Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation

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4/20/12

SAFETY ASPECTS OF

FOOD IRRADIATION

Submitted To:-

Dr. H.K. SharmaHOD. Food Deptt.

Submitted By:-

Jayanta PalGFT/095234.


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CONTENT

Introduction

Sources Of Radiation Applied In Food

Dose And Effect Of RadiationRadiation Safety System

Effect Of Irradiation On Nutrition &

Taste Of Food Safety Of Irradiated Food

Safety Of Irradiation Process

Labelling & Regulatory


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INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS RADIATION?

Radiation is energy that comesfrom a source and travelsthrough space and may be able

to penetrate various materials.

Light, radio, and microwaves aret es of radiation that are called


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WHAT IS IRRADIATION?

Irradiation is the process by which an objectis exposed to radiation. The exposure can

originate from various sources, includingnatural sources


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WHAT IS FOOD IRRADIATION ?

Food irradiation is the process ofexposing food to controlled levels of

ionizing radiation to kill harmful bacteria,pests, or to preserve its freshness.

The process of food irradiation is often

called cold pasteurization, because it killsharmful bacteria without heat.


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RADIATION APPLIED

IN FOODGamma Rays

Electron Beams

X-rays


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DOSE AND EFFECT OF

RADIATION

Under exposure a givenmaterial has an ability to

absorb radiation. Thisdiffers with certainmaterials (think lead versuswater) and some willabsorb more or less as

radiation passes through.


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The dose is the amount of radiationused to expose food.

The dose is controlled by the intensityof the radiation and the length of timethe food is exposed to the source.

The dose permitted for use in foodvaries according to the type of foodand the desired action. Treatmentlevels have been approved by FDA as

follows:


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Low doses, < 1 kGy

Control insects in grains and fruits

Inhibit sprouting in tubers

Delay the ripening of some fruits/vegetables

Reduce the problems of parasites inproducts of animal origin, (e.g., trichinella

spiralis in pork)


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Medium doses, (1-10 kGy)

Control Salmonella, Shigella, ampylobacter,Listeria and E. coliin meat, poultry, and fish

Delay mold growth on strawberries and otherfruits


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High doses, (> than 10 kGy)

Kill microorganisms and insects in spices

Commercially sterilize foods, destroying allmicroorganisms of public health concern (i.e.,special diets for people with weakenedimmune systems)


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RADIATION SAFFETY

SYSTEM

Figure 1: Components of the Radiation Safety System


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IRRADIATION ON

NUTRITION & TASTE

OF FOODIrradiated foods are wholesome andnutritious. At low doses of radiation,nutrient losses are either not

measurable or, if they can be measured,are not significant.

Food properly irradiated according to avalidated protocol shows little if anychange in taste. Most people can'tdetect any change.


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SAFETY OF

IRRADIATED FOOD

Does the irradiation process makefood radioactive?

Absolutely not, regardless of how highthe radiation dose. As the energy passesthrough, it only kills the bacteria, leaving

no residue.


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Is irradiated food safe?

Yes. In fact foods pasteurized byirradiation are safer, because the processdestroys harmful bacteria that may bepresent. This is why such organizationsas the American Medical Association andthe World Health Organization endorse it.


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Does eating irradiated food presentlong-term health risks?

No. Medical professionals, scientistsand health organizations around theworld have studied food irradiation for

over 50 years and determined that it isperfectly safe and will save lives.There is no reproducible evidence thatconsumption of irradiated food poses

any risk to long term health.


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Are the chemical changes inirradiated foods harmful?

No. In fact the effect of irradiation is lessthan the changes that take place in foodfrom cooking, canning or freezing.


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Does irradiation create any uniquechemical changes in the food?

After over 50 years of study, one potentiallyunique compound has been identified inirradiated food; 2-alkylcyclobutanone. TheFDA has concluded that there is no adverse

effect from eating irradiated foods that maycontain 2-alkylcyclobutanone.


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Does irradiation create carcinogenslike benzene in food?

Yes, but the levels produced are muchless than those found naturally in manyother non-irradiated food products. For

example the amount of benzene in anordinary egg is a thousand times higherthan that found in an irradiatedhamburger.


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Do the free radicals producedduring irradiation affect the safety offood?

No. Free radicals can be formed when foodis irradiated, as with other food processingmethods, and even the normal oxidationprocess in food.


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Does eating irradiated food causegenetic damage?

The claim of abnormal chromosomesresulting from eating irradiated food hasbeen sensationalized as a result of a very

small study done in the 1970's in India.The study reported increases in thefrequency of polyploid cells in animalsand malnourished children.


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Are radiation pasteurized foodssterile?

No. Only a lower dose of irradiation is usedto eliminate harmful bacteria in meat andpoultry products, similar to pasteurizing milk.


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IRRADIATION

PROCESS


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Is there a risk of radiation exposure ifyou live next to an irradiation facility?

No. Commercial irradiators are equipped withsafety systems designed to prevent radiationexposure to the public.


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Do workers at irradiation facilitiesface dangers from radiation?

Danger to the workers is minimal. Strictsafety features and procedures preventworker exposure and the workers wear

monitors to verify the effectiveness ofthose safeguards.


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Is there a risk from transportation ofradioactive materials for irradiators?

No. In North America, in over 40 years oftransporting radioactive isotopes in speciallydesigned and rigorously tested shippingcontainers, there has never been an accident

that caused a radiation exposure problem. E-beam and x-ray irradiators do not useradioactive material.


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Can an irradiation facility have a"melt down"?

No. As the source (cobalt-60) gives offradiation, it also produces heat. The heatgenerated is simply not sufficient to melt thesource material.


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What happens to the used cobalt-60from a gamma irradiation facility?

When the cobalt-60 sources no longerhave sufficient strength, they are returnedto the manufacturer who either re-usesthem or stores them until they arecompletely depleted.


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Who makes sure irradiation facilitiesare operated safely?

In the United States, the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission and their designated stateauthorities license gamma irradiators. TheFDA and state authorities monitor electron

beam and x-ray facilities. Other countrieshave similar regulatory authorities.


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Have there been fatal radiationaccidents at irradiation facilities?

Irradiation facilities have been operating inthe United States for over 40 years without asingle fatal radiation accident.


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LABELLING &

REGULATORY

What foods can be irradiated in theUnited States?

The FDA has approved irradiation offlour, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, herbs,spices, shell eggs, poultry, molluscanshellfish and meat as safe. Petitions arecurrently pending for Ready-To-Eatproducts and certain other seafoodproducts.


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Do irradiated foods require specialpackaging in the United States?

The FDA must approve packagingmaterials that are in contact with the foodduring the irradiation process. Manycommon materials such as polyethylenefilm, paper and cardboard have alreadybeen approved.


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Do irradiated foodsrequire special labellingin the United States?

Irradiated foods destined forretail market shelves mustcontain an internationallyrecognized symbol called a"radura" and have the words:treated with radiation ortreated by irradiation.

RADURA


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CONCLUTION

"If you have a choice, select fresh orfrozen poultry treated with ionizingirradiation."

World Health Organization.


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Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation

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