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Safe drinking water and sanitation

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Safe drinking water and sanitation Muhammad Amin
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Page 1: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Safe drinking water and sanitation

Muhammad Amin

Page 2: Safe drinking water and sanitation
Page 3: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Global Status;Regional distribution of global population not served with improved water supply and improved sanitation

Water Supply 2%

7%

28%

63%

AsiaAfricaLatin America and the CaribbeanEurope

80%

13%

5%

2%Sanitation

AsiaAfricaLatin America and the CaribbeanEurope

(Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report: : WHO

and UNICEF, 2000)

Page 4: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Safe drinking water and sanitation;• Water in life• 2/3 of body cells contain water• Water plays pivotal role in:

Body functions and Biochemical reactions

• Used as building material in every cell Involved in mechanisms for controlling and maintaining normal body temperature• Acts as a medium for carrying:

nutrients to cells wastes out of cells

Page 5: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Human Body Water Composition By Organ/Tissue

Page 6: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Water : Recommended Daily Amount litres/day

• Children – 1.3-1.7

• Men – 3.7

• Women – 2.7

• Pregnant women – 3.0

• Lactating women – 3.8

Page 7: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Functions of Water in Human Body;

Page 8: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan;

• Water and sanitation are ignored sectors in Pakistan• Majority of Pakistani people do not have access to safe

drinking water and lack satisfactory sanitation systems

• In 2005, approximately 38.5 million people did not have access to safe drinking water and approximately 50.7 million people lacked access to improved sanitation facilities in Pakistan

• With the same trend, by 2020, 52.8 million people will be deprived of safe drinking water and 43.2 million people will be lacking adequate sanitation facilities in Pakistan

Page 9: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Contd;• Hence quality of drinking water in Pakistan far from being

satisfactory• Rivers and sub-soil water contaminated due to disposal of

untreated domestic and industrial fluid wastes• Contamination starts right in the mountains• Tourists to the hill stations contribute to garbage• Shandur Festival, at 12,520 ft. altitude gathers almost

20,000 people• Produce around 5,000 kg garbage – pollutes glaciers, lakes

and rivers • Causes toxicity in residents using it

Page 10: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Contd;• Tourist points like Murree become heavily polluted contributed

by tourists• Naturally garbage produced finds its way into water channels

that supply drinking water to downstream areas • Survey conducted by NIH, Islamabad - upward trend in nitrate

contents in drinking water of Islamabad and Rawalpindi • Bacteriological examination shows 94% water samples

unsuitable for human consumption• Situation alarming because samples taken from posh F-11, G-7,

G-9, G-11, and Airport areas in Islamabad• If this quality of water in model and modern city, imagine

situation in other cities

Page 11: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Water Quality;

• All people, irrespective of their stage of development and social and economic condition, have the right to access to safe drinking water in quantities and of a quality equal to their basic needs

• WHO recognizes that access to adequate water supplies is a fundamental human right

• Water-related diseases are a human tragedy, killing millions of people each year

• account for 80% of all deaths in developing countries

Page 12: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Chemical contamination in Water and Human Health;

• Common chemical contaminants include:Nitrates

Arsenic

Fluoride

Page 13: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Nitrates;

• Bacteria in drinking water in the human body can transform nitrates/ nitrites into nitrosamines, a compound formed by the reaction between nitrite and secondary amines

• Blue-baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) is caused by exposure to elevated levels of nitrite in infants less than 6 months old

• Blood’s ability to carry oxygen is affected– result in a bluish color in the infant’s skin

Page 14: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Arsenic;• Various studies have been conducted in arsenic affected

countries - notably Argentina, Chile, China, Japan, and Taiwan - to find the potential of arsenic exposure to cause development of cancer

• Continuous arsenic exposure canlead people to develop arsenicosis,which in turn elevates the riskof cancer .

• Arsenic ingestion increases risk of lungs and kidney cancer• Skin lesions are the most common manifestations in

arsenicosis patients.

Page 15: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Fluoride;• Fluorosis - Ingestion of excess fluoride, most commonly in drinking-

water affects:– Teeth– Bones

• Moderate amounts lead to dental effects• Moderate-level chronic exposure (above 1.5 mg/L of water - the

WHO guideline value for fluoride in water) is more common• Long-term ingestion of large amounts can lead to severe skeletal

problems• Fluorides lower the intelligence capacity of humans• Children are more susceptible to fluoride toxicity

Page 16: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Examples of Key IssuesSafe Drinking Water;

• Planning at country level to achieve the targetOwnership and governance / Promotion of political will

• Providing safe drinking water supplyFull use of traditional system and site-specific technologies

• Maintenance of existing systemsRehabilitation and improved operation and maintenance of existing systems

• Capacity buildingHuman resources and institutional building Synergy among partners

Page 17: Safe drinking water and sanitation

Examples of Key IssuesSanitation;

• Expanding and improving• sanitation services which should be affordable and socially and culturally

acceptable• Promoting safe hygiene• education and practices• Develop Technical and• Financial Capacity

Keys to Sustainable Progress in Sanitation

Climate, Culture, Public Acceptance

Socio-economics

Technology

Water Resources, Natural Environment

Page 18: Safe drinking water and sanitation

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