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Ali Newell & Peter Nuttallkiwi geographers For the past decade our home
has been a sailing ship in the Pacific.
We learnt to live, travel, work and play on a fossil fuel budget of less than 1 litre a day for a family of 5.
2 litres of fuel to travel from NZ to Fiji.
We use solar, wind & tow–behind generators to provide all electricity - advances in technology - LED lights, Ni-cad rechargeable batteries help.
These are adaptations that are all available to village Oceania
Sail power ruled once ......
.... is it viable for the future?
ShipOwners
SendSOS
Local Shipping companies have called on the government to increase its subsidy. .... The increase in the price of fuel prices. .... The government provides 42 percent subsidy aimed to encourage private shipping operators to service uneconomical routes......
Fiji Sun 9
/7/11
Increase subsidies to pay for increased fuel cost?
Is it possible to decrease fuel costs by changing fuel .....
...... to wind?
If it were possible , Fiji could have the “greenest” shipping fleet in the world....
.....green enough to earn carbon credits to subsidise uneconomic routes?
Looking to the horizon:toward sail-powered sea transport for Fiji
Using traditional knowledge to adapt for a sustainable future
New approaches/solutions needed for Oceania.Ever increasing demand for resources/services in an ocean
dominated by sea transport.Climate change/environmental degradation/acid oceansDecreasing supplies and increasing demand for fossil fuels =
increasing exposure to price and security of supplyThe uniqueness of Island Oceania means challenges and
opportunities are not necessarily the same as for Continental Earth.
Oceania has a successful historical record of continuous adaption and innovation excellence in sea-transport.
Ships are to Oceania as horses, roads, cars, rail and trucks are to continents.
globally, 90% of goods/resources transported by seacosts more to ship a container by road 100km than it does to move
by sea from China to EuropeSea transport produces more CO2 than Germanyproduces more sulphur dioxide than all global cars and lorries.generates 27 per cent of the world’s nitrogen oxide emissions
Oceania is more reliant on imported fossil fuel than any other part of the world – 95% (99% if PNG/Fiji excluded)
Fiji Govt target is reduce imported fuel by $100m
Ships are to Oceania as horses, roads, cars, rail and trucks are to continents .
globally, 90% of goods/resources transported by sea costs more to ship a container by road 100km than it does
to move by sea from China to Europe Sea transport produces more CO2 than Germany produces more sulphur dioxide than all global cars and
lorries. generates 27 per cent of the world’s nitrogen oxide
emissions
Oceania is more reliant on imported fossil fuel than any other part of the world – 95% (99% if PNG/Fiji excluded)
Fiji Govt target is reduce imported fuel by $100ma
2011 Data • 65,000 deaths p.a. globally
directly attributable to shipping• 4.8% of all GHG• I6 ships = more SO2 than world
vehicle fleet
Projected emissions up to 2050 under four different technology scenarios that vary the sulphur content of ship fuels show a strong increasing trend, with the steepest increase between 2010 and 2030. Source: IPCC, 2007
Transport Energy Consumption. Source: IPCC 2007
Global sea transport demand predicted to incr 150% -250% in 40 yr
Sail-powered sea-transport: intellectual property legacy of the
Pacific issue that links all of Oceania
AppropriateAvailableAccessibleAffordableAdaptableSustainableRenewable
It’s a wind generator Jim, just not as we know it!!!
Sailing – An Oceanic Legacy
Over past 3-5,000 yrs, Pacific Sailors explored & populated the Pacific Ocean, 1/3 globe on planned voyages aboard fast, seaworthy double hulled sailing ships.
For most of this time the continental world couldn’t sail out of sight of land.
My ancestors believed the earth was flat.
The ships & sails were the pinnacle of sailing technology – fast, big and manoeuvrable.
If the America’s Cup had been sailed in 1800 it would have been a race between Drua, Kalia and Va’a.
The Pacific was an ocean of sails
The primary technology for voyaging, exploration, warfare, communication and trade.
Fijian Vesi was at the centre of a trading network that covered much of central Oceania, complex networks of island and village communities connected by reliable vessels of up to 100’ moving seasonally.
After colonisation, as with other Pacific island experience, most local based sea transport ventures failed.
This appears to be from • The availability of larger ships than a single community/island could
operate• a failure to balance vaka vanua and cultural principles with modern
business imperativesNot
• Poor seamanship or asset maintenance, or• Any inability to understand western commerce
In only a few decades, much of this indigenous technology and knowledge was lost. Islanders became reliant on ships owned by “outsiders” and then on fossil fuel powered sea-transport.
Sail is now used largely for recreation, sport and tourism
Surely the case for sail has been exhaustively examined before now?Unfortunately no. With cheap oil, motor
propulsion has held almost total dominance.
Sea transport has a low profile compared with air and land transport issues.
There have been some important experiments following the oil crisis in the 1970s, largely abandoned after oil prices fell the next decade.
Na Mataisau (1984)
6 yr old, 300 ton passenger/cargo ship used for island work in Fiji.Retrofitted with auxiliary sailing rig -ADB /Southampton University project.
Results were impressive:23 % fuel savingIncr stability = incr passenger comfort & safety, reduced engine wear, reduced roll.30% overall engine wear reductionFeathering prop would = additional 30% savingCapable of pure sail
17 Jan 1985 Na Mataisau was caught in a developing cycloneHer engines failed.Under sail alone she made the safety of Maloa Is.Although she grounded and sank, 16 crew and party of passengers including Fiji PM made it ashore2 crew were drowned.
The rig was salvaged and put on “Kapawai” but suffered technical problems.
“Cagidonu” was also fitted with sails and achieved up to 30% fuel savings.
The research from Southampton University collected comprehensive wind and route data for all Fiji which is all still relevant today
The results from these experiments provide compelling arguments for sail use on most common Fiji shipping routes
Shin Aitoku Maru
Also in the 1980s the Japanese fitted small oil tankers with fixed wing sails.
These were high tech, computer controlled rigs.
Again the results were impressive. But low fuel costs meant they were discontinued after 3 yrs.
The ships use an evolution of traditional square rigs
• Overall fuel savings of up to 30%• The sails replaced the need for stabilisers – the roll and
pitch of the boat was greatly reduced. Energy demand decreased by 50%
• Increased stability meant vessel could operate in stronger weather than conventional ships
• Engine wear dramatically reduced• Vessel maximum cruising speed increased from 12-
14kts• Vessel could be sailed without motors in emergencies
Fuel efficiencies are potentially as high as 65% on favourable routes. Fuel savings alone would make the IRR extremely favourable
Such barges would have application across Fiji – timber transport for pine from Kadavu, copra from Koro, etc
Such barges would have application across Fiji – timber transport for pine from Kadavu, copra from Koro, etc
More recently focus has shifted to the potential for kite sails. It is predicted that these sails can reduce fuel consumption by between 30 and 50 per cent, depending on the wind conditions. The system could be applied to 60,000 vessels out of the 100,000 listed in the Lloyd’s register including bulk carriers, tankers .
In the 1980’s FAO investigated and trialled a range of artisanal fishing craft in a number of Pacific Island countries.More than 350 vessels were built.
These included several sail or sail assisted vessels ranging from one person fishing catamarans to 11 m trimarans.
Although the uptake was low, the design work is still relevant today
One of the critical lessons learned was that cultures with a living sailing tradition were much more likely to use sail effectively.
A whole sailing culture has to be learnt and used .
Sail options need to demonstrate economic viability for broad uptake
KIRIBATI – 7.1 Metre Canoe KIB-4
Pacific Voyaging RevivalIn the past 30 yrs there has been a sustained revival and relearning of Oceanic sailing heritage.
There are increasing numbers of traditional (and modern adaptations) of iconic Oceanic sailing craft and increasing interest by Pacific Islanders in their sailing heritage.
The most recent fleet, including Uto ni Yalo has led to an unprecedented resurgence in interest in sailing and Drua culture in Fiji.
Today, we are joining with other voyaging societies across the Pacific to re-learn and re-claim our sailing history.
We hope we can use these skills and knowledge to highlight the pressing environmental concerns facing our islands and our ocean.
We want to learn to use sailing for everyday use and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.
0%
50%
FuelPropul.
100 %
100%
WindPropul.
50%
0 % Wind-Assisted Motor -Assisted
Motorship Motorship Motor – Wind – Ship Windship
wind
fuel
FU
EL E
NER
GY
WIN
D E
NER
GY
Propulsion Options for Sea-Transport Vessels
Sailing for Sustainability
in Solodamu, Kadavu, FijiIn 2008 we set out to answer this question:
Can one small village sustainably operate a sail powered trading catamaran ?
.
A number of core issues are facing the village associated with the need to generate a sustainable cash income for the village.
• Kadavu is not on the main tourist routes of
Fiji. Although good conservationists (community bush reserve/MPA), opportunities for eco-tourism are poor.
• The village is located some distance from good gardening areas
• The costs of transport for people and goods both outgoing from the village (primarily kava and honey) and incoming (basic food, building and fuel supplies) is high & increasing.
Solodamu, like most villages in Fiji is reliant on fibers and ferries for transport of people and goods and for fishing.
The village had operated a small launch for many years but the vessel is now beached and in very poor repair.
1n 2008 the village started asking if a sailing vessel replacement was possible.
Vaka Fanāua
Project Vaka FanāuaDesigner Dick Newick Projected cost: $448, 861 NZ2010 costings Capacity: 2.7 DWTType: TrimaranLength: 48’
• Average 10 knots in usual trade wind conditions. A small diesel engine will give 6 to 8 knots
• lug schooner rig • Specifically designed for the
northern Tongan islands of Niuatoputapu, Niuafouou and Tafahi. These islands, 480km (300 miles) north of Tongatapu, closer to Samoa than to Nukuʻalofa
• Wood construction, sheathed with epoxy and fiberglass,
• Preferred boat builder Aaron Beatty of Lifestyle Yachts, Pipiroa.
Wharram Vaka Motu - Islander 65 Only available as Buy-Only option from Wharram accredited yardsOriginally designed without deckpod and with Klaar type rig for island/village use but ended up as expedition/charter vessel.Capacity of 7-10 DWT.Price EUR 385k (2007 estimate from JWD)
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Research 2008-2010 has shown such an operation is viably commercially & will produce multi-benefits to the village and other Kadavu communities.It could be sustainable - economically, environmentally, socially and culturally.
\
KORO- Enterprise
owner- beneficiary
Crew- ship crew
- shore crew -
managmt
Vessel- build?-buy?
- lease?
OBJECTIVEA SUSTAINABLE SOLODAMU SAIL TRADING ENTERPRISE
WELLBEING
For additional info on this initiative: www.sailingforsustainability.org
A Fleet of ShipsBy 2010 our research said:Yes, one small village sustainably operate a sail powered trading catamaran.BUTIt a single vessel/single village operation would be a high risk venture (for a whole host of reasons).The only way to reduce this risk is to have a centrally managed fleet
Uto Ni Yalo has proved the viability of a 70+’ blue water, double hulled sailing vessel.
It is a “”Rolls Royce” machine, built using modern material and techniques in NZ’s premiere boatyard.
When fitted with electric/solar power motors, it will be a totally ‘green ship”
Asset cost is approx $FJ1m.
If this is the Rolls Royce, what would a “carrier truck” version look like?
The Solodamu research indicates that 50-55’ catamarans capable of carrying 4 tonne or either cargo/passengers are viable economically.
It also indicates there is room for a least 2-3 vessels to operate sustainably for Kadavu
The M.V. Lau Trader is the latest ferry to service the Lau group. However, the vessel size means that numerous small stops to the isolated islands are not an economical use of the asset.
But a fleet of island based catamaran servicing 3 - 4 transport nodes looks like a sound proposition, especially if we used a sustainable vessel, such as the Green Heart Ship as the “Mother Ship”
Other logical targets for deployment of such vessels includes:
Gau/KoroRabiTaveuniRotuma (70’ version)
Fiji has a proven track record of small ship manufacture, support and maintenance infrastructure.
The success of Uto ni Yalo means there is a surplus of crew asking to be trained
A centrally owned fleet, with vessels leased to village/island trading networks would provide numerous benefits to both villages and a budding boatbuilding/training industry
If successful in Fiji, it can be replicated in numerous other parts of Oceania
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OWNERSHIP CREW
OPERATIONSVESSEL
WELLBEING
WELLBEING
Primary• sea transport fuel ↓• Village transport cost ↓Secondary• Transport ↑ = ↑econ
opportunity • Sustainable businesses
• Sailors• Boatbuilders• Traders
• Carbon Credits
Primary• Greenhouse Gas emissions ↓• Carbon fuel dependency ↓
Secondary
• ↑ transport options for FLMMA, Fisheries, etc
• ↑ Fiji’s “green” image
Primary ↑ sea transport options = incr village resilience↑ ties between communities/ kin networks Secondary
• ↑ sustainable village employ/enterprise
• ↑ access to services• ↑ collaboration between key
stakeholders
Primary• Central cultural
icon• Trad knowledge/• practiceSecondary• Develop
culturally appropriate business
• build leadership• ↑ pan-Pacific
collaboration
Private Coy
Franchise
Cooperative
Independent operators
NGO
OPTIONS owner? partner? beneficiary?
client?
Koro
Tikina
Province
State
OWNERSHIP-Public?
- Private?
CREW- ship
- shore-management
-auxiliary
OPERATIONS- Central
management?- Market targets
VESSEL- build?- buy?
- lease? - loan?
?
e dua na nomu waqa levu, e dua na nomu vusi levu
Assume: - bluewater- surveyed
- licenced- twin hull- sail
powered- cargo/pax- 3ton
capacity
One-off?Production line?NZ?FIJI? Kiribati?One size fits all?Multiple designs?
- volunteer?- salary?
- commission?- shareholder?
}survey, training, insur, research,
reporting, mentoring,
1. Inter-Koro/Island cargo/pax
2. Koro/Island charters- eg church groups, weddings, schools
3. NGO/govt charters eg FLMMA, WWF, IUCN
4. Eco/Cultural tourists
Master/Eng Class V+DeckhandsSupercargo
MaintenanceBookingsSupercargo
Finance, Accounting; HR; Marketing/promotion; Planning; Reporting/Audit
Region
Organs -
SPC
Southampton
Maritime Uni
Green Heart Ships
AusAid
NGOs-IUCN-WWF
Industry
- B9 Shippin
g
IPCC
FAO
Serendipity
Greenheart Ship – Prototype
• Naval Architects - Mr. Haruhiko Kaku; Professor Takeshi Kinoshita, Mr. Peter Schenzle
• 32m, 220 tonne multipurpose ship,
• single A-frame mast/crane.• Primary propulsion comes
from 300 m2 of sail, fore and aft rigged
shallow draft design for beach landing
Roll-on/roll-off port ramp, hinged just above the waterline in the stern. It can be lowered into the water for launching and shipping boats, or for handling fishing gear
Hull speed = 10-11 knots, unlimited range.
Auxiliary propulsion and onboard power,• 125 m2 photovoltaic array to
lead/acid battery capacity• 55 mile range under power
alone. • 2x 200kW DC drive motors +
bow thruster The mast/crane reaches over bow and stern for cargo handling.
can be lowered to the deck in cases where low clearance or low wind resistance is necessary (e.g. going upwind and under bridges), or to allow dockside cranes to operate freely.
• Cradle to cradle design criteria = limiting toxic materials in construction.
• Cost for the first vessel (projected approx) US$500,000
• Due for launch later 2012/early 2013.
Serendipity