SafetyTargetFall Protection2008

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Fall Protection AwarenessMSHA 2008

Safety TargetPhotos/Illustrations/Information courtesy of Miller Fall Protection


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PowerPoint Information

A collection of information from manufacturers, OSHA,MSHA, and widely accepted industry practices isincluded in this PowerPoint as supplemental minertraining materials. Contents are not MSHA standards orregulation and the power point is provided to assist mine

operators by providing information of best practices inthe interest of greater miner protections. The informationis intended to be advisory in nature, informational incontent, and is intended to assist mine operators inidentifying hazards and mitigation associated with fall

prevention and fall protection. Mining industry trainersmay elect to use the information to promote fallprotection safety awareness and for developing fallprotection programs in the mining industry.


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Developing a Successful Fall

Protection Program

5 Basic Elements

1. Understanding Regulations and Standards2. Hazard Identification

3. Pre-Planning & Written Fall Protection Plan

4. Product Selection5. Training


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Developing a Fall Protection

Program

1. Understanding Regulations and

Standards

Understanding these requirements is key to

ensuring a safe working environment.

(MSHA/OSHA/ANSI)

Understand all Federal, State, and Localregulations pertaining to fall protection before

selecting and using the equipment.


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Program2. Hazard Identification

A well-conceived fall protection programbegins with identification of all fall hazards inthe workplace.

In mining operations, personal fall protectionequipment is required any time there is adanger of falling. This includes working inbins, tanks or other dangerous areas where a

second person shall tend a lifeline whileminers work in these areas.


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Where a fall hazard exists, there are

two acceptable options:

(1) eliminate the hazard, or(2) provide protection against it.

Ideally, it is best to totally eliminate the

hazard. If not possible other measuressuch as the wearing of personal fall

protection equipment (PPE) are required.


Program


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Program

3. Pre-Planning & Written Fall Protection

Plan

A written program should be developedspecifying how to deal with each identified

hazard. The plan should state:

what fall protection measures are to be used

how they are to be used

who is responsible for overall supervision and training.


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Program4. Product Selection

The employer must know the types of fall protectionproducts that are available, and decide which would bemost suitable for the workplace.

Because all work environments differ, it is impossiblefor the manufacturer to determine exactly which fallprotection products will provide maximum protection for

each job. By understanding how fall protection products operate

and knowing the differences in product functions, theemployer can select products that are best suited for itsworkers


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Developing a Fall Protection Program5. Training

To maintain a safe work environment, it isessential that persons are properly trained to:

Recognize potential fall hazards

Evaluate the risk posed by each hazard

Control the hazard with preventive or protectivemeasures

Determine which products to use in specific work

environments Demonstrate proper anchoring procedures, etc.

Learn inspection and maintenance procedures

Properly wear fall protection equipment including size,fit and adjustment


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Personal Fall Arrest System

A Personal Fall Arrest System is

comprised of three (3) keycomponents:

anchorage connector;

body wear; and connecting device.


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Photos/Illustrations/Information courtesy of Miller Fall Protection

Understand Your Fall Arrest SystemA Personal Fall Arrest System is comprised of three (3) key components

anchorage connector; body wear; and connecting device.

Remember: A, B, & C

A = Anchorage/Anchorage Connector

B = Body Wear

C = Connecting Device


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A = Anchorage/AnchorageConnector

Anchorage: Commonly referred to as atie-off point (Ex: I-beam, rebar,scaffolding, lifeline, etc.)

Must be high enough for a worker to avoid

contact with a lower level should a fall occur.

Anchorages must be capable of supporting5,000 pounds (22kN) of force per worker.

Careful consideration should be given toselecting a proper anchorage for ultimatesafety.

The anchorage should be easily accessible.


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The Importance of Anchorages

Carefully planned and selected anchorages arecrucial. Should a fall occur, the worker will besuspended from the anchorage, their lifedepending on its strength.An anchorage, forexample, could be an I-beam, while a cross-armstrap, or choker, wrapped around this beam andpermitting attachment is the anchorageconnector.

Anchorage Connectors are designed as the intermediary

device for securing a connecting device to ananchorage.

The anchorage connector should be positioned to avoida swing fall.


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Examples of Permanent

Anchorage Connectors



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Examples of Temporary Anchorage

Connectors



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Temporary Horizontal Lifeline

Systems


L di Ed A h


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Leading Edge Anchorage

Connector

http://www.millerfallprotection.com/images/stories/smart-solutions/large/temporary_horiz_lifelines.jpg


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Beam Anchorages


B B d W


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B = Body WearBody Wear: The personal protective equipment worn by the

worker (Ex: full-body harness) Only form of body wear acceptable for fall arrest is the full-body harness.

Should be selected based on work to be performed and the work environment. Side and front D-rings are for positioning only.

Incorrect Harness Fit

Chest strap positioned incorrectly. Should be located at mid-

chest to keep shoulder straps snug. Leg straps are too loose.

Premium Harness



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Incorrect Harness Fit

Chest strap positioned too high and too

loose. Leg straps are positioned

improperly.



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Correct Harness Fit Chest and Leg Straps Offer a Snug Fit


C = Connecting Devices


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While focus is given to anchorage connectors and

body wear (full-body harnesses) components, the

connecting device (a shock-absorbing lanyard or

self-retracting lifeline) between these two

components actually bears the greatest fall forces

during a fall.


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Shock-Absorbing Lanyard or Self-RetractingLifeline?Think About It! - Always know yourfall distance and select proper equipment tomeet the fall clearance.

Remember... UNDER 18 1/2 ft. (5.6m)- always use a Self-Retracting Lifeline.

OVER 18 1/2 ft. (5.6m)- a Shock-Absorbing Lanyard or Self-Retracting

Lifeline can be used.
http://www.millerfallprotection.com/images/stories/smart-solutions/large/Calculating_Fall_Clearance.jpg


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Calculating Fall Clearance

Select the Proper Fall Protection EquipmentShock-Absorbing Lanyard or Self-Retracting Lifeline?

Always know your fall distance and select proper equipment to meet the fallclearance.

Illustration: 6 ft. (1.8m) Shock-Absorbing Lanyard with D-Bolt Anchorage Connector

http://www.millerfallprotection.com/images/stories/smart-solutions/large/Calculating_Fall_Clearance.jpg


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Lanyards the Critical Link in FallProtection

The lanyard is a connecting device, aflexible line to secure a full-body harness

or body belt, where permitted, to a point ofanchorage. There are two basiccategories of lanyards: non-shock-absorbing and shock-absorbing. Themore common and safer type is the

shock-absorbing lanyard. Shock-absorbing lanyards extend decelerationdistance during a fall, significantly reducing fallarresting forces by 65 to 80 percent, below thethreshold of injury (as specified by OSHA & ANSI).

One type of lanyard includes a special shock-

absorbing inner core material surrounded by aheavy-duty tubular outer jacket that doubles as aback-up web lanyard.

In accordance with OSHA regulations, lanyardsare required to have self-closing, self-lockingsnap hooks to reduce the possibility ofunintentional disengagement, or rollout.


Shock Absorbing Lanyards Before and After Deployment


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Shock-Absorbing Lanyards - Before and After Deployment



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HAZARD ALERT! NEVER!!! Tie-Back (choke off) with a

standard/conventional lanyard.

Conventional lanyards can not be tied-back for 3reasons:

1. Lanyard strength is weakened by at least 30%. (i.e.similar concept of reduced strength in rigging dueto sling load angle used to lift materials or

equipment)2. Conventional Lanyards can be damaged, frayed, or

cut when dragged over beams or other structure.

3. Conventional Snap Hook Gates could open orbreak since they are designed for 350 # of force.

4. Solution: Use specially designed lanyards withheavy-duty webbing for more abrasion resistanceand 5,000 # snap hook gates. OR Use conventionalanchorage connection devices such as a cross-arm strap.


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Self-Retracting Lifelines (SRL)Also a Connecting Device

Self-retracting lifelines (SRLs) (fall limiter,

personal fall limiter, yo-yo, seatbelt, etc.)

are viable alternative connecting devices

to shock-absorbing lanyards.


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Self-Retracting Lifelines (SRL)

FALL LIMITERS Lightweight, web

retractables that require less fall

clearance, offer greater mobility

and prevent tripping hazards

SELF-RETRACTING LIFELINES

(SRLs) Durable and dependable

heavy-duty retractables available

with webbing or cable



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Fall Arrest System Swing Fall Hazard

(Shock-Absorbing Lanyards or Self-Retracting Lifelines)

If involved in a fall while using a shock-absorbing lanyard orself-retracting lifeline, and with an anchorage point that isnot positioned directly overhead, a swing fall or pendulumeffect will occur. Striking an object while swinging can leadto serious injury.

Since self-retracting lifelines allow for greater horizontal andvertical mobility than standard six foot shock-absorbinglanyards, extra care should be taken to reduce swing falls.

Whether using shock-absorbing lanyards or self-

retracting lifelines,it is very important to position youranchorage point directly overhead whenever possible tominimize swing falls.


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Remember... UNDER 18 1/2 ft. (5.6m)always use a Self-Retracting Lifeline (SRL).

OVER 18 1/2 ft. (5.6m)a Shock-Absorbing Lanyard orSelf-Retracting

Lifeline can be used.


f f


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When stopping a fall, a personal fall arrest

system must: Limit maximum fall arresting forceon an employee

to 1,800 pounds (8kN) when used with a full-bodyharness;

Limit free fall distanceto less than 6 feet (1.8m), andbe rigged in such a way as to prevent contact with alower level;

Bring the employee to a complete stop while limitingmaximum deceleration distance to 3-1/2 feet (1.1m);and

Have sufficient strength to withstand twice thepotential energy of a worker free falling from adistance of 6 feet (1.8m) (or the free fall distancepermitted by the system, whichever is less).

Fall Protection Equipment


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Selection Considerations

To select the appropriate lanyard for a specificapplication, consider the following factors:

The type of work being performed and thespecific conditions of the work environment,including the presence of moisture, dirt, oil,grease, acids and electrical hazards, as well asthe ambient temperature. For example, steelcable lanyards are particularly strong, heatresistant and durable; however, they are notsuitable for use around high-voltage sourcesbecause they readily conduct electricity.


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Potential fall distance. This distance is

greater than most people think, consider:

the length of the lanyard, the length

that the shock absorber will elongateduring deceleration, the height of the

worker, plus a safety factor.


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The compatibility of system

components. A personal fall arrest

system should be designed and tested as

a complete system. Componentsproduced by different manufacturers

may not be interchangeable.

Fall Protection Equipment Selection


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Fall Protection Equipment Selection

Considerations Selection criteria also should include a scrutiny of

product quality. For example, OSHA regulations call for limiting fall forceson an individual wearing a full-body harness to 1,800pounds (8kN).

Likewise, ANSI Z359 standards for equipment

manufacturers suggest that non-shock-absorbing lanyardslimit fall forces to 1,800 pounds (8kN), an infeasibleoption with commercially available lanyard materials,and 900 pounds (4kN) for shock-absorbing lanyards.

Most reputable lanyard manufacturers design to the900-pound (4kN) standard, and state this on the labelof the lanyard. While OSHA regulations are the law andare enforced by a federal agency, ANSI standards are self-enforced by individual manufacturers there is noenforcement body, and no inspectors. Thus, the buyercannot take stated performance per ANSI guidelines for

granted.

General Fall Protection


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General Fall ProtectionConsiderations

Warnings Always read all instructions andwarnings contained on the product andpackaging before using any fall protectionequipment.

Inspection All fall protection equipment mustbe inspected prior to each use.

Rescue Planning Minimizing the timebetween a fall occurrence and medical attention

of the worker is vitally important. A thoroughrescue program should be established prior tousing fall protection equipment.


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Additional General Fall Protection

Considerations

System Components Only components thatare fully compatible with one another should beused. Fall arrest systems are designed andtested as complete systems and should be used

in this way. Product/System Details/Questions Always

contact a reputable manufacturer.

What to Do After a Fall After a fall occurs, allcomponents of the fall arrest system should beremoved from service.


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Additional Fall Protection Equipment Information Can Be

Obtained From the Following Web Sites:

http://www.millerfallprotection.com/

http://www.carbis.net/

http://www.railguard.net/

http://www.saferack.com/

http://www.msanorthamerica.com/catalog/catalog506.html

http://www.northernsafety.com/personal_safety/fall_protection.cfm

http://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.html

http://www.fallprotectionsystems.com/

http://www.buildsafe.org/hazalerts/hazharnesses.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/eLCOSH/docs/d0400/d000494/d000494.html

http://www.capitalsafety.com/default.aspx?tabid=1
http://www.millerfallprotection.com/http://www.carbis.net/http://www.railguard.net/http://www.msanorthamerica.com/catalog/catalog506.htmlhttp://www.northernsafety.com/personal_safety/fall_protection.cfmhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.fallprotectionsystems.com/http://www.buildsafe.org/hazalerts/hazharnesses.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/eLCOSH/docs/d0400/d000494/d000494.htmlhttp://www.capitalsafety.com/default.aspx?tabid=1http://www.capitalsafety.com/default.aspx?tabid=1http://www.cdc.gov/eLCOSH/docs/d0400/d000494/d000494.htmlhttp://www.buildsafe.org/hazalerts/hazharnesses.pdfhttp://www.fallprotectionsystems.com/http://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.dbi-sala-safety.com/dbi-sala-harness.htmlhttp://www.northernsafety.com/personal_safety/fall_protection.cfmhttp://www.msanorthamerica.com/catalog/catalog506.htmlhttp://www.railguard.net/http://www.carbis.net/http://www.millerfallprotection.com/

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