser
vice
nee
ded
(Yea
r 1)
iii)
Sur
vey
on a
vaila
ble
EM
s an
d E
As
with
in
the
coun
try (Y
ear 1
)
iv)
Iden
tify
the
shor
tage
s (Y
ear 2
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 69
a)
Ass
essm
ent (
Gap
Ana
lysi
s) o
f the
exi
stin
g EC
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g ac
tiviti
es
Mai
n C
ompo
nent
s D
etai
led
Act
ions
Sc
hedu
led
R
esou
rce/
R
espo
nsib
ility
Targ
et
Fun
ding
Ass
ess
avai
labl
e re
sour
ces
to
Year
1
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
train
requ
ired
EM
s, E
As,
and
Sci
ence
&
Te
chni
cian
s
Te
chno
logy
Con
side
r cap
acity
bui
ldin
g fo
r Ye
ar 1
-Yea
r 3
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
brid
ging
the
Gap
s, u
tilis
ing
own
Sci
ence
&
re
sour
ces
Te
chno
logy
If un
able
to d
o so
, see
k S
EC
as
sist
ance
Ye
ar 2
M
in P
ower
, SE
C
Mem
ber S
tate
Visi
t Ye
ar 3
-Yea
r 9
Min
Pow
er,
Min
Pow
er
ww
w.en
ergy
man
ager
train
ing.
com
S
cien
ce &
or
vis
it w
ww
.ene
rgy.
gov.
lk
Te
chno
logy
Eval
uatio
n M
ilest
ones
(li
sted
in th
e pa
rent
hesi
s is
the
Year
that
is
targ
eted
to c
ompl
ete
a pa
rtic
ular
act
ivity
)
Gap
Ana
lysi
s an
d B
ridgi
ng th
e G
aps
i) B
ased
on
the
iden
tified
sho
rtage
, as
sess
feas
ibili
ty o
f eng
agin
g lo
cally
tra
ined
per
son
or if
suf
ficie
nt n
umbe
r of
prof
essi
onal
s ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e, m
ake
arra
ngem
ents
for t
rain
ing
the
requ
ired
man
pow
er.(Y
ear 2
)
ii)
If fe
asib
le s
tart
train
ing
(Yea
r 3)
iii)
If re
sour
ces
are
inad
equa
te lo
cally
then
se
ek S
EC
ass
ista
nce
(Yea
r 3)
iv)
Und
erta
ke s
tudy
from
ava
ilabl
e re
sour
ces
(Yea
r 3)
v)
Sta
rt de
velo
ping
loca
l cap
aciti
es (Y
ear 3
- Ye
ar 9
)
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 71
CONCLUSIONChapter 7
In order to maximize benefits of energy conservation the entire energy supply chain management concept was applied. A comprehensive approach for energy conservation is thus proposed in this Action Plan. The Action Plan identifies the following key areas for Energy Conservation:
Energy production and generation Transmission and transportation End-use level Renewable and alternative energy Legislations and capacity building
A generalized SWOT analysis was applied on key areas, goals setting for them, local targets were developed based on global experiences, time bound evaluation milestones were identified, balanced score card (BSC) technique is proposed for progress evaluation.
The Action Plan is developed with a vision that proposed Energy Conservation Activities will take place within the time frame of 10 years, i.e. 2012 to 2021
Sectoral Action Plans were developed on the basis n the SWOT analysis. Evaluation of main focus areas and their sub-sections provided the energy conservation potential. The Action Plan proposes energy conservation targets for 2021 for the following Action Areas:
Action Area Proposed Targets
Power Generation Increase in efficiency by 2%
Fossil Fuel Mining Decrease waste by 25%
Electricity Transmission Reduce technical losses by 80%
Fossil Fuel Transportation Reduce waste by 50%
Transport Sector Reduce fuel consumption by 10%
Household Sector Reduce energy consumption by 15%
Industrial Sector (Incl. Agriculture) Reduce consumption by 15%
Large Commercial and Service Reduce energy consumption by 15%
Renewable Energies RE share in power supply 10%
Bio-Fuels Share in transport fuel 10%
Legal Frameworks Policies, Laws, Labeling Programmes
Capacity Building Certified Energy Mangers/Auditors
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 72 SAARC Energy Centre
The SAARC Energy Centre hopes that this effort will be a positive step to improve energy security as this least cost option will increase energy supplies while at the same time it will contribute towards environment protection.
ANNEXURES
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 75
SEC FORMAT FOR COLLECTING INPUTSAnnexure I
The SEC prepared this format for collecting inputs from the Member States, and some Member States have responded to the SEC.
1. National policies and legislative frameworks relating to energy efficiency and conservation to benefit from mutual experiences for formulating and/or improving their respective policy/legislative environment.
2. Identification of relevant institutions and their activities for capacity building and promotion of energy efficiency in the country.
3. Experiences, expertise and best available practices especially in industries, buildings, power, transport and agriculture sectors for sharing with other Member States.
4. Status of development of standards, labeling program, testing procedures to promote energy efficiency of energy consuming equipment and appliances.
5. Information on programs launched for creating awareness, training and education, and outreach to promote energy management and conservation in all sectors of economy.
6. Proposal for programs and projects on energy conservation and efficiency for regional cooperation.
7. Information on public-private partnership in implementing energy conservation and efficiency practices.
8. Data for Energy Conservation Directory (listing sector specific energy efficient technologies adopted, and best practices followed).
9. SAARC Energy Centre has included a page on energy conservation and energy efficiency in the SAARC Energy Centre’s website (www.saarcenergy.org), Member States may contribute by providing information on the subject for uploading the website.
10. Availability of trainings for capacity building of Energy Managers and Energy Auditors including Certification Examination.
11. Information on:
o Best management models and practices to promote energy efficiency
o Energy efficient technologies
o Energy audit methodologies
o Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) concept and practice, success and failures
12. Any other information which Member State may like to share for preparation of an Action Plan.
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Page 76 SAARC Energy Centre
FORMAT DEVELOPED BY THE BEE, INDIA TO EVALUATE EE PERFORMANCES IN
ESTABLISHMENTS
Annexure II
Draft Format for preparation of Energy Conservation DirectoryEnergy Conservation Measure Implemented in 2009-10
ID to be filled by SAARC Member Country Title of the measure Sector
Year: 2009-10 Technology
Description of the energy conservation measure:
Picture/sketch/drawing before modification Picture/sketch/drawing after modification (if available)
Agency that executed the project (with complete address and email):
Total investment, Rs. Year of implementation:
First Year energy cost, Rs.
First Year other saving, Rs.
On Annual basis OTHERS
Energy consumption before
Energy consumption after
Energy tariff, Rs/kWh/Tones/Nm3/kh
Plant/Establishment complete address:
Contract person who could be contacted for more information:
(To be filled up separately for each Energy Conservation Measure Implemented)
We authorize______________ to use this information for dissemination
Signature: ________________
Date :____________________
SAARC Action Plan on Energy Conservation
SAARC Energy Centre Page 77
REFERENCE LITERATUREAnnexure III
1. http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy- analyses/pubs/ NETL%20Power%20Plant% 20 Efficiency%20Workshop%20Report%20Final.pdf,
2. http://www.worldcoal.org/coal-the-environment/coal-use-the-environment/improving-efficiencies/,
3. http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2011/fossil_power_generation/efp201105064.htm,
4. http://web.mit.edu/mitei/docs/reports/beer-emissions.pdf ,
5. http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/resource/docs/coalfired.pdf ,
6. http://www.energy.siemens.com/co/pool/hq/power-generation/power-plants/steam-power-plant-solutions/coal-fired-power-plants/Luenen.pdf,
7. ftp://ftp.euro-cleancoal.net/pub/pdf/j2phase2/chap5.pdf .
8. http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/index.php?sectors=energy
9. http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/ies_india_total_oil_petroleum_products_consumption.htm
10. http://www.energy.gov.lk
11. http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/ENERGY%20MARKETS%20&%20TECHNOLOGIES-REVISED1.pdf
12. http://www.pppinindia.com/pdf/ppp_position_paper_power_122k9.pdf
13. http://www.powergridindia.com/PGCIL_NEW/home.aspx
14. http://www.powergridindia.com/PGCIL_NEW/Files/AnnualReport2010-11.pdf
15. http://www.bpdb.gov.bd
16. http://www.aepc.gov.np/
17. http://www.afghaneic.org/
18. www.mhe.gov.mv/