SAKAL324 Introduction to Pathology.ppt

7/28/2019 SAKAL324 Introduction to Pathology.ppt

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Introduction to Pathology Andits rule in the diagnostic

processDr: Wael H.Mansy, MD

Assistant Professor

College of Pharmacy

King Saud University


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It is theScientific study of disease" ."scientific study of the molecular, cellular,

tissue, or organ system response toinjurious agents."

Definition of pathology

Pathology serves as a "bridge" or "link" between thepreclinical sciences (anatomy, physiology, etc.) and

the courses in clinical medicine.


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What is the Disease?

It is the State in which an individual

exhibits an anatomical, physiological, or

biochemical deviation from the normal

Disease may be defined as :

an abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body.


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Classification of Diseases:

Developmental genetic, congenital.

Acquired:

*Inflammatory Trauma, infections, immune,etc.

*Neoplastic tumors cancers

*Degenerative ageing.

*Metabolic.

*Iatrogenic: Drug induced.


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In order for a subject or course to

be meaningful, one shouldbecome familiar with the basic

terminology applicable to that

subject.

Basic Language of Pathology


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Branches of Pathology

General Pathology

Systemic Pathology

Gross Pathology Cellular Pathology

Surgical Pathology

Clinical Pathology Immunopathology


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General Pathology

Common changes in all tissues. e.g.. Inflammation,

cancer, ageing, edema, hemorrhage .etc.

Systemic Pathology

Discussing the pathologic mechanisms in relation to

various organ systems e.g. CVS, CNS, GIT..etc.

Learning Pathology:


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Definition.

Epidemiology Where & When.

Etiology What is the cause?

Pathogenesis - Evolution of dis.

Morphology - Structural Changes

Functional consequences Management

Prognosis

Prevention

What should we Know About A Disease


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Pathology focuses on 4 aspects of disease:

ETIOLOGY:Cause of disease.

PATHOGENESIS:

Mechanisms of development of disease.

MORPHOLOGY:

The structural alterations induced in cell and tissues.

FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES:

Functional results of the morphologic changes, as

observed clinically.


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Knowledge ofetiologyremains the backbone of:

Disease diagnosis

Understanding the nature of diseases

Treatmentof diseases.

EtiologyStudy of the cause of a disease"


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EtiologyStudy of the cause of a disease"

An etiologic agent:

is the factor (bacterium, virus, etc.) responsible for lesions or a disease

state.

Predisposing Causes of Disease:

Factors which make an individual more susceptible to a disease (damp

weather, poor ventilation, etc.)

Exciting Causes of Disease:

Factors which are directly responsible for a disease (hypoxia, chemical

agents. etc.).


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One etiologicagentseveral diseases,as smoking.

Disease

Several etiologicagents onedisease, as diabetes .

Disease

Disease

DiseaseDisease

One etiologic agent- one disease, asMalaria.

Etiology


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Environmental agents:

Physical

Chemical

Nutritional Infections

Immunological

Psychological

Genetic Factors:

Age

Genes

Multifactorial:As Diabetes,

HypertensionCancer

Etiology:What is the cause?


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pathogenesis

The sequence events in the response of the cells ortissues to the etiologic agent, from the initial

stimulus to the ultimate expression of the

disease,from the time it is initiated to its finalconclusion in recovery or death

The core of the science of pathology

the study the

pathogenesis of the disease.


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Morphology: Structural Changes

Structural changes indisease.

Tumor in a cancer.Ulcer in an infection.

Atrophy in dementia.

Gross & Microscopic.


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Clinical Symptoms & Signs

Clinical signs are seen only in the living

individual.

Functional evidence of disease which can be

determined objectively or by the observer" (fever,

tenderness, increased respiratory rate, etc.)

Clinical symptoms are the patients

complain usually by its own words.


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Necropsy: Gross examination of theanimal cadaver by systematic dissection in

order to evaluate any abnormal changes(lesions) that may be present.

Autopsy: Synonymous to necropsy in

human medicine Biopsy: Removal and examination of

tissue obtained from the living body

Euthanasia: Intentional putting todeath of an individual with an incurableor painful disease by employing humane

means


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prognosis

Expected outcome of the disease, It is the

clinician's estimate of the severity and possible

result of a disease.


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I hear, I forgetI see, I remember

I do, I understandChinese Proverb..

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SAKAL324 Introduction to Pathology.ppt

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