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Safety Safety R
un
way
Initiative
ParticipantsParticipants• EASA
• CANSO
• IFALPA
• FAA/CAST
• LVNL
• Boeing
• DGAC France
• Flight Safety Foundation
• IFATCA
• NLR * ALTA
• Airbus
• Embraer
• ACI
• IATA
• ERA
• Eurocontrol
• AAPA
• US NTSB
• AEA
• Honeywell
1. Initial RSI meeting in Amsterdam 7 and 8 Feb 2007
2. Meeting in Brussels 30 and 31 May 2007
3. Meeting in Toulouse 6 and 7 September 2007
4. Meeting in Miami 9 and 10 January 2008
5. Meeting at NTSB in Washington on 7 and 8 May 2008
6. Meeting at EASA in Cologne on 20 and 21 August 2008
7. Meting at Boeing in Seattle on 13 and 14 November
RSI Meetings
Definition:
A Runway safety issue is any safety issue that deals with the runway environment (or any surface being used as a runway) and the areas immediately adjacent to it (e.g. overruns, high speed taxiways).
• Runway Incursions
Runway Safety Issues
• Runway Excursions
• Runway Confusion
New ICAO Definition of Runway Incursion:
“ Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.”
2007 runway safety events
- TAROM runway incursion accident (0 fatalities)- S7 excursion report from MAK (126 fatalities)- Garuda excursion in Indonesia (21 fatalities)- TAM excursion (187 fatalities)
- Southwest Airlines Midway excursion report- Air France A-340 Toronto excursion report
8
Some 2008 Runway Safety Events
- Kalitta B747 excursion (0 fatalities)
- Hewa Bora DC-9 excursion (3 Fatal)
- TACA A-320 excursion (3 Fatal)
- Sudan Airways A-310 excursion (30 fatal)
- Several corporate aircraft fatal excursions
- Continental excursion in Denver (0 fatalities)
Major Accidents Commercial Jets
1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008 Date Operator Aircraft Location Phase Fatal
2 Januray Iran Air F-100 Tehran, Iran Takeoff 0
17 January British Airways B-777 London, England Landing 0
1 February LAB B-727 Trinidad, Bolovia Enroute 0
14 February Belavia CRJ-100 Yerevan, Armenia Takeoff 0
15 April*Hewa Bora Airways
DC-9 Goma, DRC Takeoff 3
25 May* Kalitta Air B-747 Brussels, Belgium Takeoff 0
30 May* TACA A-320Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Landing 3
10 June* Sudan Airways A-310 Khartoum, Sudan Landing 29
30 June Ababeel Aviation IL-76 Khartoum, Sudan Takeoff 4
6 July USA Jet Airlines DC-9 Saltillo, Mexico Approach 1
7 July Kalitta Air B-747 Bogota, Colombia Takeoff 0
20 August Spanair MD-82 Madrid, Spain Takeoff 154
24 August Itek-Air B-737 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Approach 65
30 August Conviasa B-737 Toacaso, Ecuador Enroute 3
14 September
Aeroflot Nord B-737 Perm, Russia Approach 88
22 September* ICARO F-28 Quito, Ecuador Takeoff 0
10 November
Ryanair B-737 Rome, Italy Approach 0
27 November
XL Airways Germany A-320 Perpignan, France Approach 7
20 December*
Continental Arilines
B-737 Denver, CO, USA Takeoff 0
Source: Ascend
Runway Excursion
Major Accidents Business Jets
1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008
Date Operator Aircraft Location PhaseFata
l1 February Symons Living Trust Citation I Agusta, Maine, USA Climb 2
18 February Avion SalesCitation III
Venezuela Enroute 3
4 MarchSouthwest Sports Clinic
Citation I Oklahoma City, USA Takeoff 5
4 March Confort VuelaHS125-800
Monterrey, Mexico Landing 0
30 March Relton Muse Aviation Citation I London, UK Climb 5
12 June FAI Rent-A-Jet Lear 35 Kisangani, DRC Takeoff 0
30 July My AviationEclipse 500
West Chester, PA, USA
Takeoff 0
31 July East Coast JetsHawker 800 Owatonna, MN, USA Approach 8
18 August Corus Hardware Corp Citation I Santo Domingo, DR Climb 1
19 September
Inter Travel and Svcs Lear 60 Colombia, SC, USA Takeoff 4
4 November Mexican Government Lear 45 Mexico City, Mexico Approach 9
7 DecemberTlaxcala State Government Lear 23 Tlaxcala, Mexico Approach 2
Source: Ascend
2008Runway Safety Data
Total Accidents: 97 (44 Jet/53 TP: all Western and Eastern built commercial jet and turboprop aircraft, Major or substantial damage)
Total Incursion Accidents: 0
Total Confusion Accidents: 0
Total Excursion Accidents: 38 (39%) - 32 Fatalities
• Runway Incursions - Good
Data Availability
• Runway Excursions - Good for Accidents and Incidents with Damage
• Runway Confusion - Limited (normally no damage, no injury, no loss of separation)
1977 - KLM / Pan Am
Los Rodeos Airport -Tenerife Canary Islands
February 1991
US Airways Runway Incursion Accident – Los Angeles: Controller cleared aircraftto land with another aircraft on the runway.
SASOctober 2001
SASOctober 2001
Milan, ItalyMilan, Italy
Runway Incursions
• Part of the new breed of safety challenge - Not a lot of accidents - Numerous Incidents• Basic Risk Management: Risk = (Probability) X (Severity)
The Players
• Airports
• ATC
• Regulators
• Operators - Aircrews - Management
• Aircraft Manufacturers
Manufacturers
• Safe/Reliable Aircraft
• Data and procedures for normal operations• Data and procedures for non- normal operations
Operators• Stabilized Approach Criteria• True No-Fault Go Around Policy
• Decision making
- On approach - On the runway
• Training
Airports• Airport Design• Lighting• Approach Aids (e.g. ILS, VASI, PAPI)• Runway Design (crown, grooved)• Runway markings and signage• Runway clearing/cleaning• Runway condition measurement• Runway End Safety Areas• Airport AARF
,
ATC
• Stabilized Approach Assistance
• Pertinent and timely Information
- Weather - Runway Condition
Regulator
• Provide appropriate and professional oversight
• Stabilized Approach requirements
- Approaches with vertical guidance
Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Incursion:
Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience1. ICAO Runway Safety Toolkit ICAO CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM, Management2. Runway and Surface Safety FAA CD and web Flight Instructors Pilot Examiners3. Taxi 101 FAA CD and web Maintenance personnel
4. Runway Incursion Prevention FAA, ACI, CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM Program IATA, PAAST
5. European Action Plan for the Eurocontrol et al CD and web Aircrews, Airports, ATM Prevention of Runway Incursions Vehicle drivers
6. Runway Incursion CAST JSIT FAA (CAST) CD Aircrews, Airports, ATM Reports
7. FAA Runway Safety Website FAA Web site Aircrews, ATM, Vehicle Drivers8. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline FAA CD and web Aircrews, ATM, Airports
9. AOPA Runway Safety Course FAA, AOPA Web site General Aviation Pilots
10. ALPA Runway Safety Course FAA, ALPA Web site Aircrews
11. ACI Airside Safety Handbook ACI Handbook Airports
12. Runway Safety: It’s Everybody’s FAA Handbook Pilots, Controllers Business
13. Pilot Guide to Runway Safety Sporty’s CD General Aviation Pilots
Runway Excursion
Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience
1. ALAR Tool Kit Flight Safety Foundation CD Aircrews, ATM, Airports
2. Managing Threats and Errors Flight Safety Foundation Web Aircrews During Approach and Landing: How to avoid a Runway Overrun
3. Takeoff Safety Training Aid FAA CD and web Aircrews
Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Confusion: ??????????? (Many Runway Incursion Products may be applicable here)
Incursion
Safety Data
RunwayConfusion
Excursion
Accident Data1995 – 2008
Commercial Aircraft(Substantial and Major Damage, Western and Eastern built
Turbojets and Turboprops)
Jets Turboprops Major Substantial Major Substantial 286 372 528 243Total 658 771
1,429 Total Accidents
(of all types, not just runway safety accidents)
Number Percent of Total
Incursions: 10 (.7/year) .6%
Excursions: 417 (29.8/year) 29 %
Confusion: 4 (.3/year) .3%
Runway Safety Accident Data
1995 – 20081,429 Total Accidents
Runway Related Accidents 1995 through 2008
Incursion - Turbojet
Excursion Turbojet
Confusion - TurbojetIncursionTurboprop
Excursion Turboprop
Confusion Turboprop
Commercial Transport Aircraft
Runway Safety Data1995 – 2008
Runway Excursion Data
• 36% of Jet accidents
• 24% of Turboprop accidents
• Turboprops have a higher risk of veer-offs Jets have a higher risk of overruns
Business Jet Accidents 1991 -
2002
Total Accidents: 251
Excursions: 63
Excursion %: 25.1%
30 years of Taxiway and Runway Incursion / Confusion Accidents
1996 to 2007
$2,415M
$120M/year752 Fatal94 Serious
$1800M583 F + 59 SRunway collisionB-747 / B-747Tenerife, Canary Islands
27 Mar 1977
$165M42 F + 5 SRunway collisionB-737 / snow plowCranbrook, BC, Canada
11 Feb 1978
$300M93 F + 30 SRunway collisionB-727 / DC-9Madrid, Spain7 Dec 1983
$150M34 FRunway collisionB-737 / Be-1900Los Angeles, CA, USA
2 Feb 1991
Estimated LossFatalities / Serious
AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate
$366M + $35M = $401M total122 F + 71 SRunway collisionMD-87/ CJ-2Milan, Italy8 Oct 2001
$3M + $7M = $10M total1 FRunway collisionMD-83 / Shorts 330Paris, France25 May 2000
$0M + $3M = $3M total0Taxiway collisionB-747 / grass cutterAmsterdam, Netherlands
1997
$42M + $12M = $54M total14 FRunway collisionBe-1900 / Be-490Quincy, IL, USA19 Nov 1996
$0M + $4M = $4M total0Taxi collisionSA-227 / SA-226Denver, CO, USA3 Dec 2003
$250M + $66M = $316M total83 F + 71 SRunway collisionB-747 / construction equipment
Taipei, Taiwan31 Oct 2001
$808M + $142M = $950M
$95M/year269 Fatal142 Serious
$147M + $15M = $162M total49 FTake off on short runway 26
CRJ-100Lexington, KY, USA27 Aug 2006
Estimated LossFatalities / Serious
AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate
$2,415M
$120M/year752 Fatal94 Serious
$1800M583 F + 59 SRunway collisionB-747 / B-747Tenerife, Canary Islands
27 Mar 1977
$165M42 F + 5 SRunway collisionB-737 / snow plowCranbrook, BC, Canada
11 Feb 1978
$300M93 F + 30 SRunway collisionB-727 / DC-9Madrid, Spain7 Dec 1983
$150M34 FRunway collisionB-737 / Be-1900Los Angeles, CA, USA
2 Feb 1991
Estimated LossFatalities / Serious
AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate
$366M + $35M = $401M total122 F + 71 SRunway collisionMD-87/ CJ-2Milan, Italy8 Oct 2001
$3M + $7M = $10M total1 FRunway collisionMD-83 / Shorts 330Paris, France25 May 2000
$0M + $3M = $3M total0Taxiway collisionB-747 / grass cutterAmsterdam, Netherlands
1997
$42M + $12M = $54M total14 FRunway collisionBe-1900 / Be-490Quincy, IL, USA19 Nov 1996
$0M + $4M = $4M total0Taxi collisionSA-227 / SA-226Denver, CO, USA3 Dec 2003
$250M + $66M = $316M total83 F + 71 SRunway collisionB-747 / construction equipment
Taipei, Taiwan31 Oct 2001
$808M + $142M = $950M
$95M/year269 Fatal142 Serious
$147M + $15M = $162M total49 FTake off on short runway 26
CRJ-100Lexington, KY, USA27 Aug 2006
Estimated LossFatalities / Serious
AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate
$100M/year Due to Runway Incursions
Prior to 1996
Three years of Runway Excursion Accidents2005 to 2007
$15MLanded longB737-400Makassar, Indonesia25 Dec 2006
$52M23 F + 15 SLanded long & fastB737-400Yogyakarta, Indonesia
7 Mar 2007
$37MLanded longEMB-190Santa Maria, Columbia
17 Jul 2007
$602M199 F + 11 SLanded longA320Sao Paulo, Brazil17 Jul 2007
$20MLanded long & fastMD-82Phuket, Thailand16 Sep 2007
$60MLanded longA320Butuan, Philippines26 Oct 2007
$10MLanded long & fastB727Lagos, Nigeria7 Sep 2006
$15MLanded longB737-200Tarakan, Indonesia3 Oct 2006
$7MLanded longBAe-146Stord, Norway10 Oct 2006
$20MFloated on wet runwayDC-10Barranquilla, Columbia
17 Nov 2006
$35M1 F + 1 SLate thrust reverserB737-700Chicago, IL, USA8 Dec 2005
$15MThrust reverserMD-82Surabaya, Indonesia4 Mar 2006
$15MLanded longDC-10Managua, Nicaragua4 Jun 2006
$70M131 FThrust reverserA310Irkutsk, Russia9 Jul 2006
$60MLanded long & fastB747-200Dusseldorf, Germany24 Jan 2005
$25MLanded long & fastMD-83Cali, Columbia8 Jan 2005
$235M11 SLanded long & tailwindA340Toronto, Canada2 Aug 2005
$25MUnstable approachDC-10Chittagong, Bangladesh
1 July 2005
$1,518M
$506M/year354 Fatal38 Serious
$200MLanded long & tailwindA340Quito, Ecuador9 Nov 2007
Estimated LossFatalities / Serious
AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate
$15MLanded longB737-400Makassar, Indonesia25 Dec 2006
$52M23 F + 15 SLanded long & fastB737-400Yogyakarta, Indonesia
7 Mar 2007
$37MLanded longEMB-190Santa Maria, Columbia
17 Jul 2007
$602M199 F + 11 SLanded longA320Sao Paulo, Brazil17 Jul 2007
$20MLanded long & fastMD-82Phuket, Thailand16 Sep 2007
$60MLanded longA320Butuan, Philippines26 Oct 2007
$10MLanded long & fastB727Lagos, Nigeria7 Sep 2006
$15MLanded longB737-200Tarakan, Indonesia3 Oct 2006
$7MLanded longBAe-146Stord, Norway10 Oct 2006
$20MFloated on wet runwayDC-10Barranquilla, Columbia
17 Nov 2006
$35M1 F + 1 SLate thrust reverserB737-700Chicago, IL, USA8 Dec 2005
$15MThrust reverserMD-82Surabaya, Indonesia4 Mar 2006
$15MLanded longDC-10Managua, Nicaragua4 Jun 2006
$70M131 FThrust reverserA310Irkutsk, Russia9 Jul 2006
$60MLanded long & fastB747-200Dusseldorf, Germany24 Jan 2005
$25MLanded long & fastMD-83Cali, Columbia8 Jan 2005
$235M11 SLanded long & tailwindA340Toronto, Canada2 Aug 2005
$25MUnstable approachDC-10Chittagong, Bangladesh
1 July 2005
$1,518M
$506M/year354 Fatal38 Serious
$200MLanded long & tailwindA340Quito, Ecuador9 Nov 2007
Estimated LossFatalities / Serious
AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate
$500M/year Due to Runway Excursions
Runway Safety Fatality Data
1995 – 2008
Number of Fatal Accidents (Onboard Fatalities)
Incursions: 5 (129)
1,429 Total Accidents(492 fatal accidents (33%))
Excursions: 34 (712)
Confusion: 2 (132)
Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway Accidents by Type 1995 thru
2008
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Runway Excursion
Runway Confusion
Runway Incursion
Fatal
Non-Fatal
Number of Accidents
Runway Safety Observations
• Severity of runway excursions dependent on:
- Energy of aircraft when departing the runway - Airport layout, geography, and rescue capability
• Data shows we are being effective in preventing runway incursion accidents, but the number of incidents and severity still indicates a very high risk• Data shows runway excursions are the most common type of runway safety accident (96%) and the most common type of fatal runway safety accident (80%)
Runway Safety Observations• New procedures (e.g. Auckland, NZ) may
be helpful in reducing the risk in some runway incursion and runway confusion situations – but not all
• In the case of runway confusion, many runway incursion interventions may be useful (e.g. moving map) • In the case of runway excursions, a major risk reduction factor is flying a stabilized
approach with landing in the touchdown zone
Basics
- Energy = Mass X V2
- Effect of reverse thrust is significantly greater on a contaminated runway
- Calculations and rules are important, but so is adhering to the conditions used to calculate them: * e.g. abort past V1 * Land long, land fast
- Stabilized approach with landing in touch down zone
The Way Forward
RSI Steering Team
Runway Incursions
Runway ExcursionsSupport and
Promote the many current efforts
* ICAO definition * Global Data Base
Lead the effort to reducethe risk of excursions
* Establish data team to determine highest risk areas and develop
interventions * Publish interventions and best
practices, e.g. - Stabilized approaches - No-fault go around policy - Contaminated runway data
• 3 Critical Items for success:
Basic Plan
1. Identify high risk areas (with data) 2. Develop interventions to reduce the risk in the highest risk areas
3. Get information out internationally * On a regionally tailored basis * In a user friendly format
Global Plan to Reduce the Risk of
Runway Excursions
FSF Goal:Make Aviation Safer by reducing the Risk of an Accident