Review ArticleSalivary and Urinary Total Antioxidant Capacity asBiomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans
Ilaria Peluso and Anna Raguzzini
Center of Nutrition Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-NUT) Via Ardeatina 546 00178 Rome Italy
Correspondence should be addressed to Ilaria Peluso ipelusotiscaliit
Received 31 October 2015 Accepted 10 January 2016
Academic Editor Runjan Chetty
Copyright copy 2016 I Peluso and A Raguzzini This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) is a biomarker often used in order to investigate oxidative stress inmany pathological conditionsSaliva and urine can be collected noninvasively and represent attractive diagnostic fluids for detecting biomarkers of variouspathological conditions The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that measured salivary or urinary TAC revealed thatdiseases antioxidant foods or supplements and age gender and lifestyle factors influenced salivary or urinary TAC Salivary andurinary TAC were particularly affected by oral or renal status respectively as well as by infection therefore these factors mustbe taken into account in both case-control and intervention studies Furthermore some considerations on sample collection andnormalization strategies could be made In particular unstimulated saliva could be the better approach to measure salivary TACwhereas 24 h or spontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basis of the study outcome and of the creatinine clearanceFinally the uric acid-independent TAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox status of body in particular after nutritionalinterventions and in diseases associated with hyperuricaemia
1 Introduction
Oxidative stress defined as the imbalance between ReactiveOxygen Species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenseinside human organism is a risk factor playing a signifi-cant pathogenetic role for noncommunicable diseases [1]A nonphysiological ROS production originates either byxenobiotics or by endogenous sources [2] such as the respira-tory burst [3] Synergistic interactions between antioxidantsin part involving antioxidant regeneration must be takeninto account in order to properly assess antioxidant statusin vivo Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) defined as themoles of oxidants neutralized by one litre of solution is abiomarker measuring the antioxidant potential of body fluids[4] Several reviews described the various assays commonlyused for the measurement of TAC [5ndash8] and a good correla-tion between the results obtained with different methods wasfound [9 10] Salivary and urinary collections are simple andnoninvasive and this is the reason why TAC of saliva or urinehas led to increasing interest It has been suggested that salivacould constitute a first line of defense against free radical-mediated oxidative stress [11] whereas the composition of
urine reflects the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet and inparticular by polyphenol metabolites excreted in urine [12]
We aimed to review case-control and intervention studiesthat measured salivary [13ndash138] or urinary [138ndash179] TAC
2 Infection and Oral and Renal Status
Saliva and urine are particularly affected by oral or renalstatus respectively as well as by infection therefore therelationships of salivary and urinary TAC with these con-ditions have been investigated in many studies (Table 1)Urinary TAC increased during urinary tract infection [148149] while decreased levels of salivary TAC were observedduring H pylori [130] and HIV [98 112] infections andafter a single consumption of enterococci containing Bryndzacheese [63]The latter temporally affected the composition oforal microbiota [63]
On the contrary dental caries one of the most commoninfectious diseases worldwide was associated with highersalivary TAC (Table 1) Therefore the relationship between
Hindawi Publishing CorporationPathology Research InternationalVolume 2016 Article ID 5480267 14 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520165480267
HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy TAC total antioxidant capacity uarr increase darr decreaseharr unchanged
infection and TAC depends on the type and on the site ofinfection
On the other hand oxidative stress is implicated in thepathogenesis of many oral diseases and meta-analysis resultsshowed that TAC levels from peripheral blood samples weresignificantly different between periodontitis (PD) patientsand healthy subjects suggesting that chronic periodontitisis associated with systemic oxidative stress in human bodies[180] In agreement with this finding lower values of salivaryTAC were found in PD patients versus healthy subjects in667 of the studies (Table 1) When increased salivary TAClevels were observed it has been suggested that this increasemay represent an adaptive response to oxidative stress in PD[115] Dental hygiene procedures and scaling and root planingincreased salivary TAC in 100 of the studies conducted onhealthy subjects with caries and in 50 of the studies onpatients with PD (Table 1) Therefore the antioxidant statusin saliva is related to both oral hygiene and periodontal status
On the other hand 667 of the studies that haveinvestigated the salivary TAC in more serious oral dis-eases including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) (themost common oral ulcerative condition) [36 88] stem celltransplantation- (SCT-) related salivary gland injury dueto graft versus host disease (GVHD) [92] oral mucositisinduced by high-dose therapy of melphalan in myelomapatients treated with autologous SCT [22] cleft lip and palate[17] oral premalignant lesions (leukoplakia lichen planusand erythroplakia) [13ndash15 23 29 49 83 113 128] and oralcancers [14 24] found decreased levels of salivary TACin these patients (Table 1) Furthermore salivary TAC wasdecreased also in patients with peri-implant disease [81] andin children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy [54]
Concerning renal status decreased levels of urinaryTAC have been reported in renal diseases including sec-ondary (induced by hypertension and diabetes) and pri-mary renal disease chronic and acute renal failure and
Decreased urinary TAC has been reported 120 minutesafter SWL in both patients with kidneys stone and controls[158] but others reported that SWL did not change urinaryTAC measured in the 24-h urine [179] On the contraryurinary TAC was higher in childhood urolithiasis and wasassociated with hyperuricosuria [154]
Chronic renal failure is often treated with peritonealdialysis and chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysisare characterized by decreased urinary TAC [142] Howeverboth increased and decreased salivary TAC was found inthese patients [30 31 86] (Table 1) probably due to thehyperuricaemia Kidney transplantation is the treatment ofchoice for most patients with end-stage renal disease andit has been suggested that urinary biomarkers of oxidativestress could be useful in the assessment of kidney qualitybefore transplantation which is needed to predict recipientoutcomes and to optimize management and allocation of theallograft [181] In particular TACwas found to be significantlylower in donor urine for kidneys frompoor cadaveric donorsbased on clinical impression or renal transplant outcomecompared to urinary TAC of living related donors and goodcadaveric donors [173 174] On the other hand increased uri-nary TAC was found in patients with delayed graft functionbut not with early graft function [174]
3 Systemic Diseases
Oxidative stress is associated with the metabolic syndrome acluster of cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemiaabnormal glucose tolerance hypertension and obesity [182]Despite the antioxidant effect of uric acid (UA) hyperuri-caemia is associated with obesity and insulin resistance [183]and has been proposed as a component of the metabolicsyndrome [184 185]
Contrasting results came from the studies that investi-gated salivary TAC in subjects with at least one of the meta-bolic syndrome symptoms (Table 2)
Pregnant women with diabetes were found to haveincreased salivary TAC but also markedly increased indexesof caries activity [119] Besides the authors [119] foundincreased Lactobacillus and Streptococcus species in saliva ofpregnant women with diabetes having systemic complica-tions as compared to healthy individuals and other patientsHowever increase in salivary TACwas observed also in obesesubjects with hyperuricaemia [50] and in obese childrendespite their good oral hygiene status [56] While ras-buricase infusion decreased salivary TAC [50] intravenousN-acetylcysteine failed to prevent renal dysfunction andoxidative stress after contrast media administration duringpercutaneous coronary interventions [144] (Table 2) On theother hand only hypertensive patients in treatment withmetoprolol had lower salivary TAC compared to controls [46](Table 2)
Salivary or urinary TAC was studied also in other dis-eases such as cancer neuropsychiatric disorders congenitaland genetic diseases and immune mediated and inflamma-tory diseases (Table 2)
UrinaryTACwas decreased in bladder cancer [165] and innonsmokers with lung cancer [152] but not in smokers withlung cancer Decreased salivary TACwas observed in patientswith squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck [74] andwithbrain tumor [118] but increased salivary TACwas reported inacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) children [59] (Table 2)Only children with more than 2 weeks of chemotherapy haddecreased levels of salivary TAC [59]
Increased levels of salivary TAC were found in patientswith neurological disorders and tube-feeding [42] whereasdecreased levels were reported in cerebral palsy [117]
intractable epilepsy [111] and autistic children [105] Alsourinary TAC levels were lower in autistic compared to healthychildren [150 167]
On the other hand case-control studies on congenitalor genetic diseases such as Down syndrome [43 116] andcystic fibrosis [82] reported conflicting results on salivaryTAC (Table 2) Besides Campos et al [146] found increasedand decreased levels of urinary TAC in children and adultswith Down syndrome respectively (Table 2) On the con-trary urinary TAC resulted in a good marker of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)such as maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) propionicaciduria (PA) methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (HMGA) and ornithine transcar-bamylase deficiency (OTC) both before and after treatment(Table 2)
On the other hand salivary TAC was lower in asthma[58] Crohnrsquos disease [106] multiple sclerosis [65 135]and Sjogrenrsquos syndrome [109] patients compared to healthyindividuals (Table 2) but neither corticosteroid therapy inmultiple sclerosis patients [65] nor continuous positiveairway pressure (CPAP) in obstructive sleep apnea syn-drome (OSAS) improved salivary TAC [38 123] Further-more increased salivary TAC levels were found in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [132] and in juvenileidiopathic arthritis (JIA) [33] Children with JIA whethertreated or not treatedwith anti-tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)120572 agents (Infliximab or Etanercept) had higher salivary TACand the increase of the active patients was nearly two timeshigher than that of nonactive patients [33] Increased salivaryTAC levels were found also in pre- and postsurgical patientswhere surgical procedures involving stress such as extendedgeneral anaesthesia and a long presurgical fasting periodmay cause systemic inflammation and oxidative stress [126]
[32 143 160 164] Other dietaryinterventions 13 harr 100 (11) uarr 667 (23)
harr 333 (13)TAC Total Antioxidant Capacity
Increased salivary TAC was also observed in Regional PainSyndrome type I [48] whereas decreased salivary TAC levelswere reported in temporomandibular disorders [108]
4 Nutritional and Supplement Interventions
Although body possesses a sophisticated and cooperativearray of endogenous antioxidant defenses dietary consump-tion of antioxidant-rich foods may lower the risk of noncom-municable diseases by increasing TAC In fact 70 of theinterventions with plant foods or supplements conducted onsubjects characterized by oxidative stress conditions such ascardiovascular risk factors (smoking hypercholesterolemiametabolic syndrome hyperlipidemia and hypertension) orwith pathologies reported an increase of plasmaserum TAC[186] In the studies that investigated the effect of dietary orsupplementation interventions on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 3) volunteers were prevalently healthy however insome studies overweight (OW) [164] or elderly [94 143147 153] subjects smokers [25] or patients with PD [137] ordialyzed [142] were enrolled A review of 41 interventionsfrom 29 studies has been performed (Table 3) Of theseinterventions 18 regard a single ingestion (bolus) and theother 23 were related to repeated supplementations
Caffeinated or alcoholic antioxidant beverages increasedsalivary TAC in 50 and urinary TAC in 40 of theinterventions In particular green tea (GT) consumptionfor 4 or 12 weeks increased salivary TAC in laboratoryworkers and elderly subjects [94 120] whereas it did notaffect salivary TAC of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes aftertraining [80] Besides Benzie et al [141] found a significantcorrelation between urinary FRAP values and urinary totalphenolic concentrations after GT consumption Red winebolus consumption did not change salivary TAC [127] but
increased urinary TAC in elderly women [147] After a singleor 2 weeks of consumption of green or black coffee urinaryTAC did not change [138 168]
On the other hand walnuts [160 166] increased urinaryTAC both after 4 weeks and after a single consumptionand cocoa increased urinary TAC at 6ndash12 h after intakeconcomitantly with the excretion of epicatechin urinarymetabolites [170] (Table 3)
Concerning fruit juices and vegetables only Zare Javid etal [137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains (3 and 6 months) consumption on salivary TAC of PDpatients and did not find any change in this marker Only onestudy reported decreased urinary TAC levels after a singleconsumption of blackberry juices [157] On the contraryurinary TAC increased after bolus consumption of spinach[147] strawberries [147] Jerte Valley cherry [153] and a fruitbased drink (86 of a mix of apple grape blueberry andpomegranate juices and grape skin grape seed and green teaextracts) ingested during a high fat meal (HFM) [164] In thesame postprandial study a less antioxidant fruit based drink(63 of a mix of pineapple black currant and plum juices)during HFM did not affect urinary TAC a well as plasmaTAC [164] Also grape juice consumption for 5 days increasedurinary TAC [155] whereas tomato juice consumption for2 weeks did not [161] The same study found increasedurinary TAC levels when tomato juice was supplementedwith vitamin C (870mgL) fortification [161] Vitamin C(250mg) with vitamin E (400 iu) supplementation for 8weeks increased urinary TAC in dialyzed patients [142] andvitamin C in bolus administration increased urinary TAC inelderly women (1250mg) [147] and salivary TAC in healthysubjects (250mg) [64] On the contrary neither vitamin Cafter 3weeks (500mg) of consumption in smokers [25] nor 90days of astaxanthin supplementation in trained male soccerplayers in preexercise conditions [27] changed salivary TAC
Conversely red wine extract administration caused a markedrise in salivary TAC within 30min and the same treatmentraised also salivary polyphenol concentration [127] Helbiget al [159] reported the same increase in urinary TACversus baseline with both control bread and bread enrichedwith black currant press residue (4 weeks) Besides urinaryTAC was unchanged after 21 days consumption of a driedfruit and vegetable extracts fortified with antioxidants [176]after 2 weeks of Pycnogenol (200mgday) supplementation[175] and after 24 days of administration of an antioxidantmixture containing vitamin E beta-carotene ascorbic acidselenium alpha-lipoic acid N-acetyl 1-cysteine catechinlutein and lycopene [171] On the contrary ganodermalucidum (Lingzhi woodymushroom) supplements increasedurinary TAC both in bolus and in repeated administration[177 178]
Concerning other dietary interventions a low fat diet didnot affect salivary TAC compared to a high fat diet [32] anda HFM did not affect urinary TAC [164] On the contrarya fish diet (8 ozweek of salmon) for 4 weeks [160] and theconsumption of tryptophan-enriched cereals for 1 week [143]increased urinary TAC
5 Age Gender and lifestyle Factors
Age and gender differences were observed in oxidative stressmarkers in plasma [187] It was found that salivary TACincreased with the age of the children with caries [60] as wellas during aging [62 69] On the contrary others reportedthat salivary TAC was higher in younger subjects [73] andnegative correlations with age were found for urinary TAC[146] Women had significantly lower salivary TAC thanmen[79 110 114] In this context Kawamoto et al [66] reporteddecreased levels of salivary TAC during the ovulatory phasecompared to follicular phase in women with PD but not inhealthy women TACwas negatively correlated with bacterialcounts during the ovulatory phase but not during thefollicular phase [66] Besides salivary TAC was lower duringuncomplicated pregnancy [70] and in osteoporotic subjectscompared to age-matched healthy women [133]
Apart from age gender diseases and dietary habitalso lifestyle factors could affect salivary and urinary TACWithin lifestyle factors many studies investigated the effectof exercise and smoking habit on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 4)
In agreement with the well-known reduction of antiox-idant defenses after physical stress strong correlation wasfound between the variations of salivary and plasma TACduring the training season in triathletes [134] Both 2 hr TKDtraining session and 1 hr exhaustive aerobic dance exercisedecreased salivary TAC [21 80] Besides also urinary TACdecreased after 3 hours or more of TKD training campd for5ndash8 days [140] Only a study found increased salivary TAC inolder adults with PD who performed Tai Chi during a periodof 6 months however this increase was accompanied by astatistically significant decrease in the Periodontal DiseaseIndex (PDI) [85]
More conflicting are results on smoking habit higherlower or nonsignificant different levels of salivary TAC havebeen found in smokers compared to nonsmokers whereas nosignificant differences were found in urinary TAC betweensmokers and nonsmokers (Table 4)
On the contrary alcohol-dependent subjects showedsignificantly lower TAC in blood and saliva as compared tothose in the controls and the alcohol withdrawal caused anincrease in the TAC to near-control values [102]
Decreased levels of salivary TACwere found also inwork-ers subjected to occupational exposure to nonferrous metalmine conditions [51] whereas exposure to trichloroethyleneincreased urinary TAC [139]
Although there was no statistically significant effect ofcell phone talking time on the salivary TAC the latterprogressively increased with time and reached maximumat 30min probably due to exposure to radio frequencyradiation [67] However both increased [57] and decreased[18] levels of salivary TAC in mobile phone users were found
On the other hand it has been observed that salivary TACwas affected by emotional and psychological factors [20]In particular watching a cheerful comical video for 30minincreased salivary TAC [20]
6 Pathology Research International
100(33)
833(1012)
Salivary TAC Urinary TAC
Concordant results between 2 methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
Concordant results between stimulated and unstimulated saliva
428 (37)
572 (47)
YesNo
(b)
Figure 1 Concordat results between two different methods used in the same study to measure salivary or urinary TAC (a) Concordantresults between unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples analyzed in the same study (b) References [22 24 34 38 50 62 64 65 67 7278 81 111 127 135 137 161 166 175 188ndash190]
6 Methodological Issues
Despite the differences between the assays [8] concordantresults were found in the majority of the cases betweenthe results obtained when two different methods (TroloxEquivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Ferric ReducingAntioxidant Potential (FRAP) Oxygen Radical Antioxi-dant Capacity (ORAC) Total-radical Trapping AntioxidantParameter (TRAP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) colorimetric kit) were used in the same study tomeasure salivary or urinary TAC (Figure 1(a))
In particular although FRAP was significantly lower inmultiple sclerosis patients whereas no significant differencein salivary TEACbetween patients and controls was observed[65] the authors pointed out that their study had somelimitations such as the low number of patients included thevariability of the clinical status and the different treatmentof patients Therefore method choice does not seem to bea critical point for salivary TAC measure On the contrarymajor concerns came from saliva collection (Figure 1(b))
Saliva sampling has been improved by cotton andpolypropylene Salivette collection systems but the latteraltered the determination of some markers [188] It has beenreported that in samples collected using the cotton SalivetteTAC was comparable but higher thiobarbituric acid reactingsubstances (TBARS) concentrations were determined com-pared with unstimulated saliva [188]
In healthy subjects values were higher under stimulatedconditions for saliva flow and were higher under unstimu-lated conditions with respect to TAC and UA [189] WhenTAC was examined with respect to flow rate a significantlylower rate of antioxidant production was noted in patientswith PD compared with controls for unstimulated saliva butnot for stimulated saliva [34] Besides a significant decreasein UA and TAC was observed in unstimulated saliva aswell as a significant increase in all antioxidants examined in
stimulated saliva of systemic sclerosis women with normalsalivary flow rate as compared to the healthy controls [135]
Nagler et al [190] examined the correlation between thelevels of various salivary antioxidant components and theTAC in whole saliva in comparison with those in salivasecreted specifically from the major salivary glands theparotid and the submandibularsublingual (Sm Sl) glandsWhile the secretory IgA and lysozyme concentrations weresimilar in parotid and Sm Sl saliva the authors [190] foundhigher levels of the various antioxidant parameters (antioxi-dant enzymesUAandTAC) in the parotid saliva as comparedwith the Sm Sl saliva especially under resting conditionUnder resting condition parotid saliva was the major sourceof salivary antioxidants especially of UA [190] After stim-ulation (ie eating) the various parameters of antioxidantsof parotid saliva were considerably reduced in light of thewell-reported ldquodilution effectrdquo that follows stimulation Inaddition fluids by nonglandular sources contributed to thepossible dilution of the whole saliva after meal Thereforeunstimulated saliva with and without flow rate normalizationcould be the better approaches to measure salivary TAC
Also urine can be more or less diluted complicating theevaluation of parameters in spontaneous urine Particularlyafter physical stress [140] more concentrated urine is to beexpected due to sweating In order to obviate this problemand provided that the creatinine excretion is relatively con-stant over 24 h the mean creatinine excretion can serve asa reference for the measured values of excretion Generallyan average creatinine excretion of 1 g24 h is assumed [140]However it must be taken into consideration that age sexmuscle mass and diet all have an influence on creatinineexcretion [191] Although analyzing 24 h urine collectionwould have been preferable in case-control studies it waslogistically impossible in some cases On the other hand 24 hurine collection could not appreciate the increase in TACdue to intervention with polyphenol-rich foods considering
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
[25] S Bakhtiari J B Taheri M Bakhshi et al ldquoEffect of vitaminC on salivary total antioxidant capacity in smokersrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 11 no 4 pp 1045ndash10492012
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
[55] P Gumus N Buduneli S Cetinkalp et al ldquoSalivary antioxi-dants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
[67] A M Khalil K M Abu Khadra A M Aljaberi M HGagaa andH S Issa ldquoAssessment of oxidantantioxidant statusin saliva of cell phone usersrdquo Electromagnetic Biology andMedicine vol 33 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2014
[68] S-C Kim O-S Kim O-J Kim Y-J Kim and H-J ChungldquoAntioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and rootplaning in periodontal diseaserdquo Journal of Periodontal andImplant Science vol 40 no 4 pp 164ndash171 2010
[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy TAC total antioxidant capacity uarr increase darr decreaseharr unchanged
infection and TAC depends on the type and on the site ofinfection
On the other hand oxidative stress is implicated in thepathogenesis of many oral diseases and meta-analysis resultsshowed that TAC levels from peripheral blood samples weresignificantly different between periodontitis (PD) patientsand healthy subjects suggesting that chronic periodontitisis associated with systemic oxidative stress in human bodies[180] In agreement with this finding lower values of salivaryTAC were found in PD patients versus healthy subjects in667 of the studies (Table 1) When increased salivary TAClevels were observed it has been suggested that this increasemay represent an adaptive response to oxidative stress in PD[115] Dental hygiene procedures and scaling and root planingincreased salivary TAC in 100 of the studies conducted onhealthy subjects with caries and in 50 of the studies onpatients with PD (Table 1) Therefore the antioxidant statusin saliva is related to both oral hygiene and periodontal status
On the other hand 667 of the studies that haveinvestigated the salivary TAC in more serious oral dis-eases including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) (themost common oral ulcerative condition) [36 88] stem celltransplantation- (SCT-) related salivary gland injury dueto graft versus host disease (GVHD) [92] oral mucositisinduced by high-dose therapy of melphalan in myelomapatients treated with autologous SCT [22] cleft lip and palate[17] oral premalignant lesions (leukoplakia lichen planusand erythroplakia) [13ndash15 23 29 49 83 113 128] and oralcancers [14 24] found decreased levels of salivary TACin these patients (Table 1) Furthermore salivary TAC wasdecreased also in patients with peri-implant disease [81] andin children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy [54]
Concerning renal status decreased levels of urinaryTAC have been reported in renal diseases including sec-ondary (induced by hypertension and diabetes) and pri-mary renal disease chronic and acute renal failure and
Decreased urinary TAC has been reported 120 minutesafter SWL in both patients with kidneys stone and controls[158] but others reported that SWL did not change urinaryTAC measured in the 24-h urine [179] On the contraryurinary TAC was higher in childhood urolithiasis and wasassociated with hyperuricosuria [154]
Chronic renal failure is often treated with peritonealdialysis and chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysisare characterized by decreased urinary TAC [142] Howeverboth increased and decreased salivary TAC was found inthese patients [30 31 86] (Table 1) probably due to thehyperuricaemia Kidney transplantation is the treatment ofchoice for most patients with end-stage renal disease andit has been suggested that urinary biomarkers of oxidativestress could be useful in the assessment of kidney qualitybefore transplantation which is needed to predict recipientoutcomes and to optimize management and allocation of theallograft [181] In particular TACwas found to be significantlylower in donor urine for kidneys frompoor cadaveric donorsbased on clinical impression or renal transplant outcomecompared to urinary TAC of living related donors and goodcadaveric donors [173 174] On the other hand increased uri-nary TAC was found in patients with delayed graft functionbut not with early graft function [174]
3 Systemic Diseases
Oxidative stress is associated with the metabolic syndrome acluster of cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemiaabnormal glucose tolerance hypertension and obesity [182]Despite the antioxidant effect of uric acid (UA) hyperuri-caemia is associated with obesity and insulin resistance [183]and has been proposed as a component of the metabolicsyndrome [184 185]
Contrasting results came from the studies that investi-gated salivary TAC in subjects with at least one of the meta-bolic syndrome symptoms (Table 2)
Pregnant women with diabetes were found to haveincreased salivary TAC but also markedly increased indexesof caries activity [119] Besides the authors [119] foundincreased Lactobacillus and Streptococcus species in saliva ofpregnant women with diabetes having systemic complica-tions as compared to healthy individuals and other patientsHowever increase in salivary TACwas observed also in obesesubjects with hyperuricaemia [50] and in obese childrendespite their good oral hygiene status [56] While ras-buricase infusion decreased salivary TAC [50] intravenousN-acetylcysteine failed to prevent renal dysfunction andoxidative stress after contrast media administration duringpercutaneous coronary interventions [144] (Table 2) On theother hand only hypertensive patients in treatment withmetoprolol had lower salivary TAC compared to controls [46](Table 2)
Salivary or urinary TAC was studied also in other dis-eases such as cancer neuropsychiatric disorders congenitaland genetic diseases and immune mediated and inflamma-tory diseases (Table 2)
UrinaryTACwas decreased in bladder cancer [165] and innonsmokers with lung cancer [152] but not in smokers withlung cancer Decreased salivary TACwas observed in patientswith squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck [74] andwithbrain tumor [118] but increased salivary TACwas reported inacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) children [59] (Table 2)Only children with more than 2 weeks of chemotherapy haddecreased levels of salivary TAC [59]
Increased levels of salivary TAC were found in patientswith neurological disorders and tube-feeding [42] whereasdecreased levels were reported in cerebral palsy [117]
intractable epilepsy [111] and autistic children [105] Alsourinary TAC levels were lower in autistic compared to healthychildren [150 167]
On the other hand case-control studies on congenitalor genetic diseases such as Down syndrome [43 116] andcystic fibrosis [82] reported conflicting results on salivaryTAC (Table 2) Besides Campos et al [146] found increasedand decreased levels of urinary TAC in children and adultswith Down syndrome respectively (Table 2) On the con-trary urinary TAC resulted in a good marker of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)such as maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) propionicaciduria (PA) methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (HMGA) and ornithine transcar-bamylase deficiency (OTC) both before and after treatment(Table 2)
On the other hand salivary TAC was lower in asthma[58] Crohnrsquos disease [106] multiple sclerosis [65 135]and Sjogrenrsquos syndrome [109] patients compared to healthyindividuals (Table 2) but neither corticosteroid therapy inmultiple sclerosis patients [65] nor continuous positiveairway pressure (CPAP) in obstructive sleep apnea syn-drome (OSAS) improved salivary TAC [38 123] Further-more increased salivary TAC levels were found in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [132] and in juvenileidiopathic arthritis (JIA) [33] Children with JIA whethertreated or not treatedwith anti-tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)120572 agents (Infliximab or Etanercept) had higher salivary TACand the increase of the active patients was nearly two timeshigher than that of nonactive patients [33] Increased salivaryTAC levels were found also in pre- and postsurgical patientswhere surgical procedures involving stress such as extendedgeneral anaesthesia and a long presurgical fasting periodmay cause systemic inflammation and oxidative stress [126]
[32 143 160 164] Other dietaryinterventions 13 harr 100 (11) uarr 667 (23)
harr 333 (13)TAC Total Antioxidant Capacity
Increased salivary TAC was also observed in Regional PainSyndrome type I [48] whereas decreased salivary TAC levelswere reported in temporomandibular disorders [108]
4 Nutritional and Supplement Interventions
Although body possesses a sophisticated and cooperativearray of endogenous antioxidant defenses dietary consump-tion of antioxidant-rich foods may lower the risk of noncom-municable diseases by increasing TAC In fact 70 of theinterventions with plant foods or supplements conducted onsubjects characterized by oxidative stress conditions such ascardiovascular risk factors (smoking hypercholesterolemiametabolic syndrome hyperlipidemia and hypertension) orwith pathologies reported an increase of plasmaserum TAC[186] In the studies that investigated the effect of dietary orsupplementation interventions on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 3) volunteers were prevalently healthy however insome studies overweight (OW) [164] or elderly [94 143147 153] subjects smokers [25] or patients with PD [137] ordialyzed [142] were enrolled A review of 41 interventionsfrom 29 studies has been performed (Table 3) Of theseinterventions 18 regard a single ingestion (bolus) and theother 23 were related to repeated supplementations
Caffeinated or alcoholic antioxidant beverages increasedsalivary TAC in 50 and urinary TAC in 40 of theinterventions In particular green tea (GT) consumptionfor 4 or 12 weeks increased salivary TAC in laboratoryworkers and elderly subjects [94 120] whereas it did notaffect salivary TAC of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes aftertraining [80] Besides Benzie et al [141] found a significantcorrelation between urinary FRAP values and urinary totalphenolic concentrations after GT consumption Red winebolus consumption did not change salivary TAC [127] but
increased urinary TAC in elderly women [147] After a singleor 2 weeks of consumption of green or black coffee urinaryTAC did not change [138 168]
On the other hand walnuts [160 166] increased urinaryTAC both after 4 weeks and after a single consumptionand cocoa increased urinary TAC at 6ndash12 h after intakeconcomitantly with the excretion of epicatechin urinarymetabolites [170] (Table 3)
Concerning fruit juices and vegetables only Zare Javid etal [137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains (3 and 6 months) consumption on salivary TAC of PDpatients and did not find any change in this marker Only onestudy reported decreased urinary TAC levels after a singleconsumption of blackberry juices [157] On the contraryurinary TAC increased after bolus consumption of spinach[147] strawberries [147] Jerte Valley cherry [153] and a fruitbased drink (86 of a mix of apple grape blueberry andpomegranate juices and grape skin grape seed and green teaextracts) ingested during a high fat meal (HFM) [164] In thesame postprandial study a less antioxidant fruit based drink(63 of a mix of pineapple black currant and plum juices)during HFM did not affect urinary TAC a well as plasmaTAC [164] Also grape juice consumption for 5 days increasedurinary TAC [155] whereas tomato juice consumption for2 weeks did not [161] The same study found increasedurinary TAC levels when tomato juice was supplementedwith vitamin C (870mgL) fortification [161] Vitamin C(250mg) with vitamin E (400 iu) supplementation for 8weeks increased urinary TAC in dialyzed patients [142] andvitamin C in bolus administration increased urinary TAC inelderly women (1250mg) [147] and salivary TAC in healthysubjects (250mg) [64] On the contrary neither vitamin Cafter 3weeks (500mg) of consumption in smokers [25] nor 90days of astaxanthin supplementation in trained male soccerplayers in preexercise conditions [27] changed salivary TAC
Conversely red wine extract administration caused a markedrise in salivary TAC within 30min and the same treatmentraised also salivary polyphenol concentration [127] Helbiget al [159] reported the same increase in urinary TACversus baseline with both control bread and bread enrichedwith black currant press residue (4 weeks) Besides urinaryTAC was unchanged after 21 days consumption of a driedfruit and vegetable extracts fortified with antioxidants [176]after 2 weeks of Pycnogenol (200mgday) supplementation[175] and after 24 days of administration of an antioxidantmixture containing vitamin E beta-carotene ascorbic acidselenium alpha-lipoic acid N-acetyl 1-cysteine catechinlutein and lycopene [171] On the contrary ganodermalucidum (Lingzhi woodymushroom) supplements increasedurinary TAC both in bolus and in repeated administration[177 178]
Concerning other dietary interventions a low fat diet didnot affect salivary TAC compared to a high fat diet [32] anda HFM did not affect urinary TAC [164] On the contrarya fish diet (8 ozweek of salmon) for 4 weeks [160] and theconsumption of tryptophan-enriched cereals for 1 week [143]increased urinary TAC
5 Age Gender and lifestyle Factors
Age and gender differences were observed in oxidative stressmarkers in plasma [187] It was found that salivary TACincreased with the age of the children with caries [60] as wellas during aging [62 69] On the contrary others reportedthat salivary TAC was higher in younger subjects [73] andnegative correlations with age were found for urinary TAC[146] Women had significantly lower salivary TAC thanmen[79 110 114] In this context Kawamoto et al [66] reporteddecreased levels of salivary TAC during the ovulatory phasecompared to follicular phase in women with PD but not inhealthy women TACwas negatively correlated with bacterialcounts during the ovulatory phase but not during thefollicular phase [66] Besides salivary TAC was lower duringuncomplicated pregnancy [70] and in osteoporotic subjectscompared to age-matched healthy women [133]
Apart from age gender diseases and dietary habitalso lifestyle factors could affect salivary and urinary TACWithin lifestyle factors many studies investigated the effectof exercise and smoking habit on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 4)
In agreement with the well-known reduction of antiox-idant defenses after physical stress strong correlation wasfound between the variations of salivary and plasma TACduring the training season in triathletes [134] Both 2 hr TKDtraining session and 1 hr exhaustive aerobic dance exercisedecreased salivary TAC [21 80] Besides also urinary TACdecreased after 3 hours or more of TKD training campd for5ndash8 days [140] Only a study found increased salivary TAC inolder adults with PD who performed Tai Chi during a periodof 6 months however this increase was accompanied by astatistically significant decrease in the Periodontal DiseaseIndex (PDI) [85]
More conflicting are results on smoking habit higherlower or nonsignificant different levels of salivary TAC havebeen found in smokers compared to nonsmokers whereas nosignificant differences were found in urinary TAC betweensmokers and nonsmokers (Table 4)
On the contrary alcohol-dependent subjects showedsignificantly lower TAC in blood and saliva as compared tothose in the controls and the alcohol withdrawal caused anincrease in the TAC to near-control values [102]
Decreased levels of salivary TACwere found also inwork-ers subjected to occupational exposure to nonferrous metalmine conditions [51] whereas exposure to trichloroethyleneincreased urinary TAC [139]
Although there was no statistically significant effect ofcell phone talking time on the salivary TAC the latterprogressively increased with time and reached maximumat 30min probably due to exposure to radio frequencyradiation [67] However both increased [57] and decreased[18] levels of salivary TAC in mobile phone users were found
On the other hand it has been observed that salivary TACwas affected by emotional and psychological factors [20]In particular watching a cheerful comical video for 30minincreased salivary TAC [20]
6 Pathology Research International
100(33)
833(1012)
Salivary TAC Urinary TAC
Concordant results between 2 methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
Concordant results between stimulated and unstimulated saliva
428 (37)
572 (47)
YesNo
(b)
Figure 1 Concordat results between two different methods used in the same study to measure salivary or urinary TAC (a) Concordantresults between unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples analyzed in the same study (b) References [22 24 34 38 50 62 64 65 67 7278 81 111 127 135 137 161 166 175 188ndash190]
6 Methodological Issues
Despite the differences between the assays [8] concordantresults were found in the majority of the cases betweenthe results obtained when two different methods (TroloxEquivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Ferric ReducingAntioxidant Potential (FRAP) Oxygen Radical Antioxi-dant Capacity (ORAC) Total-radical Trapping AntioxidantParameter (TRAP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) colorimetric kit) were used in the same study tomeasure salivary or urinary TAC (Figure 1(a))
In particular although FRAP was significantly lower inmultiple sclerosis patients whereas no significant differencein salivary TEACbetween patients and controls was observed[65] the authors pointed out that their study had somelimitations such as the low number of patients included thevariability of the clinical status and the different treatmentof patients Therefore method choice does not seem to bea critical point for salivary TAC measure On the contrarymajor concerns came from saliva collection (Figure 1(b))
Saliva sampling has been improved by cotton andpolypropylene Salivette collection systems but the latteraltered the determination of some markers [188] It has beenreported that in samples collected using the cotton SalivetteTAC was comparable but higher thiobarbituric acid reactingsubstances (TBARS) concentrations were determined com-pared with unstimulated saliva [188]
In healthy subjects values were higher under stimulatedconditions for saliva flow and were higher under unstimu-lated conditions with respect to TAC and UA [189] WhenTAC was examined with respect to flow rate a significantlylower rate of antioxidant production was noted in patientswith PD compared with controls for unstimulated saliva butnot for stimulated saliva [34] Besides a significant decreasein UA and TAC was observed in unstimulated saliva aswell as a significant increase in all antioxidants examined in
stimulated saliva of systemic sclerosis women with normalsalivary flow rate as compared to the healthy controls [135]
Nagler et al [190] examined the correlation between thelevels of various salivary antioxidant components and theTAC in whole saliva in comparison with those in salivasecreted specifically from the major salivary glands theparotid and the submandibularsublingual (Sm Sl) glandsWhile the secretory IgA and lysozyme concentrations weresimilar in parotid and Sm Sl saliva the authors [190] foundhigher levels of the various antioxidant parameters (antioxi-dant enzymesUAandTAC) in the parotid saliva as comparedwith the Sm Sl saliva especially under resting conditionUnder resting condition parotid saliva was the major sourceof salivary antioxidants especially of UA [190] After stim-ulation (ie eating) the various parameters of antioxidantsof parotid saliva were considerably reduced in light of thewell-reported ldquodilution effectrdquo that follows stimulation Inaddition fluids by nonglandular sources contributed to thepossible dilution of the whole saliva after meal Thereforeunstimulated saliva with and without flow rate normalizationcould be the better approaches to measure salivary TAC
Also urine can be more or less diluted complicating theevaluation of parameters in spontaneous urine Particularlyafter physical stress [140] more concentrated urine is to beexpected due to sweating In order to obviate this problemand provided that the creatinine excretion is relatively con-stant over 24 h the mean creatinine excretion can serve asa reference for the measured values of excretion Generallyan average creatinine excretion of 1 g24 h is assumed [140]However it must be taken into consideration that age sexmuscle mass and diet all have an influence on creatinineexcretion [191] Although analyzing 24 h urine collectionwould have been preferable in case-control studies it waslogistically impossible in some cases On the other hand 24 hurine collection could not appreciate the increase in TACdue to intervention with polyphenol-rich foods considering
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
[1] K-HWagner and H Brath ldquoA global view on the developmentof non communicable diseasesrdquo Preventive Medicine vol 54supplement pp S38ndashS41 2012
[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
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Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
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[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
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[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
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[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
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10 Pathology Research International
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[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
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[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
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[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
Contrasting results came from the studies that investi-gated salivary TAC in subjects with at least one of the meta-bolic syndrome symptoms (Table 2)
Pregnant women with diabetes were found to haveincreased salivary TAC but also markedly increased indexesof caries activity [119] Besides the authors [119] foundincreased Lactobacillus and Streptococcus species in saliva ofpregnant women with diabetes having systemic complica-tions as compared to healthy individuals and other patientsHowever increase in salivary TACwas observed also in obesesubjects with hyperuricaemia [50] and in obese childrendespite their good oral hygiene status [56] While ras-buricase infusion decreased salivary TAC [50] intravenousN-acetylcysteine failed to prevent renal dysfunction andoxidative stress after contrast media administration duringpercutaneous coronary interventions [144] (Table 2) On theother hand only hypertensive patients in treatment withmetoprolol had lower salivary TAC compared to controls [46](Table 2)
Salivary or urinary TAC was studied also in other dis-eases such as cancer neuropsychiatric disorders congenitaland genetic diseases and immune mediated and inflamma-tory diseases (Table 2)
UrinaryTACwas decreased in bladder cancer [165] and innonsmokers with lung cancer [152] but not in smokers withlung cancer Decreased salivary TACwas observed in patientswith squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck [74] andwithbrain tumor [118] but increased salivary TACwas reported inacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) children [59] (Table 2)Only children with more than 2 weeks of chemotherapy haddecreased levels of salivary TAC [59]
Increased levels of salivary TAC were found in patientswith neurological disorders and tube-feeding [42] whereasdecreased levels were reported in cerebral palsy [117]
intractable epilepsy [111] and autistic children [105] Alsourinary TAC levels were lower in autistic compared to healthychildren [150 167]
On the other hand case-control studies on congenitalor genetic diseases such as Down syndrome [43 116] andcystic fibrosis [82] reported conflicting results on salivaryTAC (Table 2) Besides Campos et al [146] found increasedand decreased levels of urinary TAC in children and adultswith Down syndrome respectively (Table 2) On the con-trary urinary TAC resulted in a good marker of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)such as maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) propionicaciduria (PA) methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (HMGA) and ornithine transcar-bamylase deficiency (OTC) both before and after treatment(Table 2)
On the other hand salivary TAC was lower in asthma[58] Crohnrsquos disease [106] multiple sclerosis [65 135]and Sjogrenrsquos syndrome [109] patients compared to healthyindividuals (Table 2) but neither corticosteroid therapy inmultiple sclerosis patients [65] nor continuous positiveairway pressure (CPAP) in obstructive sleep apnea syn-drome (OSAS) improved salivary TAC [38 123] Further-more increased salivary TAC levels were found in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [132] and in juvenileidiopathic arthritis (JIA) [33] Children with JIA whethertreated or not treatedwith anti-tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)120572 agents (Infliximab or Etanercept) had higher salivary TACand the increase of the active patients was nearly two timeshigher than that of nonactive patients [33] Increased salivaryTAC levels were found also in pre- and postsurgical patientswhere surgical procedures involving stress such as extendedgeneral anaesthesia and a long presurgical fasting periodmay cause systemic inflammation and oxidative stress [126]
[32 143 160 164] Other dietaryinterventions 13 harr 100 (11) uarr 667 (23)
harr 333 (13)TAC Total Antioxidant Capacity
Increased salivary TAC was also observed in Regional PainSyndrome type I [48] whereas decreased salivary TAC levelswere reported in temporomandibular disorders [108]
4 Nutritional and Supplement Interventions
Although body possesses a sophisticated and cooperativearray of endogenous antioxidant defenses dietary consump-tion of antioxidant-rich foods may lower the risk of noncom-municable diseases by increasing TAC In fact 70 of theinterventions with plant foods or supplements conducted onsubjects characterized by oxidative stress conditions such ascardiovascular risk factors (smoking hypercholesterolemiametabolic syndrome hyperlipidemia and hypertension) orwith pathologies reported an increase of plasmaserum TAC[186] In the studies that investigated the effect of dietary orsupplementation interventions on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 3) volunteers were prevalently healthy however insome studies overweight (OW) [164] or elderly [94 143147 153] subjects smokers [25] or patients with PD [137] ordialyzed [142] were enrolled A review of 41 interventionsfrom 29 studies has been performed (Table 3) Of theseinterventions 18 regard a single ingestion (bolus) and theother 23 were related to repeated supplementations
Caffeinated or alcoholic antioxidant beverages increasedsalivary TAC in 50 and urinary TAC in 40 of theinterventions In particular green tea (GT) consumptionfor 4 or 12 weeks increased salivary TAC in laboratoryworkers and elderly subjects [94 120] whereas it did notaffect salivary TAC of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes aftertraining [80] Besides Benzie et al [141] found a significantcorrelation between urinary FRAP values and urinary totalphenolic concentrations after GT consumption Red winebolus consumption did not change salivary TAC [127] but
increased urinary TAC in elderly women [147] After a singleor 2 weeks of consumption of green or black coffee urinaryTAC did not change [138 168]
On the other hand walnuts [160 166] increased urinaryTAC both after 4 weeks and after a single consumptionand cocoa increased urinary TAC at 6ndash12 h after intakeconcomitantly with the excretion of epicatechin urinarymetabolites [170] (Table 3)
Concerning fruit juices and vegetables only Zare Javid etal [137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains (3 and 6 months) consumption on salivary TAC of PDpatients and did not find any change in this marker Only onestudy reported decreased urinary TAC levels after a singleconsumption of blackberry juices [157] On the contraryurinary TAC increased after bolus consumption of spinach[147] strawberries [147] Jerte Valley cherry [153] and a fruitbased drink (86 of a mix of apple grape blueberry andpomegranate juices and grape skin grape seed and green teaextracts) ingested during a high fat meal (HFM) [164] In thesame postprandial study a less antioxidant fruit based drink(63 of a mix of pineapple black currant and plum juices)during HFM did not affect urinary TAC a well as plasmaTAC [164] Also grape juice consumption for 5 days increasedurinary TAC [155] whereas tomato juice consumption for2 weeks did not [161] The same study found increasedurinary TAC levels when tomato juice was supplementedwith vitamin C (870mgL) fortification [161] Vitamin C(250mg) with vitamin E (400 iu) supplementation for 8weeks increased urinary TAC in dialyzed patients [142] andvitamin C in bolus administration increased urinary TAC inelderly women (1250mg) [147] and salivary TAC in healthysubjects (250mg) [64] On the contrary neither vitamin Cafter 3weeks (500mg) of consumption in smokers [25] nor 90days of astaxanthin supplementation in trained male soccerplayers in preexercise conditions [27] changed salivary TAC
Conversely red wine extract administration caused a markedrise in salivary TAC within 30min and the same treatmentraised also salivary polyphenol concentration [127] Helbiget al [159] reported the same increase in urinary TACversus baseline with both control bread and bread enrichedwith black currant press residue (4 weeks) Besides urinaryTAC was unchanged after 21 days consumption of a driedfruit and vegetable extracts fortified with antioxidants [176]after 2 weeks of Pycnogenol (200mgday) supplementation[175] and after 24 days of administration of an antioxidantmixture containing vitamin E beta-carotene ascorbic acidselenium alpha-lipoic acid N-acetyl 1-cysteine catechinlutein and lycopene [171] On the contrary ganodermalucidum (Lingzhi woodymushroom) supplements increasedurinary TAC both in bolus and in repeated administration[177 178]
Concerning other dietary interventions a low fat diet didnot affect salivary TAC compared to a high fat diet [32] anda HFM did not affect urinary TAC [164] On the contrarya fish diet (8 ozweek of salmon) for 4 weeks [160] and theconsumption of tryptophan-enriched cereals for 1 week [143]increased urinary TAC
5 Age Gender and lifestyle Factors
Age and gender differences were observed in oxidative stressmarkers in plasma [187] It was found that salivary TACincreased with the age of the children with caries [60] as wellas during aging [62 69] On the contrary others reportedthat salivary TAC was higher in younger subjects [73] andnegative correlations with age were found for urinary TAC[146] Women had significantly lower salivary TAC thanmen[79 110 114] In this context Kawamoto et al [66] reporteddecreased levels of salivary TAC during the ovulatory phasecompared to follicular phase in women with PD but not inhealthy women TACwas negatively correlated with bacterialcounts during the ovulatory phase but not during thefollicular phase [66] Besides salivary TAC was lower duringuncomplicated pregnancy [70] and in osteoporotic subjectscompared to age-matched healthy women [133]
Apart from age gender diseases and dietary habitalso lifestyle factors could affect salivary and urinary TACWithin lifestyle factors many studies investigated the effectof exercise and smoking habit on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 4)
In agreement with the well-known reduction of antiox-idant defenses after physical stress strong correlation wasfound between the variations of salivary and plasma TACduring the training season in triathletes [134] Both 2 hr TKDtraining session and 1 hr exhaustive aerobic dance exercisedecreased salivary TAC [21 80] Besides also urinary TACdecreased after 3 hours or more of TKD training campd for5ndash8 days [140] Only a study found increased salivary TAC inolder adults with PD who performed Tai Chi during a periodof 6 months however this increase was accompanied by astatistically significant decrease in the Periodontal DiseaseIndex (PDI) [85]
More conflicting are results on smoking habit higherlower or nonsignificant different levels of salivary TAC havebeen found in smokers compared to nonsmokers whereas nosignificant differences were found in urinary TAC betweensmokers and nonsmokers (Table 4)
On the contrary alcohol-dependent subjects showedsignificantly lower TAC in blood and saliva as compared tothose in the controls and the alcohol withdrawal caused anincrease in the TAC to near-control values [102]
Decreased levels of salivary TACwere found also inwork-ers subjected to occupational exposure to nonferrous metalmine conditions [51] whereas exposure to trichloroethyleneincreased urinary TAC [139]
Although there was no statistically significant effect ofcell phone talking time on the salivary TAC the latterprogressively increased with time and reached maximumat 30min probably due to exposure to radio frequencyradiation [67] However both increased [57] and decreased[18] levels of salivary TAC in mobile phone users were found
On the other hand it has been observed that salivary TACwas affected by emotional and psychological factors [20]In particular watching a cheerful comical video for 30minincreased salivary TAC [20]
6 Pathology Research International
100(33)
833(1012)
Salivary TAC Urinary TAC
Concordant results between 2 methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
Concordant results between stimulated and unstimulated saliva
428 (37)
572 (47)
YesNo
(b)
Figure 1 Concordat results between two different methods used in the same study to measure salivary or urinary TAC (a) Concordantresults between unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples analyzed in the same study (b) References [22 24 34 38 50 62 64 65 67 7278 81 111 127 135 137 161 166 175 188ndash190]
6 Methodological Issues
Despite the differences between the assays [8] concordantresults were found in the majority of the cases betweenthe results obtained when two different methods (TroloxEquivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Ferric ReducingAntioxidant Potential (FRAP) Oxygen Radical Antioxi-dant Capacity (ORAC) Total-radical Trapping AntioxidantParameter (TRAP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) colorimetric kit) were used in the same study tomeasure salivary or urinary TAC (Figure 1(a))
In particular although FRAP was significantly lower inmultiple sclerosis patients whereas no significant differencein salivary TEACbetween patients and controls was observed[65] the authors pointed out that their study had somelimitations such as the low number of patients included thevariability of the clinical status and the different treatmentof patients Therefore method choice does not seem to bea critical point for salivary TAC measure On the contrarymajor concerns came from saliva collection (Figure 1(b))
Saliva sampling has been improved by cotton andpolypropylene Salivette collection systems but the latteraltered the determination of some markers [188] It has beenreported that in samples collected using the cotton SalivetteTAC was comparable but higher thiobarbituric acid reactingsubstances (TBARS) concentrations were determined com-pared with unstimulated saliva [188]
In healthy subjects values were higher under stimulatedconditions for saliva flow and were higher under unstimu-lated conditions with respect to TAC and UA [189] WhenTAC was examined with respect to flow rate a significantlylower rate of antioxidant production was noted in patientswith PD compared with controls for unstimulated saliva butnot for stimulated saliva [34] Besides a significant decreasein UA and TAC was observed in unstimulated saliva aswell as a significant increase in all antioxidants examined in
stimulated saliva of systemic sclerosis women with normalsalivary flow rate as compared to the healthy controls [135]
Nagler et al [190] examined the correlation between thelevels of various salivary antioxidant components and theTAC in whole saliva in comparison with those in salivasecreted specifically from the major salivary glands theparotid and the submandibularsublingual (Sm Sl) glandsWhile the secretory IgA and lysozyme concentrations weresimilar in parotid and Sm Sl saliva the authors [190] foundhigher levels of the various antioxidant parameters (antioxi-dant enzymesUAandTAC) in the parotid saliva as comparedwith the Sm Sl saliva especially under resting conditionUnder resting condition parotid saliva was the major sourceof salivary antioxidants especially of UA [190] After stim-ulation (ie eating) the various parameters of antioxidantsof parotid saliva were considerably reduced in light of thewell-reported ldquodilution effectrdquo that follows stimulation Inaddition fluids by nonglandular sources contributed to thepossible dilution of the whole saliva after meal Thereforeunstimulated saliva with and without flow rate normalizationcould be the better approaches to measure salivary TAC
Also urine can be more or less diluted complicating theevaluation of parameters in spontaneous urine Particularlyafter physical stress [140] more concentrated urine is to beexpected due to sweating In order to obviate this problemand provided that the creatinine excretion is relatively con-stant over 24 h the mean creatinine excretion can serve asa reference for the measured values of excretion Generallyan average creatinine excretion of 1 g24 h is assumed [140]However it must be taken into consideration that age sexmuscle mass and diet all have an influence on creatinineexcretion [191] Although analyzing 24 h urine collectionwould have been preferable in case-control studies it waslogistically impossible in some cases On the other hand 24 hurine collection could not appreciate the increase in TACdue to intervention with polyphenol-rich foods considering
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
[1] K-HWagner and H Brath ldquoA global view on the developmentof non communicable diseasesrdquo Preventive Medicine vol 54supplement pp S38ndashS41 2012
[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
[25] S Bakhtiari J B Taheri M Bakhshi et al ldquoEffect of vitaminC on salivary total antioxidant capacity in smokersrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 11 no 4 pp 1045ndash10492012
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
[55] P Gumus N Buduneli S Cetinkalp et al ldquoSalivary antioxi-dants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
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[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
[32 143 160 164] Other dietaryinterventions 13 harr 100 (11) uarr 667 (23)
harr 333 (13)TAC Total Antioxidant Capacity
Increased salivary TAC was also observed in Regional PainSyndrome type I [48] whereas decreased salivary TAC levelswere reported in temporomandibular disorders [108]
4 Nutritional and Supplement Interventions
Although body possesses a sophisticated and cooperativearray of endogenous antioxidant defenses dietary consump-tion of antioxidant-rich foods may lower the risk of noncom-municable diseases by increasing TAC In fact 70 of theinterventions with plant foods or supplements conducted onsubjects characterized by oxidative stress conditions such ascardiovascular risk factors (smoking hypercholesterolemiametabolic syndrome hyperlipidemia and hypertension) orwith pathologies reported an increase of plasmaserum TAC[186] In the studies that investigated the effect of dietary orsupplementation interventions on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 3) volunteers were prevalently healthy however insome studies overweight (OW) [164] or elderly [94 143147 153] subjects smokers [25] or patients with PD [137] ordialyzed [142] were enrolled A review of 41 interventionsfrom 29 studies has been performed (Table 3) Of theseinterventions 18 regard a single ingestion (bolus) and theother 23 were related to repeated supplementations
Caffeinated or alcoholic antioxidant beverages increasedsalivary TAC in 50 and urinary TAC in 40 of theinterventions In particular green tea (GT) consumptionfor 4 or 12 weeks increased salivary TAC in laboratoryworkers and elderly subjects [94 120] whereas it did notaffect salivary TAC of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes aftertraining [80] Besides Benzie et al [141] found a significantcorrelation between urinary FRAP values and urinary totalphenolic concentrations after GT consumption Red winebolus consumption did not change salivary TAC [127] but
increased urinary TAC in elderly women [147] After a singleor 2 weeks of consumption of green or black coffee urinaryTAC did not change [138 168]
On the other hand walnuts [160 166] increased urinaryTAC both after 4 weeks and after a single consumptionand cocoa increased urinary TAC at 6ndash12 h after intakeconcomitantly with the excretion of epicatechin urinarymetabolites [170] (Table 3)
Concerning fruit juices and vegetables only Zare Javid etal [137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains (3 and 6 months) consumption on salivary TAC of PDpatients and did not find any change in this marker Only onestudy reported decreased urinary TAC levels after a singleconsumption of blackberry juices [157] On the contraryurinary TAC increased after bolus consumption of spinach[147] strawberries [147] Jerte Valley cherry [153] and a fruitbased drink (86 of a mix of apple grape blueberry andpomegranate juices and grape skin grape seed and green teaextracts) ingested during a high fat meal (HFM) [164] In thesame postprandial study a less antioxidant fruit based drink(63 of a mix of pineapple black currant and plum juices)during HFM did not affect urinary TAC a well as plasmaTAC [164] Also grape juice consumption for 5 days increasedurinary TAC [155] whereas tomato juice consumption for2 weeks did not [161] The same study found increasedurinary TAC levels when tomato juice was supplementedwith vitamin C (870mgL) fortification [161] Vitamin C(250mg) with vitamin E (400 iu) supplementation for 8weeks increased urinary TAC in dialyzed patients [142] andvitamin C in bolus administration increased urinary TAC inelderly women (1250mg) [147] and salivary TAC in healthysubjects (250mg) [64] On the contrary neither vitamin Cafter 3weeks (500mg) of consumption in smokers [25] nor 90days of astaxanthin supplementation in trained male soccerplayers in preexercise conditions [27] changed salivary TAC
Conversely red wine extract administration caused a markedrise in salivary TAC within 30min and the same treatmentraised also salivary polyphenol concentration [127] Helbiget al [159] reported the same increase in urinary TACversus baseline with both control bread and bread enrichedwith black currant press residue (4 weeks) Besides urinaryTAC was unchanged after 21 days consumption of a driedfruit and vegetable extracts fortified with antioxidants [176]after 2 weeks of Pycnogenol (200mgday) supplementation[175] and after 24 days of administration of an antioxidantmixture containing vitamin E beta-carotene ascorbic acidselenium alpha-lipoic acid N-acetyl 1-cysteine catechinlutein and lycopene [171] On the contrary ganodermalucidum (Lingzhi woodymushroom) supplements increasedurinary TAC both in bolus and in repeated administration[177 178]
Concerning other dietary interventions a low fat diet didnot affect salivary TAC compared to a high fat diet [32] anda HFM did not affect urinary TAC [164] On the contrarya fish diet (8 ozweek of salmon) for 4 weeks [160] and theconsumption of tryptophan-enriched cereals for 1 week [143]increased urinary TAC
5 Age Gender and lifestyle Factors
Age and gender differences were observed in oxidative stressmarkers in plasma [187] It was found that salivary TACincreased with the age of the children with caries [60] as wellas during aging [62 69] On the contrary others reportedthat salivary TAC was higher in younger subjects [73] andnegative correlations with age were found for urinary TAC[146] Women had significantly lower salivary TAC thanmen[79 110 114] In this context Kawamoto et al [66] reporteddecreased levels of salivary TAC during the ovulatory phasecompared to follicular phase in women with PD but not inhealthy women TACwas negatively correlated with bacterialcounts during the ovulatory phase but not during thefollicular phase [66] Besides salivary TAC was lower duringuncomplicated pregnancy [70] and in osteoporotic subjectscompared to age-matched healthy women [133]
Apart from age gender diseases and dietary habitalso lifestyle factors could affect salivary and urinary TACWithin lifestyle factors many studies investigated the effectof exercise and smoking habit on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 4)
In agreement with the well-known reduction of antiox-idant defenses after physical stress strong correlation wasfound between the variations of salivary and plasma TACduring the training season in triathletes [134] Both 2 hr TKDtraining session and 1 hr exhaustive aerobic dance exercisedecreased salivary TAC [21 80] Besides also urinary TACdecreased after 3 hours or more of TKD training campd for5ndash8 days [140] Only a study found increased salivary TAC inolder adults with PD who performed Tai Chi during a periodof 6 months however this increase was accompanied by astatistically significant decrease in the Periodontal DiseaseIndex (PDI) [85]
More conflicting are results on smoking habit higherlower or nonsignificant different levels of salivary TAC havebeen found in smokers compared to nonsmokers whereas nosignificant differences were found in urinary TAC betweensmokers and nonsmokers (Table 4)
On the contrary alcohol-dependent subjects showedsignificantly lower TAC in blood and saliva as compared tothose in the controls and the alcohol withdrawal caused anincrease in the TAC to near-control values [102]
Decreased levels of salivary TACwere found also inwork-ers subjected to occupational exposure to nonferrous metalmine conditions [51] whereas exposure to trichloroethyleneincreased urinary TAC [139]
Although there was no statistically significant effect ofcell phone talking time on the salivary TAC the latterprogressively increased with time and reached maximumat 30min probably due to exposure to radio frequencyradiation [67] However both increased [57] and decreased[18] levels of salivary TAC in mobile phone users were found
On the other hand it has been observed that salivary TACwas affected by emotional and psychological factors [20]In particular watching a cheerful comical video for 30minincreased salivary TAC [20]
6 Pathology Research International
100(33)
833(1012)
Salivary TAC Urinary TAC
Concordant results between 2 methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
Concordant results between stimulated and unstimulated saliva
428 (37)
572 (47)
YesNo
(b)
Figure 1 Concordat results between two different methods used in the same study to measure salivary or urinary TAC (a) Concordantresults between unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples analyzed in the same study (b) References [22 24 34 38 50 62 64 65 67 7278 81 111 127 135 137 161 166 175 188ndash190]
6 Methodological Issues
Despite the differences between the assays [8] concordantresults were found in the majority of the cases betweenthe results obtained when two different methods (TroloxEquivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Ferric ReducingAntioxidant Potential (FRAP) Oxygen Radical Antioxi-dant Capacity (ORAC) Total-radical Trapping AntioxidantParameter (TRAP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) colorimetric kit) were used in the same study tomeasure salivary or urinary TAC (Figure 1(a))
In particular although FRAP was significantly lower inmultiple sclerosis patients whereas no significant differencein salivary TEACbetween patients and controls was observed[65] the authors pointed out that their study had somelimitations such as the low number of patients included thevariability of the clinical status and the different treatmentof patients Therefore method choice does not seem to bea critical point for salivary TAC measure On the contrarymajor concerns came from saliva collection (Figure 1(b))
Saliva sampling has been improved by cotton andpolypropylene Salivette collection systems but the latteraltered the determination of some markers [188] It has beenreported that in samples collected using the cotton SalivetteTAC was comparable but higher thiobarbituric acid reactingsubstances (TBARS) concentrations were determined com-pared with unstimulated saliva [188]
In healthy subjects values were higher under stimulatedconditions for saliva flow and were higher under unstimu-lated conditions with respect to TAC and UA [189] WhenTAC was examined with respect to flow rate a significantlylower rate of antioxidant production was noted in patientswith PD compared with controls for unstimulated saliva butnot for stimulated saliva [34] Besides a significant decreasein UA and TAC was observed in unstimulated saliva aswell as a significant increase in all antioxidants examined in
stimulated saliva of systemic sclerosis women with normalsalivary flow rate as compared to the healthy controls [135]
Nagler et al [190] examined the correlation between thelevels of various salivary antioxidant components and theTAC in whole saliva in comparison with those in salivasecreted specifically from the major salivary glands theparotid and the submandibularsublingual (Sm Sl) glandsWhile the secretory IgA and lysozyme concentrations weresimilar in parotid and Sm Sl saliva the authors [190] foundhigher levels of the various antioxidant parameters (antioxi-dant enzymesUAandTAC) in the parotid saliva as comparedwith the Sm Sl saliva especially under resting conditionUnder resting condition parotid saliva was the major sourceof salivary antioxidants especially of UA [190] After stim-ulation (ie eating) the various parameters of antioxidantsof parotid saliva were considerably reduced in light of thewell-reported ldquodilution effectrdquo that follows stimulation Inaddition fluids by nonglandular sources contributed to thepossible dilution of the whole saliva after meal Thereforeunstimulated saliva with and without flow rate normalizationcould be the better approaches to measure salivary TAC
Also urine can be more or less diluted complicating theevaluation of parameters in spontaneous urine Particularlyafter physical stress [140] more concentrated urine is to beexpected due to sweating In order to obviate this problemand provided that the creatinine excretion is relatively con-stant over 24 h the mean creatinine excretion can serve asa reference for the measured values of excretion Generallyan average creatinine excretion of 1 g24 h is assumed [140]However it must be taken into consideration that age sexmuscle mass and diet all have an influence on creatinineexcretion [191] Although analyzing 24 h urine collectionwould have been preferable in case-control studies it waslogistically impossible in some cases On the other hand 24 hurine collection could not appreciate the increase in TACdue to intervention with polyphenol-rich foods considering
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
[1] K-HWagner and H Brath ldquoA global view on the developmentof non communicable diseasesrdquo Preventive Medicine vol 54supplement pp S38ndashS41 2012
[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
[25] S Bakhtiari J B Taheri M Bakhshi et al ldquoEffect of vitaminC on salivary total antioxidant capacity in smokersrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 11 no 4 pp 1045ndash10492012
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
[55] P Gumus N Buduneli S Cetinkalp et al ldquoSalivary antioxi-dants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
[67] A M Khalil K M Abu Khadra A M Aljaberi M HGagaa andH S Issa ldquoAssessment of oxidantantioxidant statusin saliva of cell phone usersrdquo Electromagnetic Biology andMedicine vol 33 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2014
[68] S-C Kim O-S Kim O-J Kim Y-J Kim and H-J ChungldquoAntioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and rootplaning in periodontal diseaserdquo Journal of Periodontal andImplant Science vol 40 no 4 pp 164ndash171 2010
[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
Conversely red wine extract administration caused a markedrise in salivary TAC within 30min and the same treatmentraised also salivary polyphenol concentration [127] Helbiget al [159] reported the same increase in urinary TACversus baseline with both control bread and bread enrichedwith black currant press residue (4 weeks) Besides urinaryTAC was unchanged after 21 days consumption of a driedfruit and vegetable extracts fortified with antioxidants [176]after 2 weeks of Pycnogenol (200mgday) supplementation[175] and after 24 days of administration of an antioxidantmixture containing vitamin E beta-carotene ascorbic acidselenium alpha-lipoic acid N-acetyl 1-cysteine catechinlutein and lycopene [171] On the contrary ganodermalucidum (Lingzhi woodymushroom) supplements increasedurinary TAC both in bolus and in repeated administration[177 178]
Concerning other dietary interventions a low fat diet didnot affect salivary TAC compared to a high fat diet [32] anda HFM did not affect urinary TAC [164] On the contrarya fish diet (8 ozweek of salmon) for 4 weeks [160] and theconsumption of tryptophan-enriched cereals for 1 week [143]increased urinary TAC
5 Age Gender and lifestyle Factors
Age and gender differences were observed in oxidative stressmarkers in plasma [187] It was found that salivary TACincreased with the age of the children with caries [60] as wellas during aging [62 69] On the contrary others reportedthat salivary TAC was higher in younger subjects [73] andnegative correlations with age were found for urinary TAC[146] Women had significantly lower salivary TAC thanmen[79 110 114] In this context Kawamoto et al [66] reporteddecreased levels of salivary TAC during the ovulatory phasecompared to follicular phase in women with PD but not inhealthy women TACwas negatively correlated with bacterialcounts during the ovulatory phase but not during thefollicular phase [66] Besides salivary TAC was lower duringuncomplicated pregnancy [70] and in osteoporotic subjectscompared to age-matched healthy women [133]
Apart from age gender diseases and dietary habitalso lifestyle factors could affect salivary and urinary TACWithin lifestyle factors many studies investigated the effectof exercise and smoking habit on salivary or urinary TAC(Table 4)
In agreement with the well-known reduction of antiox-idant defenses after physical stress strong correlation wasfound between the variations of salivary and plasma TACduring the training season in triathletes [134] Both 2 hr TKDtraining session and 1 hr exhaustive aerobic dance exercisedecreased salivary TAC [21 80] Besides also urinary TACdecreased after 3 hours or more of TKD training campd for5ndash8 days [140] Only a study found increased salivary TAC inolder adults with PD who performed Tai Chi during a periodof 6 months however this increase was accompanied by astatistically significant decrease in the Periodontal DiseaseIndex (PDI) [85]
More conflicting are results on smoking habit higherlower or nonsignificant different levels of salivary TAC havebeen found in smokers compared to nonsmokers whereas nosignificant differences were found in urinary TAC betweensmokers and nonsmokers (Table 4)
On the contrary alcohol-dependent subjects showedsignificantly lower TAC in blood and saliva as compared tothose in the controls and the alcohol withdrawal caused anincrease in the TAC to near-control values [102]
Decreased levels of salivary TACwere found also inwork-ers subjected to occupational exposure to nonferrous metalmine conditions [51] whereas exposure to trichloroethyleneincreased urinary TAC [139]
Although there was no statistically significant effect ofcell phone talking time on the salivary TAC the latterprogressively increased with time and reached maximumat 30min probably due to exposure to radio frequencyradiation [67] However both increased [57] and decreased[18] levels of salivary TAC in mobile phone users were found
On the other hand it has been observed that salivary TACwas affected by emotional and psychological factors [20]In particular watching a cheerful comical video for 30minincreased salivary TAC [20]
6 Pathology Research International
100(33)
833(1012)
Salivary TAC Urinary TAC
Concordant results between 2 methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
Concordant results between stimulated and unstimulated saliva
428 (37)
572 (47)
YesNo
(b)
Figure 1 Concordat results between two different methods used in the same study to measure salivary or urinary TAC (a) Concordantresults between unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples analyzed in the same study (b) References [22 24 34 38 50 62 64 65 67 7278 81 111 127 135 137 161 166 175 188ndash190]
6 Methodological Issues
Despite the differences between the assays [8] concordantresults were found in the majority of the cases betweenthe results obtained when two different methods (TroloxEquivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Ferric ReducingAntioxidant Potential (FRAP) Oxygen Radical Antioxi-dant Capacity (ORAC) Total-radical Trapping AntioxidantParameter (TRAP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) colorimetric kit) were used in the same study tomeasure salivary or urinary TAC (Figure 1(a))
In particular although FRAP was significantly lower inmultiple sclerosis patients whereas no significant differencein salivary TEACbetween patients and controls was observed[65] the authors pointed out that their study had somelimitations such as the low number of patients included thevariability of the clinical status and the different treatmentof patients Therefore method choice does not seem to bea critical point for salivary TAC measure On the contrarymajor concerns came from saliva collection (Figure 1(b))
Saliva sampling has been improved by cotton andpolypropylene Salivette collection systems but the latteraltered the determination of some markers [188] It has beenreported that in samples collected using the cotton SalivetteTAC was comparable but higher thiobarbituric acid reactingsubstances (TBARS) concentrations were determined com-pared with unstimulated saliva [188]
In healthy subjects values were higher under stimulatedconditions for saliva flow and were higher under unstimu-lated conditions with respect to TAC and UA [189] WhenTAC was examined with respect to flow rate a significantlylower rate of antioxidant production was noted in patientswith PD compared with controls for unstimulated saliva butnot for stimulated saliva [34] Besides a significant decreasein UA and TAC was observed in unstimulated saliva aswell as a significant increase in all antioxidants examined in
stimulated saliva of systemic sclerosis women with normalsalivary flow rate as compared to the healthy controls [135]
Nagler et al [190] examined the correlation between thelevels of various salivary antioxidant components and theTAC in whole saliva in comparison with those in salivasecreted specifically from the major salivary glands theparotid and the submandibularsublingual (Sm Sl) glandsWhile the secretory IgA and lysozyme concentrations weresimilar in parotid and Sm Sl saliva the authors [190] foundhigher levels of the various antioxidant parameters (antioxi-dant enzymesUAandTAC) in the parotid saliva as comparedwith the Sm Sl saliva especially under resting conditionUnder resting condition parotid saliva was the major sourceof salivary antioxidants especially of UA [190] After stim-ulation (ie eating) the various parameters of antioxidantsof parotid saliva were considerably reduced in light of thewell-reported ldquodilution effectrdquo that follows stimulation Inaddition fluids by nonglandular sources contributed to thepossible dilution of the whole saliva after meal Thereforeunstimulated saliva with and without flow rate normalizationcould be the better approaches to measure salivary TAC
Also urine can be more or less diluted complicating theevaluation of parameters in spontaneous urine Particularlyafter physical stress [140] more concentrated urine is to beexpected due to sweating In order to obviate this problemand provided that the creatinine excretion is relatively con-stant over 24 h the mean creatinine excretion can serve asa reference for the measured values of excretion Generallyan average creatinine excretion of 1 g24 h is assumed [140]However it must be taken into consideration that age sexmuscle mass and diet all have an influence on creatinineexcretion [191] Although analyzing 24 h urine collectionwould have been preferable in case-control studies it waslogistically impossible in some cases On the other hand 24 hurine collection could not appreciate the increase in TACdue to intervention with polyphenol-rich foods considering
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
[1] K-HWagner and H Brath ldquoA global view on the developmentof non communicable diseasesrdquo Preventive Medicine vol 54supplement pp S38ndashS41 2012
[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
[25] S Bakhtiari J B Taheri M Bakhshi et al ldquoEffect of vitaminC on salivary total antioxidant capacity in smokersrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 11 no 4 pp 1045ndash10492012
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
[55] P Gumus N Buduneli S Cetinkalp et al ldquoSalivary antioxi-dants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
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[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
6 Pathology Research International
100(33)
833(1012)
Salivary TAC Urinary TAC
Concordant results between 2 methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
Concordant results between stimulated and unstimulated saliva
428 (37)
572 (47)
YesNo
(b)
Figure 1 Concordat results between two different methods used in the same study to measure salivary or urinary TAC (a) Concordantresults between unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples analyzed in the same study (b) References [22 24 34 38 50 62 64 65 67 7278 81 111 127 135 137 161 166 175 188ndash190]
6 Methodological Issues
Despite the differences between the assays [8] concordantresults were found in the majority of the cases betweenthe results obtained when two different methods (TroloxEquivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Ferric ReducingAntioxidant Potential (FRAP) Oxygen Radical Antioxi-dant Capacity (ORAC) Total-radical Trapping AntioxidantParameter (TRAP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) colorimetric kit) were used in the same study tomeasure salivary or urinary TAC (Figure 1(a))
In particular although FRAP was significantly lower inmultiple sclerosis patients whereas no significant differencein salivary TEACbetween patients and controls was observed[65] the authors pointed out that their study had somelimitations such as the low number of patients included thevariability of the clinical status and the different treatmentof patients Therefore method choice does not seem to bea critical point for salivary TAC measure On the contrarymajor concerns came from saliva collection (Figure 1(b))
Saliva sampling has been improved by cotton andpolypropylene Salivette collection systems but the latteraltered the determination of some markers [188] It has beenreported that in samples collected using the cotton SalivetteTAC was comparable but higher thiobarbituric acid reactingsubstances (TBARS) concentrations were determined com-pared with unstimulated saliva [188]
In healthy subjects values were higher under stimulatedconditions for saliva flow and were higher under unstimu-lated conditions with respect to TAC and UA [189] WhenTAC was examined with respect to flow rate a significantlylower rate of antioxidant production was noted in patientswith PD compared with controls for unstimulated saliva butnot for stimulated saliva [34] Besides a significant decreasein UA and TAC was observed in unstimulated saliva aswell as a significant increase in all antioxidants examined in
stimulated saliva of systemic sclerosis women with normalsalivary flow rate as compared to the healthy controls [135]
Nagler et al [190] examined the correlation between thelevels of various salivary antioxidant components and theTAC in whole saliva in comparison with those in salivasecreted specifically from the major salivary glands theparotid and the submandibularsublingual (Sm Sl) glandsWhile the secretory IgA and lysozyme concentrations weresimilar in parotid and Sm Sl saliva the authors [190] foundhigher levels of the various antioxidant parameters (antioxi-dant enzymesUAandTAC) in the parotid saliva as comparedwith the Sm Sl saliva especially under resting conditionUnder resting condition parotid saliva was the major sourceof salivary antioxidants especially of UA [190] After stim-ulation (ie eating) the various parameters of antioxidantsof parotid saliva were considerably reduced in light of thewell-reported ldquodilution effectrdquo that follows stimulation Inaddition fluids by nonglandular sources contributed to thepossible dilution of the whole saliva after meal Thereforeunstimulated saliva with and without flow rate normalizationcould be the better approaches to measure salivary TAC
Also urine can be more or less diluted complicating theevaluation of parameters in spontaneous urine Particularlyafter physical stress [140] more concentrated urine is to beexpected due to sweating In order to obviate this problemand provided that the creatinine excretion is relatively con-stant over 24 h the mean creatinine excretion can serve asa reference for the measured values of excretion Generallyan average creatinine excretion of 1 g24 h is assumed [140]However it must be taken into consideration that age sexmuscle mass and diet all have an influence on creatinineexcretion [191] Although analyzing 24 h urine collectionwould have been preferable in case-control studies it waslogistically impossible in some cases On the other hand 24 hurine collection could not appreciate the increase in TACdue to intervention with polyphenol-rich foods considering
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
[1] K-HWagner and H Brath ldquoA global view on the developmentof non communicable diseasesrdquo Preventive Medicine vol 54supplement pp S38ndashS41 2012
[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
[25] S Bakhtiari J B Taheri M Bakhshi et al ldquoEffect of vitaminC on salivary total antioxidant capacity in smokersrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 11 no 4 pp 1045ndash10492012
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
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10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
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[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
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[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
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[68] S-C Kim O-S Kim O-J Kim Y-J Kim and H-J ChungldquoAntioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and rootplaning in periodontal diseaserdquo Journal of Periodontal andImplant Science vol 40 no 4 pp 164ndash171 2010
[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
Pathology Research International 7
759(2229)
750(2736)
100(77)
Concordant resultsbetween salivaryand plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween salivary
TAC and UA
Concordant resultsbetween urinary
TAC and UA
Case-control
0
20
40
60
80
100
(a)
44(49)
684(1319)
Concordant resultsbetween urinary and
plasma TAC
Concordant resultsbetween urinary TAC and
UA
Interventions
0
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
Figure 2 Concordant results between salivary or urinary TAC and UA levels or plasma TAC in case-control (a) or antioxidantnutritionalintervention (b) studies References [17 19 21ndash24 26 28ndash31 34 37 38 40ndash44 48ndash51 55 57 61 62 65 71 77 78 81 82 86ndash89 91 92 95ndash97 102 106ndash111 119 126 132ndash136 140ndash142 144 146 147 150 154 157 159ndash162 164 166 171 175ndash178]
the rate of elimination of polyphenols [12] Therefore 24 h orspontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basisof the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance
7 Uric Acid-Independent TAC versus TAC
UA is a powerful scavenger of free radicals and provides 60ndash80 of TAC in plasma [192 193] It has been also reportedthat TAC of both plasma and urine is mainly related tothe UA concentration of the samples [194] Besides UAcontributes approximately 70 of the salivary TAC [89] withthe antioxidant role of the ascorbic acid being secondary[89] and correlation between concentrations of UA in bothsaliva and plasma points to the latter as the origin of salivaryUA [71 190] According to this hypothesis when salivary orurinary TAC UA and plasma or serum TAC were measuredin the same study it turned out that there was a clearaccordance between UA concentration and TAC as well asbetween salivary or urinaryTACandplasmaor serumTAC incase-control studies (Figure 2(a)) Furthermore rasburicaseiv infusion in obese subjects with hyperuricaemia caused amarked decrease in both plasma and saliva TAC values [50]
Increase in serumUA levels can be due to increased intakeof dietary purines alcohol and fructose [195] impaired renalfunction and renal microvascular disease which can increaseUA production andor decrease UA clearance [196] andhyperinsulinemia which increases renal UA reabsorption[197] In particular the plasma level of UA is regulated byrenal function [162] However although urine from renaldisease patients had more proteins and UA compared tocontrols urinary TAC from acute renal failure patientsdid not correlate with UA [162] Furthermore contrastingresults came from patients with severe chronic renal failure(CRF) (dialytic) without diabetes and severe CRF (dialytic)with diabetes [30] In severe-CRF patients without diabetesmedian TAC and UA levels decreased following dialysiswhereas in severe-CRF patients with diabetes median TACincreased following dialysis whilemedianUAdecreased [30]
Although UA in urine samples constitutes about 75 ofurinary TAC [140] the composition of urine is unpredictablereflecting the continuously changing environment of thebody which is affected among other factors by diet [162] Infact only in 44 (49) of the interventions with antioxidantfoods beverages or supplements urinary TAC was related toUA (Figure 1(b)) These findings are probably due to the factthat low molecular weight antioxidants such as polyphenolsare cleared from the blood by kidney [12]The only study that[137] investigated the effect of fruits vegetables and wholegrains consumption on both salivary and plasma TAC didnot find any change in salivary TAC despite the increase inplasma TAC
In order to avoid the UA interference methods for UA-independent TAC have been proposed by using the uricasereaction in both plasma and urine [198] or by using thecorrected TAC the calculated parameter that represents thefraction of circulating antioxidants after the elimination ofthe interference of UA [140 199]
Similar calculated urinary TAC has been proposed byCampos et al [146] Authors suggested that TAC-UACrcould provide more reliable information about the antioxi-dant status at least in Down syndrome because children hadhigher TACCr and UACr whereas levels of TAC-UACr ofadult patients were lower compared to healthy subjects
On the contrary uricase methods could be biased bythe generation of H
2O2during the action of uricase [200]
Therefore the calculated corrected TAC-UA could be thebetter approach
8 Conclusion
The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that mea-sured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that these markerscan be useful in the evaluation of the antioxidant statusof the body taking into account some factors First ofall salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected byoral or renal status respectively as well as by infection
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
[1] K-HWagner and H Brath ldquoA global view on the developmentof non communicable diseasesrdquo Preventive Medicine vol 54supplement pp S38ndashS41 2012
[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
[12] J Perez-Jimenez J Hubert L Hooper et al ldquoUrinary metabo-lites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans a systematicreviewrdquo The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol 92 no4 pp 801ndash809 2010
[13] H Abdolsamadi N Rafieian M T Goodarzi et al ldquoLevels ofsalivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patientswith oral lichen planus and healthy individualsrdquo ChonnamMedical Journal vol 50 no 2 pp 58ndash62 2014
[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
[15] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah S Mikaili and M Abdol-lahi ldquoIncreased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjectswith oral lichen planusrdquo International Journal of DentalHygienevol 7 no 4 pp 246ndash250 2009
[16] F Ahmadi-Motamayel M-T Goodarzi S-S Hendi S Kasraeiand A Moghimbeigi ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity of saliva anddental cariesrdquo Medicina Oral Patologıa Oral y Cirugıa Bucalvol 18 no 4 pp e553ndashe556 2013
[17] D Aizenbud Y Peri-Front and R M Nagler ldquoSalivary analysisand antioxidants in cleft lip andpalate childrenrdquoArchives ofOralBiology vol 53 no 6 pp 517ndash522 2008
[18] F Arbabi-Kalati S Salimi A Vaziry-Rabiee and M NoraeeildquoEffect ofmobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacityof saliva and salivary immunoglobulin Ardquo Iranian Journal ofPublic Health vol 43 no 4 pp 480ndash484 2014
[19] F Astaneie M Afshari A Mojtahedi et al ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxidein blood and saliva of insulin-dependent diabetic patientsrdquoArchives of Medical Research vol 36 no 4 pp 376ndash381 2005
[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
[22] I Avivi S Avraham M Koren-Michowitz et al ldquoOral integrityand salivary profile in myeloma patients undergoing high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCTrdquo Bone Marrow Transplan-tation vol 43 no 10 pp 801ndash806 2009
[23] A Azizi and F Farshchi ldquoComparison of salivary and plasmaantioxidant levels in lichen planus patients and healthy sub-jectsrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41 no 7 pp524ndash526 2012
[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
[25] S Bakhtiari J B Taheri M Bakhshi et al ldquoEffect of vitaminC on salivary total antioxidant capacity in smokersrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 11 no 4 pp 1045ndash10492012
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
[55] P Gumus N Buduneli S Cetinkalp et al ldquoSalivary antioxi-dants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
[67] A M Khalil K M Abu Khadra A M Aljaberi M HGagaa andH S Issa ldquoAssessment of oxidantantioxidant statusin saliva of cell phone usersrdquo Electromagnetic Biology andMedicine vol 33 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2014
[68] S-C Kim O-S Kim O-J Kim Y-J Kim and H-J ChungldquoAntioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and rootplaning in periodontal diseaserdquo Journal of Periodontal andImplant Science vol 40 no 4 pp 164ndash171 2010
[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
8 Pathology Research International
(Table 1) therefore these factors could bias results in somestudies [66 85 119] Second samples collection (Figure 1)and normalization strategies should be chosen on the basisof the type of biological fluid of the study outcome andof the creatinine clearance Again TAC is related to bothUA (Figure 2) and nutritional antioxidant levels in biologicalfluids [127 141 147 170] From that the UA-independentTAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox statusof body both after nutritional interventions and in diseasesassociated with hyperuricaemia Finally TAC is sensitive alsoto the endogenous antioxidant response induced by somepathological and environmental conditions [20 33 48 57 5967 115 126 132 139 142]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] J Limon-Pacheco and M E Gonsebatt ldquoThe role of anti-oxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective re-sponses to environmentally induced oxidative stressrdquoMutationResearchGenetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisvol 674 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2009
[3] M Valko D Leibfritz J Moncol M T D Cronin M Mazurand J Telser ldquoFree radicals and antioxidants in normal physi-ological functions and human diseaserdquo International Journal ofBiochemistry and Cell Biology vol 39 no 1 pp 44ndash84 2007
[4] ENiki ldquoAssessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivordquoFree Radical Biology and Medicine vol 49 no 4 pp 503ndash5152010
[5] G Bartosz ldquoNon-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays limita-tions of use in biomedicinerdquo Free Radical Research vol 44 no7 pp 711ndash720 2010
[6] S Knasmuller A Nersesyan M Misık et al ldquoUse of conven-tional and -omics based methods for health claims of dietaryantioxidants a critical overviewrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 supplement 1 pp ES3ndashES52 2008
[7] I PinchukH Shoval YDotan andD Lichtenberg ldquoEvaluationof antioxidants scope limitations and relevance of assaysrdquoChemistry andPhysics of Lipids vol 165 no 6 pp 638ndash647 2012
[8] V Dilis and A Trichopoulou ldquoAssessment of antioxidants infoods and biological samples a short critiquerdquo InternationalJournal of Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 61 no 5 pp 441ndash448 2010
[9] G Cao and R L Prior ldquoComparison of different analyticalmethods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of humanserumrdquo Clinical Chemistry vol 44 no 6 part 1 pp 1309ndash13151998
[10] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoEvaluation of the copper(II) reduction assay using bathocu-proinedisulfonic acid disodium salt for the total antioxidantcapacity assessment the CUPRAC-BCS assayrdquo Analytical Bio-chemistry vol 392 no 1 pp 37ndash44 2009
[11] M Greabu M Battino M Mohora et al ldquoCould constitutesaliva the first line of defence against oxidative stressrdquo Roma-nian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 209ndash2132007
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[14] F Agha-Hosseini I Mirzaii-Dizgah N Farmanbar and MAbdollahi ldquoOxidative stress status and DNA damage in salivaof human subjects with oral lichen planus and oral squamouscell carcinomardquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 41no 10 pp 736ndash740 2012
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[20] T Atsumi S Fujisawa Y Nakabayashi T Kawarai T Yasui andK Tonosaki ldquoPleasant feeling from watching a comical videoenhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human wholesalivardquo Journal of Psychosomatic Research vol 56 no 3 pp 377ndash379 2004
[21] T Atsumi I Iwakura Y Kashiwagi S Fujisawa and T UehaldquoFree radical scavenging activity in the nonenzymatic fractionof human saliva a simple DPPH assay showing the effect ofphysical exerciserdquo Antioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 1 no4 pp 537ndash546 1999
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[24] G Bahar R Feinmesser T Shpitzer A Popovtzer and R MNagler ldquoSalivary analysis in oral cancer patients DNA andprotein oxidation reactive nitrogen species and antioxidantprofilerdquo Cancer vol 109 no 1 pp 54ndash59 2007
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Pathology Research International 9
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[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
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[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
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[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
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[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
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[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
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10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
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[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
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[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
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[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
Pathology Research International 9
[26] E Baltacıoglu P Yuva G Aydın et al ldquoLipid peroxidation levelsand total oxidantantioxidant status in serum and saliva frompatients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Oxidativestress index a new biomarker for periodontal diseaserdquo Journalof Periodontology vol 85 no 10 pp 1432ndash1441 2014
[27] I Baralic M Andjelkovic B Djordjevic et al ldquoEffect ofastaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA oxidative stressand inflammation in young soccer playersrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID783761 9 pages 2015
[28] U Baser H Gamsiz-Isik E Cifcibasi E Ademoglu and F Yal-cin ldquoPlasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthycontrols compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitispatientsrdquo SaudiMedical Journal vol 36 no 7 pp 856ndash861 2015
[29] M BattinoMGreabu A Totan et al ldquoOxidative stressmarkersin oral lichen planusrdquo BioFactors vol 33 no 4 pp 301ndash3102008
[30] I Ben-Zvi Y Green F Nakhoul Y Kanter and R M NaglerldquoEffects of diabetesmellitus chronic renal failure andhemodial-ysis on serum and salivary antioxidant statusrdquo NephronmdashClinical Practice vol 105 no 3 pp c114ndashc120 2007
[31] G Bibi Y Green and R M Nagler ldquoCompositional andoxidative analysis in the saliva and serum of predialysis chronickidney disease patients and end-stage renal failure patients onperitoneal dialysisrdquo Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis vol 12no 2 pp 164ndash170 2008
[32] M Bogucka J Giebułtowicz K Zawada et al ldquoThe oxidationstatus of ALDH3A1 in human saliva and its correlation withantioxidant capacity measured by orac methodrdquo Acta PoloniaePharmaceutica vol 66 no 5 pp 477ndash482 2009
[33] R Brik I Rosen D Savulescu I Borovoi M Gavish andR Nagler ldquoSalivary antioxidants and metalloproteinases injuvenile idiopathic arthritisrdquoMolecular Medicine vol 16 no 3-4 pp 122ndash128 2010
[34] G R Brock C J Butterworth J B Matthews and I L CChapple ldquoLocal and systemic total antioxidant capacity inperiodontitis and healthrdquo Journal of Clinical Periodontology vol31 no 7 pp 515ndash521 2004
[35] N Buduneli L Kardesler H Isik et al ldquoEffects of smoking andgingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityrdquo Journalof Clinical Periodontology vol 33 no 3 pp 159ndash164 2006
[36] F Caglayan O Miloglu O Altun O Erel and A B Yil-maz ldquoOxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva ofpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitisrdquo Oral Diseases vol14 no 8 pp 700ndash704 2008
[37] V Canakci A Yildirim C F Canakci A Eltas Y Cicekand H Canakcit ldquoTotal antioxidant capacity and antioxidantenzymes in serum saliva and gingival crevicular fluid ofpreeclamptic women with and without periodontal diseaserdquoJournal of Periodontology vol 78 no 8 pp 1602ndash1611 2007
[38] P Celec J Hodosy M Behuliak et al ldquoOxidative and carbonylstress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated withcontinuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep and Breathing vol16 no 2 pp 393ndash398 2012
[39] V Celecova N Kamodyova Lrsquo Tothova M Kudela and PCelec ldquoSalivarymarkers of oxidative stress are related to age andoral health in adult non-smokersrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicine vol 42 no 3 pp 263ndash266 2013
[40] I L C Chapple G I Mason I Garner et al ldquoEnhancedchemiluminescent assay for measuring the total antioxidantcapacity of serum saliva and crevicular fluidrdquoAnnals of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 34 part 4 pp 412ndash421 1997
[41] K Charalabopoulos D Assimakopoulos S Karkabounas VDanielidis D Kiortsis and A Evangelou ldquoEffects of cigarettesmoking on the antioxidant defence in young healthy malevolunteersrdquo International Journal of Clinical Practice vol 59 no1 pp 25ndash30 2005
[42] A S Cunha-Correia A H Neto A F Pereira S M H CA Aguiar and A C D M S Nakamune ldquoEnteral nutritionfeeding alters antioxidant activity in unstimulated whole salivacomposition of patients with neurological disordersrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 6 pp 1209ndash1215 2014
[43] MC de Sousa R BVieiraD SDos Santos et al ldquoAntioxidantsand biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patientswith Downrsquos syndromerdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 60 no4 pp 600ndash605 2015
[44] R Diab-Ladki B Pellat and R Chahine ldquoDecrease in thetotal antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontaldiseasesrdquo Clinical Oral Investigations vol 7 no 2 pp 103ndash1072003
[45] R A DiSilvestro D J DiSilvestro and D J DiSilvestroldquoPomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measuresrelevant to gingivitis riskrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8pp 1123ndash1127 2009
[46] L Djukic J Roganovic M D Brajovic D Bokonjic and DStojic ldquoThe effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes onsalivary flow and total antioxidant capacityrdquo Oral Diseases vol21 no 5 pp 619ndash625 2015
[47] R Dodwad A V Betigeri and B P Preeti ldquoEstimation of totalantioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active childrenrdquo Contemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 2 no 1pp 17ndash20 2011
[48] E Eisenberg S Shtahl R Geller et al ldquoSerum and salivaryoxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndromerdquo Painvol 138 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2008
[49] S Ergun S C Trosala S Warnakulasuriya et al ldquoEvaluationof oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with orallichen planusrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 40no 4 pp 286ndash293 2011
[50] E Fabbrini M Serafini I Colic Baric S L Hazen and S KleinldquoEffect of plasma uric acid on antioxidant capacity oxidativestress and insulin sensitivity in obese subjectsrdquo Diabetes vol63 no 3 pp 976ndash981 2014
[51] M Greabu A Didilescu L Puiu D Miricescu and A TotanldquoSalivary antioxidant biomarkers in non-ferrous metals mineworkersmdasha pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology andMedicinevol 41 no 6 pp 490ndash493 2012
[52] M Greabu M Purice A Totan T Spınu and C TotanldquoSalivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dentaltreatmentrdquo Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine vol 44 no1 pp 49ndash59 2006
[53] A Guentsch P M Preshaw S Bremer-Streck G KlingerE Glockmann and B W Sigusch ldquoLipid peroxidation andantioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients effect ofsmoking and periodontal treatmentrdquo Clinical Oral Investiga-tions vol 12 no 4 pp 345ndash352 2008
[54] C Guler E Toy F Ozturk D Gunes A B Karabulut and OOtlu ldquoEvaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant statusand DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontictherapyrdquo The Angle Orthodontist vol 85 no 2 pp 239ndash2442015
[55] P Gumus N Buduneli S Cetinkalp et al ldquoSalivary antioxi-dants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
[67] A M Khalil K M Abu Khadra A M Aljaberi M HGagaa andH S Issa ldquoAssessment of oxidantantioxidant statusin saliva of cell phone usersrdquo Electromagnetic Biology andMedicine vol 33 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2014
[68] S-C Kim O-S Kim O-J Kim Y-J Kim and H-J ChungldquoAntioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and rootplaning in periodontal diseaserdquo Journal of Periodontal andImplant Science vol 40 no 4 pp 164ndash171 2010
[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
10 Pathology Research International
periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo Journal of Periodon-tology vol 80 no 9 pp 1440ndash1446 2009
[56] G Gunjalli K N Kumar S K Jain S K Reddy G R Shaviand S L Ajagannanavar ldquoTotal salivary anti-oxidant levelsdental development and oral health status in childhood obesityrdquoJournal of InternationalOralHealth vol 6 no 4 pp 63ndash67 2014
[57] YHamzany R Feinmesser T Shpitzer et al ldquoIs human saliva anindicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phonesrdquoAntioxidants and Redox Signaling vol 18 no 6 pp 622ndash6272013
[58] A M Hegde K Raj and S Shetty ldquoRelation of caries statuson the salivary total antioxidant levels in asthmatic childrenrdquoContemporary Clinical Dentistry vol 3 no 4 pp 402ndash405 2012
[59] A M Hegde S Joshi K Rai and S Shetty ldquoEvaluation oforal hygiene status salivary characteristics and dental cariesexperience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) childrenrdquoJournal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 35 no 3 pp 319ndash3232011
[60] A M Hegde K Rai and V Padmanabhan ldquoTotal antioxidantcapacity of saliva and its relationwith early childhood caries andrampant cariesrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 33no 3 pp 231ndash234 2009
[61] M N Hegde N D Hegde A Ashok and S Shetty ldquoEvaluationof total antioxidant capacity of saliva and serum in caries-freeand caries-active adults an in-vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal ofDental Research vol 24 no 2 pp 164ndash167 2013
[62] O Hershkovich I Shafat and R M Nagler ldquoAge-relatedchanges in salivary antioxidant profile possible implications fororal cancerrdquo Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences vol 62 no 4 pp 361ndash366 2007
[63] NKamodyova GMinarik JHodosy andPCelec ldquoSingle con-sumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiotaand salivary markers of oxidative stressrdquo Current Microbiologyvol 69 no 5 pp 716ndash724 2014
[64] N Kamodyova L Tothova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markersof oxidative stress and antioxidant status influence of externalfactorsrdquo Disease Markers vol 34 no 5 pp 313ndash321 2013
[65] M Karlık P Valkovic V Hancinova L Krızova Lrsquo Tothovaand P Celec ldquoMarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and salivain patients with multiple sclerosisrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol48 no 1-2 pp 24ndash28 2015
[66] A Kawamoto N Sugano M Motohashi S Matsumoto andK Ito ldquoRelationship between salivary antioxidant capacity andphases of the menstrual cyclerdquo Journal of Periodontal Researchvol 47 no 5 pp 593ndash598 2012
[67] A M Khalil K M Abu Khadra A M Aljaberi M HGagaa andH S Issa ldquoAssessment of oxidantantioxidant statusin saliva of cell phone usersrdquo Electromagnetic Biology andMedicine vol 33 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2014
[68] S-C Kim O-S Kim O-J Kim Y-J Kim and H-J ChungldquoAntioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and rootplaning in periodontal diseaserdquo Journal of Periodontal andImplant Science vol 40 no 4 pp 164ndash171 2010
[69] R Kohen O Tirosh and K Kopolovich ldquoThe reductivecapacity index of saliva obtained from donors of various agesrdquoExperimental Gerontology vol 27 no 2 pp 161ndash168 1992
[70] E Kolarzyk A Pietrzycka M Stępniewski J Łyszczarz AMendyk and A Ostachowska-Gąsior ldquoMicronutrients andmacronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in salivaof women inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course ofuncomplicated singleton pregnancyrdquo Biological Trace ElementResearch vol 114 no 1ndash3 pp 73ndash84 2006
[71] I Kondakova E A Lissi andM Pizarro ldquoTotal reactive antiox-idant potential in human saliva of smokers and non-smokersrdquoBiochemistry and Molecular Biology International vol 47 no 6pp 911ndash920 1999
[72] D Krawczyk J Błaszczak J Borowicz and M Mielnik-Błaszczak ldquoLife style and risk of development of dental cariesin a population of adolescentsrdquo Annals of Agricultural andEnvironmental Medicine vol 21 no 3 pp 576ndash580 2014
[73] D Krawczyk M H J Sikorska-Jaroszynska M Mielnik-Błaszczak K Pasternak E Kapec and M Sztanke ldquoDentalcaries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixedwhole saliva in patients aged 16ndash23 yearsrdquo Advances in MedicalSciences vol 57 no 1 pp 163ndash168 2012
[74] A Kumar M C Pant H S Singh and S KhandelwalldquoDeterminants of oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-OhdG)in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neckrdquo Indian Journalof Cancer vol 49 no 3 pp 309ndash315 2012
[75] D Kumar R K Pandey D Agrawal and D Agrawal ldquoAnestimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of salivain children with severe early childhood cariesrdquo InternationalJournal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 21 no 6 pp 459ndash464 2011
[76] A Kurhanska-Flisykowska W Łojewski andMWyganowska-Swiatkowska ldquoEffectiveness of Emdogain in the periodontaltreatmentrdquo Przegląd Lekarski vol 69 no 10 pp 1046ndash10482012
[77] H Kurku M Kacmaz U Kisa O Dogan and O CaglayanldquoAcute and chronic impact of smoking on salivary and serumtotal antioxidant capacityrdquo Journal of Pakistan Medical Associa-tion vol 65 no 2 pp 164ndash169 2015
[78] M F Leite N F D Ferreira C D W M Shitsuka et al ldquoEffectof topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2 on enzymatic andnon-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of salivardquo Archives ofOral Biology vol 57 no 6 pp 630ndash635 2012
[79] I Lettrichova L Tothova J Hodosy M Behuliak and PCelec ldquoVariability of salivary markers of oxidative stress andantioxidant status in young healthy individualsrdquo Redox Report2015
[80] S-P Lin C-Y Li K Suzuki C-K Chang K-M Chou andS-H Fang ldquoGreen tea consumption after intense taekwondotraining enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterialcapacityrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 Article ID e87580 2014
[81] S Liskmann T Vihalemm O Salum K Zilmer K Fischerand M Zilmer ldquoCharacterization of the antioxidant profile ofhuman saliva in peri-implant health and diseaserdquo Clinical OralImplants Research vol 18 no 1 pp 27ndash33 2007
[82] G Livnat L Bentur E Kuzmisnsky and RM Nagler ldquoSalivaryprofile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents withcystic fibrosisrdquo Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine vol 39no 1 pp 16ndash21 2010
[83] P Lopez-Jornet A Martinez-Canovas and A Pons-FusterldquoSalivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and quality of life inpatients with oral lichen planusrdquo Geriatrics and GerontologyInternational vol 14 no 3 pp 654ndash659 2014
[84] S Mahjoub M Ghasempour A Gharage A Bijani and JMasrourroudsari ldquoComparison of total antioxidant capacity insaliva of children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free childrenrdquo Caries Research vol 48 no 4 pp 271ndash275 2014
[85] V M Mendoza-Nunez B Hernandez-Monjaraz E Santiago-Osorio J M Betancourt-Rule and M Ruiz-Ramos ldquoTai chiexercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status insaliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
Pathology Research International 11
in the elderlyrdquo Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol2014 Article ID 603853 6 pages 2014
[86] E Meucci C Littarru G Deli G Luciani L Tazza and GP Littarru ldquoAntioxidant status and dialysis plasma and salivaantioxidant activity in patients with fluctuating urate levelsrdquoFree Radical Research vol 29 no 5 pp 367ndash376 1998
[87] D Miricescu A Totan B Calenic et al ldquoSalivary biomarkersrelationship between oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss inchronic periodontitisrdquo Acta Odontologica Scandinavica vol 72no 1 pp 42ndash47 2014
[88] J Momen-Beitollahi A Mansourian F Momen-Heravi MAmanlou S Obradov and M Sahebjamee ldquoAssessment ofsalivary and serum antioxidant status in patients with recurrentaphthous stomatitisrdquo Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y CirugiaBucal vol 15 no 4 pp e557ndashe561 2010
[89] S Moore K A C Calder N J Miller and C A Rice-EvansldquoAntioxidant activity of saliva and periodontal diseaserdquo FreeRadical Research vol 21 no 6 pp 417ndash425 1994
[90] S Muchandi H Walimbe M N Ahmed Bijle et al ldquoCom-parative evaluation and correlation of salivary total antioxi-dant capacity and salivary pH in caries-free and severe earlychildhood caries childrenrdquoThe Journal of Contemporary DentalPractice vol 16 no 3 pp 234ndash237 2015
[91] S Mussavira M Dharmalingam and B O Sukumaran ldquoSali-vary glucose and antioxidant defensemarkers in type II diabetesmellitusrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 45 no 1 pp141ndash147 2015
[92] R Nagler L Barness-Hadar M Lieba and A Nagler ldquoSalivaryantioxidant capacity in graft versus host diseaserdquo Cancer Inves-tigation vol 24 no 3 pp 269ndash277 2006
[93] R M Nagler ldquoAltered salivary profile in heavy smokers andits possible connection to oral cancerrdquo International Journal ofBiological Markers vol 22 no 4 pp 274ndash280 2007
[94] B Narotzki A Z Reznick T Mitki D Aizenbud and Y LevyldquoGreen tea drinking improves erythrocytes and saliva oxidativestatus in the elderlyrdquo Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology vol 832 pp 25ndash33 2014
[95] N Novakovic S Cakic T Todorovic et al ldquoAntioxidative statusof saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatmentrdquoSrpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo vol 141 no 3-4 pp 163ndash168 2013
[96] N Novakovic T Todorovic M Rakic et al ldquoSalivary antiox-idants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue statusand treatment outcomerdquo Journal of Periodontal Research vol49 no 1 pp 129ndash136 2014
[97] L A S Nunes R Brenzikofer and D V Macedo ldquoReferenceintervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized methodin a physically active populationrdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 44no 17-18 pp 1440ndash1444 2011
[98] V Padmanabhan K Rai A Hegde and S Shetty ldquoTotalantioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIVrdquo Journal ofClinical Pediatric Dentistry vol 34 no 4 pp 347ndash350 2010
[99] P Pandey N V Reddy V A Rao A Saxena and C P Chaud-hary ldquoEstimation of salivary flow rate pH buffer capacitycalcium total protein content and total antioxidant capacity inrelation to dental caries severity age and genderrdquoContemporaryClinical Dentistry vol 6 no 5 supplement 1 pp S65ndashS71 2015
[100] G Pendyala B Thomas and S Joshi ldquoPeriodontitis diabetesmellitus and the lopsided redox balance a unifying axisrdquoJournal of Indian Society of Periodontology vol 17 no 3 pp 338ndash344 2013
[101] G Pendyala B Thomas and S R Joshi ldquoEvaluation of totalantioxidant capacity of saliva in type 2 diabetic patients withand without periodontal disease a case-control studyrdquo NorthAmerican Journal of Medical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 51ndash572013
[102] N Peter K J Kevin and A R Shivashankara ldquoEffect of alco-hol withdrawl on glutathione S-transferase total antioxidantcapacity and amylase in blood and saliva of alcohol-dependentmalesrdquo Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research vol 7 no 5pp 797ndash800 2013
[103] A R Prabhakar R Dodawad and R Os ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total protein and totalantioxidant levels of saliva in caries free and caries activechildrenmdashan in vivo studyrdquo International Journal of ClinicalPediatric Dentistry vol 2 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2009
[104] B P Preethi D Reshma and P Anand ldquoEvaluation of flowrate pH buffering capacity calcium total proteins and totalantioxidant capacity levels of saliva in caries free and cariesactive children an in vivo studyrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 425ndash428 2010
[105] K Rai AMHegde andN Jose ldquoSalivary antioxidants and oralhealth in children with autismrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 8 pp 1116ndash1120 2012
[106] A Rezaie F Ghorbani A Eshghtork et al ldquoAlterations insalivary antioxidants nitric oxide and transforming growthfactor-beta 1 in relation to disease activity in Crohnrsquos diseasepatientsrdquo Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol 1091pp 110ndash122 2006
[107] A Z Reznick N Shehadeh Y Shafir and R M Nagler ldquoFreeradicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serumof adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitusrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 51 no 8 pp 640ndash648 2006
[108] DRodrıguez de Sotillo AMVellyMHadley and J R FrictonldquoEvidence of oxidative stress in temporomandibular disordersa pilot studyrdquo Journal of Oral Rehabilitation vol 38 no 10 pp722ndash728 2011
[109] G I Ronrsquo L T Shmeleva A V Klein and I EIu ldquoLipidperoxidation and the status of the basal membrane of the acinarcells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogrenrsquossyndromerdquo Stomatologiia no 2 pp 23ndash26 1992
[110] D V Sculley and S C Langley-Evans ldquoPeriodontal disease isassociated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva andevidence of increased protein oxidationrdquo Clinical Science vol105 no 2 pp 167ndash172 2003
[111] E Shahar U Attias D Savulescu J Genizin M Gavishand R Nagler ldquoOxidative stress metalloproteinase and LDHin children with intractable and non-intractable epilepsy asreflected in salivary analysisrdquo Epilepsy Research vol 108 no 1pp 117ndash124 2014
[112] E Shahar S Pollack E Kedem G Hassoun and R NaglerldquoEffect ofHAART on salivary composition and oxidative profilein HIV-infected patientsrdquo Current HIV Research vol 6 no 5pp 447ndash451 2008
[113] A ShirzadM PouramirM SeyedmajidiN JenabianA Bijaniand M Motallebnejad ldquoSalivary total antioxidant capacity andlipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planusrdquoJournal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects vol8 no 1 pp 35ndash39 2014
[114] M Shirzaiy S M Ansari J H Dehghan and S H GhaenildquoTotal anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitispatients before and after periodontal treatmentrdquo Journal ofNepal Health Research Council vol 12 no 28 pp 172ndash176 2014
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
12 Pathology Research International
[115] H Su M Gornitsky A M Velly H Yu M Benarroch andH M Schipper ldquoSalivary DNA lipid and protein oxidation innonsmokers with periodontal diseaserdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 46 no 7 pp 914ndash921 2009
[116] P Subramaniam K Girish Babu and L Mohan Das ldquoAssess-ment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status inchildren with Down syndromerdquo Special Care in Dentistry vol34 no 4 pp 193ndash200 2014
[117] P Subramaniam L Mohan Das and K L Babu ldquoAssessment ofsalivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in childrenwith cerebral palsyrdquo Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry vol38 no 3 pp 235ndash239 2014
[118] H Suma K Prabhu R P Shenoy R Annaswamy S Rao andARao ldquoEstimation of salivary protein thiols and total antioxidantpower of saliva in brain tumor patientsrdquo Journal of CancerResearch andTherapeutics vol 6 no 3 pp 278ndash281 2010
[119] A Surdacka E Cięzka M Piorunska-Stolzmann et al ldquoRela-tion of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinicalparameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetesrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 56 no 5 pp 428ndash436 2011
[120] H S Tavakol R Akram S Azam and Z Nahid ldquoProtectiveeffects of green tea on antioxidative biomarkers in chemicallaboratory workersrdquo Toxicology and Industrial Health vol 31no 9 pp 862ndash867 2015
[121] A Totan D Miricescu I Parlatescu M Mohora and MGreabu ldquoPossible salivary and serum biomarkers for oral lichenplanusrdquo Biotechnic amp Histochemistry vol 90 no 7 pp 552ndash5582015
[122] L Tothova V Celecova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress and their relation to periodontal and dentalstatus in childrenrdquoDiseaseMarkers vol 34 no 1 pp 9ndash15 2013
[123] L Tothova JHodosy IMucska andPCelec ldquoSalivarymarkersof oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apneatreated with continuous positive airway pressurerdquo Sleep andBreathing vol 18 no 3 pp 563ndash570 2014
[124] O Tulunoglu S Demirtas and I Tulunoglu ldquoTotal antioxidantlevels of saliva in children related to caries age and genderrdquoInternational Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol 16 no 3 pp186ndash191 2006
[125] J Uberos J A Alarcon M A Penalver et al ldquoInfluence ofthe antioxidant content of saliva on dental caries in an at-riskcommunityrdquo British Dental Journal vol 205 no 2 article E52008
[126] Y Ullmann Y Klein D Savulescu et al ldquoSalivary monitoringrelated tomajor surgeryrdquo European Journal of Clinical Investiga-tion vol 40 no 12 pp 1074ndash1080 2010
[127] E M Varoni S Vitalini D Contino et al ldquoEffects of redwine intake on human salivary antiradical capacity and totalpolyphenol contentrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 58 pp289ndash294 2013
[128] B Vlkova P Stanko G Minarik et al ldquoSalivary markers ofoxidative stress in patients with oral premalignant lesionsrdquoArchives of Oral Biology vol 57 no 12 pp 1651ndash1656 2012
[129] C Vors J Drai L Gabert et al ldquoSalivary composition in obesevs normal-weight subjects towards a role in postprandial lipidmetabolismrdquo International Journal of Obesity vol 39 no 9 pp1425ndash1428 2015
[130] M Wnuk A Myszka A Lewinska I Tokarz K Solarskaand G Bartosz ldquoHelicobacter pylori cagA gene polymorphismaffects the total antioxidant capacity of human salivardquo Heli-cobacter vol 15 no 1 pp 53ndash57 2010
[131] P S Yang W C Huang S Y Chen et al ldquoScaling-stimulatedsalivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in anevaluation of periodontal treatment outcomesrdquo The ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014 Article ID 814671 8 pages 2014
[132] M Yigla Y Berkovich and R M Nagler ldquoOxidative stressindices in COPDmdashbroncho-alveolar lavage and salivary anal-ysisrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 52 no 1 pp 36ndash43 2007
[133] GYousefzadeh B Larijani AMohammadirad et al ldquoDetermi-nation of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-1205731 inthe blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjectsrdquoAnnals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences vol 1091 pp 142ndash150 2006
[134] H Youssef C Groussard G Machefer et al ldquoComparisonof total antioxidant capacity of salivary capillary and venoussamplings interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity ontriathletes during training seasonrdquo Journal of Sports Medicineand Physical Fitness vol 48 no 4 pp 522ndash529 2008
[135] A Zalewska M Knas E Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al ldquoSali-vary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosisrdquo Journal ofOral Pathology and Medicine vol 43 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2014
[136] B Zappacosta S Persichilli P De Sole A Mordente andB Giardina ldquoEffect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidantmetabolites in the saliva of healthy smokersrdquo Archives of OralBiology vol 44 no 6 pp 485ndash488 1999
[137] A Zare Javid C J Seal P Heasman and P J MoynihanldquoImpact of a customised dietary intervention on antioxidantstatus dietary intakes and periodontal indices in patients withadult periodontitisrdquo Journal of Human Nutrition and Dieteticsvol 27 no 6 pp 523ndash532 2014
[138] A Ziobro andG Bartosz ldquoA comparison of the total antioxidantcapacity of some human body fluidrdquo Cellular and MolecularBiology Letters vol 8 no 2 pp 415ndash419 2003
[139] S Abusoglu H T Celik E Tutkun et al ldquo8-Hydroxydeox-yguanosine as a useful marker for determining the severityof trichloroethylene exposurerdquo Archives of Environmental andOccupational Health vol 69 no 3 pp 180ndash186 2014
[140] H Benkhai S Lemanski H Below et al ldquoCan physical stress bemeasured in urine using the parameter antioxidative potentialrdquoGMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar vol 5 no 2 ArticleID Doc03 2010
[141] I F F Benzie Y T Szeto J J Strain and B TomlinsonldquoConsumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasmaantioxidant power in humansrdquo Nutrition and Cancer vol 34no 1 pp 83ndash87 1999
[142] G Boudouris I I Verginadis Y V Simos et al ldquoOxidativestress in patients treatedwith continuous ambulatory peritonealdialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and esupplementationrdquo International Urology and Nephrology vol45 no 4 pp 1137ndash1144 2013
[143] R Bravo S Matito J Cubero et al ldquoTryptophan-enrichedcereal intake improves nocturnal sleep melatonin serotoninand total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderlyhumansrdquo Age vol 35 no 4 pp 1277ndash1285 2013
[144] H Buyukhatipoglu Y Sezen A Yildiz et al ldquoN-acetylcysteinefails to prevent renal dysfunction and oxidative stress afternoniodine contrast media administration during percuta-neous coronary interventionsrdquo Polskie Archiwum MedycynyWewnętrznej vol 120 no 10 pp 383ndash389 2010
[145] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary biomarkers of oxidativenitrosative stress in healthysmokersrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 23 no 3 pp 148ndash156 2011
[146] C Campos R Guzman E Lopez-Fernandez and A CasadoldquoUrinary uric acid and antioxidant capacity in children and
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
Pathology Research International 13
adults with Down syndromerdquo Clinical Biochemistry vol 43 no3 pp 228ndash233 2010
[147] G Cao R M Russell N Lischner and R L Prior ldquoSerumantioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawber-ries spinach red wine or vitamin C in elderly womenrdquo Journalof Nutrition vol 128 no 12 pp 2383ndash2390 1998
[148] J-W Chien L-Y Wang Y-S Cheng Y-G Tsai and C-SLiu ldquoUrinary 8-hydroxy-21015840-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levelcan predict acute renal damage in young children with urinarytract infectionrdquo Biomarkers vol 19 no 4 pp 326ndash331 2014
[149] H Ciftci A Verit E Yeni and M Savas ldquoDecreased oxidativestress index of urine in patients with urinary tract infectionrdquoUrologia Internationalis vol 81 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2008
[150] L P M Damodaran and G Arumugam ldquoUrinary oxidativestress markers in children with autismrdquo Redox Report vol 16no 5 pp 216ndash222 2011
[151] M Dos Santos Mello G S Ribas C A Y Wayhs etal ldquoIncreased oxidative stress in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduriardquo Molecular and Cellular Biochemistryvol 402 no 1-2 pp 149ndash155 2015
[152] S-Y Eom D-H Yim S I Moon et al ldquoPolycyclic aromatichydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress antioxidant capacityand the risk of lung cancer a pilot nested case-control studyrdquoAnticancer Research vol 33 no 8 pp 3089ndash3097 2013
[153] M Garrido S D Paredes J Cubero et al ldquoJerte valleycherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in theurine of middle-aged and elderly humansrdquo The Journals ofGerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciencesvol 65 no 9 pp 909ndash914 2010
[154] N Goknar F Oktem E Ari A D Demir and E TorunldquoIs oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasisrdquo PediatricNephrology vol 29 no 8 pp 1381ndash1386 2014
[155] D Gonzalez-Flores E Gamero M Garrido et al ldquoUrinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase afterthe intake of a grape juice cv Tempranillo stabilized with HHPrdquoFood and Function vol 3 no 1 pp 34ndash39 2012
[156] GGuerreiro C PMesckaA Sitta et al ldquoUrinary biomarkers ofoxidative damage in Maple syrup urine disease the l-carnitinerolerdquo International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience vol42 pp 10ndash14 2015
[157] N M A Hassimotto M D S Pinto and F M LajololdquoAntioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry(Rubus fruticosus L) juices with and without defatted milkrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 24 pp11727ndash11733 2008
[158] N K Hatipoglu O Evliyaoglu B Isik et al ldquoAntioxidant signaland kidney injury molecule-1 levels in shockwave lithotripsyinduced kidney injuryrdquo Journal of Endourology vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash228 2014
[159] D Helbig A Wagner R Schubert and G Jahreis ldquoTocopherolisomer pattern in serum and stool of human following con-sumption of black currant seed press residue administered inwhole grain breadrdquo Clinical Nutrition vol 28 no 6 pp 662ndash667 2009
[160] C Hudthagosol E Haddad and R Jongsuwat ldquoAntioxidantactivity comparison of walnuts and fatty fishrdquo Journal of theMedical Association ofThailand vol 95 supplement 6 pp S179ndashS188 2012
[161] K Jacob M J Periago V Bohm and G R Berruezo ldquoInfluenceof lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of
oxidative stress and inflammationrdquo British Journal of Nutritionvol 99 no 1 pp 137ndash146 2008
[162] B Kirschbaum ldquoTotal urine antioxidant capacityrdquo ClinicaChimica Acta vol 305 no 1-2 pp 167ndash173 2001
[163] P J Mc Guire A Parikh and G A Diaz ldquoProfiling of oxidativestress in patients with inborn errors of metabolismrdquoMolecularGenetics and Metabolism vol 98 no 1-2 pp 173ndash180 2009
[164] C Miglio I Peluso A Raguzzini et al ldquoFruit juice drinksprevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat mealingestionrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 111 no 2 pp 294ndash300 2014
[165] M Patchsung C Boonla P Amnattrakul T Dissayabutra AMutirangura and P Tosukhowong ldquoLong interspersed nuclearelement-1 hypomethylation and oxidative stress correlationand bladder cancer diagnostic potentialrdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no5 Article ID e37009 2012
[166] B Pfundstein R Haubner GWurtele N Gehres CM Ulrichand R W Owen ldquoPilot walnut intervention study of urolithinbioavailability in human volunteersrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 62 no 42 pp 10264ndash10273 2014
[167] A Ranjbar V Rashedi and M Rezaei ldquoComparison of urinaryoxidative biomarkers in Iranian children with autismrdquo Researchin Developmental Disabilities vol 35 no 11 pp 2751ndash2755 2014
[168] R Revuelta-Iniesta and E A S Al-Dujaili ldquoConsumption ofgreen coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition byinfluencing 11120573-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individualsa pilot crossover study using green and black coffeerdquo BioMedResearch International vol 2014 Article ID 482704 9 pages2014
[169] G S Ribas G B Biancini C Mescka et al ldquoOxidative stressparameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionatemetabolism a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementationrdquoCellular and Molecular Neurobiology vol 32 no 1 pp 77ndash822012
[170] E Roura M P Almajano M L M Bilbao C Andres-LacuevaR Estruch and R M Lamuela-Raventos ldquoHuman urineepicatechin metabolites and antioxidant activity after cocoabeverage intakerdquo Free Radical Research vol 41 no 8 pp 943ndash949 2007
[171] M C Schmidt E W Askew D E Roberts R L PriorW Y Ensign Jr and R E Hesslink Jr ldquoOxidative stress inhumans training in a cold moderate altitude environment andtheir response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplementrdquoWilderness and Environmental Medicine vol 13 no 2 pp 94ndash105 2002
[172] K Shermatov D Zeyrek F Yildirim M Kilic N Cebi andA Kocyigit ldquoDNA damage in children exposed to secondhandcigarette smoke and its association with oxidative stressrdquo IndianPediatrics vol 49 no 12 pp 958ndash962 2012
[173] D A Shoskes A R Shahed S Kim H A Gritsch GDanovitch and A Wilkinson ldquoOxidant stress and antioxidantcapacity in urine of renal transplant recipients predict early graftfunctionrdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 33 no 1-2 p 9842001
[174] D A Shoskes R Webster and A Shahed ldquoOxidant stress incadaveric and living kidney donors as markers of renal injuryutility of total antioxidant capacity and isoprostane levels inurinerdquo Transplantation Proceedings vol 32 no 4 pp 804ndash8052000
[175] K Silliman J Parry L L Kirk and R L Prior ldquoPycnogenoldoes not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
14 Pathology Research International
young adultsrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol103 no 1 pp 67ndash72 2003
[176] R J Stewart E W Askew C M McDonald et al ldquoAntioxidantstatus of young children response to an antioxidant supple-mentrdquo Journal of the American Dietetic Association vol 102 no11 pp 1652ndash1657 2002
[177] S Wachtel-Galor Y-T Szeto B Tomlinson and I F F Ben-zie ldquoGanoderma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) acute and short-termbiomarker response to supplementationrdquo International Journalof Food Sciences and Nutrition vol 55 no 1 pp 75ndash83 2004
[178] S Wachtel-Galor B Tomlinson and I F F Benzie ldquoGano-derma lucidum (lsquoLingzhirsquo) a Chinese medicinal mushroombiomarker responses in a controlled human supplementationstudyrdquo British Journal of Nutrition vol 91 no 2 pp 263ndash2692004
[179] E Yilmaz A Haciislamoglu U Kisa O Dogan E Yuvanc andE Batislam ldquoWays in which SWL affects oxidantantioxidantbalancerdquo Urological Research vol 41 no 2 pp 137ndash141 2013
[180] Z Liu Y Liu Y Song X Zhang S Wang and Z WangldquoSystemic oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitisa meta-analysisrdquo Disease Markers vol 2014 Article ID 93108310 pages 2014
[181] R S Bhangoo I E Hall P P Reese and C R ParikhldquoDeceased-donor kidney perfusate and urine biomarkers forkidney allograft outcomes a systematic reviewrdquo NephrologyDialysis Transplantation vol 27 no 8 pp 3305ndash3314 2012
[182] F Bonomini L F Rodella and R Rezzani ldquoMetabolic syn-drome aging and involvement of oxidative stressrdquo Aging andDisease vol 6 no 2 pp 109ndash120 2015
[183] W Y Tae C S Ki S S Hun et al ldquoRelationship between serumuric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolicsyndromerdquoCirculation Journal vol 69 no 8 pp 928ndash933 2005
[184] B E K Klein R Klein and K E Lee ldquoComponents of themetabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease anddiabetes in BeaverDamrdquoDiabetes Care vol 25 no 10 pp 1790ndash1794 2002
[186] M Serafini C Miglio I Peluso and T Petrosino ldquoModulationof plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plantfoods the role of polyphenolsrdquo Current Topics in MedicinalChemistry vol 11 no 14 pp 1821ndash1846 2011
[187] F Veglia G Cighetti M De Franceschi et al ldquoAge- andgender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjectsby means of OXY-SCORE a potential new comprehensiveindexrdquo Biomarkers vol 11 no 6 pp 562ndash573 2006
[188] N Kamodyova and P Celec ldquoSalivary markers of oxidativestress and Salivette collection systemsrdquo Clinical Chemistry andLaboratory Medicine vol 49 no 11 pp 1887ndash1890 2011
[189] E Neyraud O Palicki C Schwartz S Nicklaus and G FeronldquoVariability of human saliva composition possible relationshipswith fat perception and likingrdquo Archives of Oral Biology vol 57no 5 pp 556ndash566 2012
[190] R M Nagler I Klein N Zarzhevsky N Drigues and AZ Reznick ldquoCharacterization of the differentiated antioxidantprofile of human salivardquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol32 no 3 pp 268ndash277 2002
[191] I R Gunn ldquoBiological variation of serum and urine creatinineand creatinine clearancerdquo Annals of Clinical Biochemistry vol26 part 3 pp 302ndash303 1989
[192] A Ghiselli M Serafini G Maiani E Azzini and AFerro-Luzzi ldquoA fluorescence-based method for measuringtotal plasma antioxidant capabilityrdquo Free Radical Biology andMedicine vol 18 no 1 pp 29ndash36 1995
[193] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996
[194] E Lissi M Salim-Hanna C Pascual and M D del CastilloldquoEvaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and totalantioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemilumines-cence measurementsrdquo Free Radical Biology and Medicine vol18 no 2 pp 153ndash158 1995
[195] B T Emmerson ldquoThe management of goutrdquoThe New EnglandJournal of Medicine vol 334 no 7 pp 445ndash451 1996
[196] F HMesserli E D Frohlich G R Dreslinski D H Suarez andG G Aristimuno ldquoSerum uric acid in essential hypertensionan indicator of renal vascular involvementrdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 93 no 6 pp 817ndash821 1980
[197] A Quinones Galvan A Natali S Baldi et al ldquoEffect ofinsulin on uric acid excretion in humansrdquo American Journal ofPhysiology vol 268 pp E1ndashE5 1995
[198] D Duplancic L Kukoc-Modun D Modun and N RadicldquoSimple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacityrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp7058ndash7067 2011
[199] N Malliaraki D Mpliamplias M Kampa K Perakis A NMargioris and E Castanas ldquoTotal and corrected antioxidantcapacity in hemodialyzed patientsrdquo BMC Nephrology vol 4article 4 2003
[200] R Bentley and A Neuberger ldquoThe mechanism of the action ofuricaserdquo The Biochemical Journal vol 52 no 4 pp 694ndash6991952
