samecniero dialeqtologiuri sesia gaixsneba 2007 wlis 9 noembers ...

samecniero dialeqtologiuri sesia gaixsneba 2007 wlis

9 noembers, 10:30 saaTze iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universitetSi (qarTuli universitetis q. #1).

r e g l a m e n t i

momxsenebels _ 10 wuTi

msJeloba gaimarTeba moxsenebaTa mosmenis Semdeg

redaqtorebi: prof. m. Cuxua, prof. m. beriZe

©arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti

3

m u S a o b i s g e g m a

9 noemberi, 10:30 saaTi

sesiis gaxsna (saaqto darbazi)

1. misalmeba, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo

universitetis reqtori prof. g . g o c i r i Z e

2. Sesavali sitKva, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis

direqtori l . e z u g b a i a

I seqcia 11 saaTi

sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: l. ezugbaia, r. yikaZe

1. T . u T u r g a i Z e , m . m a n J g a l a Z e , T . t e t e l o S v i l i , fo-

nologiuri interferentuli movlenebi kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli

mTis kiloTa warmomadgenlebis metKvelebaSi

2. a . a r a b u l i , SeTanxmebis kidev erTi saxeobisaTvis qarTuli

enis dialeqtebSi

3. m . C u x u a , saerToqarTveluri *wen- da osuri bcenºbwen formaTa

urTierTmimarTebisaTvis

4. r . y i k a Z e , Tedo uTurgaiZis Tvalsazrisi enobrivi kontaqte-

bis Sesaxeb samecniero-pedagogiuri moGvaweobis dasawKisSi, anu

rogor iwKeboda Tedo uTurgaiZe

5. m e r a b b e r i Z e , qarTuli sufiqsiT nawarmoebi

Turquli fuZe Kannisi

6. q . g i g a S v i l i , ~maTes saxarebis~ ori bolo redaqciis teq-

stis berZnizmebi

7. v . S e n g e l i a , qarTvelur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri urTierTobidan

8. m. f a G a v a , eqspedicia klarJeTSi

9. r . a b a S i a , qarTuli dialeqturi leqsika da saerToqarTvelu-

ri fuZe-enis rekonstruqciis zogierTi sakiTxi

10. s . a s a t u r o v a , bgeriTi SesatKvisobani sxvadasxva enobriv oJa-

xebs Soris

II seqcia, 11 saaTi

sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: a. arabuli, l. SalvaSvili

1. g . g o g o l a Z e , aleqsandre xaxanaSvili da enaTa urTierTobis

sakiTxebi (1894 w. jurnali `kvali~)

2. n . y o x o n e l i Z e , idiomebi garekaxurSi (sarTiyalis metKvele-

bis mixedviT)

3. g . g o g o l a S v i l i , dialeqturi kontaqti, rogorc cvlileba-

Ta Semaferxebeli faqtori

4. m . b u k i a , enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnil sitKvaTa

rigisaTvis qarTvelur da afxazur enebSi

5.

5

n . m a y a v a r i a n i , afxazuri aS´ˆS´kams `yianyvela~ leqsemis bge-

raTfardobisaTvis mis qarTul SesatKvisTan

6. o . m e m i S i S i , idiomis gramatikuli struqturisaTvis lazurSi

7. k . k a k i t a Z e , eTnolingvisturi paralelebi. I.

8. m . k a k a C i a , kalkirebuli frazeologizmebi megrulSi

9. r . i o s e l i a n i , nasesxebi sitKvebi svanur samSeneblo leqsikaSi

10. l . g i g l e m i a n i , erTi svanuri nasesxobis Sesaxeb megrulSi

9 noemberi, 14 saaTi

I seqcia

sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: q. gigaSvili, m. qamadaZe

1. m . b e r i Z e , l . b a k u r a Z e , dialeqturi teqstebis korpusi da

enaTa kontaqtebi

2. m . b e r i Z e, g . c o c a n i Z e , migraciebi XX saukunis saqarTvelo-

Si da masTan dakavSirebuli lingvisturi sakiTxebi

3. S . g a b i s k i r i a , qarTvelur-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi la-

zeTis toponimikuri masalis mixedviT

4. l . S a l v a S v i l i , megrulis masala Tanamedrove qarTuli ga-

zeTebis furclebze

5. n . o T i n a S v i l i , qarTul-osuri leqsikuri toponimikuri Se-

xvedrebi

6. m . r o b a q i Z e , `zoravar~ terminisaTvis qarTulsa da somxurSi

7. m . q a m a d a Z e , Turquli elementi ayaris anTroponimiaSi

8. m . k a y k a y i S v i l i , dominanti enis sakiTxi JavaxeTis enobriv

situaciaSi

9. T . z v i a d a Z e , kvlav zanizmebisaTvis imerulSi

10. T . l o m T a Z e , m . q a c a r a v a , sitKvaTa sesxebisaTvis Tanamed-

rove qarTulSi

III seqcia, 11 saaTi

sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: m. qurdiani, m. beriZe

1. n . b a r T a i a , qarTul-aGmosavluri enobrivi kontaqtebidan

2. c . b e n d e l i a n i , fonetikur movlenaTa / fonologiur cvlad-

Ta stratifikacia da `fonetikuri kompromisis~ sakiTxi enaTa kon-

taqtebis pirobebSi

3. m . q u r d i a n i , fonetikuri procesebis droiTi miJayvuloba da

maTi mniSvneloba enobrivi kontaqtebis qronologiis dadgenisaTvis

4. m . C a C a n i Z e , enobrivi kontaqtebis leqsikografiuli paramet-

rizaciis sakiTxi qeglis axal redaqciaSi

5. n . f u t k a r a Z e , enobrivi kontaqtebi da ayaruli dialeqtis

sameurneo Kofis amsaxveli leqsika

6. n . J o r b e n a Z e , qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi fonetikuri kom-

pleqsis Semcveli zogi sitKvis Sesaxeb (dialeqtTa monacemebze

daKrdnobiT)

7. n . s u r m a v a , enobrivi da dialeqturi kontaqtebi (ayaraSi mo-

povebuli uaxlesi masalebis mixedviT)

8. T . p a p i a S v i l i , tradiciuli xis xuroTmoZGvreba da masTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi imerxevis metKvelebis mixedviT

9. r . S e r o z i a , enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi-

saTvis

10. m . s a G l i a n i , svanuri da afxazur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri Se-

xvedrebi. I. nasesxobani

II seqcia, 14 saaTi

sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: g. gogolaSvili, m. bukia

1. T . v a S a k i Z e , saxelisa da gvaris Sebrunebuli wKobisaTvis

(qarTuli da araqarTuli gvarebis mixedviT)

2. a . berTlani, qarTuli anTroponimebi enaTa urTierTobebis fonze

3. n . a x v l e d i a n i , ramdenime leqsikuri erTeulisaTvis samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi

4. a . t u G u S i , megruli warmomavlobis sitKvaTa asaxvisaTvis

ucxour wKaroebsa da garemomcvel ena-kiloebSi

5. d . a n f i m i a d i , niSanTa funqciis gazrda virtualuri komu-

nikaciisas 6. n . c e c x l a Z e , sofel bazgireTis toponimebi

7. m . J G a r k a v a , nasesxebi zmnebi lazurSi

8. m . q u q C i S v i l i , k-s Semcveli sufiqsebi qarTulsa da ber-

Znul enebSi

9. m . b a r i x a S v i l i , saxelTa warmoebis sistema interferenciis

TvalsazrisiT lezgiur enebSi

10. a . b e r i Z e , arzrumis istoriuli saxelebi

4

r e v a z a b a S i a (Tbilisi) III seqcia, 14 saaTi

sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: v. Sengelia, m. qacarava

qarTuli dialeqturi leqsika da saerToqarTveluri

fuZe-enis rekonstruqciis zogierTi sakiTxi 1. m . m i q e l a Z e , nasesxebi da megzuri afiqsebis urTierTmimarTe-

bis sakiTxisaTvis (wova-TuSur-qarTuli orenovnebis masalebis

mixedviT)

2. n . n o G a i d e l i , -er da -at sufiqsebi zanur enasa da ayarul

dialeqtSi

3. g . g v a n c e l a Z e , akademikosi qeTevan lomTaTiZe dialeqtologi-

isa da enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb

4. m . m e t r e v e l i , bilingvizmis kvleva metKvelebis doneze

5. m . c i s k a r i S v i l i , kaxuri dialeqtizmebi wova-TuSebis qar-

Tul metKvelebaSi

6. c . J a n J G a v a , qarTuli saliteraturo enidan megrul dialeqt-

Si Sesuli leqsikis Sesaxeb

7. d . C x u b i a n i S v i l i , fereidnuli dialeqtis Seswavlis adreu-

li etapi, pirveli publikaciebi

8. e . g a z d e l i a n i , qarTul-svanuri enobrivi mimarTebebi kompo-

zitebSi

9. e . f u t k a r a Z e , enobrivi kontaqtebi da ayaruli dialeqtis


mdidari da mravalferovani qarTuli dialeqturi leqsi-

kis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli xdeba

ara mxolod qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sinqroniul done-

ze srulfasovani aGwera da analizi, aramed, rac aranakleb

mniSvnelovania, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli, amosavali viTa-

rebis rekonstruqcia.

qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi Semonaxulia iseTi leqsikac,

romelic samwerlobo qarTulSi ar dasturdeba, magram mxo-

lod misi gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli zanur-svanuri Se-

satKvisi formebis gamovlena da qarTveluri fuZe-enis doneze

arqetipebis aGdgena.

10 noemberi, 12 saaTi

plenaruli sxdoma

1. l . e z u g b a i a , T. uTurgaiZe _ axali gramatikuli koncefciis

avtori

2.

7

r . y i k a Z e , aramxolod enobrivi kontaqtebi (T. uTurgaiZe na-

studentaris TvaliT)

3. a . a r a b u l i , T. uTurgaiZe _ qarTuli gramatikuli memkvid-

reobis Semfasebeli

4. i . g i p e r t i _ qarTvelologiuri skolis TvalsaCino warmo-

madgeneli

5. m . T a n d a S v i l i _ amagdari maswavlebeli

6. m . m a n J g a l a Z e , qarTuli enis manqanuri damuSavebis saTaveebTan

7. m . C u x u a , T. uTurgaiZe da saerToqarTveluri fonotaqtikis

problemebi

8. m . m i q e l a Z e , savse qarTuli patiosnebiT

9. g . c o c a n i Z e , T. uTurgaiZe _ dialeqtologi

10. r . a b a S i a , T. uTurgaiZe da kavkasiologiis sakiTxebi

qarTuli dialeqturi leqsika saintereso suraTs gviCve-

nebs sibilantur fonemaTa ganawilebis TvalsazrisiTac ro-

gorc sakuTriv qarTuli enis dialeqtebis farglebSi, ise qar-

Tvelur enaTa da dialeqtTa urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad,

vinaidan sibilantur fonemaTa sisina da SiSina saxeobebis Se-

mcveli dubleturi fuZeebi gansakuTrebiT swored qarTuli

enis dialeqtebSia Semonaxuli.

qarTvelur enebsa da dialeqtebSi sibilantur fonemaTa

ganawileba da maT ekvivalentTa CamoKalibeba istoriulad

sxvadasxva dialeqtur areals da sxvadasxva qronologiur sa-

fexurs gulisxmobs.

aqedan, saerToqarTvelur leqsikaSi moipoveba araerTi

fuZe (resp. Ziri, morfema, afiqsi), romelic sakuTriv qarTuli

wina rigis (sisina) da zanur-svanuri rogorc wina rigis (sisi-

na), ise ukana rigis (SiSina) sibilantTa SesatKvisobaSi dia-

leqturi leqsikis gansakuTrebul rols asaxavs.

samwerlobo qarTulSic sxvadasxva qronologiur safe-

xurze damkvidrda sxvadasxva dialeqturi warmomavlobis ro-

6

gorc sisina (mag., Zv. qarT. zrzola), ise _ SiSina (ax. qarT.

jrjola) saxeoba; aseve, samwerlobo qarTulSi erTdrouladac

dasturdeba dialeqturi sisina sibilantiani (mag., leCxumuri

wKurti) da SiSina sibilantiani (z. ayaruli yKurti) fuZeebi.

am saxiT droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelur enebsa da dia-

leqtebSi (resp. TqmebSi, mikro-enobriv erTeulebSi) mkvidrde-

boda rogorc sisina, ise _ SiSina sibilantiani fuZe an, ume-

teswilad _ erT-erTi maT Soris.

maSasadame, qarTuli enis dialeqtebSic, iseve, rogorc

zanur da svanur dialeqtebSi, dasturdeba qarTveluri fuZe-

enis sisina sibilantebis rogorc sisina (identuri), ise _ Si-

Sina ekvivalentebi. qarTuli dialeqturi leqsikac metnakle-

bad cxadKofs saerTo warmomavlobisa da identuri agebulebis

fuZeebSi sisina da SiSina sibilantebis monacvleobas. rogorc

wesi, qarTul dialeqtebSic wina rigis (sisina) sibilantebis

enacvleba ukana rigis (SiSina) sibilantebi, e. i. zanur-svanur-

Si istoriulad momxdari artikulaciuri gadawevis msgavsad,

qarTuli dialeqtebisTvisac sisina sibilantTa SenarCuneba

(fuZe-enis wina rigis, sisina → qarTuli dialeqtebis wina ri-

gis, sisina) da sawarmoTqmo adgilis ukan gadaweva (fuZe-enis

wina rigi → sisina qarTuli dialeqtebis ukana rigi SiSina)

Kofila damaxasiaTebeli, da ara _ sapirispiro procesi, rome-

lic gveqneboda fuZe-enaSi Sua rigis (sisin-SiSina) sibilante-

bis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi (fuZe-enis Sua rigis, sisin-SiSina →

qarTuli dialeqtebis wina rigis, sisina), rac daarGvevda qar-

Tveluri ena-dialeqtebisaTvis bunebriv da, amdenad, mosalod-

nel saerTo Tvisebas.

sibilantebi, rogorc cnobilia, qmnian sademarkacio xazs

qarTvelur enaTa Soris (g. mayavariani). am xazs erTgvarad ane-

itralebs qarTul dialeqtebSi (da am dialeqtebis meSveobiT

samwerlobo qarTulSi) Semonaxuli saerToqarTveluri fuZeebi,

sadac wina rigis (sisina) sibilantebs enacvleba ukana rigis

(SiSina) sibilantebi, iseve, rogorc zanur-svanurSi da, amdenad,

iqmneba ufro meti safuZveli qarTveluri enebisa da dialeqte-

bis siaxlovisa da maT Soris `sademarkacio xazis~ moSlisa.

qvemoT warmodgenilia qarTuli dialeqturi (da, amas-

Tanave, dialeqtebis meSveobiT samwerlobo qarTulSi damkvid-

rebuli) leqsikis erTi nawili, sadac urTierTmonacvle sisina

da SiSina sibilantebs saxecvlilebis fonetikuri (an sxva xa-

siaTis, garda dialeqturisa) safuZveli ar uCanT (resp. cxadia, dialeqtur cvlilebebsac istoriulad _ qarTveluri fuZe-

enis diferenciaciis epoqaSi _ garkveulwilad fonetikuri mi-

zezebi ganapirobebda):

wina rigis (sisina)

sibilantiani fuZeebi:

ukana rigis (SiSina)

sibilantiani fuZeebi:

blacun-i (gur.) _ blaCun-i (ayar.), baCun-i

(z. imer.)

brwKinva (qegl) _ bryK‚nva `mcire brwKinvaleba~

(saba)

burZg-i (gur.), burZgv-

i (leCx.)

_ buJg-i (ayar.)

zlazvna (qegl) _ jranjva (gur.)

zvepa (qiziK.), zepva

(qegl)

_ jepa (qegl, qarTl., ray.)

cexva (qegl) _ mo-Cex-eb-a (gur.)

GrZ-il-i (qegl) _ GJ-il-i (gur., leCx., qegl)

da-wnex-a, da-zrex-il-

i (mox., mTiul.)

_ da-yrex-il-i (fS., xevs.)

da-wux-v-a `daxuyva~

(saba)

_ da-xuy-v-a `TvalT mokreba,

dayuxva~, da-yux-v-a `Tvals

daxurva, dawuxva~ (saba)

ga-wvreT-a (xevs.) _ yvreT-a-� (TuS.), sa-yvreT-

el-i (fS., TuS., mTiul.)

farcxva (qegl) _ farCxva (leCx.)

frcx-il-i (qegl) _ frCx-il-i (qegl)

forcx-i (qiziK.),

focx-i (qegl)

_ forCx-i (kax., imer., qegl.),

foCx-i (qarTl., ray.)

Gowial-i (imer.) _ Goyial-i (ray.) da sxv.

8 9

aseTi dubleturi fuZeebi qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi

mravlad gvxvdeba da maT umetes nawils zanursa da svanurSi

SesatKvisebi moepoveba, ris mixedviTac SesaZlebelia arqetipe-

bis aGdgena saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis doneze.

Kovelive es qarTvelur enaTa da dialeqtTa istoriis

araerTi kardinaluri sakiTxis gasarkvevad qarTuli dialeqturi

leqsikis gansakuTrebul rolsa da mniSvnelobaze metKvelebs.

d i a n a a n f i m i a d i (Tbilisi)

niSanTa funqciis gazrda virtualuri komunikaciisas

naSromSi ganxilulia enobrivi komunikaciis iseTi saxe,

rogoricaa virtualuri urTierToba. Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi

kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da internetis funqciis ga-

zrdam warmoSva e.w. virtualuri enis qvetipi, sadac verbalu-

ri narativis garda, mniSvnelovania iseTi semiotikuri niSne-

bic, rogoricaa sicilakebi da sxvadasxva saxis piktogramebi.

xSirad, virtualuri urTierTobisas sitKva Canacvlebu-

lia aseTi niSnebiT, metic, dialogic ki mimdinareobs aseT

niSanTa gamoKenebiT. am niSanTa fsiqologiuri, xasiaTobrivi,

Tematuri da konteqsturi mravalferovneba kidev ufro amar-

tivebs am saxis komunikacias.

aseTi niSnebia magaliTad: _ (gakvirveba), _ kmaKo-

fileba, _ (mowKeniloba,) _ (mentoruli toni),

_ (damarcxebis aGiareba).

_ (SeTanxmeba) da a.S.

Sinaarsis mixedviT arsebobs monopersonaluri (zemoTCa-

moTvlili) da polipersonaluri niSnebi, mag:

11

, ...

niSanTa funqciis gazrda verbalizaciis xarJze ganpiro-

bebulia mravali socialuri da fsiqologiuri mizeziT, rac

TavisTavad ganxorcielebas axdens enobriv narativSi. swored

am mizezebsa da Sedegebzea saubari naSromSi; masalad

gamoKenebulia internetkomunikaciis ramdenime programa, po-

pularuli qarTuli da araqarTuli saitebi da am saitTa

forumebi.

am masalis analizisas gamotanilia daskvnebi da

CamoKalibebulia warmodgenil niSanTa semiotikuri sistema,

sxvadasxva Jgufi, maTi urTierToba da a.S. rogorc virtualu-

ri enis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili.

a v T a n d i l a r a b u l i (Tbilisi)

SeTanxmebis kidev erTi saxeobisaTvis

qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi

1. qarTuli enis arsebiTad Kvela dialeqtis mixedviT de-

talurad aris aGwerili kninobiTis gamoxatvis mravalferovne-

ba da araerTgvarovneba rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise formaluri

TvalsazrisiT: -a, -ia, -ua, -in-a, -un-a, -ik-a, -uk-a, -ik-el-a, -un-

el-a, -iz-a, -iy-a, -uy-a da misT.

2. amave dros, aGmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqte-

bis monacemebi aSkarad warmoaCens, rom arsebiTi saxelis kni-

nobiTis formas Sesabamis atributul msazGvrelTa SeTanxme-

bis unari moepoveba, am msazGvreli wevris poziciisda miuxeda-

vad.

xevsuruli: qvai, qvao, mamarCine, Senam ZaGlam mikbinao (al.

yiny.)

Cqara modi, maisao, cxvarma ZuZu gaivsao, bewikuam

10

batkanama piri ziscvriT gaivsao (iqve)

fSauri: kargunela qalaia, miwis gasamtvereSeli, kargunela

pirai aqvs vajis Casatolebeli (T. razik.).

moxeuri: orai uremai purai Zliv gadioda (i. qavT.).

TuSuri: anam ra‡gver vxedov emag Sen col-Svilsav,

emag Sen qala‡sav, sviod Sen fera‡sav (n. azik.).

[Tumca umetesad: aGar SamomaKriv diida‡ Tvalebsav (iq-

ve)].

am monacemebidan sruliad naTlad gamomdinareobs da-

skvna:

a) qarTuli enis calkeuli qvesistemebisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebelia SeTanxmebis movlena kninobiTobis morfologiuri ka-

tegoriis niSniT;

b) es movlena gvavaldebulebs, rom kninobiTobis katego-

rias sistemuri (fleqsia-derivaciis) TvalsazrisiT sxvagvarad

SevxedoT.

g) vfiqrobT, amgvar SeTanxmebaze SeiZleba vimsJeloT ro-

gorc arealur Taviseburebaze.

s e d a a s a t u r o v a (Telavi)

bgeriTi SesatKvisobani sxvadasxva

enobriv oJaxebs Soris

rogorc cnobilia, monaTesave enebis oJaxs Seadgens saer-

To warmoSobis enebi. savsebiT bunebrivia is garemoeba, rom

monaTesave enebi met-naklebad inarCunebs msgavsebas rogorc Zi-

riTad leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi, aseve prefiqsebsa da sufiqseb-

Sic. es msgavseba narCundeba agreTve bgeriT SemadgenlobaSi.

kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom msgavsebas adgili aqvs

aramonaTesave enebs Sorisac. ra aris amis mizezi? SemTxveviTo-

baa es, Tu aGniSnuli tipis msgavsebas sxva mizezi aqvs.

me-20 saukunis dasawKisSi daniel mecnier holger peder-

senis mier wamoKenebuli (gamoTqmuli) iKo hipoTeza imis Sesa-

xeb, rom dGemde arsebuli genealogiur klasifikaciaSi Suama-

vali enobrivi oJaxebi erT saerTo enobriv oJaxs warmoadgenen.

pedersenis mixedviT, indoevropul, semitur, uralur, Tur-

qul, kavkasiur da sxva enaTa oJaxebs win uZGvoda erTi winare

ena (`прапраязык~). aseT enas man uwoda nostratikuli.

enaTa zeoJaxis arsebobis Teorias mravali mimdevari

gamouCnda (a. dolgopovski, v. iliC-svitiCi, T. gamKreliZe da

sxva), romelTac aGmoaCines fuZeebis garkveuli msgavseba indo-

evropelebis, iukagirTa, kuSitebis enebSi.

a. dolgopolskis azriT, SemTxveviTi Tanxvdomis albaTo-

ba umniSvneloa. aseTive azrisa iKo v. iliC-svitiCi. maT

gamoiKvanes enaTa oJaxebs Soris arsebuli bgeriT SesatKvisoba-

Ta formula. es ki, Tavis mxriv, didi perspeqtivaa ara mxo-

lod lingvistikisaTvis.

fuZeTa (bgeriTi) SesatKvisobani vlindeba indoevropu-

li da qarTveluri enebis Sedarebis Sedegad, rac svams sakiTxs

qarTveluri da indoevropuli enebis saerTo winare enis arse-

bobis Sesaxeb.

n a r g i z a x v l e d i a n i (baTumi)

ramdenime leqsikuri erTeulisaTvis

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi

samecniero literaturaSi dadgenili faqtia, rom sa-

mxrulma metKvelebam, romelic garkveuli istoriuli pirobe-

bis gamo, moswKda saerTo erovnul qarTuls, mis kilokavebs,

uxvad Semogvinaxa arqauli enobrivi Taviseburebani. zogJer

12 13

mxolod am dialeqtebs SemounaxavT esa Tu is gramatikuli da

leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelic Zvel saerTo literaturul

normad iKo miGebuli, magram axal saliteraturo enas ar Seu-

Tavsebia. naSromSi saubaria leqsikur erTeulebze, romlebic

gvxvdeba lazurSi, ayarulSi, gurulSi, imerulsa da SavSur-

imerxeulSi. magaliTisTvis moviKvanT erT-erT maTgans: fun-

Cxi//furCxi.

n o m a d i b a r T a i a (Tbilisi)

qarTul-aGmosavluri enobrivi

kontaqtebidan

Serisa

funCxi _ myadis, puris, Kvelisa da misTanaTa namceci,

nafSveni ayarulSi. fuCxa//funCxa, finCxa _ megrulSi niSnavs

puris an Gomis nafSvens, fxvnils, namcecs (p. yaraia). funCxu-

li gvxvdeba gurulSic. funCxuli: 1. aramkvrivi, fxvieri, fin-

Cxebad qceuli; 2. moxarSuli Gomis marcvali, nigvziTa da ze-

TiT Sezavebuli: `zevidan gadmokidebuli eri qoTani funCxu-

li~ (gamocana = leGvi) (SaraSiZe). ayarulSi funCxi niSnavs: 1.

myadis an puris namcecs, nafxvens. èh, me is droc momstria,

xalx yadi(s) furCxic rom enatreboda~. Sdr. : gur. finCxa. 2.

gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT erTi bewo, erTi cicqna, pawawina, pa-

wawkintela (nijaraZe). gurulis msgavsad imerulSic gvxvdeba

finCa. `finCa~ _ imerulSi funCxuli, finCxali, finCa, finCqi

_ gamomcxvari pureulis an Gomis nafSveni, namceci, umniSvne-

lo ram, erTi bewo, nafoti (b. wereTeli). lazurSi `funCxa~

niSnavs namtvrevs. òfunCxalu~ _ damtvreva, CafSvnas. finC

svanurSi gvxvdeba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: 1. bewvi da 2. namceci;

finCx _ namceci, finCxa (Tofuria). SavSur-imerxeulSi funCxi _

myadis an puris namcecebi, nafcqvenebi (S. futkaraZe). naSrom-

Si ganxilulia kidev ramdenime leqsikuri erTeuli: `koSi~,

`forCi~ da sxva.

Cveni KuradGeba miipKro `vefxistKaosnis~ mesame strofis

mesame taepis sariTmo erTeulma, romelic gamocemaTa mixedviT

Semdegi saxiTaa mocemuli: `Serisa~, `Se risa~, `Se-risa~,

`Se, risa~, `Se,-risa~. mas xan dasmuli aqvs mZime, xan kiTxviTi,

xanac _ kiTxviTi da Zaxilis niSani erTad.

moviKvanT aGniSnul taeps `vefxistKaosnis~ akademiuri

teqstis damdgeni komisiis mier (mTavari redaqtorebi: akademi-

kosebi aleqsandre baramiZe da giorgi wereTeli) poemis bolo

1988 wlis gamocemidan:

`mas, ara vici, Sevhkadro Sesxma xotbisa, Serisa?!~

rogor esmiT poemis gamomcemlebs CvenTvis saintereso

sariTmo erTeuli?

pasuxi calsaxaa, esmiT tradiciulad, rogorc kiTxviTi

nacvalsaxeli.

Cven eyvi gvepareba mis tradiciul gagebaSi.

warmovadgenT Cvens mosazrebas:

arabul enaSi aris leqsikuri erTeuli - شعر (Ser), rom-lis mniSvnelobaa _ leqsi. misgan nawarmoebia - شاعر (Sa‡er)

_ poeti. aqedan momdinareobs qarTuli Sairi. orive sitKva

identuri fonetikuri saxiTa da semantikuri datvirTviT Se-

sulia sparsul enaSi.

niko mari, `vefxistKaosnis~ sitKvaTa ganmartebisas, Sesa-

bamisad, ganmartavs Sers (Se‡r), Tumca, es poemis gamomcemle-

bis mier gaTvaliswinebuli ara Cans.

vfiqrobT, Serisa unda gavigoT ara rogorc kiTxviTi na-

cvalsaxeli, aramed rogorc qarTulSi Semosuli arabul-spar-

suli leqsikuri erTeuli _ شعر (Se‡r-) _ leqsi.

14 15

amfsoni da fsoni nabaxurevi

qarTul enaSi aris leqsikuri erTeuli nabaxurevi, ro-

melic qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT gaigive-

bulia baxusidan nawarmoeb sitKvasTan _ nabaxusevi da masTan

erTad ganmartebulia ase: naqeifari, naGvinevi.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Setanilia ori

leqsikuri erTeuli amfsoni da fsoni, sadac isini ganmarte-

bulia ase:

amfsoni - amxanagi, amKoli, avanCavani, Tanamesufre.

fsoni - 1. monawileTa mier Tanabrad gaGebuli xarJiT

gaweuli nadimi. 2. banqos zogierT TamaSSi _ bolos asaKvanad

darCenili qaGaldi.

aGniSnul leqsikonSi calkea ganmartebuli leqsema baxusi.

mosalodneli iKo, mas dawKvileboda baxuri, magram

ase ar aGmoCnda, albaT im mizezis gamo, rom am leqsikur er-

Teuls ar icnobs qarTuli ena. amfsons ar icnobs sulxan-saba orbelianis `sitKvis kona,~

magram icnobs fsons Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: amxanagni SeKrilni. ras unda niSnavdes baxuri?

arabul enaSi aris leqsema _ بخور (boxur), romelic

identuri saxiTa da SinaarsiT Sesulia sparsul enaSi. misi

mniSvnelobaa: 1. moweva, weva, (Tambaqosi, opiumisa). 1. kmeva, xrColeba, boleba. 3. gamoxda (arKisa); gundruki, sakmeveli).

n. CubinaSvilis `qarTuli leqsikonis~ mixedviT, fsoni mo-

mdinareobs berZnuli sitKvidan (fsomi) _ puri, xolo

misgan nawarmoebi Cans amfsoni, raSic eyvi gvepareba, radgan qar-

TulSi ar arsebobs sitKvaTmawarmoebeli prefiqsi àm~, xolo

berZnulisTvis, saerTod, ucxoa leqsikuri erTeuli amfsoni. Cveni azriT, qarTulSi arsebuli leqsikuri erTeuli

baxuri igivea, rac arabul-sparsuli _ بخور (boxur ). am problemasTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni KuradGeba miiqcia

erTma sparsulma prefiqsianma sitKvam - هم سن (ham sen), rome-lic sitKvasitKviT iTargmneba ase _ Tana asakis. هم (ham) aris prefiqsi _ Tana, romelic awarmoebs arsebiTsa da zedsarTav

saxelebs, xolo سن (sen) _ arsebiTi saxeli _ asaki. am saxiT

mravali sitKvaa nawarmoebi sparsulSi, magaliTad, _ هم کار

(ham qar) Tana mosaqme, amqari.

amrigad, baxusi da baxuri sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTe-

ulebi Canan. Sesabamisad, nabaxurevi ( monawevi ) da nabaxu-

sevi ( nasvami ) leqsikonSi cal-calke unda iqnas Setanili.

aseve Tavisi adgili unda daikavos leqsikonSi nasesxebma

leqsikurma erTeulma _ baxur-i.

sparsuli leqsikonebic Sesabamisad ganmartavs ham sen-s

.Tanatoli, erTi xnis, toli, kbila _ (هم سن)

aqve aGvniSnavT, amfsoni Semdegi fonetikuri variantebiTac

dasturdeba qarTul enaSi: hamsoni, amsoni, afsoni. (i. griSaSvili,

`qalaquri leqsikoni~), romelTagan hamsoni fonetikurad TiT-

qmis identurobas avlens sparsul sitKvasTan _ هم سن (ham sen).

m a i a b a r i x a S v i l i (Tbilisi)

saxelTa warmoebis sistema interferenciis

TvalsazrisiT lezgiur enebSi

amgvarad, amfsoni rogorc fonetikurad, ise semantiku-

rad, siaxloves avlens ham senTan (هم سن) da igi misgan unda modiodes, xolo, rac Seexeba leqsikur erTeuls fsoni, ramde-

nadac igi sxva enebSi ar dasturdeba, SesaZloa, miGebuli iKos

sitKvisgan amfsoni.

udiur, waxurul da muxadur enebSi arsebiTi saxelis sa-

warmoeblad ZiriTadad nasesxebi prefiqs-sufiqsebi gamoiKeneba.

aGniSnul enebSi qona-Kolis, kuTvnilebis saxelebis sa-

warmoeblad ZiriTadad gvaqvs Turqul-azerbaiJanuli luG,

16 17

Ci da sxva sufiqsebi. c i a l a b e n d e l i a n i (Tbilisi)

xSir SemTxvevaSi es elementebi arakanonzomierad nawil-

deba. Cvens xelT arsebul masalaze daKrdnobiT SesaZlebelia

iTqvas, rom -luG nasesxebi afiqsi udiur enaSi aris raimes

Senacvlebis, magivrobis gamomxatveli.

fonetikur movlenaTa / fonologiur cvladTa stratifikacia da `fonetikuri kompromisis~ sakiTxi enaTa kontaqtebis pirobebSi

magaliTad: azadluG Tavisufleba

a�elluG bavSvoba enaTa kontaqtebisas kontaqtSi imKofebian ara mxolod

lingvisturi da sociolingvisturi, aramed fsiqolingvisturi,

sociofsiqologiuri, eTnolingvisturi da a. S. sistemebic,

kulturaTa CaTvliT, rac enis kognitiur aspeqts ukavSirdeba.

kontaqtis lingvistur doneze momxdari Koveli faqti sistema-

Ta kavSirurTierTobis doneze sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba.

lazumluG sayiroeba

faxiluG Surianoba, boroteba

amave dros gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac misi fun-

qcia gansazGruli ar aris:

bmaCluG asiani

biGuG siuxve miuxedavad imisa, rom fonetika / fonologiis sfero

enis ierarqiul modelSi Kvelaze dabal safexurs warmoadgens,

fonetikuri movlena / fonemis qceva sistemis maGal sferoebSi

aisaxeba (e. benvenisti); sociolingvistur sistemaTa kontaqtis

analizisas amosavalia individis socialuri / sametKvelo qce-

va, anu: sametKvelo qceva da socialuri qceva urTierTgan-

msazGvrelia. garkveul pirobebSi vlindeba `fonetikuri kom-

promisis~ movlena. sxvadasxva sistemis enebi / dialeqtebi so-

cialuri funqcionirebisas aiZuleben individs (cnobierad an

gaucnobiereblad) sakuTari sametKvelo kodis lingvisturi

(fonetikuri, fonologiuri) aspeqtidan ugulebelKos speci-

fikuri, mxolod sakuTari fonetikuri da fonologiuri sis-

temisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi, specifikuri fonemebi da

warmoiqmneba Sereuli fonologiuri cvlilebebi. `fonetikuri

kompromisi~ komunikaciis mizniT xdeba, magram igi zogJer

scildeba am sferos da cxadad warmoaCens erTi enis / socio-

lingvisturi sistemis fonze zegavlenis mravalaspeqtovan rea-

lobas. e. sepiri `fonetikur kompromiss~ enaTa da kulturaTa

gavrcobis (difuziis) safuZvlad miiCnevda. am movlenas mrava-

li negatiuri mxare aqvs.

busluG SimSili

analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs -Ci sufiqsis SemTxvevaSic.

magaliTad: KoruGCi mevele

naxerCi menaxire

am sitKvebSi ki misi morfologiuri funqcia gaurkvevelia.

afCi tKuili

CobanCi mwKemsi

aGsaniSnavia, rom lezgiuri enebis sametKvelo fondi

metKvelebis nawilebiT, gansakuTrebiT kavSirebiT, Garibia. am

naklovanebis Sesavsebad es enebi iKeneben ucxoenovan masalas.

Tumca unda aGiniSnos, rom am movlenas pirobiTad SeiZleba

ewodos sesxeba, vinaidan sinonimuri mniSvnelobis sakuTari se-

mantikuri erTeulebi am enaTa leqsikur fondSi Znelad Tu

moipoveba.

am procesSi `msesxebeli~ enebis leqsikurma Tu morfo-

logiurma sistemam moirgo ucxo elementebi da regularulad

gamoiKeneba sxva elementTa Canacvlebis gareSe.

Cveni azriT, es movlena ubralod sesxebis faqti ki ar

aris, aramed interferenciis Sedegi.

enaTa da sametKvelo koleqtivTa istoriaSi vlindeba er-

Ti kanonzomiereba _ sociolingvisturi sistemebi ufro adre

18 19

a r s e n b e r T l a n i (Telavi) qrebian, vidre enebi (d. haimsi); amdenad, Koveli lingvisturi

faqti; fonetikuri movlena da fonologiuri cvladi _ mik-

ronebi, saSualebas iZleva sistemis Tundac fragmentul done-

ze aGdgenisa.

qarTuli anTroponimebi enaTa

urTierTobebis fonze

zogJer erTi da igive fonetikuri movlena / fonologi-

uri cvladi sxvadasxva startis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulad

funqcionirebs, romlis drosac `fonetikuri kompromisis~ ne-

gatiuroba vlindeba, an ar vlindeba.

ra mdgomeraobaSia qarTuli anTroponimebi rusul-qar-

Tuli enobrivi urTierTobebis, kerZod, rusuli artikulaci-

is (orToepiis) pirobebSi? anTroponimebis gadatanisas (`tran-

sportirebisas~) erTi sametKvelo sivrcidan meoreSi, rasac

transanTroponimias vuwodebdi, unarCundebaT Tu ara maT im

qarTuli enis niSnebi, romlis produqtsac isini warmoadgenen?

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia Z bgeris dakargva (cvlilebis

faqtebi) istoriulad, Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtur sa-

metKvelo kodebSi (sadac mas xandazmul, Seurevel dialeqtze

mosaubreni iKeneben), gansakuTrebiT _ ingilourSi, sadac Z →

z procesi naxursa da azerbaiJanul enebTan kontaqtiT ixsneba;

Z bgera Zalze Taviseburad ikargeboda / ikargeba qarTul/ru-

sul bilingva an qarTul sametKvelo kodSi rusuli mikrone-

bis mizandasaxulad momxmarebelTa mier, mag., sxvadasxva asakis,

rusulenovani an ararusulenovani ganaTlebis mqone, `presti-

juli~ Tbilisuri (qalaquri) kodiT / mosaubre Z-s dakargviT

sitKvaSi Sei(Z)leba (pirian formebSic) gadarTavda sametKvelo

kods (damaxasiaTebeli paralingvisturi niSnebiT); es `kluste-

ri~ (p. Slobinskis am termins qarTulSi `wre~ metnaklebad

Seesabameba). amjamad inglisurs rusulis msgavsi funqciiT

iKenebs, kompromisic daaxloebiT imave rigisaa, rac rusulis

SemTxvevaSi. `SezGuduli~ aseTi kodi TviT axdens gavlenas pi-

rovnebis enobriv cnobierebaze da warmarTavs mis fiqrs (b.

bernstaini). es Kovelive mis socialur qcevaSi sxvaenovani

kulturisadmi damokidebulebaSi vlindeba.

aq vawKdebiT seriozul anTroponimul cvlilebebs, rom-

lebic ZiriTadad gamowveulia xmovanTa umaxvilobiT anda ama

Tu im Tanxmovnis CanacvlebiT magari da rbili korelatebiT;

Sdr. (TvalsaCinoebis amaGlebis mizniT, rusuli artikulacia

gadmovceT qarTuli transliteraciiT, raTa rac SeiZleba ax-

los miviKvanoT realobasTan qarTulenovani mkiTxvelebis is

nawili, romelic verc erkveva da arc aris valdebuli erkveo-

des mocemul lingvistur labirinTebSi; qarTuli artikula-

ciis gadasvla rusul artikulaciaSi aGvniSnoT > simbolo-

Ti): dodo > dado / doda, Tedo > cido / wido an ceda /

weda, Temo > cimo / wimo an cema / wema, Tengiz > cingiz /

wingiz, mediko > miZiko, melano > milano / milana, oTo >

ota / ato, omar > amar, onise > anise / anisi, osiko > asi-

ko, orbeli > arbeli, soso > saso / sosa, sofo > sapo /

sopa, qeTevan > kicivan / kiwivan, SoTa > Sata, Sorena > Sa-

rena, xatia > xacia / xawia; bagrationi > bagracioni / bag-

rawioni, maTikoSvili > macikaSvili / mawikaSvili, muToSvi-

li > mutaSvili, orbeTiSvili > arbeciSvili / arbewiSvi-

li, oqruaSvili > akruaSvili, qvrivyiriSvili > kvrivCi-

riSvili, qozaSvili > kazaSvili, qoTilaiZe > kacilaiZi /

kawilaiZi, Kifiani > kipiani, CxeiZe > CxiiZi, yareliSvili >

CareliSvili...

am TvalsazrisiT aseve ganvixilavT v/†, f/† alternaci-

ebs sxvadasxva stratisa da situaciebis mixedviT, † bgeris

qarTulSi arsebobis istoriasTan mimarTebiT.

sxva SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva qarTuli gvaridan viGebT

erTs da imasac _ zogJer gadagvarebuls; Sdr.:

20 21

baTiaSvili sinamdvileSi qarTuli bgerebis warmoTqmis mxriv rusebs

ara aqvT imaze meti problema, vidre, magaliTad, qarTvelebs

gviCndeba rusuli ы-s warmoTqmis mxriv.

⎬ baciaSvili / bawiaSvili

batiaSvili

es sakiTxi, TavisTavad, enaTa urTierTobebis sferodanaa,

enaTa urTierTobebi ki igive xalxTa, adamianTa urTierTobe-

bia. amitom: anTroponimTa amgvari deformaciebis kvalobaze

SeiZleboda gvelaparaka metKvelebrivi pativiscemis defici-

tis (mepade-s) Sesaxeb. sxva Tu ara, Cven Tavad mainc unda vi-

cavdeT Cvensave anTroponimebs msgavsi dazianebebisgan, roca

ucxo (am SemTxvevaSi _ rusul) enaze vmetKvelebT.

TaTilaSvili

⎬ tacilaSvili / tawilaSvili

tatilaSvili

TaliaSvili

⎬ taliaSvili

taliaSvili

anTroponimebSi, rogorc arsad sxvagan, Tavs iCens ra

umaGlesi donis fonologiuri relevanturoba, TiToeuli bge-

ris jGeradoba piris (pirovnebis) identifikaciis fardia. ami-

tom aq TiToeuli bgera tabuirebulia da, SeZlebisdagvarad,

maqsimalurad unda iKos daculi misi xelSeuxebloba.

zogJer anTroponimebis deformacia imdenad mZimdeba,

rom, gadis ra lingvisturi sakvalifikacio sivrcidan, imaze

met Sefasebas ar imsaxurebs, rac Cadebulia frangul sitKvaSi

malséant. magaliTad, daTa > data (rusulSi niSnavs TariG-s),

Tina > Тина [т’Åна] (rusulSi: `Klarti, damdgari wKlis zeda-

pirze modebuli mwvane lorwosebri masa~); levan > livan (ru-

sulSi asocirdeba Ливан-Tan, anu liban-Tan), baboSvili > ba-

baSvil (rusulSi asocirdeba dedakac-Tan, qalaCuna-sTan, la-

Car-Tan), GoGoberiZe > gogoberiZe (qarTulSi asocirdeba

gogo-sTan), lomaia > lamaia (rusulSi asocirdeba msxvreva-

sTan), mosiZe > masiZi (qarTulSi asocirdeba masa-sTan), osi-

aSvili > asiaSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba as-Tan), qoqoriS-

vili > kokoriSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba kokor-Tan), wivi-

laSvili > civilaSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba civ-Tan), ya-

ladideli > CalaZiZeli (qarTulSi asocirdeba Cala-sTan da

ZiZa-sTan), yiyiaSvili > CiCiaSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba

CiCia-sTan), xorava > xarava (qarTulSi asocirdeba xar-Tan);

gansJis donezec ki uxerxulobas qmnis iseTi anTroponimis ru-

suli artikulireba, rogoricaa saquaSvili da a. S.

a r i n a b e r i Z e (axalcixe)

arzrumis istoriuli saxelebi

arzrumi Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritorize mdebare uZ-

velesi somxuri qalaqia. masSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxov-

robdnen somxebi, romlebic me-19 saukunis 20-30-iani wlebidan

gadmoasaxles samcxe-JavaxeTSi.

qalaqis daarsebas somexi istorikosi movses xorenaci

Semdegnairad mogviTxrobs: `samefo karisagan miGebuli brZane-

bisamebr, mxedarTmTavari anatoliosi movida Cvens qveKanaSi,

moiara Cveni mravali mxare da SearCia karinis gavari, raTa iq,

mosavlian naKofier wKaluxv adgilze gaeSenebina qalaqi. erTi

Tvalwarmtaci mTis Ziras waawKdnen ankara patar-patara wKaro-

ebs da [anatolisma] gadawKvita swored iq gaeSenebinaT qalaqi.

aseT pirobebSi TiTqmis aGaraferi rCeba qarTuli gvar-

saxelebisgan: faqtobrivad, adgili aqvs anTroponimebis sruli-

ad axali versiebis gaCenas, anu es Kovelive gvarwarmoebas uf-

ro mogvagonebs, vidre arsebuli gvarebis konstatacias.

22 23

man Semoavlo im adgils uZiro Txrili da iq CauKara saZirkve-

li galavans, romelzedac metad maGali koSkebi aago, agreTve

mTisken mimarTuli gasasvlelebi saTavsebiTurT~.

daarsebis dGidan me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebamde, qalaqma

uamravi cvlileba ganicada. igi xelidan xelSi gadadioda da

cxovrebis stils icvlida. xan somxeTis sakuTrebas warmoad-

genda, xan arabebis, xan bizantiis, xan _ saqarTvelosi. sabo-

lood ki TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi aGmoCnda.

Cveni mizania arzrumis im saxelebis kvleva, romlebic is-

toriis sxvadasxva periodSi erqva mas, kerZod: karni, astasupo-

lis arzrum, argiron, ardurum, arz, arzan, ar-rum, er-rum,

arzarum, arzerum, arzirum, arzn, arzne, el-rum, horomoc, ar-

grum, arguni, argwn, arwn er rum, artr rum, barandis, gali-

gula, garanedis, garanide, garanidide, garanitide, ereg er-

rum, ergenerum, Teodopolis, Teodosiopol, Teodosiopolis,

Teodosopolis, Teodosupol, kalikala, kaliqala, karaxpolis,

karana, karanatide, karanitis, karen, karentis, karini, karini-

tes, karinitis, karnain qalaq, karna qalaq, karnu qalaqi, ka-

runs qalaqi, karuc qalaqi, qaliqala, qarin qalaqi.

sainteresoa, rom qalaqis saxelwodeba xSirad erT av-

torTanac ramdenime formiT aris mocemuli, rasac ganapiro-

bebda misi istoriuli bedukuGmarToba, sxvadasxva periodSi

sxvadasxva dampKroblis zegavlenis qveS Kofna da maT mier qa-

laqisaTvis sakuTriv TavianTi saxelwodebis miniyeba.

radgan qalaqi daaarsa bizantielma imperatorma Teodos-

ma, amitom qalaqis pirveli saxelwodebac Teodosiopolisic

mis saxels ukavSirdeba.

me-11 saukunemde sxvadasxva saxis wKaroSi Teodopolis-

Tan erTad ramdenime sxva saxelic gvxvdeba, romelTagan Ziri-

Tad adgils karnu qalaqi ikavebs.

me-10 saukunis istorikosi i. drasxanakerteli `somxeTis

istoriaSi~ ramdenJerme exeba qalaqis istorias da mas Kvelgan

karnu qalaqis saxelwodebiT moixseniebs.

me-11 saukuneSi anatolia da mTeli maxlobeli aGmosav-

leTi momTabare Turq-selCukTa gavlenis qveS eqceva. am droi-

dan vrceldeba qalaqis erT-erTi Kvelaze cnobili saxeli arz-

er-rumi anu erzrumi. 1049 wels iq gadasaxlda selJukebis mi-

er dangreuli qalaq arzanis mosaxleoba da qalaqs ewoda ar-

zan-ur-rum.

qalaqi sxvadasxva dros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xSi-

rad Sedioda, amitom qarTul istoriul wKaroebSi mis Sesaxeb

sakmaod vrcel masalas vpoulobT.

qarTul istoriografiaSi da istoriul wKaroebSi som-

xuris da bizantiuris msgavsad qalaqis sakuTari saxeli ramde-

nime formiT gvxvdeba, romelTagan upiratesad oria erzrumi

(arzrumi) da karnu qalaqi, agreTve: adrianapoli, andriani,

endranapoli, karni. kerZod, es formebi gvxvdeba, rogorc va-

xuStisTan, aseve Tamar mefisdroindel istorikosebTan.

iv. JavaxiSvili karnu qalaqze msJelobisas askvnis, rom

Tamaris mefobis xanaSi es qalaqi ezinkiTurT saqarTvelos mo-

xarke iKo. igi SeniSnavs, rom XIII s. meore naxevarSi mesxeTis

mTavris gansagebeli iwKeboda borJomis xeobidan, taSiskaridan

da karnumde aGwevda.

karnus Sesaxeb n.berZeniSvili Semdeg Sexedulebas aKali-

bebs: ès kar-ebi (Karsi, baSkadlikarebi, kldekarni, arzrumi

da sxva karebi taoSi) SeiZleba ara marto gasavals, aramed

ufro Zvelad mosaxleobas, saxls, gvars, keras niSnavdnen... rom

es qveKana am `karebiT~ SeiZleba iKos nakvalevi qarTis tomis

gansaxlebisa uZveles dros~.

amgvarad, arzrumis saxelTagan gamovKofT ZiriTadad

sams: Teodosiopolisi, arzrumi (erzrumi) da karni (karnu qa-

laqi). TiToeuli maTgani ukavSirdeba Sesabamisad bizantiur,

somxur da qarTul istoriul sinamdviles.

24 25

m e r a b b e r i Z e (axalcixe)

qarTuli sufiqsiT nawarmoebi

Turquli fuZe Kannisi

qarTul-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebis saTave uZveles

droSia saZiebeli. Turquli toponimebi gvxvdeba samcxe-Java-

xeTSi, maT Soris aris mxolod Turquli saxelebi, Sereuli

qarTul-Turquli kompozitebi da Turqul fuZeze darTuli

qarTuli afiqsebiT nawarmoebi formebi. TiToeul maTgans Ta-

visi istoria aqvs.

Kannisi daburul xevs hqvia nasoflar erkotaSi (aspinZis

raioni). Kannisi nawilia genetiurmsazGvreliani kompozitisa.

paralelurad gvaqvs Kanni dara, Kanni xevi, Kanni wKali, Kanni.

saxeli ase daiSleba: Kann-is-i. Kan (kan) Turqulad _ sisxli.

Kannisi _ sisxlobi, sisxliani. es xevi erkotidan yobareTis

sazGvarSi rodesac Sedis, mas paralelurad mosisxle xevs da

sisxlian Geles uwodeben.

Turqul saxelSi mxolod erTi n aris. safiqrebelia,

rom am sitKvis meore n-c Turqulis niadagzea gaCenili. Kanni

miGebulia kanli-sagan, sadac Turquli -li daboloeba qarTuli

-ian sufiqsis badalia. metKvelebaSi kanli ismis, rogorc kanni (asimilaciiT nl→nn). adgilobrivTa cnobiT, xevi `saKaCaGo~

iKo. iq KaCaGebi budobdnen. analogiuri magaliTis moKvana Se-

iZleba mTiani ayaris toponimidan.

`saaTis aTze mivataneT `sisxlis GelesTan~, romelsac

Turqul saxelsac eZaxian amave mniSvnelobisas (`Kanli dere~).

xevi am adgilas saSinlad viwrovdeba, TiTqmis ikvris..

sisxlis Gele am adgils imitom darqmevia, rom adamianis

sisxli xSirad daGvrila, aq SerTvia dedamiwasa. ...firalebi am

adgils Tavis bunagad Tvlian, saimedo safarad, sadac gamvle-

lis gaZarcva da mokvlac saZnelo srulebiT ar aris maTTvis.

am sami wlis win Gele Semdegi sisxlis Gvris mowme Kofila~...

es faqti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens imis gamo,

rom fiqsirebulia me-19 saukununis bolos, Txroba axlandel

droSia, firalebis SiSi mogzauris striqonebsac emCneva da

ueyvels xdis aspinZis raionis erkota-yobarelTa mtkicebas

Kannisis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania agreTve, rom mesxursa

Tu JavaxurSi -is sufiqsi bolo saukuneebSi cocxali sufiqsia

da saxelTa sawarmoeblad gamoiKeneba.

m a r i n e b e r i Z e , l i a b a k u r a Z e (Tbilisi)

dialeqturi teqstebis korpusi da

enaTa kontaqtebi

ukve erTi welia mimdinareobs muSaoba proeqtze `saqar-

Tvelos lingvisturi korpusi~, romelic iTvaliswinebs qarTu-

li dialeqtebis korpusis Seqmnas. SedarebiT axalgazrda lin-

gvistikis dargis _ korpusis lingvistikis meTodologiiT mu-

Savdeba dialeqturi teqstebis didi masivi. korpusis Tematu-

ri anotirebis maxasiaTeblebi isea SerCeuli, rom SesaZlebeli

iKos am teqstebis lingvisturi da interdisciplinaruli

TvalsazrisiT kvleva.

saTanado anotirebis Semdeg korpusSi advilad SeiZleba

gamoiKos masala, romelic asaxavs sxvadasxva tipis enobrivi

kontaqtebis Sedegebs.

korpusSi maqsimalurad ganTavsdeba saqarTvelos farglebs

gareT gavrcelebuli dialeqtebis Sesaxeb arsebuli masala.

ramdenime saukunis manZilze sxvadasxva politikuri mize-

ziT saqarTvelos zogi kuTxis izolaciam CamoaKaliba qarTuli

enis sivrculi ganfenilobis sruliad originaluri suraTi.

saukuneze metia iranis, azerbaiJanis da TurqeTis teritoria-

ze mcxovreb qarTvelTa metKveleba iqca mecnieruli dakvirve-

bisa da dokumentirebis obieqtad.

26 27

m a r i n e b e r i Z e , g i or g i coc a n i Z e (Tbilisi) xelovnurma izolaciam erTgvar `laboratoriad~ aqcia

qarTuli enobrivi sinamdvile, sadac dakvirveba SeiZleba ro-

gorc izolaciis Tanmxleb centridanul enobriv procesebze,

ise aGdgenili kontaqtebis Tanmxleb movlenebze, romlebSic

aSkarad Cans erovnuli enis xelaxali gavlenis kvali da aSka-

raa `centriskenuli~ tendenciebi.

migraciebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi da masTan

dakavSirebuli lingvisturi sakiTxebi

1. XX saukuneSi ramdenime mZlavrma migraciulma talGam

erTianad Secvala saqarTvelos enobrivi da dialeqturi pano-

rama. masobrivi, iZulebiTi migraciebis garda qveKanaSi ar

SewKvetila da dGesac grZeldeba KofiTi, ekologiuri da sxva

saxis migraciaTa bunebrivi procesi.

dialeqturi teqstebis korpusi gulisxmobs am procese-

bis ara mxolod dokumentirebas, aramed iZleva maTi monito-

ringis saSualebas. kerZod, Cveni proeqtis farglebSi saSuale-

ba gvaqvs davakvirdeT iseT enobriv procesebs, rogoricaa:

2. proeqtebis ènobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTve-

loSi~ (folksvagenStiftungi) da `saqarTvelos lingvisturi

portreti~ (saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondi) mimdi-

nareobs muSaoba rogorc XX saukunis migraciuli procesebis

dokumentirebisa da kvlevis, aseve am migraciul procesebTan

dakavSirebuli enobrivi masalis mopovebis, damuSavebis da

lingvisturi da interdisciplinaruli kvlevisaTvis misi mo-

mzadebis mimarTulebiT.

. semantikuri gadanacvleba;

. ucxoenovani leqsika;

. gramatikuli inventaris Taviseburi gamoKeneba da sxv.

leqsikis kompiuteruli damuSavebis Cveni koncefcia gu-

lisxmobs monacemTa iseTi bazis Seqmnas, sadac SeiZleba calke

gamoiKos `semantikuri gadanacvlebisa~ da sinonimTa qarTul-

ucxouri wKvilebis katalogebi, rac ara marto win waswevs am

sakiTxebis tipologiur kvlevas, aramed aqtualuri iqneba

wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac _ gauadvilebs mSobliuri

enis Seswavlas Cvens Tanamemamuleebs.

3. moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba dialeqturi teqste-

bis korpusis (`saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti~) SesaZ-

leblobebi da saSualebebi migraciuli procesebis amsaxveli

enobrivi masalis gamorCevisa da kvlevisaTvis.

vfiqrobT, rom katalogebis momzadeba Cveni ucxoeTSi

mcxovrebi TanamemamuleebisaTvis srulKofili saxelmZGvanelo-

ebis Seqmnis aucilebeli winapirobaa. 4. warmovadgenT monacemTa bazebs dialeqturi teqstebis

korpusisa da migraciuli procesebis kartografirebisaTvis.

(proeqti ènobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi~).

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia Cvens korpusSi ganTavsebuli

testebidan moZiebuli masala da mocemulia am masalis Se-

mdgomi damuSavebis principebi. 5. moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba dialeqtebis axali

saenaTmecniero dargis _ korpusis lingvistikis meTodebiT

kvlevis perspeqtivebi da saerToqarTul samecniero sivrceSi

misi damkvidrebis mosalodneli Sedegebi. Tundac unaklo da

Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi korpusis Seqmna ar aris

sakmarisi imisTvis, rom qarTulma enaTmecnierebam dasZlios sa-

erTaSoriso lingvistur gamocdilebasTan meoTxedsaukunovani

CamorCena _ Cveni azriT, aq aranakleb mniSvnelovania korpusi-

sadmi momxmarebluri interesis da profesiuli molodinis ga-

28 29

amave rigisaa a-j°bat `furzaqi~, a-j°kambaS `furkameCi~,

sadac pirveli nawili a-j° afxazurad `Zroxis, furis~ aGmniS-vnelia, meore ki, pirvel SemTxvevaSi megruli `zaqia~, meoreSi

megrulad adaptirebuli `kameCi~ (kameCi > kambeCi > kambeSi >

a-kambaSi).

Cena saenaTmecniero wreebSi. rogorc araerTxel aGvniSnavdiT,

iqmneba ara mxolod krebuli an koleqcia dialeqturi teqste-

bisa, aramed am koleqciis dokumentirebis, sistematizaciisa da

kvlevis mZlavri instrumenti anu korpusi _ enis an dialeqte-

bis Taviseburi mikromodeli.

6. es mikromodeli, rogorc aGvniSnavdiT, asaxavs XX sau-

kunis migraciebiT gamowveul umniSvnelovanes cvlilebebs ro-

gorc lingvisturi, ise sociolingvisturi da kulturologi-

uri TvalsazrisiT.

aqve ganixileba afxazuri hibriduli kompozitebi a-c°bat

`xarzaqi~, a-c°kambaS `xarkameCi~; Sdr. a-c° `xari~. erT-erT JgufSi (kvebis produqtebis aGmniSvneli leqsi-

ka) kompozitTa erTi nawili megrulidan (resp. qarTveluri-

dan) SeTvisebuli sitKvebia, meore ingredientad warmodgeni-

lia afxazuri (a)Cafa, romlis amosavalia a-Cafara `saymlis

Sekmazva~: a-kaliaCafa èkalas fxali~, a-x°ˆlCafa `kejera fxa-

li~, a-kamaCafa `kamis fxali~. Sesabamisad, afxazuri terminebis

zedmiwevniTi mniSvnelobaa `Sekmazuli ekala~, `Sekmazuli keje-

ra~, `Sekmazuli kama~ (es terminebi dafiqsirebulia ayaraSi

mcxovreb afxazTa metKvelebaSi).

7. moxsenebaSi gamoTqmulia azri SemoTavazebuli prob-

lematikis umaGles saswavlo procesTan integrirebisa da qse-

luri TanamSromlobis SesaZlebel ganviTarebaze.

m a n a n a b u k i a (zugdidi)

hibridul kompozitTa soliduri raodenoba gvxvdeba

rZis produqtebis aGmniSvnel afxazur leqsikaSi: a-S°rTaTa `yKinti Kveli~, zedm. `ToTo Kveli~ (Sdr. svan. ToT TaS `yKin-

ti Kveli~), a-S°yya // -S°xyya `dafSvnili Kveli~ (Sdr. yayuta

Kveli), a-S° Kvelia afxazurad. a-xarw°ˆsˆZbal `mawvnis Seyama-

di~, sadac pirveli komponenti `mawvnis~ aGmniSvneli afxazuri

a-xarw°ˆ-a, meore (a)sˆZbal ki megruli saZbeli // sawbeli (< qarT. sawebeli).

enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnil sitKvaTa

rigisaTvis qarTvelur da afxazur enebSi

enobrivi kontaqtebi ara marto leqsikuri erTeulebis

`gacvlas~ ganapirobebs, aramed xels uwKobs axali erTeulebis

Seqmnis process.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e. w. hibriduli (orenovani) kompo-

zitebi, romlebic fonetikuri adaptaciis Semdeg axal sitKva-

Ta rigs aKalibebs enebSi.

hibriduli kompozitia afxazuri a-K°ˆdxarkale� `kirka-

ji~: a-K°ˆd `lobio~, xarkale� < xarkalia `kirkaji~ (megr.).

sxvaTa Soris, megrulSi `kirkaji~ sintagmiT aGiniSneba _ xar-

kalia lebia.

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia qarTvelur-afxazuri enobrivi

kontaqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnili orenovani kompozitebi.

xSir SemTxvevaSi kompozitis warmoqmnis mizezi xdeba sqesis

markirebis sayiroeba, mag.: anaZZe� `ZiZa, dedamZuZe~ ori ingredien-

tisagan Sedgeba. pirveli afxazuri an `dedaa~, meore ki _ qar-

Tveluridan SeTvisebuli ZiZa > (a)ZZe�; abaZZe� `ZiZis qmari,

gamzrdeli~, ab `mama~.

aTeulze meti kompoziti Seiqmna qarTveluridan, an qar-

Tveluris gziT aGmosavlurenovani samKarodan SeTvisebul

leqsikasTan afxazuri a-C´ˆ `cxenis~ SerwKmiT: a-KiarC´ˆ `Kevari

cxeni~, a-C´ˆ…ra ùra cxeni~, a-C´ˆ…arCan òCani cxeni~, a-C´ˆna-

di `loxi cxeni~, a-CalandarC´ˆ `bargis cxeni~, a-C´ˆzardag½

30 31

`Calisferi cxeni~...

qarTvelurSi aseTi rigis kompozitTa ricxvi naklebia.

megrulSi damkvidrebulia hibriduli kompoziti xiJebja

`xseni~, sadac xiJe < xiJeJa < xiJaJa < hˆJaJa < axJaJa < afxaz. a-xJaJa `xseni~ (megrulSi daculia Kvela fonetikuri varian-

ti), bja `rZe~ (megr.).

hibriduli kompoziti gvaqvs toponimSi JoGorZaga `saZo-

vari akibos mTaze~, Sedgeba megruli JoGor-i (`ZaGli~) da

afxazuri (a)Zaga-sagan (`mlaSobi~).

hibriduli kompozitebi mravlad gvxvdeba samurzaKanos

toponimikaSi.

S a l v a g a b e s k i r i a (Tbilisi)

qarTvelur-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi

lazeTis toponimikuri masalis mixedviT

lazeTSi qarTvelur enebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ber-

Znul, Turqul, somxur enebTan hqonda urTierToba, ramac am

regionis toponimikaSic hpova asaxva. osmalTa epoqaSi lazeTis

geografiul saxelwodebaTa umravlesoba qarTveluria. Turqe-

Tis respublikad gamocxadebis Semdeg mravali maTgani Turqu-

li toponimiT Seicvala.

axal oikonimTa erTi nawili qarTul toponimTan zus-

tad miaxloebiT Targmans warmoadgens: sumJuma-‘C qardeS `sami

Zma~, otalaxe _ Camurlu `talaxiani adgili~, bulefi _ qi-

razdˆq `blovani~ da sxv. zogierTi axali adgilis saxeli fo-

netikurad Zvels aris mimsgavsebuli: papaTi (papi, papa `mGvde-

li~): fafaT�a `gvirila~, sumla _s‘mer `Sumeri~.

lazuri oikonimebi xSirad reliefis niSan-Tvisebebs asa-

xavs. maT nawils botanikur terminTagan miGebuli adgilis sa-

xelebi Seadgens: �omra (laz. Komur- // ‡omur- // omur- // omr-

`tKemali~), top. burGe-Si (p. kesarieli) bueras aGmniSvneli

lazuri sitKvaa sagulvebeli (Sdr. megr. burGi, svan. b�rG…i,

b�rG…i, burG…i, b�rGu, birG…).

lazeTis istoriuli toponimebis struqtura qarTul

toponimiur saxelTa msgavsia. SavizGvispireTis am mxaris to-

ponimebSi Semdegi tipis saxelebia dadasturebuli:

1. martivi 2. afiqsebiT nawarmoebi: a) sufiqsiT nawarmo-

ebi b) prefiqs-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi 3. sitKvaTSeerTebiT

miGebuli. geografiul saxelwodebebSi gamoiKofa rogorc

aGmosavleT qarTuli (-eT), aseve dasavlur qarTuli sufiqsebi

(-aT, -T). topoformantad qceuli (a)Sen-is darTviTaa miGebu-

li toponimi arTaSeni.

-is sufiqsuri warmoeba ufro potamonimebisTvisaa dama-

xasiaTebeli: arqab-is-i, ir-is-i (ieSilirmaqi), hal-i-s-i (qizil

irmaqi), romlis amosavalia lazuri Gal-i `Gele~.

qarTveluri geografiuli saxelebi Turquli salitera-

turo enis fonetikisa da fonotaqtikis wesebis mixedviT aris

damkvidrebuli: arqabe _ arhavi, viwe _ viCe, xofa _ hofa, ar-

TaSeni _ ardeSeni, borCxa _ borCqa da sxv.

amave wess emorCileba zogierTi `gaberZnulebuli~,

mkvlevrebis mier ufro luviurad miCneuli winaberZnuli to-

ponimic: giresun-i, trabzon-i da sxv.

32 33

e l i s a b e d g a z d e l i a n i (Tbilisi)

qarTul-svanuri enobrivi mimarTebebi

kompozitebSi

svanur enaSi xSiria kompozitebi, romlebic qarTuli

enobrivi masalisagan Sedgeba da maT kompozitad CamoKalibebis

procesSi, svanuri dialeqtebis mixedviT, garkveuli foneti-

kur-semantikuri cvlilebebi ganucdiaT. unda aGiniSnos, rom

zogJer iseTi Sedgenilobis kompozitebi, rogoric svanurSia,

sakuTriv qarTulSi ar dasturdeba.

1. svan. cxirwŠla bz., lSx. cxirwela bq., lnt. _ wvri-

li, xiwvis odena Gero. cxirwŠla desa Jispa (bz., lSx.) `xiwvi-

sodena Gero ar gadagibrunebia (araferi ar Segiqmnia. gadat.

usaqmuroba)~; cxir- zs. `xiwvi, xiyvi~ (svan. leqs.); uSg. `Cxi-

ri~ (b. nijaraZe, qarT. svan. rus. leqsikoni). kompozitis meore

nawili -wŠla / -wela bot. `wbila~ (svan. leqs.). Sdr. qarT.

wvel-i _ pureuli Gero TavTavamde (qegl). -wela fuZeSi e

xmovnis sigrZe dakarguli vØs kompensaciaa. svan. cxirwŠla < qarT. Cxiri {da} wveli leqsemebisagan.

2. svan. g…i�-bˆn�b; g…ibˆn�b bq., lnt. guiguneb lSx. _

guneba-ganwKobileba (guli buneba lSx. guneba). svan. leqs.

qarT. guli > zs., lnt. g…i uØs umlautis Sedegad. bolokidu-

ri -li dakargulia mTel svanurSi. kompozitis meore sitKva

svan. bˆn�b < qarT. buneba uØs nawilobrivi reduqciiT ˆØd da

� < ukana mimarTulebis umlautis Sedegad, Sdr. qarT. goneba

> svan. gon�b; qarT. neba > svan. n�b, laSxur formaSi guneb < guneba gvaqvs daculi.

3. svan. bz., lSx. Tal‰fa º zogJer bz-Si T‰l‰fa lnt.

Talafa `wamwami~ (svan. leqs.). b. nijaraZis leqsikonSi wamwami,

quT‘To orive ganmartebulia rogorc Talfa. Tal‰fa kompo-

zitSi SeiZleba gamoiKos Tal < Tval-i da -‰fa nawili, rome-

lic unda momdinareobdes svan. lafar-i `safari~ an TviT qar-

Tuli safari-dan, sadac prefiqsis s < sa-, an l < la Tanxmov-

nebi dakargulia da kvali darCa -‰fa nawilSi a xmovnis sig-

rZis saxiT. svan. Tal‰fa-s SevadaroT adiGuri napa _ `quTu-

To~, sadac na- `Tvali-a~, -pa _ `saxuravi~ (i. qerqaZe; a. Sagi-

rovi). svan. Tal‰fa _ sitKvasitKviT niSnavs Tvalsafars, mo-

mdinares amave qarTuli SesitKvebidan.

4. svan. c…idimoc�ld bq., cudmocald lSx., cviddimo-

cald lnt. zmns. 1. `tKuil-ubralod, usargeblod~; 2. lnt.

àbdaubdad~ (svan. leqs.). kompoziti Sedgeba ori fuZisagan

pirveli bq. c…id- lSx. cud- lnt. c…idd _ fuyi, tKuili;

amao (svan. leqs.), Sdr. qarT. cudi, saidanac umlautian dia-

leqtebSi miviGeT c…id- fuZe. lentexuri c…idd zmnisarTi

igivea rac qarT. cudad. balsqvemouri da lentexuri dialeq-

tebis formebSi daculia i `da~ kavSiri. meore komponentia _

moc�l zs., lnt. mocal lSx. _ umniSvnelo, ubralo ram, mo-

clili. moc�l mare li lnt. ùmniSvnelo, ubralo~. kompo-

zitSi dacul _ moc�ld bq., lnt. mocald lSx. nawili viTa-

rebiT brunvaSi dgas, Sdr. qarT. mocaleoba, mocaleba (qegl.)

svan. kompoziti Sedgeba qarTuli cudad da moclilad leqse-

mebisagan.

moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba sxva msgavsi kompozite-

bic. mag. tarebednieri < `netarbednieri~; svan. oqrocxal <

òqromsxali~; svan. cod�-kal…en < codvis kanoni `sacodavi,

sabralo~; svan. zˆmzˆmS… `cot-cota~, svan. zexmel < qarT. ze-ze xmeli; itKvian Zalian gamxdar da maGal adamianze. svan.

…org�m < qarT. ori gemo `momjavo motkbo ram~.

34 35

g v a n c a g v a n c e l a Z e (Tbilisi)

akademikosi qeTevan lomTaTiZe dialeqtologiisa

da enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb

akademikos qeTevan lomTaTiZis klasikuri memkvidreoba

metad mravalferovani da Grmaa. misi sruli Seswavla enaTmec-

nierebis istoriis gadaudebeli amocanaa. moxsenebaSi warmo-

vadgenT mecnieris kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis _

dialeqtologiis mokle mimoxilvas.

qarTuli saenaTmecniero skolis momaval klasikoss pir-

veli samecniero naSromi 1929 wels, studentobisas dauweria.

am naSromma, romelSic gamokvleuli iKo sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra saxiT Semoinaxa mesame obieqturi piris TavsarTebi gu-

rul da ayarul dialeqtebSi, dawerisTanave miipKro avtoris

maswavlebelTa KuradGeba. maTi rekomendaciiT aGniSnuli na-

Sromi Jer qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis sxdomas mox-

senda, Semdeg ki gamoqveKnda Tbilisis universitetis SromebSi.

dasaxelebulma pirvelive naSromma q. lomTaTiZes damsa-

xurebulad Seuqmna dinJi, dakvirvebuli da erudirebuli

mkvlevris saxeli. amitomac iKo, rom akaki SaniZem damwKeb me-

cniers ando egnate ninoSvilis moTxroba `partaxis~ akademiu-

ri gamocemis sapasuxismgeblo saqme. q. lomTaTiZem es ndoba ga-

amarTla da 1935 wels gamoica es Txzuleba a. SaniZis redaq-

ciiT. moTxrobis dedani aGudgenia, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni

daurTavs q. lomTaTiZes.

axalgazrda mecnierisadmi ndobis kidev erTi gamoxatu-

leba iKo didi ivane JavaxiSvilis mier q. lomTaTiZis miwveva

qarTuli Sinamrewvelobis amsaxveli eTnografiul-lingvistu-

ri masalebis Sesakrebad mowKobil didi eqspediciis Semadgen-

lobaSi. am eqspediciis naKofieri muSaobis Sedegad saqarTve-

los regionebSi, sofel-sofel Segrovda umdidresi da unika-

luri masala, romelsac jamTa svlasTan erTad fasi ufro da

ufro emateba. aqve aGsaniSnavia isic, rom TiTqmis naxevari sa-

ukunis Semdgom akad. q. lomTaTiZem didi Sroma gaswia da

Kovelnairad SeuwKo xeli dasaxelebuli masalebis damuSaveba-

sa da mravaltomeulis saxiT gamocemas.

qarTul dialeqtTa fonetikur-fonologiur, morfolo-

giur da leqsikur-leqsikografiul sakiTxebs, agreTve dialeq-

tebisa da samwignobro enis urTierTobis problemebs q. lom-

TaTiZis mravali naSromi eZGvneba:

`bulbulis saxelwodebis Karana-s gamo (1944w.)~

`damokidebuli winadadebis erTi Tavisebureba zog qar-

Tul dialeqtSi~ (1946w.).

`-io daboloebiani sokos saxelebi qarTulSi~ (1982w.).

`dialeqturi warmoSobis mkveTri spirantebi gurul dia-

leqtSi~ (1986w.).

`guruli `Jakelis~ semantikisaTvis~ (1990w.)

`manmeti formebis sakiTxi qarTul dialeqtSi~ da a. S.

qarTuli dialeqtologiisadmi miZGvnil naSromebSi mdi-

dar faqtobriv masalaze damKarebiT gamotanili daskvnebi da

gamovlenili kanonzomierebani metad mniSvnelovania rogorc

mTlianad lingvisturi qarTvelologiisaTvis, aseve zogadi

enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiTac.

mkvlevris memkvidreobaSi aseve faseulia afxazur-qarTve-

lur, adiGur-qarTvelur da ubixur-qarTvelur enobriv urTi-

erTobaTa kvlevisadmi miZGvnili naSromebi. Tavis monografieb-

Si Tu calkeul statiebSi akad. q. lomTaTiZe ganixilavs afxa-

zur-abazur, adiGeur-Kabardoul da ubixur enebSi qarTvelu-

ri leqsikis sesxebis fonotaqtikur kanonzomierebebs. mis mier

dadgenilia, rom aGniSnul enebSi qarTveluri leqsika ZiriTa-

dad qarTuli saliteraturo enidan da megruli dialeqtidan

aris Sesuli. saKuradGeboa mkvlevris mier gamovlenili faqti

afxazursa da abazurSi qarTveluri micemiTi brunvis niSnis

sesxebisa viTarebiT-gardaqceviTi brunvis niSnis funqciiT; ga-

msesxeblad am SemTxvevaSi megruli gamodis. zogadlingvisturi

TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania gamokvleva leqsikuri erTeulis

ukusesxebis SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb da a. S.

36 37

sainteresoa, rom 1947 wels gamoqveKnebul erT-erT na-

SromSi mkvlevarma gamoTqva hipoTeza megrul gvarsaxelTa -va

daboloebis afxazuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, magram sico-

cxlis bolos sakuTari xeliT Sedgenil bibliografiaSi am na-

Sromis dasaxelebas daurTo SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, rom es mo-

sazreba sadavoa da ufro sarwmuno Cans -va daboloebian var-

saxelTa simon JanaSiaseuli axsna...

b) kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTa: `pova mona� igi misi

gankurnebuli saxiT T‚sa~ (8,13); `xolo ioseb, qmari misi, mar-

Tal iKo da ara unda ganmxileba� misi, izraxa farulad gante-

veba� misi~ (1,19);

g) mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelTa: `romlisagan iSva iesu,

romelsa hrq‚an qriste~ (1,16). ìKvnes mun dedanica mravalni,

romelni SoriT xedvides, romelni SoriT Seudges iesus ga-

lilea�T da hmsaxurebdes mas~ (27,55) ;

d) da kavSiris: `da naTel-iGo iesu da rajams aGmovi-

doda wKlisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani da ixila suli

GmrTisa� gardamomavali, viTarca tredi, movida da daadgra

mas zeda~ (3,16); q e T e v a n g i g a S v i l i (Telavi)

4. Tandebuliani formebi: `ganmeSoreniT Cemgan Kovelni

moqmedni uSJuloebisani~ (7,23). ìTqua esa�a winawarmetKueli-

sa mier~ (3,3).

~maTes saxarebis~ ori bolo redaqciis

teqstis berZnizmebi

5. windebuliani formebi: `wina-uZGoda maT~ (2,9); àra

wina-aGdgomad borotisa~ (5,39). `maTes saxarebis~ ori bolo redaqciis teqstSi, romelic

efTvime da giorgi aTonelebis xelidan aris gamosuli da XI s-Si

aTonis qarTul lavraSia Seqmnili, araerTi berZnuli enobri-

vi movlena iCens Tavs. rogorc irkveva, Zveli da axali aGTqmis

wignTa sxva mTargmnelebis msgavsad, verc efTvimem da giorgim

daaGwies bolomde Tavi berZnulis gavlenas. maT naredaqciev

teqstSi gamovlindeba iseTi kalkebi, rogoricaa:

gansakuTrebiT xSirad ixmareba vidre windebuli: `reme-

Tu dGiTgan iovanes naTlis mcemelisa�T vidre aqamomde sasu-

feveli caTa� iiZulebis~ (11,12). `da Sekrba misa eri mravali,

vidre Sesvladmde misa navad~(13,2).

6. vidre kavSiriani formebi: `da iKo vidre igi

etKodaGa ersa mas, aha esera deda� misi da Zmani misni dges ga-

re~ (12,46). 1. uSemasmenlo winadadebebi, mag.: `xolo me getK… Tquen

ara fucvad Kovladve nuca casa, rameTu saKdari ars GmrTi-

sa�~ (5,34); `xolo me getK… Tquen: ara wina-aGdgomad boroti-

sa~ (5,39);

7. winadadebis dawKeba:

a) da iKo fraziT: `da iKo rajams daasrulna iesu

sitKuani ese...~ (7,7-8); 2. pasiuri konstruqcia: `Txovil iKo deda� misi mariam

iosebisa da vidre SerTvadmde maTa ipoa igi midgomil sulisa-

gan wmidisa~ (1,18); ìovane mieca sapKrobiled~ (4,12);

b) da aha fraziT: `da aha varskulavi igi, romeli ixi-

les aGmosavaliT~ (2,9);

g) xolo kavSiriT: `xolo iesu hrqua maT~ (19,14). `xo-

lo Tavadsa iovanes emosa~(3,4); 3. zogierTi metKvelebis nawilis xSiri gamoKeneba, rac

ucxo da arabunebrivia qarTuli sintaqsuri wKobisaTvis, mag.: d) rameTu kavSiriT: `rameTu dGiTgan iovanes naTlis mceme-

lisa�T vidre aqamomde~ (11,12); `rameTu Kovelni winaswarmetKuel-

ni da SJuli vidre iovanesamde winaswarmetKuelebdes~ (11,13);

a) piris nacvalsaxelTa: `mogagos Sen cxadad~ (6,6); `xo-

lo Tquen nu emsgavsebiT maT~ (6,8); `sarwmunoebaman Senman ga-

cxovna Sen~ (9,22);

38 39

g i o r g i g o g o l a S v i l i (Tbilisi) e) aha nawilakiT: àha, angelozi uflisa�~ (2,13);

8. sintaqsuri kontaminacia: `naTeli gamouCnda maT ze-

da~ (4,16); `ganmeSoreniT Cemgan Kovelni moqmedni uSuloebi-

sani~ (7,23).

dialeqturi kontaqti, rogorc cvlilebaTa

Semaferxebeli faqtori

9. paronomazia: `romliTa gankiTxviTa ganikiTxvideT, ga-

nikiTxneT da romliTa sawKauliTa miuwKoT, mogewKos Tquen~

(6,2); `smeniT gesmodis da ara gulisxma-hKoT, xedviT xedvideT

da ara ixiloT~ (13,14) da sxva.

cnobili faqtia: dialeqturi (enobrivi) kontaqtis Sede-

gad erT dialeqtSi (enaSi) SeiZleba ganviTardes igive proce-

sebi, rac damaxasiaTebelia meore enobrivi erTeulisTvis da _

piriqiT.

Cveni azriT, dialeqturi kontaqtebi SeiZleba iKos mize-

zi ama Tu im enobriv nairsaxeobaSi garkveuli enobrivi proce-

sebis Seferxebisa, akrZalvisa. am kontaqtis moSla, anu enobri-

vi nairsaxeobis mowKveta saerTo enobrivi sivrcidan SeiZleba

gaxdes safuZveli àkrZaluli~ movlenebis ganviTarebisa. àk-

rZalvis~ mizezi dialeqtTa urTierTgamiJvnis tendencia unda

iKos.

l e l a g i g l e m i a n i (Tbilisi)

erTi svanuri nasesxobis Sesaxeb

megrulSi

am Tvalsazrisis kargi magaliTia fereidnuli dialeqti:

mas Semdeg, rac igi mowKda qarTul enobriv sivrces, masSi Ta-

vi iCina iseTma procesebma, rogoric damaxasiaTebeli aris qar-

Tuli enis dasavluri dialeqtebisaTvis (mag.: au → ou; gaake-

Ten, kacma adga da sxv.).

svanuridan megrulSi sesxebis faqtebi bevri araa. svanu-

ridan nasesxebad miiCneva megrulSi damkvidrebuli le- prefiq-

si, romelic megrulSi gvarebisagan adgilis saxelebis mawarmo-

eblad gvevlineba (lebaCile, legogie, ledgebie... _ i. KifSiZe,

arn. Ciqobava...).

sakiTxis amgvarad dasma bunebrivia, radgan saTanado

afiqsi lazur dialeqtSi ar moipoveba, Tanac, megrulSi mniS-

vneloba, svanurTan SedarebiT, ufro dakonkretebuli Cans

(svanurSi le- daniSnulebis saxelebs awarmoebs). T a m i l a g o g o l a Z e (gori)

SesaZlebelia svanuridan iKos megrulSi Sesuli misTvis

arabunebrivi St- kompleqsis Semcveli foSt- fuZe, romelic

warmodgenilia sitKvaSi na-foSta `moris Camonayeri gverdis

ficari, nagverdali~, Sdr. svan. foSta `gverdis ficari~.

aleqsandre xaxanaSvili da enaTa urTierTobis

sakiTxebi (1894 w. jurnali `kvali~)

es sitKva ar miekuTvneba Zvel nasesxobebs, romlebSic me-

gruls sibilanti + dentaluri tipis kompleqsebi gaumartive-

bia (Sdr. qirse < qriste, arguso < agvisto, Seri < Steri,

sumari < stumari...).

1. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis moGvaweebma miznad daisa-

xes ra qarTveli eris wminda triadis (ena, mamuli, sarwmunoe-

ba) kvlevis, aGorZinebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis brZola, aqtiu-

ri saqmianoba gaaCaGes qveKnis, misi enisa da kulturis saerTa-

40 41

Soriso asparezze warmosaCenad. qarTvelebi (enebis codniT,

ucxouri presis misawvdomobiT) advilad axerxeben evropisa da

ruseTis wamKvani mecnierebis Sexedulebebis Seswavla-kriti-

kas. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania XIX saukunis cnobi-

li literaturaTmcodnis, mkvlevaris, istorikos-eTnografisa

da sazogado moGvawis profesor aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis

(1864-1911) Gvawli qarTuli enaTmecnierebis winaSec. ruseTSi

ganaTlebamiGebul filologs, enebis (franguli, germanuli,

berZnuli, laTinuri) SesaniSnav mcodnes, 1888 wels aGmosav-

lur enaTa institutSi qarTuli enis kaTedra Caabares.

2. 1894 wels jurnal `kvalSi~ Tavsdeba ori saintereso

werili, romelTagan pirveli ekuTvnis aleqsandre xaxanaSvils,

meore ki warmoadgens dawvrilebiT informacias orientalist-

Ta X saerTaSoriso kongresisa da masSi qarTveli mecnieris (a.

xaxanaSvilis) monawileobis Sesaxeb da unda ekuTnodes noe

jordanias (xelmowerilia n. j. inicialebiT). isini vrcel

warmodgenas iZleva ucxouri da qarTuli enaTmecnieruli az-

ris ganviTarebasa da masTan profesor a. xaxanaSvilis mimarTe-

bis istoriaze.

3. werilSi àzri prof. hombelisa qarTuli enis Sesa-

xeb~ (j. `kvali~, 1894 w. #35, gv. 6). a. xaxanaSvili gamoTqvams

Grma gulistkivils imis gamo, rom `qarTuli enis mcodneni

anu iberistebi srulebiT ar moipovebian~ da asaxelebs, am

TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss, miunxenis universitetis profesor

hommels, romelsac pirad saubarSi gaucnia Tavisi hipoTeza

qarTuli enis SesaZlo naTesaobisa etruskul, baskur, elami-

tur enebTan. a. xaxanaSvili miiCnevs Jer qarTuli enis safuZ-

vlian Seswavlas da Semdgom ki kvleviTi samuSaos Catarebas.

4. orientalistTa X saerTaSoriso kongresSi, q. jenevaSi

1894 wlis 23 agvistos monawileoba miuGia 400 mecniers

msoflios 18 saxelmwifodan da 97 universitetidan (j. `kva-

li~, 1894w. #42, 43, 44). imis gamo, rom `Cveni ena arcerT

krebuls ar ekuTvnis (aGmosavluri enebis 3 seqciidan) da arc

ki iKo gamokvleuli, romeli Jgufis nawils Seadgens, qarTuli

enisaTvis adgili ar aGmoCnda da qarTveli mecnierebi iZule-

buli gaxdnen eTnografiul seqciaSi mieGoT monawileoba, sa-

dac saubari da gamosvlebi dasmuli kiTxvebis irgvliv mimdina-

reobda. aq qarTveli mecnieri, profesori a. xaxanaSvili fran-

gul enaze gamovida moxsenebiT ùcxoelTa gavlena qarTul ci-

vilizaciaze~, romelic exeboda, qveKnis geopolitikuri mdeba-

reobidan gamomdinare, mis rTul istoriul warsuls, momxvdu-

rebTan, maT civilizaciebTan gamudmebul Sexeba-brZolasa da

mogvianebiT samTavroebad daqucmacebas. aqve a. xaxanaSvili See-

xo gakvriT megrul-lazuri enebis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis

sakiTxs, magram uslaris mcdar Sexedulebaze daKrdnobiT, rac

gakritikebulia redaqtor giorgi wereTlis mier informaciis

saredacio SeniSvnaSi: `mas unda scodnoda, rom megruls, la-

zurs da qarTuls myidro naTesaoba aramcTu enis leqsikur

SemadgenlobaSi etKoba, aramed gramatikuli agebuleba enisac

erTi da igivea da maSasadame imaTi erTtomoba da erTi STamo-

mavloba utKuar sabuTzea damKarebulio~.

5. 1897 wels a. xaxanaSvils q. parizSic monawileoba

miuGia orientalistTa XI saerTaSoriso kongresSi.

T a m a r v a S a k i Z e (Tbilisi)

saxelisa da gvaris Sebrunebuli wKobisaTvis

(qarTuli da araqarTuli gvarebis mixedviT)

Jer saxeli da Semdeg gvari pirovnebis dasaxelebisas

bunebrivi wKobaa: akaki wereTeli, ilia yavyavaZe, nikoloz ba-

raTaSvili... magram xSirad ama Tu im sabuTis gaformeba (anban-

uri siebi, reestrebi da sxva) sayiroebs Sebrunebul wKobas _

gvari da saxeli. aGsaniSnavia, rom amgvari SemTxvevebi (roca

gvari uswrebs saxels) arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba literatu-

rul nawarmoebebsa da KoveldGiur metKvelebaSi, mag., erTmane-

42 43

Tis paralelurad gvaqvs: SatberaSvilis zurabis, SatberaSvi-

li zurabis da SatberaSvil zurabis; dadianiT qeTevaniT, da-

diani qeTevaniT da dadian qeTevaniT; faGavasi vaxtangis da

faGava vaxtangis; ivanovis petresi, ivanovi petresi da ivanov

petresi; dolomanovasi irinesi da dolomanova irinesi; dimit-

riadis lilis, dimitriadi lilis da dimitriad lilis; paro-

nianiT genoTi, paroniani genoTi da paronian genoTi...

sax. Caikovski petre dimitriadi lili

moTxr. Caikovski petre-m dimitriadi lili-m

mic. Caikovski petre-s dimitriadi lili-s

naT. Caikovski petre-s dimitriadi lili-s

moqm. Caikovski petre-Ti dimitriadi lili-T

viT. Caikovski petre-d dimitriadi lili-d

wod. Caikovski petre dimitriadi lili

aGniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT warmogidgenT ramde-

nime rekomendacias:

2. rogor moiqceva TanxmovanfuZiani gvari win mdgomi

msazGvrelis poziciaSi _ rogorc wodeba-Tanamdebobisa da xe-

loba-profesiis aGmniSvneli saxeli (SatberaSvil zurabis),

rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani msazGvreli (SatberaSvili zurabis),

Tu dairTavs Kvela brunvis niSans (SatberaSvilis zurabis)?

vfiqrobT, Sebrunebuli wKobis SemTxvevaSi Kvelaze bunebrivi

Cans (metKvelebaSic Kvelaze xSirad swored am saxiT dastur-

deba) meore varianti (SatberaSvili zurabis, SatberaSvili

zurabiT, Sdr.: wiTeli vaSlis, wiTeli vaSliT).

1. saxelisa da gvaris Sebrunebuli wKobis SemTxvevebSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia, gvari TanxmovanfuZiania Tu xmovanfuZia-

ni. es ukanaskneli (xmovanfuZiani gvari) saxelTan brunebisas

iseve moiqceva, rogorc xmovanfuZiani msazGvreli, romelic

win uswrebs sazGvruls (mag., mwvane mindori), mxolod wode-

biT brunvaSi (mimarTvis formaSi) saxeli warmodgenili iqneba

fuZis saxiT:

sax. CxeiZe daviT-i faGava guram-i

moTxr. CxeiZe daviT-ma faGava guram-ma sax. SatberaSvil-i zurab-i dadian-i qeTevan-i

mic. CxeiZe daviT-s faGava guram-s moTxr. SatberaSvil-ma zurab-ma dadian-ma qaTevan-ma

naT. CxeiZe daviT-is faGava guram-is mic. SatberaSvil zurab-s dadian qeTevan-s

moqm. CxeiZe daviT-iT faGava guram-iT naT. SatberaSvil-i zurab-is dadian-i qeTevan-is

viT. CxeiZe daviT-ad faGava guram-ad moqm. SatberaSvil-i zurab-iT dadian-i qeTevan-iT

wod. CxeiZe daviT faGava guram viT. SatberaSvil zurab-ad dadian qeTevan-ad

wod. SatberaSvil-o zurab dadian-o qeTevan

analogiuri viTareba gveqneba araqarTuli xmovanfuZia-

ni gvarebis SemTxvevaSic:

amave wess daeqvemdebareba araqarTuli TanxmovanfuZiani

gvarebi:

sax. tkaCenko pavle axmatova ana

moTxr. tkaCenko pavle-m axmatova ana-m sax. ivanov-i petre paronian-i geno

mic. tkaCenko pavle-s axmatova ana-s moTxr. ivanov-ma petre-m paronian-ma geno-m

naT. tkaCenko pavle-s axmatova ana-s mic. ivanov petre-s paronian geno-s

moqm. tkaCenko pavle-Ti axmatova ana-Ti naT. ivanov-i petre-s paronian-i geno-s

viT. tkaCenko pavle-d axmatova ana-d moqm. ivanov-i petre-Ti paronian-i geno-Ti

viT. ivanov petre-d paronian geno-d wod. tkaCenko pavle axmatova ana

wod. ivanov-o petre paronian-o geno

44 45

3. Tu Sebrunebuli wKobis SemTxvevaSi gvari (Tanxmovan-

fuZiani Tu xmovanfuZiani) warmogvidgeba brunvis niSnebiT, sa-

xeli (ZiriTadad) gankerZovdeba (wigns gadavcem SatberaSvils,

zurabs; wigns gadavcem ivanovs, petres; davurekav faGavas, gu-

rams; davurekav tkaCenkos, pavles; es wigni aris SatberaSvilis,

zurabis; es wigni aris ivanovis, petresi; es nomeri aris

faGavasi, guramis; es nomeri aris tkaCenkosi, pavlesi; vamaKobT

SatberaSviliT, zurabiT; vamaKobT ivanoviT, petreTi; vamaKobT

faGavaTi, guramiT; vamaKobT tkaCenkoTi, pavleTi; Tavi gamoa-

cxada SatberaSvilad, zurabad; Tavi gamoacxada ivanovad, pet-

red; Tavi gamoacxada faGavad, guramad; Tavi gamoacxada tka-

Cenkod, pavled...).

wKlisae-� º wKise (imer.) : èqimbaSobs, Zroxis wKises wamals

akeTebs (I, 174);

barJgi _ boZi, burJi, sveti (imer.) : `Cveni, oTxi qvis barJgze

SeKudebuli nalia gadaeCvia Tavisi movaleobis

Sesrulebas~ (I, 210);

megr. : barJg-i _ boZi, sari, boZkinti, orkapiani Joxi.

Cxotva _ xis foTlis krefa, xisaTvis foTlebis gacla: `naliis

gverdiT... bjolis naCxoti wknelebia~ (I, 93); `gza-

dagza waCxote es tKis xili~ (I, 217);

megr. : Cxotiri _ gakawruli, daxleCili.

Cxotºcxont _ cxontua _ totebis Camoyra, kafva;

yvaryvali _ Tvalebis xamxami (imer.)

megr. : 1) siTxis wveT-wveTad wamosvla, wkanwkari.

2) uyvaryvaluans _ Tvalebs axamxamebs.

yengero _ wengo, (kaklis, lafnis foToli daCeCqvili, mdina-

ris wKlis mosawamlad da Tevzis dasayerad); T a m i l a z v i a d a Z e (soxumi)

Zigva _ Zveli, daZonZili tansacmeli (imer.)

kvlav zanizmebisaTvis imerulSi Sdr. : Zigva _ Sarvali, Sekerili oJaxSi moqsovili

uxeSi Salis nayrisagan (z. ayar.)

imeruli kilo sakmaod vrcel teritoriazea ganfenili,

rac ganapirobebs mis nairgvarobas kilo-kavebisa da Tqmebis mi-

xedviT. es dialeqti sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi

xdeba sxvadasxva sametKvelo kodebis Sereva.

megr. : Ziqva _ Sarvali; bambis (xamelinis) Sarvali

(s. makal.);

Zikva, Zigva _ qveda sacvali (laz. n. mari). qvemoimerulSi KuradGebas iqcevs zanuri enis kvali ro-

gorc fonetikur-morfologiur da sintaqsur TaviseburebebSi,

ise leqsikaSi. zanizmebi aq dialeqtizmebad aris gaazrebuli

da amave funqciiT vxvdebiT am regionis mkvidr mweralTa Semo-

qmedebaSic. r u s u d a n i o s e l i a n i (Tbilisi)

moxsenebaSi KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime leqsikur

erTeulze: nasesxebi sitKvebi svanur samSeneblo

leqsikaSi wKise _ ZuZus avadmKofoba (megr.).

Zroxa xbos rom moigebs, zogJer Tan dahKveba

ZuZus tkivili, amitom xbos ar ikarebs. Semdeg

uxurdeba ZuZu da ewKeba anTeba. mkurnaloben

balaxiT.

svanuri enis samSeneblo leqsikis ZiriTadi nawili sakuT-

riv svanuria da saerTo-qarTveluri, Tumca dasturdeba sxva

enebidan Semosuli terminebic.

gvxvdeba rogorc qarTuli, ise berZnuli, sparsuli, Tur-

46 47

quli da rusuli enebidan Semosuli leqsemebi. a) sakuTriv megruli kilosTvis damaxasiaTebeli:

nasesxeb sitKvaTa meti nawili qarTul saliteraturo

enas miekuTvneba.

verCis gesqilada _ `xelcarielad darCena~

xorxili ficarefi Cabares sawKobiS gamge xviCias, mara

xviCiaSi xes Teq qaSandGulu do minJeq verCis qigesqid _

(daxerxili ficrebi Caabares sawKobis gamge xviCias, magram xvi-

Cias es xelSi Semoadna da patroni xelcarieli darCa).

1. qarTulidan Semosul sitKvaTagan zogi fonetikurad

ucvleli formiT damkvidrda: (s…et `sveti~, yiSkar `yiSkari~,

agur àguri~...).

b) qarTuli saliteraturo enis eqvivalenti (samwerlo-

bo enidan Semosuli):

2. zog sitKvaSi garkveuli fonetikuri cvlileba momxdara:

a) o → …e (mag., sadg…em `sadgomi~)

kuCxi afu modgimili _ `fexi aqvs mokidebuli~ b) o → … (mag., kal… `kalo~, Sdr. lnt. kal)

Cqinwkˆma kuCxi afu modgomili xurebas (CvenTan fexi

aqvs mokidebuli xurebas).

g) a → a (mag., fica r `ficari~)...

3. ucxo enebidan (berZnulidan, Turqulidan, rusuli-

dan...) svanurSi Semosula sakmao raodenobiT samSeneblo leqsi-

ka: pala t (berZ.) `didi saxli~; kamra � (berZ.) `kamara~; da-

rba z (spasr.) `darbazi~ (svanuri sacxovrebeli saxlis meore

sarTuli); gumba T (Turq.) `gumbaTi~; buxar (Turq.) `buxari~;

balkon (rus.) àivani~; pol `(rus.) ìataki~; pad…al (rus.)

`sardafi~. aGniSnuli leqsikuri erTeulebi svanurSi qarTulis

gziT Cans Semosuli.

guol xonarq _ `xma gauvarda~

direqtoro moCqumalirc xaTe xolo guol xonarq _

`direqtorad mogzavnils male gauvarda xma~.

g) rusulidan qarTulis gziT Semosuli sitKvaTSexamebani:

TviTkritikaSi aldaCxirc _ kritikis qar-cecxlSi

TviTkritikaSi aldaCxirc gatares melax direqtorefi

do muSakefi _ `TviTkritikis qar-cecxlSi gaatares zogierTi

direqtorebi da muSakebi~. 4. sainteresoa qarTul-rusuli `hibriduli~ forma (ru-

sulis kalki): Sa…pol `sxveni~ (qarT. `Savi~ + rus. пол). ma‡unafali rolc la‡afenc _ `wamKvan rols TamaSobs~

raxano propagandisto ma‡unafali rolc la‡afens par-

tiuli gurafaSi xarisxis amaGlebaSi saqmesini... _ `radgan

propagandisti wamKvan rols TamaSobs partiuli swavlebis xa-

risxis amaGlebis saqmeSi~. m a r i n e k a k a C i a (soxumi)

kalkirebuli frazeologizmebi

megrulSi

k o n s t a n t i n e k a k i t a Z e (Tbilisi)

megruli presis enaze dakvirveba enobrivi urTierTobis

TvalsazrisiT saintereso masalas iZleva (o. miqiaSvili).

eTnolingvisturi paralelebi. I. amJerad KuradGebas SevaCerebT sitKvaTSexamebebze (idio-

mebze), romlebic `KazaKiSi gazeTis~ mixedviT dasturdeba me-

gruli presis enaSi.

adamianebi uZvelesi droidan iKenebdnen avi sulebisa da

avi Tvalisgan dasacav sagnebs (avgarozebs, Tilismebs, amule-

tebs), romelTac isini ukavSirebdnen bednierebis, gankurnebisa

da warmatebis imedebs.

dakvirvebam cxadKo, rom sitKvaTSexamebaTa sami tipi

gamoiKofa:

48 49

avi sulebis (adjaxa, hal-anari, dedei-ol, obur, ali, al-

ki, heSm, alhabi) da maTgan dasacavi sagnebis (Sana, dav, cicabe-

ra, cimcibur, cinciber, qisabera (kisambera), xviTo, Gvinya

(GvinJa), Ginyila / Ginyilo, G‰yi, Genyi,...) saxelebi da ritu-

alebi kidev erTxel usvams xazs qarTvelur da kavkasiur kul-

turul da enobriv siaxloves.

m a k a k a y k a y i S v i l i (axalcixe)

dominanti enis sakiTxi JavaxeTis

enobriv situaciaSi

orenovani matareblis, ufro farTod, orenovani koleq-

tivis enobriv qcevebs Tavisi xelisSemwKobi da xelisSemSleli

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi gaaCnia.

fsiqologiur aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba iseTi umniSvnelovanesi

sakiTxi, rogoricaa ZiriTadi anu dominanti enis raobisa da ore-

novnebis sxva komponentebTan misi urTierTmimarTebis garkveva.

imis garkveva, orenovani matareblebisTvis mocemuli ori

enidan konkretulad romelia ZiriTadi, dominanti da romelia

interferenciis ZiriTadi wKaro (Tu saerTod am Tvalsazri-

siT erTi SeiZleba iKos mTavari, meore meorexarisxovani), saki-

Txis ori sxvadasxva mxaris kvlevas niSnavs. misaGebad migvaCnia

azri, rom dominantoba warmoadgens amgvari tipis faqtorebis

rTul kombinacias, sadac TiToeul mxares Tavisi wona da

mniSvneloba aqvs. am moTxovnebis mixedviT SevecdebiT, gan-

vsazGvroT dominanti ena JavaxeTSi arsebuli enobrivi situa-

ciis Semadgenel komponentebs Soris.

enis SedarebiT srulfasovnad flobis mxriv CvenTvis sa-

intereso enobriv arealSi dominantad CaiTvleba ena, romelic

gamoiKeneba swavlebaSi, anu aris ganaTlebis miGebis ena. aseTi

erTi gamokveTili komponenti JavaxeTis enobriv situacias ar

gaaCnia. Tvali istoriasac rom gadavavloT, Kvela koloniza-

toris ena (Turquli, rusuli) garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi

iqca swavlebis enad, magram mxolod mokle xniT.

Seswavlis pirobebisa da asakis mixedviT JavaxeTSi arse-

bul enobriv situaciaSi xSirad iqmneba iseTi bunebrivi gare-

mo, rodesac mSobliurisa da meore enis SeTviseba TiTqmis Ta-

nadroulad xdeba, Tanac bavSvobidanve. amis gamo dominantobis

ganmsazGvrelad verc am moTxovnas CavTvliT. rodesac urTier-

Tobebis TvalsazrisiT vcdilobdiT dominanti enis garkvevas,

ramdenime problemam iCina Tavi:

a) Zneli aGmoCnda zustad Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna,

radgan Zalian mcire, niuansuri gansxvavebac arCevanze zegavle-

nas axdenda.

b) SesaZloa enis gamoKenebis romelime sferoSi orenova-

ni matarebeli erT enas ufro xSirad sargeblobda, magram es

sfero (Tundac sferoebi) ar iKo im raodenobis da imdenad

mniSvnelovani, rom enis dominantoba ganesazGvra. am niSnis mi-

xedviT CvenTvis saintereso enobriv arealSi dominantad SeiZ-

leboda CagveTvala rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri ena.

mosaubris sazogadoebrivi winsvlis faqtori KovelTvis

sakmaod seriozulad moqmedebda da moqmedebs JavaxeTSi. sazo-

gadoebrivi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT garkveul periodSi auci-

lebelma rusulma enam mkveTrad dakarga es funqcia. dGevande-

li realobidan gamomdinare, mas enacvleba qarTuli. process

ramdenime araenobrivi da arafsiqologiuri faqtori uwKobs

xels: qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusis gamKareba,

qarTul ekonomikur sivrceSi gawevrianebis survili, qarTuli

ganaTlebis miGebis survili. am da sxva msgavs faqtorebs ema-

teba, rogorc ukve vTqviT, rusuli enis gamoKenebis sferoebis

mkveTrad Semcirebis tendencia.

Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom zemoT CamoTvlili moTxovnebi

enis dominantobis gansasazGvrad srulia. Cven mxolod is mo-

Txovnebi mimovixileT, romelTac, migvaCnia, rom meti kavSiri

aqvs fsiqologiur mxaresTan.

50 51

T a m a r l o m T a Z e , m a r i n e q a c a r a v a (quTaisi)

sitKvaTa sesxebisaTvis Tanamedrove

qarTulSi

enaTa urTierToba asrulebs udides rols adamianTa sa-

zogadoebis, kacobriobis winsvla-ganviTarebis saqmeSi. miT uf-

ro dGes, rodesac msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxe ase myidro po-

litikur Tu kulturul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. Tumca aseTi

intensiuri enobrivi kontaqtebis, globalizaciis pirobebSi

sitKvaTa sesxebis ara mxolod dadebiTi, aramed uarKofiTi Se-

degebis winaSe dadga qarTuli sazogadoeba.

sitKvaTa sesxebisas, upirveles Kovlisa, unda aixsnas moti-

vebi, romelnic aiZulebs mosaubres, maT Soris erT enaze molapa-

rakes, Tavis leqsikur fondSi miiGos axali, nasesxebi sitKvebi.

saerTod, axali sagnebis, cnebebis aGniSvna aris mTavari

mizezi inovaciebisa.

Tanamedrove qarTulSi sitKvaTa sesxeba damokidebulia

rogorc subieqtur, ise obieqtur faqtorebze. sitKvis Semo-

svlas da damkvidrebas gansazGvravs ara mxolod enobrivi, ara-

med araenobrivi garemoebebi.

Tu gadavxedavT Tanamedrove presas, movismenT sxvadasxva

saxis radio-tele gadacemas, SevniSnavT, rom uamravi ucxouri

sitKva Semovida da gabatonda Tanamedrove qarTulSi. ZiriTa-

dad es leqsikuri erTeulebi Semovida inglisuris gziT, Tum-

ca warmoSobiT SeiZleba iKos laTinuri, berZnuli, germanuli,

franguli da a.S. magaliTad, reitingi, procesori, dileri,

Trileri, granti, tranSi, imiJi, Trefiqingi, patronaji, fran-

Sizi, referi, prestiji, holdingi, piari, prezentacia, benefi-

si, TineiJeri, transferi, viqendi, konsensusi, remiqsi, pudingi,

banknoti, monitoringi, brendi, forvardi, slengi, konformiz-

mi, aparteidi, draiveri, mesiJi, buqmeikeri da sxva mravali.

Tanamedrove qarTulSi am sitKvebis gavrceleba Kovelgva-

ri kontrolis gareSe xdeba. arada, qarTuli xom saxelmwifo

enaa da konstituciur dacvas eqvemdebareba. amitom iseTi

sitKvebis gamoKenebas, romelsac qarTulSi zusti SesatKvisi

moepoveba unda moveridoT. am dros enaSi Cndeba arasasurveli

sinonimia. magaliTad, farTi da wveuleba, niusi da axali ambebi..

zogJer nasesxebi sitKvis ekvivalenti gvaqvs enaSi, magram

romelime niuansi gvaZlevs sxvaobas: kompetencia da codna,

gadaricxva da transferi... aseTi sitKvebi unda gadaisinJos ama

Tu im dargis specialistebTan erTad da, Tu sazogadoebac mi-

scems sanqcias, igi aucileblad damkvidrdeba enaSi.

xolo, Tu sitKvas Semoaqvs enaSi axali mniSvneloba, ses-

xeba aucileblad unda moxdes, radgan aseTi enobrivi kontaq-

tebiT uxsovari droidan mdidrdeboda qarTuli.

n a n a m a y a v a r i a n i (Tbilisi)

afxazuri aS´ˆS´kams `yianyvela~ leqsemis

bgeraTfardobisaTvis mis qarTul SesatKvisTan

afxazursa da qarTvelur enebs Soris kanonzomier bge-

raTSesatKvisobaTa dadgenisaTvis mniSvnelovania am enebs So-

ris bgeraTfardobaTa gamovlena.

erT-erT SesaZlo bgeraTfardobad moxsenebaSi warmodge-

nilia afxazuri winaenismieri SiSina magari spiranti S´ da

qarTul / qarTveluri winaenismieri afrikati y.

afxazurSi aS´ˆS´kams, bzif. as¶ˆs¶kams aGniSnavs yianyvelas.

svanurSi imave Sinaars gadmoscems leqsema mˆrSk.

qarTulSi _ (z. imer.) binyveli, bunyKveli, leCx. bunyveli,

ray. bunyvela, Jinyvela < *dinyveli, xevs. buyKa `matli, mweri~;

megrulSi _ ykiykitia,

yanurSi _ dimyku.

savaraudo bgeraTfardobisaTvis moxmobilia kidev ramde-

nime magaliTi.

52 53

o m a r m e m i S i S i (baTumi)

idiomis gramatikuli struqturisaTvis

lazurSi

moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba kombinaciuri wKviliT

Sedgenili idiomebi lazuri dialeqtebis monacemTa mixedviT.

wKvilSi warmodgenilia SesitKveba: saxeli saxelTan (Sinaarsis

mixedviT Kvela Jgufis saxelebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs) da

saxeli zmnasTan, nazmnar saxelTan: sawKisTan an mimGeobasTan.

samecniero literaturaSi amgvari SesitKvebebis sintaq-

suri kvalifikacia erTgvari ar aris (a.SaniZe, l. kvayaZe,

v. Tofuria, iv. imnaiSvili, a. daviTiani...)

idiomis komponentebi gramatikulad erTfunqcianni arian

da maTi danawevreba ar SeiZleba. idiomi, rogorc sintaqsuri

kategoria, SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnes winadadebis sxvadasxva

wevrad.

m e d e a m e t r e v e l i (Telavi)

bilingvizmis kvleva metKvelebis doneze

Cven vikvlevdiT bilingvizmis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebs

metKvelebis doneze. kvlevis obieqti iKo 20 Sereuli oJaxi.

maT Soris: rusul-qarTuli svanur-rusuli, megrul-rusuli,

svanur-megruli, qarTul-somxuri, qarTul-azerbaiJanuli, qar-

Tul-qurTuli, qarTul-qisturi, qarTul-bacburi, qarTul-

osuri bilingvizmiT da a. S. Cveni dakvirvebiT mtkicdeba, rom

bilingvi-aramSobliuri enebis matarebeli da bilingvi-mSobli-

uri enebis matarebeli sxvadasxvanair gadaxras akeTeben normi-

dan ucxo enis Seswavlis sawKis etapze (pirveli metad, meore-

naklebad). magaliTad, erT-erT oJaxSi rusma qmarma ufro

uSecdomod aiTvisa qarTuli ena, vidre misma megrelma colma

(romelic ruseTSi iKo dabadebuli da gazrdili, icoda me-

gruli, magram ar icoda qarTuli ena), Tumca qarTuli da me-

gruli orive qarTvelur enaTa Jgufs miekuTvneba.

dakvirvebam aCvena, rom Znelia im bgerebis aTviseba, rom-

lebic aris ucxo enaSi, da ar aris mSobliurSi, magram ufro

Znelia asaTviseblad is bgerebi, romlebsac raGac saerTo aqvT

mSobliuri enis bgerebTan da, rac ufro metia msgavseba bge-

rebs Soris, miT ufro Znelia zusti gamoTqmis miGweva. maga-

liTad, [q] da [к], [f] da [ф], [п] da [f] da a.S. qarTul-rusu-

li bilingvizmis pirobebSi.

eqsperimentis safuZvelze Cven gavakeTeT bilingvebis mier

sitKvebisa da winadadebebis gamoKenebaSi daSvebuli Secdome-

bis klasifikacia da analizi. Sedegad gavakeTeT ramdenime

mniSvlenovani daskvna. magaliTad, sitKvebisa da winadadebebis

gamoKenebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi aixsneba imiT, rom Jer kidev

kargad auTvisebel ucxo enaze saubris dros azri pirvelad

gamoixateba mSobliur enaze da amitom mosaubre inarCunebs

aramSobliur enaSi Tavisi enis leqsikur-semantikur, frazeo-

logiur da gramatikul sistemas. mxolod enis kargad Seswav-

lis Semdeg adamiani TandaTan eCveva gamoxatos Tavisi azrebi

ucxo enaze. magaliTad, rusul-kavkasiuri bilingvizmis piro-

bebSi kavkasielebis rusul metKvelebaSi gramatikuli sqesis

ar arseboba: Женщина пришел и сказал. dakvirvebis Sedegebma aCvena, rom qarTul-rusuli bilin-

gvizmis pirobebSi interferenciis sxvadasxva saxeobebs aqvT

mdgradobisa da gavrcelebis araerTgvarovani xarisxi. magali-

Tad, Kvelaze metad gavrcelebuli da mdgradia intonaciuri

interferencia (gogo, идиоошь домооой?), mas mosdevs orToepi-uri interferencia (biCi Cemi dzmaa), Semdeg modis frazeolo-

giuri da leqsiko-semantikuri interferencia (grebeni) gadata-

niTi mniSvnelobis dros. Semdeg modis sitKvawarmoebiTi da

morfologiur-sintaqsuri interferencia (rusul-qarTuli bi-

lingvizmis pirobebSi: saxls TavisTvis aSenebs), (zedsarTavi

54 55

saxelebis xarisxebis warmoeba ingilour dialeqtSi azerbaiJa-

nulis gavleniT: сансары _ Zalian KviTeli, mangari _ Zalian

magari), da bolos leqsikur-semantikuri interferencia sitKvis

pirdapiri mniSvnelobis dros. (qarTul-rusuli bilingvizmis

dros: xata), (osur-rusuli bilingvizmis pirobebSi: Шило в мешке не утаишь _ туас голладжы амбахсан най).

morfologiis sferoSi urTierTmoqmedi enebis morfo-

logiuri sistemebi eqvemdebareba `gamartivebas~. urTierTmoq-

medi enebis morfologiuri sistemebi mdidrdeba morfologiu-

ri elementebis pirdapiri dasesxebiT sxva enebidan. gansakuT-

rebiT farToa sitKvawarmoqmniTi morfemebis dasesxeba. magali-

Tad, Мой муж целый день Toxaet. enebis urTierTqmedebis procesis Sedegebis analizis

dros sintaqsis sferoSi adgili aqvs ucxo enaze winadadebebis

agebis modelebis pirdapir gadmoGebas, aseve iseTi enobrivi er-

Teulebis gadmoGebas, romlebic uSualod emsaxurebian sintaq-

sur kavSirebs. magaliTad, Semodgoma _ mosavlis aGebis dro.

rusuli winadadebis gavleniT: Осень _ пора сбора урожая. oJaxur bilingvizmze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom enebis

urTierTqmedeba orenovnebis dros xdeba maTi fsiqofiziolo-

giuri meqanizmebis urTierTqmedebis gansazGvruli kanonzomie-

rebis safuZvelze. es niSnavs imas, rom ufro metad mdgradi

Cvevebi da saSualebebi, romlebic erTi enis fsiqofiziologi-

uri meqanizmebis komponentebia, Caanacvlebs naklebad mdgrad

Cvevebs da saSualebebs, romlebic bilingvis meore enis fsiqo-

fiziologiuri meqanizmebis komponentebia. fsiqofiziologiu-

ri meqanizmebis urTierTqmedebas adgili aqvs bilingvis enobrivi

sistemebis meore saxeobis arsebobaSi (Sereuli enobrivi sisteme-

bi). aseT dros warmoiqmneba Sereuli ena ori terminiT.

magaliTad, Она кричит, cavedi, cavedi, erTi miTxari,

куда пошла. Сама не знает, ar icis. interferenciis Sedegad xdeba meore enis modelis modi-

fikacia, anu mSobliuri enidan meore enaze winadadebis agebu-

lebis da sitKvaTa SeTanxmebis modelis gadatana. magaliTad, Я

учительница есть (qarTuli: me maswavlebeli var)

eqsperimentebis Sedegad dadginda, rom umetes SemTxveva-

Si bavSvebi `fiqroben~ dedis enaze, radgan oJaxuri bilingviz-

mis pirobebSi, ufro xSir SemTxvevebSi, dominirebs is ena,

romelzedac deda metKvelebs.

m a K v a l a m i q e l a Z e (Telavi)

nasesxebi da megzuri afiqsebis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis

(wova-TuSur-qarTuli orenovnebis

masalebis mixedviT)

I. idealuri bilingvizmis pirobebSi mSobliuri enidan

wKaro enaze gadarTvis xSiri sayiroeba ganapirobebs kodebs

Sors arsebuli manZilis ierarqiis moTxovnas, rac saTanado

asaxvas poulobs msesxebeli enis gramatikuli ierarqiis Kvela

doneze. orenovnebis Tanamedrove safexurze qarTulis mzardi

gavleniT wova-TuSurma mniSvnelovnad SezGuda sitKvawarmoe-

bis sakuTari saSualebebis gamoKeneba da qarTulidan isesxa

ramdenime saderivacio afiqsi (-ur, u_o, na_ar, ob←oba,

aT←ad).

II. didxans miiCneoda, rom wova-TuSuri Garibi iKo

sitKvasawarmoqmno saSualebebiT da mTeli simZime am mxriv kom-

pozitebze iKo gadatanili. gairkva, rom sinamdvileSi mas de-

rivaciis kargad CamoKalibebuli sistema aqvs, romelic

KuradGebas iqcevs Sinaarsobrivi Jgufebis simravliT.

gamoiKofa: qonebisa, uqonlobisa, kninobiTobisa, warmomavlobi-

sa, msgavsebisa, daniSnulebisa, xarisxisa, xmabaZviTi, abstraqtu-

li, CveulebiTi da lokaluri saxelebi.

ZiriTadi raodenoba warmoqmnil saxelTa Sinaarsobrivi

56 57

Jgufebisa kontaqtSi mKof enebs TiTqmis erTnairi aqvT, magram

gvaqvs garkveuli metobac rogorc wova-TuSuris, ise qarTu-

lis mxares. wKaro enasTan mimarTebiT saderivacio sistemaSi

arsebul metobas saTanado afiqsis dakargva mosdevs, danakliss _

metoba. sakiTxavia, riT aris motivirebuli sesxeba da ra gziT

mkvidrdeba ucxo afiqsebi enobrivi qsovilis im monakveTSi, sa-

dac Tanabrobaa.

n a n u l i n o G a i d e l i (baTumi)

-er da -at sufiqsebi zanur enasa

da ayarul dialeqtSi

qarTvelur enaTa urTierTmimarTebaTa sakiTxebis kvlevi-

sas gasaTvaliswinebelia dialeqtTa monacemebic. am Tvalsazri-

siT sainteresoa ayaruli dialeqti. ayarul dialeqtSi -er da

-at sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi mravali leqsikuri erTeuli das-

turdeba (Goberi, yiSeri, Cxveri... fucxata, buZgata, CiCva-

ta...). umravles amgvar leqsikur erTeulTa fuZeebi, rom ara

vTqvaT TviT -er da -at sufiqsebze, zanur-qarTuli erTiano-

bis xanisaTvis gamoKofili terminebi an zanuri substratis ni-

muSebia.

III. irkveva, rom, roca erTi Sinaarsisa da formawarmoebis

derivatebi upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, isini gansxvavebuli SeiZ-

leba aGmoCndnen mxolod im mizeziT, rom ekuTvnian enebs, ro-

melTagan erTi nakleb prestijulia, vidre meore. am motiviT

isesxa wova-TuSurma qarTulidan abstraqtulobis oba sufiqsi,

maSin rodesac mas amave Sinaarsis sakuTari ol sufiqsi hqonda.

sainteresoa, rom wova-TuSurma martivad ki ar Secvala

sakuTari sufiqsi ucxoTi, aramed daurTo mas swored e. w.

axali elferisaTvis. ase miviGeT rTuli Sedgenilobis l-ob

(← ol-oba) sufiqsi, sadac pirvel komponents meoris megzu-

ris roli daekisra. gvaqvs: nan-l-ob (dedoba), dad-l-ob (mamo-

ba), naKbist-l-ob (megobroba), masTxov-l-ob (mtroba), uCit-l-

ob (maswavlebloba)...

n i k o o T i n a S v i l i (cxinvali)

qarTul-osuri leqsikuri

IV. saderivacio sistemaTa qvecnobieri Sepirispireba bo-

lomde gagrZelda: wova-TuSuris ol daerTvoda arsebiTebsac

da zedsarTavebsac, qarTuli oba ki _ TiTqmis mxolod arsebi-

Tebs. Sesabamisad, msesxebel enaSi abstraqtul saxelTa warmoe-

bis axali modeli Seiqmna: zedsarTavebTan darCa sakuTari

warmoebis ol, arsebiTi saxelebisTvis ki gabatonda hibridu-

li l-ob. sainteresoa, rom am enaSi zedsarTavebisa da arsebi-

Tebs Soris qarTulis Targze gavlebuli es sademarkacio xazi

dGesac arsad irGveva.

toponimikuri Sexvedrebi

qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane `Zegli erisTavTa~,

romelic XII-XIV saukuneebis umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli qro-

nikaa, mogviTxrobs qarTlis mTianeTis araerT Tavgadasavals.

ZeglSi daculia Zvirfasi cnobebi didi liaxvis xeobis mTiani

nawilis, Tergis xeobis sawKisi monakveTis, qsnis xeobisa da mi-

si Senakadebis Sidateritoriuli daraionebis, ganaSenianebisa

da sxv. Sesaxeb. zemoxsenebuli wKaro gvamcnobs, rom liaxvis

saTaveebi Sedgeboda sami ZiriTadi teritoriuli erTeulisagan:

Trusavi, maGran-dvaleTi da qvemo dvalTas samosaxlo raioni.

V. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ol sufiqsis TiTqmis orsau-

kunovanma megzurobam qarTul oba-s gamoKenebis sakuTari tra-

dicia SesZina, SesaZlebeli gaxda damoukideblad ewarmoebina

mas wova-TuSuris sakuTari Zirebisagan abstraqtuli saxelebi

da sesxebac sabolood dafiqsirebuliKo.

specialur literaturaSi toponimi maGran-dvaleTi eti-

mologizirdeba, rogorc `tKiani dvaleTi~. es imitom, rom li-

axvis xeobis saTaveebis raioni maGal mTebsa da tKes warmoad-

58 59

T a m a r p a p i a S v i l i (Tbilisi) gens. `Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT aGniSnuli regioni _

`maGran dvalni~ da `qvemo dvalni~ sofel-Temebis mixedviT

arian daJgufebulni, esenia: koSkel-ioseburni, Tlevel-muGis-

velelni, zGuberel-rokaelni (qvemo dvalni), brutas Svilni,

keleur-kabuSurni, soJael-waelni da sxvebi. aqve vxvdebiT cno-

bas e. w. `Savi dvalebis~ Sesaxeb, rac faqtia da amgvar saxel-

debaze dakvirveba logikurad hbadebs azrs meore saxelwode-

bis `TeTri dvaleTis~ realurad arsebobis Sesaxeb. Kovelive

es ki faqtia, gvianfeodalur xanaSi osTa mier maGran-dvaleTi

saxeldebulia ùrsTualTad~ e. i. `TeTrdvaleTad~.

tradiciuli xis xuroTmoZGvreba da masTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi imerxevis

metKvelebis mixedviT

1. saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanve ganviTarebis maGal

safexurs miaGwia xis damuSavebis xelovnebam, kerZod, xis xu-

roTmoZGvrebam. mSenebelTa xelobebi diferencirebuli da sa-

xeldebuli gaxldaT qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamo-

cxadebisa da bibliis Targmnis periodisaTvis, rasac mowmobs

berZnulidan qarTul enaze pirvelad naTargmn bibliaSi dadas-

turebuli terminebi: `xuroni xeTani~ da `xuroni qvaTani~.

ZvelTagan saqarTveloSi xis ostats xiTxuros uwodebdnen,

romelic mogvianebiT Seicvala terminiT `durgali~. dGeisa-

Tvis am mniSvnelobiT ayarasa da istoriuli mesxeTis samxreT

nawilSi, tao-klarJeTSi, gvxvdeba Turqulidan Sesuli termini

ùsta~ (Turq. usta)

toponim ùrsTualTaSi~ urs warmoadgens msazGvrel na-

wils, iseve rogorc maGran `maGran dvaleTSi~. toponimi ur-

sTualTa gaiazreba, rogorc `TeTri dvaleTi~. urs osuri

warmomavlobisaa, magram TviT ursTualTa, rogorc `TeTri

dvaleTi~ azrobrivad eyvs iwvevs. ratom swored TeTri? aq

ara Cans realiebi amgvari toponimebis semantikisaTvis.

toponimi ursTvalTa gaiazreba CaCnur-qisturi enebis me-

SveobiT. aris CaCnuri sitKva òars~ rac niSnavs tKian qeds.

osur enaSi SeTvisebuli toponimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia o-s

gadasvla u-Si (gori _ gur, roka _ ruk), amitom fonetiku-

rad dasaSvebia urs-is warmoSoba oars-idan. urs SeiZleba mi-

viCnioT maGranis paralelurad, oGond sxva enobriv niadagze

warmoSobilad. Semdgomi xanis werilobiT ZeglebSi arsad

gvxvdeba `TeTri dvaleTi~, Cvenamde ki moGweulia misi kalki-

rebuli forma ùrsTualTa~. osebis mier qarTuli toponime-

bis kalkirebuli formiT SeTviseba kanonzomieri movlenaa, es

exeba, rogorc `Zegli erisTavTaSi~ moxsenebul leqsikur-to-

ponimikur erTeulebs, ise Tanamedrove geografiul nomenkla-

turas. dGesac gvxvdeba Truso-Torisqob, roka-ruk, qroni-Ciron,

qvaTeTri-ursdur, jamur-Zibir, TeTri wKali-ursdon da sxv.

2. 2007 wlis agvistoSi tao-klarJeTis erT-erT nawilSi

_ imerxevSi mowKobil eqspediciaSi monawileobisas Cveni miza-

ni iKo aGgvenusxa tradiciuli xis xuroTmoZGvrebis eTnogra-

fiuli Taviseburebani da saTanado leqsika; Cagvetarebina in-

terdisciplinuri kvlevis cda da aGniSnulis safuZvelze

gamogvevlina is saerTo, zogadqarTuli safuZveli, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia sazGvars iqiT darCenili mesxeTisa da saqar-

Tvelos danarCeni kuTxeebisaTvis.

3. imerxevis qarTul soflebSi anu, rogorc iq itKvian,

`gurJebiT~ dasaxelebul adgilebSi, tradiciuli xis xuroT-

moZGvrebidan gvxvdeba: vertikalur yrilSi warmodgenili or

an samsarTuliani ficruli saxlebi, romelTa pirvel KaTze

anu sarTulze mdebaroebs axori anu gomuri; meore sarTulze

_ saloni (igive _ misaGebi), meTuaGi anu samzareulo, defa-

ni (igive koridori), oda / wina oTaxi anu saZinebeli. samsar-

Tuliani saxlis mesame sarTulze beGela. orsarTulian saxl-

moxsenebaSi warmovadgenT dvaleTis istoriuli toponi-

mebis etimologias.

61 60

m e r a b r o b a q i Z e (Tbilisi) Si ki, meore sarTulze mdebareobs Suaoda anu sakuynao, ro-

melsac zogJer beGelsac uwodeben.

calke mdgom sameurneo nagebobaTa Soris (sabZeli, sasi-

minde, beGeli) imerxevSi gvxvdeba tradiciuli sabZeli, romel-

sac qors uwodeben.

`zoravar~ terminisaTvis qarTulsa

da somxurSi

1. daviT aGmaSeneblis istorikosi XI s-is cnobil qar-

Tvel moGvawes grigol bakurianis Zes moixseniebs `zoravarad~

(mxedarmTavrad). es sitKva qarTul wKaroebSi araerTxel fi-

gurirebs am mniSvnelobiT, amave dros farTodaa gavrcelebu-

li somxurSi amave titulis aGmniSvnel sxva sitKvebTan erTad.

xis sacxovrebeli saxlis ramdenime tipidan (wnuli _

facxa, Zeluri _ Jargvali, ficruli _ oda) warmodgenilia

ficruli odebi, romlebsac SeSis saxls uwodeben. gadasaxurav

masalad gamoiKeneba rogorc tradiciuli Kavari, aseve _ saJi.

4. xis Senoba-nagebobebTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis

Sekrebam aCvena, rom imerxevelTa metKvelebaSi daculia Zveli

qarTuli (mag.: zGve, saƒbovre, baga...) da uSualod imerxeuli

(mag.: saberavi, sagule, Suaoda...) leqsika; dasturdeba qarTu-

li enis sxva dialeqtebSi arsebuli terminebic (mag.: viriƒida /

vir(i)xida, sanarwKla�...). am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT axlosaa

imerxeuli da ayaruli dialeqtebi. imerxeulSi arsebuli

sitKvebi sxva kiloebSi dasturdeba rogorc identuri, aseve

gansxvavebuli semantikiTac, mag.: Grami (imerx., ayar., gur.) _

`naydevi~; kvanti (imerx.) _ `msxvili boZi~; (qarTl.) _ `lata-

ni~; (imer.) _ `yidaobis xerxi~. xis xuroTmoZGvrebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli leqsikidan imerxeul dialeqtSi Sesulia Turquli

terminebic (mag.: TaxTa _ tahta `ficari~; Temeli _ teme `sa-Zirkveli~; tomruli _ tomruk `mori~, romlebmac gamodevna

qarTuli SesatKvisi an dasturdeba paraleluri formebis saxiT.

2. somexi mecnierebi `zoravar-s~ somxur kompozitad

Tvlian, romelSic, maTi azriT, iranuli warmomavlobis `zor~

(Zala) sitKvasTan erTad monawileobs somxuri `varel~ zmnis

Ziri `var~ (marTva, xelmZGvaneloba). rigi qarTveli mecniere-

bic `zoravar~-s somxur sitKvad miiCneven.

3. `zoravari~ iranuli warmomavlobis sitKvadaa miCneu-

li qarTvel mecnierTa ilia abulaZisa da mzia andronikaSvi-

lis mier. maTi azriT, dabeJiTebiT somxuris meSveobiT qar-

TulSi am sitKvis Semosvlaze ver vimsJelebT.

4.`zoravari~ iranulSi gavrcelebuli sitKvaa, niSnavs

`Zliers~, `mZlavrs~ da misi morfologiuri analizic am enis

niadagze unda moxdes: `zor~ (`zur~) niSnavs Zalas, xolo kom-

pozitis meore wevri aris iranuli àvaridan~ (moKvana, mota-

na) zmnis awmKos fuZe. aseTi warmoebis zmnebi am enaSi gavrce-

lebulia. aGsaniSnavia isic, rom `zoravaris~ paralelurad

iranulSi gamoiKeneba `zorvar~, romelSic `zor~ sitKvasTan

erTad monawileobs sufiqsi `var~. qarTul wKaroebSi gvxvdeba,

somxurisgan gansxvavebiT, orive forma, rac somxuris meSveo-

biT qarTul enaSi am sitKvis sesxebas gamoricxavs.

Cven mier ganxiluli masala adasturebs imerxevis (zoga-

dad _ klarJeTis) danarCen saqarTvelosTan uwKvet kavSirs.

amasve mowmobs rogorc eTnografiuli masala, aseve Sesabamisi

leqsikac. amjamad samSoblosgan mowKvetili imerxeveli qarTve-

lebis KofaSi Jerac ar gamqrala, piriqiT, mtkicedaa daculi

xis xuroTmoZGvrebasTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebi da leqsika. 5. somxuris meSveobiT am sitKvis qarTulSi sesxebas

eGobeba somxuri enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi fonetikuri

movlenac, kerZod is, rom o xmovani, romliTac warmodgenilia

es sitKva somxurSi, momdinareobs av difTongidan, rac amosav-

lad gulisxmobs Zvel iranul `zavar~ formas. X s-is erT qar-

62 63

Tul warweraSi mowodebuli `zoravari~ somxuris meSveobis

SemTxvevaSi iqneboda `zavravari~, radgan av-is gadasvla o-Si

somxurSi XII s-mde ar xdeba.

6. somexi mecnierebi miiCneven, rom grigol bakurianis

Zis somxobis erT-erTi sabuTia am pirovnebis `zoravarad~ mo-

xsenieba qarTul wKaroebSi, magram, samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli

qarTvel mecnierTa mier, titulaturis aGmniSvneli sitKva

grigol bakurianis Zis somxobis funqcias ver Seasrulebs im

ubralo mizezis gamo, rom qarTulSic da somxurSic `mxedar-

TmTavris~ mniSvnelobiT damkvidrebuli iseTi iranuli warmo-

mavlobis sitKvebi, rogoricaa `spaspeti~, `sparpeti~, àmirspa-

salari~ erovnebaze ar miuTiTebs. es sruliad gamoricxulia

grigol bakurianis Zis mimarT, romelic mis mier Sedgenil

petriwonis monastris tipikonSi Tavis Tavs araerTxel moixse-

niebs qarTvelad, amasve adasturebs misi Tanamedrove somexi

istorikosi maTeos urhaeci.

m e d e a s a G l i a n i (Tbilisi)

svanuri da afxazur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri

Sexvedrebi. I. nasesxobani

samecniero literaturaSi gamaxvilebulia KuradGeba sva-

nurSi afxazur-adiGuri enebidan Sesul leqsikaze (s. JanaSia,

g. rogava, v. Sengelia...).

svanurSi kidev SeiZleba daiZebnos leqsikuri erTeulebi,

romelTa qarTveluri etimologia ver xerxdeba da isini

aGniSnuli enebidan Semosulad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

SevexebiT ramdenime maTgans:

1. svan. (bq.) …oGurcuz º oGurcuz º …oGurcu `boro-

ti, Suriani (adamiani)~ : adiG. …aG°ˆrcˆz ùbedurebis, waru-mateblobis momtani~, romelic Cerqezuls SeiZleba Tavis

mxriv nasesxebi hqondes.

2. svan. (zs., lnt.) g…a mi, lSx. g…ami `mZime~ : adiG.

g°a…(–) 1. `mZime (saymelze iTqmis)~, 2. ùsiamovno~ (… → m,

Sdr. adiG. …–s, svan. mus `Tovli~).

3. svan. (bq.) top. q…andar : adiG. q°and º q°and(–) `buC-qi~. Tanxmovani r, rogorc cnobilia, saxelobiTi brunvis niSa-

nia adiGur enaSi.

4. svan. (zs.) q{…}el `karavi anu droebiTi Gamis saTevi

(ialaGebze, Kanasa an tKeSi)~ : afxaz. a-q�a la, bzif. aq�a l

`karavi~, Sdr. adiG. q°–s 1. `farduli, Cardaxi~, 2. `gadmonaSve-

ri~.

5. svan. (bq.) q…ef `bevri~, q…efd `blomad~ : adiG. q°ˆf `Jgufi~.

6. svan (zs.) cˆrcma `fafa (qonnarevi)~ : afxaz. c°ˆrc°ma `TafliTa da qoniT Sezavebuli Gomi~.

7. svan. (bq.) la k… `saketi, urduli (karisa, yiSkrisa...)

xisgan gamoTlili~ : afxaz. a-l¥ku ùrduli, sanZali~, mag.:

aS°al¥ku ¥larS°! `kars urduli gauKare!~

8. svan. (zs.) sak. saxeli g…aSa : adiG. g°asI– / g°aS– `Tava-dis qali, kneina~, Sdr. svan. g…aSaKan da aseve adiG. g…–sInan

`Tavadis asulTa saalerso saxelTa wodeba~.

9. svan. (bq.) CileG… `curi, Jiqani~ : afxaz. a Cˆrgu.

mocemuli svanur-afxazuri fuZeebi semantikurad igiveobrivia,

xolo fonetikurad svan. i : afxaz. ˆ, aseve svan. l : afxaz. r,

svan. G : afxaz. g da svan. … : afxaz. u SesatKvisoba eyvs ar

unda iwvevdes.

svan. (bq.) JurJ{…} `kupati (saqonlis Signeulisa)~ :

adiG. Jorm– / j–r…– `nawlavebisgan gamzadebuli Zexvi~ (Sdr.

ray. Jurma). SesaZloa, svan. JurJ{…}ma fuZis gaorkecebiT iKos

miGebuli.

64 65

n a r g i z a s u r m a v a (Tbilisi)

enobrivi da dialeqturi kontaqtebi

(ayaraSi mopovebuli uaxlesi masalebis mixedviT)

1. aGniSnuli masalebi Cven mier Seikriba germanul-qar-

Tuli proeqtis (Volksvagen-Stiftung) farglebSi. proeqtis mo-

Txovnas warmoadgenda gardamavali zonis dialeqturi metKve-

lebis Cawera.

sakvlevad aGebuli gvqonda ori ubani: a) mesxeT-JavaxeTis

mosazGvre zemoayaris regioni _ soflebi danisparauli da

dioknisi mimdebare soflebiTurT, agreTve sof. vaSlovani,

romelic imave kilo-Tqmas anu sametKvelo kods miekuTvneba da

aq masalis Sekreba mizanSewonilad ar miviCnieT gardamavali

zonis metKvelebis TaviseburebaTa ukeT warmoCenisaTvis. b) me-

ore ubani iKo qvemo ayaraSi Semavali mayaxlis xeoba, romelic

amjamad orad aris gaxleCili da misi naxevari TurqeTis sa-

xelmwifos ekuTvnis. vimuSaveT soflebSi: zeda CxutuneTi, qve-

da CxutuneTi, CiquneTi, wiaxi, ayarisaGmarTi.

leqsikuri masalis amosaGebad viKenebdiT am miznisaTvis

specialurad Sedgenil kiTxvars, xolo Tematurad mravalfe-

rovani dialeqturi metKveleba iwereboda videofirze.

3. im cvlilebaTagan, rac dialeqtma uaxlesi 20-25 wlis

ganmavlobaSi ganicada (da risi Tvalis midevneba SesaZlebelia

xelnaweri da magnitofirze Cawerili adrindeli teqstebis sa-

SualebiT), upirvelesad TvalSi sacemia tendencia Turqul na-

sesxobaTa Semcirebisa. Turquli nasesxobani Kvelaze xSirad

gvxvdeboda zmnisarTebsa da e. w. funqcionalur leqsikaSi (na-

wilakebSi, SorisdebulebSi...), mag.: gerCeq, aJaf, meger, ama, iS-

te, goia, xoS da a. S. axla maTi xvedriTi wili mkveTrad Se-

mcirebulia, rac Sedegia TaobaTa Secvlisa. SedarebiT mdgra-

dobas inarCuneben nasesxobani naTesaur urTierTobaTa amsax-

vel leqsikaSi, Tumca aqac paraleluri qarTuli SesatKvisebi

sul ufro da ufro mkvidrad ikideben fexs. mag.: bibia da ma-

mida, xala da deida, dede da babua, nene da bebia...

SeiniSneba gramatikuli kalkebis klebac. magaliTad, sul uf-

ro iSviaTad gaigonebT SesitKvebebs: Cemi mamaCemi, misi dedamisi...

4. Cven mier migranti ayarlebisagan Cawerili metKvele-

bis nimuSebi saintereso masalas warmoadgens sociolingvistu-

ri kvlevisaTvis. dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu salaparako ko-

dis Secvlis pirobebSi ra tipis enobrivi movlenebi (gramati-

kuli, leqsikuri) iCens SedarebiT mdgradobas da piriqiT, ad-

vilad emorCileba cvlilebas. Cveni dakvirvebiT, SedarebiT

mKarad aris gamJdari saoJaxo da sameurneo nivTebisa da ia-

raGebis leqsika da am rigis dialeqturi formebi: wadis, wa-

aqvs, dasanTobad, -da nawilaki (ar icodnen maT-da!)...

5. enobriv TaviseburebaTa TvalsazrisiT, KuradGebas

iqevs aqamde naklebad cnobili faqtebi: zamoayarulSi rigi na-

Tesaobis saxelebis mravlobiTSi fuZis xmovansa da mravlobi-

Tis niSans Soris v bgeris ganviTareba, mag.: biZavebi, xalave-

bi, siZevebi, deidavebi (Sdr. qobuleTuri _ biZanebi, deida-

nebi, siZenebi). ar dasturdeba davebi da Zmavebi.

statikuri zmnebis III piris formebi: dgars _ dgaran,

jdars _ jdaran. Tqmebis mixedviT gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli vari-

antebi: dgans _ dganan, jdans _ jdanan.

mayaxluri metKvelebis specifikas Seadgens is, rom aq dGemde

Semogvenaxa sadaurobis saxelTa -ar sufiqsiani warmoeba. davadas-

tureT, amgvarad nawarmoebi 15 saxeli. sainteresoa, rom zogierTi

maTgani nawarmoebia toponimidan, romelic miekuTvneba momiJnave qe-

dis raions: uCxiTi _ uCxiTari, milisi _ milisari, namilisevi _

namlisvari, qosofeli _ qosoflari, dologani _ dolognari.

gamovlinda bevri ucnobi leqsikuri erTeuli, zogi maT-

gani KuradGebas iqcevs, rogorc sakuTriv dialeqturi warmo-

naqmni, zogi ki moulodneli semantikuri niuansis gamovlenis

gamo interess iwvevs sitKvis istriiis Seswavlis Tvalsazri-

siT. magaliTad, gombio `gogona, qaliSvili~, gamyriaxi lam-

buCka _ `kargad ganaTebuli~, ganaTleba (giminaTle, ganaT-

lda), `ganaTeba~, fanJris kari `fanJris frTa~.

66 67

a b e s a l o m t u G u S i (zugdidi)

2. vazis megruli JiSis _ kayayi-s saxelis megruli warmomavlobis sitKvaTa asaxvisaTvis

ucxour wKaroebsa da garmomcvel ena-kiloebSi etimologiisaTvis

1. ratom uweria ptolemaioss manrali da ara magrali?

maGlari vazis megrul JiSTagan erTerTi _ kayiyi, zog

mecniers, ratomGac afxazur JiSad miaCnia da misi saxelic

afxazuri hgonia. magaliTad, k. mayavarianis cnobiT, am KurZnis

saxeli momdinareobs im afxazi piris saxelisagan kayiy º kaJi-

Ji, romelmac, is TiTqos wamoiGo bomboris ganKofilebis uf-

rosisagan da gaaSena durifSis Temis sofel abgaraSi. bombor-

Si ki Tavis droze is general raevskis gamougzavnia (k. mayava-

riani, 1888). k. mayavarianis am werilze daKrdnobiT TiTqmis

igives imeorebs o. timofeevic (o. timofeevi, 1886).

ax.w. II saukunis aleqsandrieli berZeni geografosi klav-

dios ptolemaiosi erTgan wers: `kolxeTis zGvispira nawilSi

mosaxleoben lazebi, zeviT mdebare adgilebSi manralebi

( ) da ekritikis qveKnis mcxovrebni~ (n. lomouri,

1955).

megrelTa saxelis aseTi forma, ptolemaiosis Txzulebis

garda, sxvagan arsad gvxvdeba. is savsebiT marTebulad miaCniaT

megrelTa TviTsaxelwodebis damaxinJebul saxed. damaxinJeba

grafikul niadagze Cans momxdari. saqme imaSia, rom berZnuli

grafemebi (n) da (g), am akanasknelis dazianebis (qveda bu-

nis waSlis) SemTxvevaSi Zalian emsgavsebian erTmaneTs. aso-ni-

Sani aseT SemTxvevaSi aso-niSan -s identuri xdeba. ro-

gorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSic ase moxda ewera magral da miviGeT

manrali. rac Seexeba margal- formas, is megrulisaTvis eso-

den damaxasiaTebeli metaTezisis (bgeraTa adgilmonacvleobis)

gziTaa miGebuli (Sdr. grigoli _ girgoli, petre _ per-

te...).

rogorc erTi franguli wKarodan Cans, kayiyi megruli

vazis JiSia. saqarTveloSi safrangeTis konsuli S. de kutuli

1884 wels Tavisi mTavrobis meTaurisadmi moxsenebaSi werda:

`vazi samegreloSi xeze adis. aq KurZnis mTavari da kargi JiSia

wiTeli kayiyi. garda amisa aris lagvilauri (tkbili Gvinoa),

Ceyiye (sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro adre mwifdeba. sasiamovno

sasmelia~ (i. tabaGua, 1986).

kayiyi-s afxazur JiSad miCneva, xolo misi saxelis ki

viGac afxazis saxelTan dakavSireba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Se-

cdomaa. es kagad Cans ara marto iqidan, rom am JiSis vazis na-

rgavebi afxazeTSi rvaJer naklebi iKo, vidre samegreloSi (sa-

qarTvelos ampeolografia, gv. 192), aramed uwinaresad iqidan,

rom etimologiurad kayiyi mxolod megrulad aixsneba.

ptolemaiosis TxzulebaSi damaxinJebuli megrelTa TviT-

saxelwodebis Cems mier aGdgenili saxe m-agr-al-i eTnonim

margali-s Tavdapirvel, savaraudo formad miaCnda akad. arn.

Ciqobavas (a. Ciqobava, 1942). agr-ºegr- fuZe gvaqvs kolxeTis

Zvel qarTul saxelSi egr-i-si, qarTulsave eTnonimSi m-egr-

el-i. kolxuri *agr- fuZis kanonzomieri fonetikuri SesatKvi-

sia qarTuli egr- fuZe. m-agr-al-i Tavdapirveli, arametaTezi-

rebuli saxeoba Cans megrelTa dGevandeli TviTsaxelwodebisa

m-arg-al-i, sadac Tavkiduri bgera m- da bolokiduri marcva-

li -al warmomavlobis mawarmoebel afiqsebs warmoadgenen.

KurZnis qarTuli JiSebis saxeldeba xSirad misi mar-

cvlis garegnuli saxis, mtevnis, Kunwis maxasiaTeblis, lerwmis

feris, KurZnis gemos da surnelovnebis mixedviT Cans momxdari.

akad. iv. JavaxiSvilma vazis araerTi JiSis saxelisa da

TviT Sesabamisi JiSis garegnuli Tu sxva saxis maxasiaTeblebis

Tanxvedra gamoavlina. mtevnisa da marcvlis garegnuli niSne-

bis maxasiaTeblebs vxedavT KurZnis Semdegi JiSebis saxelebSi:

68 69

meliskudi, xarisTvala, Tavkvera, mxragrZeli, Kunwmagara,

kviristava, mtredis fexa da sxv. marcvlis sidide-simcire,

moKvaniloba, feri da sxva niSnebia mocemuli KurZnis JiSebis _

KurwiTela, Citis Tvala, KornisTvala, mrgvalKurZena, mykna-

ra, oqroKurZeni, mjavela, kvawaxura, rqawiTeli, varduli...

es ukanaskneli, afxazuri varianti am JiSis saxelisa, bo-

lokidur bgeramokvecili kayiyiji n -i Cans ueyvelad. jin me-

grulad niSnavs zedars, maGlars, yiye ki mcires, pataras.

meore variantSi ajkayiy ki maGlaris aGmniSvneli sitKva

jin-i gvaqvs da erTvis afxazuri a winsarTi. rogorc Cans, is-

toriulad megrelebi vazis am maGlar JiSs eZaxdnen rogorc

*jin wkayiye-s, aseve *wkayiye jin-s. pirveli afxazuri usesxia

*kayiyijin-s saxiT, meore ki *a-jinkayiy-s formiT.

megrulSic, msgavsad qarTulisa, KurZnis JiSebis saxelde-

ba xSirad amgvaradve xdeboda. araerT megruli JiSis KurZens

swored misi mtevnis, marcvlis, kurkis, foTlis garegnul niS-

nebze, KurZnis gemoze, maGlaroba-dablarobaze, sadaurobaze

mimTiTebeli saxeli hqvia. aseTebia: magaliTad, CeyifeSi, uCa-

xardani, dedˆfaliS kiTi, yiTaSi, koloSi.

amrigad, kayiyi KurZnis saxeobis miCneva afxazur JiSad

Secdomaa.

megruli JiSis vazis saxelebi substratuli danaSrevis

saxiT Semogvinaxes qarTulis im kiloebma (kerZod, gurulma,

ayarulma da leCxumurma), romlebic kolxTa odindeli gan-

saxlebis sivrceSia gavrcelebuli. T e d o u T u r g a i Z e , m a r i a m m a n J g a l a Z e ,

T e a t e t e l o S v i l i (Tbilisi) didi ivane JavaxiSvili savsebiT marTebulad ukavSirebda

vazis guruli JiSis CupeSi-sa da ayaruli JiSis Ciyibe-s saxe-

lebs megruli JiSis saxels CeyifeºCeyifeSi (iv. JavaxiSvili,

1986), es ki friad mniSvnelovania, da vazis am megruli JiSis

did siZveleze uTiTebs.

fonologiuri interferentuli movlenebi

kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli mTis kiloTa

warmomadgenlebis metKvelebaSi

KurZnis kidev erTi megruli JiSis saxeli maykvaturi,

romelic am sivrceSi gvxvdeba, rogorc akad. arn. Ciqobavam da-

asabuTa, momdinareobs megruli mayKvaduri-dan, romelSic

Semonaxulia qarT. mowKveta masdaris megruli kanonzomieri

fonetikuri SesatKvisi moyKvadua.

1. kaxur dialeqts axmetis, Telavisa da dedof-

liswKaros raionebSa ara aqvs /ƒ/, aGmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTis dialeqtebSi ki es fonema kargad aris Semonaxuli.

/ƒ/-s xmarebis sixSire kaxeTSi Camosaxlebul mTielTa

(TuSTa, xevsurTa da fSavelTa) metKvelebaSi damokidebulia

mTqmelis asakze da dialogis monawile adresatze. Camosaxle-

bul mTielTa axali Taoba /ƒ/ bgeras TiTqmis aGar xmarobs.

iseve, rogorc zemoT CamoTvlili saxelebi vazis JiSebi-

sa, kayiyi-c misi erT-erTi maxasiaTeblis, marcvlisa da kurkis

sipataravis aGmniSvneli Cans. wka megrulad kurkas niSnavs, yi-

ye ki mcires, pataras. wka yiye sitKva-sitKviT patara kurkians. kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli mTielebi /ƒ/-s xmaroben im sitKveb-

Si, romlebSic Zvel qarTulSi iKo (es kanonzomiereba mTis ki-

loebSi a. SaniZem SeamCnia me-20 s. dasawKisSi. igi dGesac moqme-

debs). Tumca aGsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebul raionebSi mcxovre-

bi kaxelebisagan gansxvavebiT Camosaxlebuli mTielebis metKve-

lebSi ar fiqsirdeba metaTezisi Semdeg sitKvebSi: xsna, xSiri

saxel kayiyi-s amgvarad axsnis sisworeSi gvarwmunebs mi-

si afxazuri saxelis ori varianti, sadac damatebiT Semonaxu-

lia am JiSis kidev erTi maxasiaTeblis _ maGlarobis aGmniS-

vneli megruli sitKva. afxazeTSi am JiSis saxelad gvaqvs ro-

gorc kayiy º kaJiJ, aseve ajkayiy, kayiyji (saqarTvelos ampeo-

lografia, gv. 192).

70 71

(Sdr. kaxelebis sxna, Sxiri...), miuxedavad imisa, rom ƒ / x Se-

nacvlebiT miGebulia arabunebrivi /xs/ da /xS/ kompleqsebi. es

uTuod imiT unda aixsnas, rom /ƒ/-s distribucia Jer kidev ga-

cnobierebulia da substituciis drosac moqmedebs.

2. friad saKuradGeboa damaval difTongebSi monawile

[�] bgeris statusi saxelTa da zmnaTa formebSi: (a) rodesac

mTis dialeqtebi da kaxuri fonemaTa gardaqmnis gzebiT scil-

debian erTimeores, kaxuris normaTa SeGweva mTis kiloebSi

veGar xerxdeba, kerZod, {h-} (s2,o3) piris niSnis alomorfebi

zmniswinis xmovanTa momdevnod kaxurSi gadadian [�]-Si (da�wve-

bi, da�wers, da�yknebi, Sa�yams...); mTis dialeqtebSi ki {h-} iZ-leva /s/~ /S/ ~ /z/ ~ /j/ ~ /x/ ~ /G/ poziciur variantebs. mTis dialeqtebSi sitKvaTa ZirebSic ar xdeba /s, S/ fonemaTa [�]-Si gadasvla (Sdr. kax. kombo�to, mu�ti `muSti~...).

kaxeTSi Camosaxlebul mTis dialeqtis warmomadgenelTa

metKvelebaSi interferencia ver ganxorcielda, radgan fo-

nematurad SeuTavsebel kompleqsebSi fonematuri garda-

qmnebi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT wavida kaxursa da mTis

dialeqtebSi.

(b) rac Seexeba saxelTa formebSi difTongebs, romelTa

SemadgenlobaSic Sedis [�], aq xmovanTa kompleqsebis gardaqmna

analogiuri iKo kaxurisa da normebi advilad Sevida mTis ki-

loTa qvesistemebSi. kerZod: procesi dasrulebulia upauzo

poziciaSi (-i > -� > Ø), pauzis win ki procesi gaiKina mTis dia-

leqtebSi (Zma�, xe�, wKaro�), kaxurSi ki aqac dasrulda (Zma, xe,

wKaro), rac am dialeqtis gavleniT sakmaod xSirad fiqsirdeba

mTielTa metKvelebaSic. savaraudoa, rom pauzis wina poziciaSi

i-s iotizacia da dakargva mTis kiloebSic TavisTavad dasrul-

deboda, magram kaxur dialeqtTan urTierTobam igi daaCqara.

72

rogorc zemoT aGiniSna (2a), mTis dialaqtebisaTvis

ucxoa [s>�] da [S>�] gardaqmna, amitom kaxuris micemiTi da

naTesaobiTi brunvebis iotirebulma formebma ver SeaGwies

mTis dialeqtebSi. Volksvagen-is fondis mier dafinansebuli

proeqtis ènobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi~ far-

glebSi mopovebuli masalis mixedviT mTielTa metKvelebSi ar

aGoCnda [Zma�] `Zmas~ da [Zmi�] `Zmis~ tipis formebi.

73

m a m i a f a G a v a (baTumi)

eqspedicia klarJeTSi

(sainformacio moxseneba)

2007 wlis 28 ivlisidan 7 agvistomde SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-

tetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi cen-

tris mudmivmoqmedi kompleqsuri eqspedicia (xelmZGvaneli

profesori mamia faGava) muSaobda istoriuli klarJeTis (ax-

landeli arTvinis gubernia, borCxis raioni) soflebSi, ker-

Zod: araveTSi (5 km. geografiul punqtamde aqac da qvemoTac

manZils viTvliT borCxidan), SuaxevSi (valaSi, oxorjia. 9 km.),

devisqelSi (<devisKeli? _ m.f. devisqelis xeoba), baginSi

(<bageni||bagani? 19 km. baginis xeoba), ibrikliSi (10 km.), ada-

golSi (11 km. yoroxis marJvena sanapiro), qarTlaSi (22 km.),

TxilazorSi (27 km.), avanaSi (28 km.), damfalSi (<dampali? 33

km.), trapenSi (37 km.), arxvaSi (40 km. yoroxis marcxena sanapi-

ro), quraSi (23 km.), gurbinSi (27 km. murGulis marcxena sa-

napiro), kokoleTSi (8km.), geulSi (14 km.), buJurSi (13 km.),

ozmanSi (15 km.), kordieTSi (17 km.), ZancurSi (21 km.), agara-

Si (24 km.), iskebSi (28 km.), kaparyeTSi (35 km. murGulis mar-

Jvena sanapiro), qamileTSi (5 km.), JuvanSi (||Jvani. 8 km.), ere-

gunaSi (12 km.), baSqo�Si (27 km. baSqoiswKlis xeoba,

murGulis marcxena Senakadi).

eqspediciam moipova mniSvnelovani dialeqtologiuri,

folkloruli, eTnologiuri, arqeologiuri, toponimikuri,

foto, video da audio masala, romlis mimoqcevaSi SemotaniT,

vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovnad waiwevs win qarTvelologiisaTvis Jer

kidev naklebadcnobili kuTxis Seswavlis saqme, maT Soris

klarJuli dialeqtisac. Tu klarJuli kilo gasuli saukunis

50-iani wlebidan qarTuli dialeqtologiisaTvis cnobili ga-

xda meri cincaZis mier kirnaTsa da maradidSi Cawerili

metKvelebis nimuSebiT (romelsac 90-ian wlebSi daemata S.

futkaraZis mier mopovebuli masalebi), klarJeTis soflebSi

eqspediis muSaobiT gafarTovda Cveni Tvalsawieri. vitKviT,

rom klarJuli kilo (zogJer mas livanursac uwodeben, magram

livana klarJeTis nawilia oden, amitomac Cven klarJuls vani-

yebT upiratesobas), romelic gavrcelebulia yoroxis (mi-

rveTs zemoT), devesqelis, murGulisa da qlaskuris xeobebis

soflebSi, sxva samxrul kiloebTan SedarebiT ukeTaa gadarCe-

nili. KuradGebas mivaqcevT erT faqtsac, kerZod, murGulis

xeobis zogierTi sofeli dasaxlebulia muhaJiri ayarlebiT

(baSqo� da sxvebi) da, bunebrivia, maTi metKveleba ver iqneba

klarJuli dialeqti.

e l z a f u t k a r a Z e (baTumi)

enobrivi kontaqtebi da ayaruli dialeqtis


saukuneTa manZilze SeduGabebulma saxelmwifoTa urTi-

erTobam asaxva hpova ara mxolod maT socialur Tu eTnogra-

fiul Kofaze, aramed xalxis cocxal, sasaubro metKvelebazec.

enobrivma kontaqtebma Tavisi kvali datova ayaruli dialeq-

tis dargobriv leqsikazec. leqsikur-semantikuri Tvalsazri-

siT saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens ayaruli dialeqtis sa-

meurneo Kofis amsaxveli masala. am leqsikas daucavs ara oden

sameurneo Kofis amsaxveli Zveli qarTulis leqsikuri erTeu-

lebi, aramed uxvadaa warmodgenili lazuridan Semosuli da

damkvidrebuli leqsemebi Tavdapirveli an metnaklebi saxec-

vlili formiT. gansakuTrebiT ki xSiria Turquli enidan

Semosuli leqsikuri formebi. mniSvnelovania is leqsikuri er-

Teulebi, romlebic Turqulidan Jer lazurSi, xolo Semdeg,

74 75

isev enobrivi kontaqtebis safuZvelze, ayarulis dargobliv

leqsikaSi damkvidrebula da gvaqvs erTgvarad sinTezirebuli

formebi. naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba ayaruli dialeqtis same-

urneo Kofis amsaxveli ramdenime leqsikuri erTeuli: akun-

cxuleba, bondvebi, xendegi, qoqebi, bondruGi, �eGini,

KaraKilCiGi, gune adgili, birilime º birileme, iqilime º

iqileme.

n a T i a f u t k a r a Z e (Tbilisi)

eleqtronuli da realuri komunikaciebi

urTierTgavlenis erTi aspeqtisaTvis

gvinda es Tu ara, globaluri qseli _ interneti gavle-

nas axdens enaze. moxsenebaSi ganvixilavT aseTi gavlenis erT

magaliTs.

ekonomiurobis principi, romelic saerTod axasiaTebs

enas da molaparake koleqtivs, gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria vir-

tualuri komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi. realur urTierTobebSi

mosaubre sakuTar emocias xSirad mimikis saSualebiT gadmo-

scems, rasac eleqtronuli gzavnilebis eniT ver moaxerxebs.

emociis gadmosacemad sayiro gaxda virtualuri simbolos

SemoGeba; dGes ukve aqtiurad gamoiKeneba sasveni niSnebisgan

Seqmnili èmociuri xatebi~ komunikaciaSi monawile piris

ganwKobis gamosaxatavad (Sdr., :-) _ Gimili. forumebisa da Ca-

tis enaSi maT `Gimilakebs~/`sicilakebs~ uwodeben, saxelwodeba

inglisuris kalkia, pirveli `Gimilakis~ avtoric warmoSobiT

amerikeli skot falmenia (19.09.1982), romelsac Cven uSualod

davukavSirdiT am moxsenebaze muSaobisas.

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia am simboloebis warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis istoria, mocemulia realur komunikaciaSi maTi

damkvidrebis prognozirebis cdac. aGniSnulia, rom eleqtronul

enobriv sivrceSi SemuSavebuli èmociuri xatebi~ TandaTan

ifarToeben gamoKenebis ares da internet-samKarodan TiTqmis

SeuzGudavad gadadian realur komunikaciur sivrceSic. mag.,

Cven mier mopovebul xelnawer araformalur werilebSi sakma-

od xSiria e. w. `Gimilakebi~; Tumca piraduli xasiaTis weri-

lebis garda maT ukve vxvdebiT maGaziis abrebsa Tu sareklamo

dafebze, iSviaTad presis enaSic.

aGsaniSnavia isic, rom Gimilaks ZiriTadad iKenebs komu-

nikaciaSi monawile piri sakuTari emociis gadmosacemad; Jer-

JerobiT, forumebis enasa Tu xelnawer werilebSi, mesame piris

emocia ar gadmoicema.

emociis garda `Gimilaki~ SeiZleba gamoxatavdes garkve-

ul frazas, mag., `calKbad gameGima~ da sxv. . popularizaciis

SemTxvevaSi advili SesaZlebelia, mTqmelis emociis gamomxatve-

li verbaluri remarkebi misi ekvivalenturi niSnebiT Seicva-

los ara mxolod pirad mimoweraSi, aramed mxatvrul nawarmo-

ebebSi, pulicistikasa da sxva saxis teqstebSic, rac, rasakvir-

velia, arasasurveli perspeqtivaa qarTuli da, zogadad, nebis-

mieri enisaTvis;

Tumca, SesaZlebelia am e. w. `Gimilakebs~ praqtikuli

daniSnulebac mieces; mag., dialeqturi an sxva saxis zepiri

teqstebis gadawerisas respodentis emociis gadmosacemad ram-

denime sitKvis nacvlad erTi simbolo iqnes gamoKenebuli. am

SesaZleblobis gamoKenebas dialeqturi teqstebis eleqtro-

nul versiebSi dasaSvebad miiCneven am sakiTxebze praqtikulad

momuSave specialistebi (marine beriZe).

vinaidan Kvela Gimilaki ar iGimis, vfiqrobT, saxelwodeba

`Gimilakebi~(ºsicilakebi) Seusabamoa; moxsenebaSi SevecdebiT

alternatiuli, ufro misaGebi da zusti terminis ganxilvas.

moxsenebaSi ilustrirebuli masala aGebulia eleqtro-

nuli sakomunikacio sivrcidan (forumebi, `Catebi~), satele-

fono gzavnilebidan da piradi xelnaweri werilebidan.

76 77

m i x e i l q a m a d a Z e (baTumi) m i x e i l q u r d i a n i (Tbilisi)

Turquli elemeti ayaris fonetikuri procesebis droiTi miJayvuloba

anTroponimiaSi da maTi mniSvneloba enobrivi kontaqtebis

qronologiis dadgenisaTvis

ayaraSi Turquli rejimis batonobis TiTqmis samsaukuno-

van periodSi fexs ikidebda aGmosavluri warmomavlobis saku-

Tari saxelebi. am kuTxis dedasaqarTvelosTan dabrunebis Sem-

deg ki TandaTan aGdga qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakuTa-

ri saxelebi.

fonetikuri procesebis (resp. kanonebis) moqmedeba

SezGudulia droiT. enis nebismier sinqroniul yrilSi povni-

eria fonetikuri procesebi dasrulebuli an moqmedi saxiT da

enobrivi kontaqtebis dros isini aisaxebian nasesxeb sitKvebSi,

rac sesxebis anu enobrivi kontaqtis qronologiis dadgenis

saSualebas iZleva, mag.:

amjamad ayaraSi gavrcelebul gvarebs xSirad adgilobriv

moixsenieben winapris, Tavdapirveli sacxovrebeli adgilis,

profesiis... saxelze Turq. oGli-s `Svili~ darTviT. mag., ese-

riZeebs (cxovroben Suaxevis raionSi) eserJoGlebs eZaxian.

gadmocemiT, maTi Tavdapirveli gvari Kofila zoiZe. magram,

radgan Turquli rejimis periodSi eserJoGlebs (Turq. eserJ-

xelovnebis raime nimuSis Semqmneli, xelovani) eZaxdnen, gvaric

amis mixedviT miiGes.

1. ebraul enaSi Zv. w. V saukuneSi moxda xSulTa spiranti-

zacia postvokalur poziciaSi sitKvis inlautsa da auslautSi:

B > V p > f k > x da sxv.

ganab `qurdi~ > ganav; Sepora(n) (anTr.) > Sefora(n); Enuk (anTr.) > Enox da a. S. qarTvel ebraelTa metKvelebaSi swo-

red es Zv. w. V saukunemdeli formebia SenarCunebuli, rac ai-

saxa kidec qarTulis mier pirvel ebraul diasporasTan enob-

rivi kontaqtis SedegebSi. es enobrivi faqtebi calsaxad adas-

tureben saqarTveloSi ebraelTa pirveli talGis Zv. w. VI sauku-

neSi mosvlis versias (qarTvel ebraelTa metKvelebaze, misi izo-

lirebulobis gamo ar gavrcelebula xSulTa spirantizacia).

axvlediani. eyvs ar iwvevs, rom es gvari -ian sufiqsiTaa

gaformebuli. ayaraSi axvledianebi xelvaCauris raionSi, ker-

Zod, ZiriTadad daba maxinJaurSi cxovroben. maT kirisi-

loGlebs eZaxian. savaraudoa, kirisiloGli < kiriseloGli `kir-

selis Svili~. kirsa ki sofelia nigalis xeobaSi (ix. S. futkara-

Ze. Cveneburebis qarTuli. baTumi, 1993. gv. 183), kerZod, borCxis

raionSi (amjamad TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazGvrebSia). maSasadame,

kirisiloGli aris kirseli kacis _ kirselis Svili. ebraelTa meore talGa, enobrivad arameizebuli, saqar-

TveloSi ax. w. II saukuneSi movida da moitana ebrauli (bibli-

is) sitKvebisa da anTroponimebis spirantizebuli gamoTqma:

SaqaraZe. gvaris amosavalia sakuTari saxeli Saqara. Saqa-

raZeebis erTi nawili Suaxevis raionSi cxovrobs. maT artaane-

loGlebs eZaxian. aqac aSkarad Cans, rom SaqaraZeebis es Sto

istoriul samxreT saqarTvelodan, kerZod, artaanedan arian

mosuli.

ever < eber èbraeli~, `xizani~ < ivri "id" < ibri (qarT. Kiu-ri),

melex `mefe~ < melek da sxv. moxsenebaSi sxva gvarebis Sesaxebac iqneba msJeloba.

ebraelTa mesame talGa, enobrivad germanizebuli, saqar-

TveloSi ax. w. XIX saukuneSi movida da moitana e. w. aStenazu-

78 79

ri gamoTqma:

ksiva `wigni~ < ktiva (spirantizebuli varianti) < ktiba da sxv. 2. Kvela am nasesxobis qronologiis dadgena uproblemod

xerxdeba fonetikuri procesebis mixedviT.

sparsul enaSi ax. w. III saukuneSi adgili hqonda KruTa

gamjGerebis process, rac gaxda mizezi Zveli sparsulis tran-

sformaciisa saSual sparsulad:

p > b t > d k > g

da sxv.

Atropatakan (top.) > Adrobadagan > Adarbadagan (metaTezisiT); pitiaxš > bidiaxš da a. S. am magaliTebidan cxadi xdeba, rom

qarTuli pitiaxSi nasesxebia Zv. sparsulidan (aqemenidebis

epoqa), xolo somxuri bdeSx "id" < bidiaxS (reduqciiTa da me-taTezisiT) saS. sparsulidan (sasanidebis epoqa).

Zvel da saSual sparsuls Soris gansxvaveba aris Tanxmo-

vanTkompleqsis asaxvaSic:

Zv. spars. : saS. spars.

rd > l Sarda (Zv.) `winamZGoli~ > Salar (saS. spars.) "id" es enobrivi faqtic imaze metKvelebs, rom qarT. sardali

nasesxebia Zveli sparsulidan, somxuri salar "id" ki saSuali

sparsulidan. saS. sparsuli salar qarTulsac aqvs nasesxebi

saSuali sparsulidan rogorc kompozitebSi spasalari àrmiis

sardali~ da amirspasalari àrmiis sardalTa mTavari~, aseve

calkec; ix. gvarsaxeli salariZe > º saraliZe (metaTezisiT),

rac bunebrivia, radgan qarTulsa da sparsuls uwKveti enob-

rivi kontaqtebi aqvT aTaswleulTa manZilze da, cxadia, Kvela

urTierTnasesxoba garkveuli fonetikuri procesebis amsaxveli

iqneba.

3. aseve mravalaTaswliani kontaqtebi aqvT berZnul da

qarTul enebs da am kontaqtebis Kvela qronologizebadi etapi

aris asaxuli orive enaSi.

berZnul enaSi ax. w. IV saukuneSi moxda labialuri

mjGeri xSulis spirantizacia:

antik. da elinist. bizant.

b > v am saKovelTaod cnobili fonetikuri procesis magali-

Tebi kargad aris asaxuli qarTulSi, maT Soris anTroponime-

bis paraleluri formebiTac:

Zveli nasesxobebi (IV saukunemde) axali nasesxobebi (IV s.

Semdegi xanis)

basili : vasili; barbare º babale : varvara; iobi (iobaS-

vili iobaZe...) : iovi (iovaSvili) da sxv.

4. somxur enaSi, ax. w. IX s., moxda lateralis spirantizacia:

: ramac mogvca saSualeba nasesxobaTa qronologizaciisa:

a) Tu saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis qronologiur done-

ze rekonstruirebadi l-s Semcveli sitKva axal somxurSi (aS-

xarabarSi) Seicavs G bgeras, is somxuris mier nasesxebia IX sa-

ukunemde, xolo Tu l-s Semcveli qarTveluri sitKva somxur-

Sic l bgeras avlens, is nasesxebia somxurSi IX saukunis Semdeg.

b) Tu saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis qronologiur done-

ze rekonstruirebadi G-s Semcveli sitKva somxurSi (grabarsa

da aSxarabarSi) warmodgenilia x an k bgeriT, is nasesxebia

somxuris mier IX saukunemde, xolo Tu qarTveluri G somxur-

Sic G bgeriTaa gadmocemuli, nasesxoba IX saukuneTa momdevno

xanas ganekuTvneba.

g) Sesabamisad, Tu romelime saerToindo-evropulidan

somxurSi namemkvidrevi -s Semcveli sitKvebi qarTulSi l-Tia

asaxuli, nasesxoba IX saukunemdelia, xolo, Tu qarTulSi G

aris povnieri, maSin nasesxoba IX saukunis Semdgomdroindelia.

aseve maqronolizebel xasiaTs atarebs somxurSi qarTve-

luri nasesxobebi, mag. zanurSi saxelis auslautSi momxdari

r-s palataluri afrikatizacia. mag.:

s/q. *m-wer-i : qarT. m-wer-i : zan. yanJ-i <*yaJ-i <*m-yar-i

da somx. yanj `buzi~, romelSic asaxulia ara mxolod r-s pa-

lataluri afrikatizacia, aramed momdevno etapic _ proTe-

80 81

tuli n sonoris ganviTareba. m a i a q u q C i S v i l i (axalcixe)

5. Kovelive zemoTqmuli iZleva Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTe-

bis uflebas:

k-s Semcveli sufiqsebi qarTulsa da

5.1. sitKvaSi asaxuli fonetikuri procesebis mixedviT

SeiZleba misi qronologizireba (laparakia rogorc nasesxeb,

aseve dasabamier sitKvebze) da lokalizeba (laparakia foneti-

kur dialeqtizmebze).

berZnul enebSi

k-s Semcveli sufiqsebi bevr enaSi dasturdeba da sainte-

resoa, rom berZnul enaSi SemorCenil formantebs miiCneven wi-

naberZnul formebad. qarTulsa da berZnulSi -k TanxmovanTan

kompoziciaSi Sedis Kvela xmovani. maT ZiriTadad kninobiTobis

funqcia aqvT.

5.2. qarTvelur enebSi povnieri nasesxobebi calsaxad aC-

veneben, rom arc erTi nasesxoba istoriulad dadasturebuli

enebidan ar momxdara saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis qronolo-

giur doneze da isini ganekuTvnebian fuZe-enis diferenciaciis

Sedegad warmoSobili calkeuli qarTveluri enebis damouki-

debeli ganviTarebis istoriul etapebs. es nasesxobebi calkeu-

li qarTveluri enebis mier aris nasesxebi uSualod romelime

istoriulad dadasturebuli enidan an SualobiT (erTmaneTis

an romeliGac sxva enis meSveobiT).

1. 1. sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs qarTulSi -ak, -ik, -ek, -uk ma-

warmoeblebs, rac iZleva SesaZleblobas davuSvaT, rom es su-

fiqsebi qarTvelurisTvis organuli iKo (r. gordeziani).

il. abulaZis mixedviT, -ak bolosarTi Zvel qarTulSi

TiTqmis erTaderTi mawarmoebeli iKo: agar-ak-i, gali-ak-i,

dor-ak-i, dan-ak-i, Txier-ak-i, kidoban-ak-i, knin-ak-i, nigoz-ak-i,

Svil-ak-i, tabl-ak-i... axal qarTulSi ki pasiuri da iSviaTi

xmarebis gaxda, Tumca teqnikuri literaturis enam -ak sufiqsi

kvlav gaacocxla: bagir-ak-i, Tamas-ak-i, Tval-ak-i, kbil-ak-i,

lilv-ak-i, mil-ak-i, nawil-ak-i, nems-ak-i, fil-ak-i, Gar-ak-i, wil-

ak-i... Tumca es procesi xelovnur elfers atarebs, rac gansa-

kuTrebiT Cans moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamoTvlili

formebi an saerTod ar ixmareba, an ixmareba maTi araqarTuli

SesatKvisi.

5.3. arc erT istoriulad dadasturebul enaSi ar aris

arc erTi nasesxoba saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enidan da Kvela

cnobili nasesxoba asaxavs saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis dife-

renciaciis Sedegad warmoSobili istoriulad dadasturebul

qarTvelur enaTagan erT-erTis Cvenebas.

5.4. raki saerToindo-evropuli, saerTosemituri da sa-

erToqarTveluri fuZe-enebisaTvis rekonstruirebuli arqeti-

pebi samive an samidan or fuZe-enaSi povnieri ziari sitKvebisa

ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan formiT, vidre am sitKvaTa

refleqsebi dafiqsirebuli amave enaTa oJaxis diferenciaciis

Sedegad warmoSobil istoriulad dadasturebul enebSi da

ar atareben am ukanasknelTagan romelimesTvis niSandoblivi

fonetikuri procesebis kvals, SegviZlia yeSmaritebasTan maq-

simalurad miaxlovebuli albaTobiT davuSvaT, rom samive fu-

Ze-ena Tanaarsebobda drosa da sivrceSi da swored maTi enob-

rivi kontaqtebi xorcieldeboda erTmaneTTan.

1. 2. berZnuli enis kninobiTobas Kvelaze mkafiod gamo-

xatavs sufiqsi –άκι. –άκι sufiqsi axal berZnulSi gamoiKeneba arsebiTi saxe-

lis saalerso-moferebiTobis ZiriTad mawarmoeblad.

Τσοπανάκης-is ganmartebiT, igi miGebulia Zveli berZnu-

li sufiqsidan -ιον. iqmneba warmodgena, rom -άκ-ιον-ze daboloe-

bul arsebiT saxelebSi sufiqsia -άκιον, romelic Semdgom fone-

tikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad iqca sufiqsad -άκι, iseve rogorc -ιος-i da -ακ-ιος-i iqca sufiqsad -ις > ης da -άκης-ad.

r. gordeziani aGniSnavs, rom beekesis mixedviT, Jer kidev

82 83

winaberZnulsa da etruskulSi realuri Cans -ακ sufiqsis

gamoKofa.

-ak (–άκ) sufiqsi qarTulsa da berZnulSi semantikuri

TvalsazrisiT msgavsia da gamoiKeneba saalerso-moferebiTobis

ZiriTad mawarmoeblad, Tumca berZnulSi mas damamcirebeli

funqciac gaaCnia iseT mamrobiTi sqesis arsebiT saxelebSi,

romlebic aGniSnaven profesias an xasiaTis Tvisebebs. maT sa-

erTo safuZveli eZebnebaT winaberZnulsa da etruskulSi.

1. 3. sufiqsi -ik rogorc saliteraturo enaSi, ise kilo-TqmebSic pro-

duqtiulia -ik sufiqsic. is makninebelia, xolo saxels mofe-

rebiT-saalerso iers –o-s damateba aZlevs. -ik varianti fun-

qcionalurad emsgavseba –uk-i sufiqsac.

1. 4. -ίκος (-ίκας), -ίκα sufiqsebs berZnulSic sakuTari sa-

xelebis moferebiT-alersobiTi forma aqvs, romelic berZnul-

Si Semosuli unda iKos laTinuridan, laTinuri kninobiTobis

mawarmoeblidan -icu, (mdedr.) -ica. (Αντριώτης). amrigad, -ika (-ίκα) sufiqss qarTulsa da berZnulSi mo-

ferebiT-saalerso datvirTva aqvs da rogorc fonologiurad,

aseve semantikurad erTmaneTis msgavsia. 1. 5. sufiqsi -uk mravali qarTveli enaTmecnieri Tvlis, rom rogorc sa-

literaturo qarTulSi, aseve mis dialeqtebSic, kninobiT su-

fiqsTa Soris Kvelaze gavrcelebulad -a sufiqsis Semdeg -uk-a

unda CaiTvalos.

1. 6. sufiqsi –ούκα axal berZnulSi ZiriTadad saxelTa ga-

mazviadeblad gamoiKeneba arsebiT saxelebSi. garda arsebiTi

saxelebisa, es mawarmoebeli sakuTar saxelebSic aqtiurad

gamoiKeneba, rogorc saalerso-kninobiTobis mawarmoebeli. Κ. Μηνά-s azriT, -uka mawarmoebliT laTinurSi iwarmoeba mrava-

li iseTi arsebiTi saxeli, romelsac gamazviadebeli funqcia

aqvs. isini ucvlelad isesxa italiurma, berZnulma da damkvid-

rda axal berZnulSic.

amrigad, sufiqsi -uk-a (-ούκα) qarTulsa da berZnulSi

fonologiuradac msgavsia da semantikuradac. ZiriTadad arse-

biTi (rogorc sazogado, ise sakuTari) saxelebis kninobiT-

alersobiTi formas awarmoebs, Tumca qarTulis zogierT sa-

xelSi damamcirebel iersac iGebs, xolo berZnulis sazogado

saxelebSi gamazviadebeli funqcia aqvs.

l e i l a S a l v a S v i l i (Telavi)

megrulis masala Tanamedrove

qarTuli gazeTebis furclebze

saqarTvelosTvis saxasiaTo mravalerovnuloba da, maSasa-

dame, mravalenovneba farTod aisaxa dGevandel qarTul presa-

Si, kerZod _ gazeTis enaSi. masalis siuxviT gamoirCeva megru-

li, rusuli, inglisuri, xolo TiTo-orola sitKviTa Tu fra-

ziTaa warmodgenili svanuri, afxazuri, CeCnuri, osuri, somxu-

ri, laTinuri, germanuli, Cinuri enebi (mare, meSex-meSxe, af-

sua, gergar, fandarast, saribari, gnac, her, iaxSi, oTus bi-

ri, in vino veritas; astvaw, inCu hamar; daine froind ist

volf aus tambov! ki, ki, Caina, Caina! da misT.).

gazeTebSi megruli gvxvdeba:

a) saTaurebad: marwkinia, didaSmavilari;

b) leqsis masalad: sxvisi sisxli ar gadisxa gogom al-

vistanam, es ra Tqvio, goluafiro, es ra Tqvio, nana;

g) locvis adresatis saxelad: TuTa, TuTaia, yvartls

gaatane warwKmedili eSmakeulni;

d) metsaxelad: mayarali, sisa tura, Cqimi zisnaxe;

e) eTnonimad, toponimad: kiribi(Si), menCurua, papaTis

gora;

v) megrelis SegonebisTvis: rodemde, paata? mu jamSa,

Jima, rodemde?

z) saTqmelis gasasaidumloeblad: skandidavso, _ Seigina

megrulad.

84 85

sagazeTo praqtikaSi megrulad Sezavebuli qarTuli

frazebia Cveulebrivi, iSviaTad odenmegrulenovani winadade-

bebi da leqsebic ki ikiTxeba. korespondenciebSi sagangebod

dgas megrulisadmi saxelmwifos damokidebulebis, misi skola-

Si swavlebisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi.

v a j a S e n g e l i a (Tbilisi)

qarTvelur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri

urTierTobidan

qarTveluri da Cerqezuli (resp. afxazur-Cerqezuli) ene-

bi monaTesave enebia da, bunebrivia, maT mravali saerTo leqsi-

kuri erTeuli gaaCniaT, amasTan, sakmao raodenobiT urTier-

Tnasesxobanic moepovebaT. zogierT maTgans SevexebiT.

1. Cerqezul enaTa Z– `Jari~ qarTulidan nasesxebad miiC-

nia n. iakovlevma, kerZod, aGniSnuli sitKva man qarTul Zala-s

daukavSira, raSic eyvi Seitanes semantikuri gansxvavebis gamo

(g. rogava, a. Sagirovi).

samecniero literaturaSi iKo mcdeloba qarTuli Zal-a

º Zal-i sitKvis megrul-lazuri SesatKvisis moZiebisa, kerZod,

is megruli Joloket `saTrevela, berketi~ sitKvis pirvel

komponents (Jolo < Jola) daukavSirda. amrigad, es sitKva sa-

erTo-qarTvelurad warmogvidga.

vfiqrobT, Cerqezuli Z–-sa da qarTveluri Zal-is dakav-

SirebisaTvis fonetikur-semantikuri xasiaTis dabrkoleba ar

arsebobs (miT umetes, i. abulaZis leqsikonSi Zal-isaTvis `Ja-

ris~ mniSvnelobac aris dafiqsirebuli).

es sitKva Cerqezul enebSi qarTulidan aris Sesuli, Tu

qarTvelur enebTan genetikur Sexvedrebs unda mivakuTvnoT?

orive am TvalsazrisisaTvis sakmao argumenti arsebobs.

2. aseTive sakiTxi dgas qarTuli bokver-is da adiGeuri

bˆkºˆ(-r) `xbo~ sitKvis urTierTobis SemTxvevaSic: isini saer-To warmoSobisac SeiZleba iKos an erTi enobrivi erTeulidan

meores hqondes nasesxebi.

3. samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia savsebiT lo-

gikuri Tvalsazrisi, rom qristianuli leqsika Cerqezul enebs

qarTulidan an qarTulis saSualebiT SeuTvisebia: Jor º jor

`Jvari~ (aseve, SesitKveba `pirJvris gadawera~), Kab. CˆrisTan

`qristiani~, Kab. m–ri–m `mariam GvTismSobeli~, bar–sk–z¶ˆ�(–)

òTxSabaTi~ (zedmiw. `mcire paraskevi~), b–r–sk–SxÀº(–) `paraske-vi~ (zedmiw. `didi paraskevi~), S–mb–T º s¶–b–T `SabaTi~... garda

amisa, Kabardouli enis mozdokur TqmaSi warmodgenilia

marxv– `marxva~, kº–rkº–t `korkoti~, z�–T `zeTi~.

4. a. Sagirovis Tvalsazrisi qarTulis gziT Cerqezul

enebSi `girvanqis~, `tolumbaSis~, `balis~, `zaqis~ aGmniSvneli

sitKvebis damkvidrebis Sesaxeb ufro mKar dasabuTebas sayiroebs.

r e v a z S e r o z i a (Tbilisi)

enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimarTebis

sakiTxisaTvis

1. èna aris niSanTa sistema~. SeiZleboda gveTqva, mowes-

rigebul, mkacrad gansazGvrul niSan-fonemaTa sistemao, magram

`sistema~ ukve gamoricxavs nebismierobas.

sistemaSi ierarqiuli diferencireba ara gvaqvs, _ Ti-

Toeuli wevri (ènobrivi niSani~, CvenTvis _ fonema, afiqsi,

sitKva) mTliani Jayvis aucilebeli rgolia.

qarTvelur sistemaSi a fonema-wevris (aseve, sxva foneme-

bis) nebismieri kanonikuri gamoKeneba aucileblobiT aris gan-

pirobebuli (Jayvis rgolia) da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ca Ziris

elementia, qceviT urTierTobas aGniSnavs, piris niSnis fun-

86 87

qciiTaa aGyurvili Tu sxva.

2. sistemaSi dasaSvebia niSanTa mxolod adgilmonacvle-

oba. termini pirobiTia (samuSao) da enis sistemaSi niSanTa

Senacvlebas gulisxmobs (maT Soris _ niSani: Ø). amave dros

aGsaniSnavia isic, rom igi sistemis SigniT, Sinagani, dafaru-

li SesaZleblobebis gamoKenebiT xdeba. adgilmonacvleoba Se-

iZleba iKos:

a) fonologiuri, _ roca: sistemis romelime erT ni-

Sans cvlis meore (gamomwvevi m i z e z i _ asimilacia, umlau-

ti... am SemTxvevaSi Girebuli ar aris) _ kac-koC...; an romeli-

me niSani `zedmeti xdeba, _ S2-is prefiqsebi; an niSani rTul-

deba _ Sqa : Sua...

b) morfologiuri, _ cvlileba mKofadis gamoxatvaSi

(lazurSi procesi Senelebulia), deiqturobisa da orientaci-

is orwevra sistemis samwevraTi Senacvleba...

g) sintaqsuri, _ gardamavlobis neitralizeba moqmede-

biTi gvaris samoqmedo obieqtdakarguli zmnebis Semcvel kon-

struqciebSi...

d) leqsikuri, _ roca erT niSan-formas meore enacvle-

ba (kuarTi: sacvali; sarkmeli: fanJara...), an niSnis mniSvnelo-

ba icvleba (qKveKana)...

3. sistemis wevrTa nebismieri adgilmonacvleoba salite-

raturo, normirebul variantSi SezGudulia (mas ar exeba ar-

tikulaciis sakiTxic, radgan is bazaa, mudmivad arsebuli da

makontrolebel-maregulirebeli); Tu mainc aqvs adgili, es

gamowveulia ganviTarebis tendenciebiT. zepir metKvelebaSi

adgilmonacvleobis sixSire gansazGvravs saerTo, ZiriTadi

sistemidan dialeqturi variantis gadaxris xarisxs. amasTan,

mcire gamonaklisis garda ara gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca

romelime saxis adgilmonacvleoba mxolod erTi dialeqturi

variantis kuTvnileba iKos da sxvagan ar gvxvdebodes.

4. enis mxolod komunikaciuri funqciiT gamoKenebisas

dgeba sistemis wevrTa adgilmonacvleobis sakiTxi (arsebiTad,

saliteraturo varianti komunikaciisaTvis arc moixmareba).

dialeqtur variantSi misi sixSire gansazGvravs gagebinebis xa-

risxs. amasTan, unda aGiniSnos ori mniSvnelovani faqtori: a)

dialeqturi varianti ar aris mowodebuli gagebinebis funqci-

iT iKos aGyurvili sxva dialeqtur variantTan mimarTebaSi, _

amisaTvis arsebobs saerTo, ZiriTadi varianti; b) dialeqtur

variantze mosaubrisaTvis gagebineba SeuzGudavia saerTo, Zi-

riTad variantze mosaubresTan, radgan adgilmonacvleoba xde-

ba pirvelSi, _ dialeqturi variantis `mflobeli~ ZiriTadi

sistemis gamoKenebisas ki ar `Targmnis~ saTqmels, rogorc es

xdeba sxva sistemaze saubrisas, aramed, Cveulebriv, saerTo-sa-

azrovno ZiriTad variants iKenebs sametKvelod.

5. qarTveluri sinamdvilisaTvis zemoT Tqmuli gulis-

xmobs, _ saerTo, ZiriTad, qarTvelur enobriv sistemasTan mi-

marTebiT, _ romlis amsaxveli qarTveluri saliteraturo

enaa, _ guruli, xevsuruli, ingilouri, fereidnuli, imeru-

li, lazuri, laSxuri... xasiaTdebian sistemis wevrTa adgilmo-

nacvleobis sxvadasxva sixSiriT, ar warmoadgenen sxvadasxva

enobriv sistemebs, isini erTi sistemis dialeqturi varian-

tebia, erTi genealogiuri xis sxvadasxva totebi da ara er-

Ti JiSis sxvadasxva xeebi.

m a n a n a C a C a n i Z e (Tbilisi)

enobrivi kontaqtebis leqsikografiuli

parametrizaciis sakiTxi

qeglis axal redaqciaSi

qeglis axal redaqciaSi (t. 1, Tb., 2007) warmodgenili

Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis leqsikuri fondis

leqsikografiuli parametrizacia leqsikis kvlevis mraval sa-

intereso aspeqts warmoaCens. saxeldobr, axali fondiT kon-

statirebuli qarTuli enis polivalentovneba leqsikis dina-

88 89

mikis kvlevis seriozuli wKaroa.

leqsikologiuri da leqsikografiuli TvalsazrisiT,

leqsikis dinamikis arsebiTi mxareebi mkafiod vlindeba leqsi-

kuri fondis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva monakveTis Sedarebisas.

moxsenebaSi Zveli da axali redaqciis monacemTa Sedarebis sa-

fuZvelze naCvenebia:

a) enobrivi faqtebisa da rig gareenobriv movlenaTa ur-

TierToba;

b) enobrivi kontaqtebis amsaxveli leqsikis (ase, mag.,

aGmosavluri, berZnul-laTinuri, rusuli, germanuli, frangu-

li, inglisuri) leqsikografiuli parametrizaciis specifika

da obieqturi maxasiaTeblebi.

m e r a b C u x u a (Tbilisi)

saerToqarTveluri *wen- da osuri bcenºbwen

formaTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis

kolxuri (zanuri) enis lazur dialeqtSi fiqsirebuli

urTierTmonacvle eTnonimebis _ laz-i º yan-i lokalizacia

imaze migviTiTebs, rom adreul etapzeve yan- fuZiT aGiniSne-

boda mTieli lazi. msgavsi opozicia mTieli (yan-i) ~ aramTie-li (lazi) damaxasiaTebeli unda KofiliKo megruli dialeq-

tisaTvisac. kerZod, mTaSi mcxovreb megrelebs istoriulad

wan-i º yan-i unda rqmeoda, Sesabamisad, maT sacxovrebel miwa-

wKals _ wan-ia ←*wan-e-a, Sdr. Son-e `svaneTi~. es ukanaskneli

forma dGemde daculi Cans samurzaKanoul kilokavSi. amave

wan- Zirs xedaven samxreTis qaris megrul saxelwodebaSic _

wan(i)-boria (s. JanaSia).

arqanJelo lambertidan moKolebuli dGemde yan- eTno-

nims gamoKofen hidronim yaniswKlis SemadgenlobaSic, rome-

lic megrulad me-19 saukunemde yan-ˆ-wKar-i formiT gamoiKene-

boda (grigol dadiani). dGevandel megrul metKvelebaSi sabo-

lood damkvidrda wen-wKar-i `yaniswKali~. Cveni dakvirvebiT,

am hidronimSi gamoKofili yan- º wan- veranairad ver daukav-

Sirdeba lazeTis yan-eb-s, mdinaris saxeldebis safuZveli adgi-

lobrivia, anu megruli. cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTi-

sa da samegrelos mTian nawilSi mcxovreb erT-erT qarTvelu-

ri modgmis xalxs uxsovari droidan moixsenieben rogorc wan-

eb-s. ramdenadac md. yan-(i-)wKar-i swored mTian samegreloSi

iGebs saTaves, amitomac mas wan-/yan-ebis wKali ewoda, Sdr.

megr. yan-ˆ-wKar-i º wan-ˆ-wKar-i → wen-wKar-i.

qarTuli wanar-eb-is wKarodac megruli wan-ar-i unda da-

saxeldes; wan-ar-i udris wan-el-s, anu wan-is tomis erT-erT

warmomadgenels. am TvalsazrisiT saKuradGebo paralelia ukve

Zveli qarTulidan kargad cnobili afs-ar- eTnonimi, romelic

megrulad gaformebuli afs(u)-el-i Cans (q. lomTaTiZe). megru-

li wan-ar- saxeoba Cans ptolemebs berZnul

formaSic.

megruli wan- saxeobis fuZe aseve daculia afxazur a-wan

formaSic. afxazTa xalxuri gadmocemiT, afxazeTis mTebSi

cxovrobdnen a-wan-eb-i. wan-eb-i (afx. mr. r. forma wan-aa) meJo-

geebi iKvnen da mosaxleobdnen bzifidan enguramde. maTi sa-

cxovrebeli saxlebis naSTebi gvxvdeba 2133-dan 2286 metris

simaGleze, afxazebi maT sadgomebs wan-ig…ara-s eZaxian (n. al-

bovi, s. JanaSia).

Tu qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetikis monacemebiT

visargeblebT, megrul-lazur wan- º yan- alomorfebs qarTul-

Si SesatKvisad wen- gaxmovanebis fuZe unda hqonoda, rac Tan-

xvdenilia saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis *wen- arqetipul mona-

cemTan. qarTulSi dGes wen- fuZe ar iZebneba, istoriulad mi-

si arsebobis kvali Cans Zv. somxur wen º yen `lazi~ eTnonimSi,

romlis wKarodac megrul-lazur alomorfebs ver vivaraudebT

im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom kolxur enaSi e gaxmovanebis wen-

º yen- ar dasturdeba da arc unda KofiliKo, Sdr. bgeraTSe-

90 91

satKvisoba qarT. e : zan. a (s.-qarTv. *e). amave saukunis dasasruls Tbiliss estumrnen Kolam-reza

xuciSvili da Kolam-hosein onikaSvili, rac agreTve saTanadod

aisaxa im drois publikaciebSi (ix. z. SaraSeniZe, `fereidneli

gurJebi~, 1969).

saerToqarTveluri (fuZeqarTuli) arqetipis rekonstruq-

ciisaTvis metad Girebuli Cans osuri folkloruli monaceme-

bi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs narTuli eposis osuri varianti, sadac

erT-erTi miTiuri xalxis aGsaniSnavad afxazuri a-wan-is (mr. r.

wan-aa) adgils osur teqstSi bwen (mr. r. bwen-Ta) forma ika-

vebs. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, osuri bwen- eTnonimisTvis amosava-

lia saerToqarTveluri *wen- arqetipisTvis savaraudo svanuri

kanonzomieri SesatKvisi, romelic gaformebuli iqneboda sa-

kuTriv svanuri mˆ- prefiqsiT da, albaT, jGerda rogorc mˆ-

yen an mˆ-wen. sitKvis TavSi fiqsirebuli svanuri mˆw- bgeraT-

Tanmimdevroba osurSi zepiris sesxebis dros *mw → bw saxeo-

bad iqna adaptirebuli.

ar SeiZleba ar aGiniSnos l. aGniaSvilis damsaxureba am

saqmeSi, ramdenadac igi pirveli iKo, vinc imogzaura fereidan-

Si da Tavisi dakvirvebebi warmoadgina monografiaSi `sparseTi

da iqauri qarTvelebi~, 1896 w.

rogorc cnobilia, fereidnuli dialeqtis mecnierul

Seswavlas safuZveli CaeKara gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi,

rac fereidnelTa Tavkacis _ seifola xan ioselianis Camo-

svlasTan iKo dakavSirebuli. qarTvelma mecnierebma (arn. Ciqo-

bavam, a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam) misgan Cawerili saKuradGebo ma-

sala gamoaqveKnes da gamoavlines manamde ucnobi fereidnuli

metKvelebis namdvili saxe, misi ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi.

amrigad, qarTveluri, afxazuri, osuri, somxuri da ber-

Znuli enebis faqtobrivi masalis mixedviT SesaZlebeli xdeba

saerToqarTveluri *wen- Ziris rekonstruqcia, romelic, al-

baT, mTiel qarTvels Tu aGniSnavda. uZveles istoriul peri-

odSi qarTvelis aGsaniSnavad *wen- terminis arsebobis utKuar

anarekls Cven vxedavT daGestnur monacemSic, sadac wor Ziri

qarTvelis tolfardia da qronologiurad win uswrebs gurJi

º gurji alomorfebs.

2. Cveni KuradGeba miipKro Kolam-hosein onikaSvilis we-

rilma, gamogzavnilma sparseTidan `Coni Tavgadasavali parse-

Tidan saqarTvelosaken mogzaurobis~ (gaz. ìsari~, 1907 w.,

sul 20 gv., gadmobeydilia z. SaraSeniZis dasax. monografia-

Si), romelic seifola ioselianis teqstebze 20 wliT adrea

gamoqveKnebuli. ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara sando es publikacia,

rogorc dialeqtologiuri teqsti?

masalis analizma cxadi gaxada, rom werilis teqsti Ca-

sworebulia da SesabamisobaSia moKvanili im drois samwerlo-

bo qarTulTan. davasaxelebT oriode magaliTs:

d a r e J a n C x u b i a n i S v i l i (Tbilisi) a) TvalSisacemia hipotaqsuri konstruqciebis maqvemdeba-

rebeli kavSirebis (romelic, radganac, rodesac, sadac...) sim-

ravle, rac ucxoa fereidnulisTvis;

fereidnuli dialeqtis Seswavlis adreuli

etapi, pirveli publikaciebi 2) gvxvdeba samwerlobo qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

gankerZoebuli sitKvebi da gamoTqmebi (rasakvirvelia, rogorc

viciT, imitom rom...);

1. pirveli cnobebi fereidnulis Sesaxeb qarTul presaSi

gamoCnda me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, rodesac fereidnidan

TbilisSi Camovida ioTama onikaSvili. qarTuli sazogadoebri-

oba siKvaruliTa da pativiscemiT gamoexmaura am movlenas.

3) fereidnulisTvis specifikuri leqsemebi da formebi

im droisaTvis Cveulebrivi variantebiT aris Canacvlebuli:

mgeli (geli), mTa (Ta), Tqveni (qeni), ramdeni (radgeni); pi-

92 93

rutKvi (piritKi); zmnis formebidan : vuamboT..., mosuliKvnen

(-nes); wavediT (waveliT) da sxva.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, werilis teqsti garkveul in-

teress imsaxurebs, ramdenadac masSi aqa-iq gabneulia fereid-

nulis specifikuri sitKvebi, frazebi, saxelisa da zmnis swo-

red am dialeqtisTvis niSandoblivi formebi, Tumca mTlianad

teqsti fereidnuli metKvelebis srulfasovan nimuSad ver Ca-

iTvleba. oriode magaliTi:

pirutKvebs SauwKeriT... pirutKvebs Zovna-ZovniT miuwKre-

bodiT (= mivrekavdiT); xalxis dasxletiT... cotas dasxleTiT

(= daSorebiT); cxenebi Sainaxa (= gaaCera); suniv (suKvelani);

cxeniani (= cxenosani); saweri (= werili);... im sawKal xalxma

ar daiZines... da sxv.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom fereidnuli metKvelebis namdvi-

li suraTi pirvelad mecnierebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda sei-

fola ioselianis teqstebis gamoqveKnebis Sedegad.

vfiqrobT, aGniSnulma masalamac Tavisi adgili unda da-

ikavos qarTuli dialeqturi teqstebis korpusSi (proeqti `sa-

qarTvelos lingvisturi portreti~).

n u g z a r c e c x l a Z e (baTumi)

sofel bazgireTis toponimebi

sofeli bazgireTi mdinare imerxeviswKlis marJvena Sena-

kadis bazgireTiswKlis saTaveebSi mdebareobs. mas CrdiloeTi-

dan esazGvreba karCxlis mTebi, aGmosavleTidan _ zaqieTi, sa-

mxreTidan _ ziosi da dasavleTidan _ Cixisxevi. bazgireTi xe-

obis erT-erT mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqtia. igi cnobi-

li iKo sasargeblo wiaGiseuliT (spilenZi, tKvia). aqedan

miiGeba misi dGevandeli ificialuri saxeli madenqoi (Turq.

madenkoK). warsulSi sofel bazgireTze gadioda gza rogorc

zeda mayaxlis mimarTulebiT (mTa "inawmindis" gavliT), aseve

ayaris mimarTulebiT. fafarTis mTidan erTi gza eSveboda me-

risis xeobaSi (qedis raioni), meore - miemarTeboda mareTis xe-

obisaken (Suaxevis raioni).

saxelwodeba bazgireTi (← baZgireTi) floronimia,

warmosdgeba sitKvisagan baZg-i. pirvandeli forma Cans baZgie-

ri: (baZg Ziri, ier mawarmoebeli): baZgi → baZgieri → baZgie-reTi → baZgireTi → bazgireTi. sabas mixedviT, baZgari aris

`xe ekliani yKornali~.

soflis saxelwodeba istoriul wKaroebSi, mkvlevar-mog-

zaurTa Canawerebsa da dGiurebSi, agreTve kartografiul ma-

salebSi, sxvadasxva formiT (baZgieri, baZgiereTi, baZgireTi,

bazgireTi...) dasturdeba.

dGes bazgireTi xeobis erT-erTi didi sofelia, sadac

100 komlamde cxovrobs, sofelSi sami ubania: zemo mehele, (//

zemobani), qomo mehele (// qomobani) da gameSeTi (// gamiSeTi).

sofelSi saoJaxo da saurTierTobo ena qarTulia, Cveni

KuradGeba miipKro erTma metad saintereso faqtma: soflis

uxucesebs, (gansakuTrebiT qalebs) da patara bavSvebs uyirT

Turqul enaze saubari, sofelSi SemorCenilia Zveli qarTuli

gvarsaxelebi: mesxiZe, TanToSvili, cvariZe, gamrekeliZe, kefoZe,

(// kefuenTi), gameSiZe, bolqvaZe. gameSeTSi ocdaaTidan 17 kom-

li gameSiZea.

saKuradGeboa aseve isic, rom soflis geografiuli no-

menklaturis absoluturi umravlesoba qarTvelia. toponime-

bis sawarmoeblad gamoKenebulia Kvela is topomawarmoebeli

da sitKvaTSeerTebis forma, romelic damaxasiaTebelia, kon-

kretulad rogorc imerxevis regionis geografiuli nomenkla-

turisaTvis, aseve saerTod qarTuli toponimisaTvis. xdeba

martivi (axo, cixe, Jvari...), afiqsebiT nawarmoebi: (gval-a,

laS-eT-i, kankl-ieT-i, sa-zgir-el-i...) da rTuli geografiuli

saxelebi, ZiriTadad orfuZiani (bagaTserebi, katrebiseri,

KvavinaJvari, yolopiri...), iSviaTad _ samfuZiani saxelebi

94 95

(SuagoraGele, CitiqvabiTavebi, qvakibiTavi...). rTul saxe-

lebSi gamoiKofa sitKvaTSeerTebis ramdenime Jgufi. dastur-

deba zanizmebi (oxorTi, oyivara...).

soflis toponimebSi umniSvneloa Turquli saxelebis

xvedriTi wili (iaTaGi, uCKardaSi, quCugiaTaGi, sarikala...).

toponimis fuZe Turqulia, mawarmoebeli _ qarTuli, an kom-

pozitis erT-erTi wevri Turqulia (qilis-eb-i, duz-eb-i, xo-

zanvake, gonJGele...).

Cven adgilze dawvrilebiT aGvwereT soflis toponimebi,

kerZod:

alvaniwKaro, asaxedi atianiTefe, axoseri, bagaTserebi,

bamieTi, bariseri, beyiklde, bindivri, gaGmayala, gvala,

gzapatari, gobaTi, gonJGele, didvake, didGele, duzebi, va-

kiboloTi, vaxtangivake, ziareTi, inawminda, kanklieTi, kan-

tiGele, kapanTavi, kenaTi, kvexai, kldiaTi, korkTavi, lek-

narTi, lekobniseri, mosaqcevi, mosacoxneli, morbedvali,

momwvaras wKaro, navriqedi, nakodikalo, nalKorTi, moxobni,

oyivara, oxorTi, pawa sartKelai, saburTia, sagoravTavakebi,

sadrameTi, sazgireli, sazomelaGele, saTibiwKaro, saTripi-

ri, sakupria, sarigvalafiCxebi, sarikala, sacinarai, sacxe-

nogza, sawiwmiTavi, sawkarunebelai, samayaxlovake, saxaxvia

Tefe, saxelixevi, sotiani vake, soyiqedi, suanixevi, tantra-

piTavebi // kldiTavebi, tbiTavi, tbipirTi, tKiayala saTibe-

bi, uburiaTaGi, uznafacaxi, ukankoTxi, urisaelavi, uCKar-

daSi, farTo Gele, faSisaJdomi, sionziTi, siGimiTi, tafi-

Tavi, qvakibiTavi, quCugiaTaGi, GarTi, KvavinaJvari, Suago-

raGele, wvrilmanvakeebi, wiTelKanebi, wiTluquabi, win-

saKarTi, SadGobelai, Suasotiani, Suaferdi, Citianiserebi,

CitiqvabiTavebi, yalaTi, xarisawolTi, yanyaxaTi, yolopiri,

xaviwai, xiStare, xligziTavi, xozanvake, xoxolao (saZovrebi);

arKlanTi, baqTi, boloyala, buyiai, mexrienTi, miGmiTi,

miwro ferdi, momewKina momwvarai, sameleqeTi, samxvalieTi,

sanekre, sarbolai, sasrolai, saubno, sauzniai, saqednia, sa-

wumarai, papasaTibela, ferdaTi, fosti, qasruani qaJaiqedi,

saxTomelai, singurTi, gomiskari, qvabikarTi, cicxvaTi, Cxe-

riziri (Canqeri), warmosaxedi, wKubawKaroTi, xerTvisi, xvan-

Tai, (saTibebi);

axo, baqTi, balTaKana, gobiskarTi, gogoebiKana (tba),

gonTi, salesvienTi, daburiaTaGi, defana, zedvake, SaragaTi,

GeleKana, Ginyvelivake //Ginyolivake, Kanebi, saxTanKana, xev-

bnelai, Jvariziri, cializiTi (saTesebi);

bamieTbolo, loTosana, xidiwverTi (tKeebi);

gameSeTi // gamiSeTi, zemo mehele // (zemo ubani), qomo

mehele // qomobani (soflis ubnebi);

golebi (tbebi);

karCxali, katrisebri, saCino, JanJiri (mTebi);

maGarebi (gamoqvabuli);

miwro Gele, faSiGele, KverilienTGele (Geleebi);

naqilisari; qilisebi (naeklesiari);

sartKelai (klde);

cixe //Kale (cixe);

xligza (gza);

Jvari (sasaflao)...

m a r i a m c i s k a r i S v i l i (Telavi)

kaxuri dialeqtizmebi wova-TuSebis

qarTul metKvelebaSi

1. XX saukunis dasawKisSi TuSebis barSi Camosaxle-

bis process intensiuri xasiaTi hqonda. wova-TuSebma

barSi Camosaxlebisas ukeT iswavles qarTulad metKveleba.

2. CaGma-TuSebTan myidro kontaqtis gamo mosalod-

neli iKo CaGma-TuSuri dialeqtis gavlena asaxuliKo

wova-TuSebis qarTul metKvelebaSi.

96 97

mopovebuli masalis analizma gvaCvena, rom wova-Tu-

Sebis qarTuli metKveleba mdidaria kaxuri dialeqturi

formebiT.

mag.: `mere ambaT gaagebines oJaxSi ro egre, egre, eg-

rea saqme~

ambaT: Sdr. kax. ambaT, CG. T. ambad;

àlbaT roca gada�hswKvita Tavis Tavze imeda...~

Sdr.: kax. gada�wKvita da sxv.

3. wova-TuSurSi SesaZloa iKos qarTuli enis idio-

maTa kalkirebis SemTxvevebi kaxuris gziT, rogoricaa:

dok lawdar `gulis wKena~

oƒus a�ƒSekx dok dawdi�e¹ se¹

ìman tKuilad matkina guli~

dakmaq oTár `gulze dadgoma~

maƒo¹ bakal dakmaq oTá¹ so¹

`puris lukma gulze damadga~

r o i n y i k a Z e (Telavi)

Tedo uTurgaiZis Tvalsazrisi enobrivi

kontaqtebis Sesaxeb samecniero-pedagogiuri

oGvaweobis dasawKisSi

anu

rogor iwKeboda Tedo uTurgaiZe

Tavs uflebas mivcemT ganvacxadoT: Tedo uTurgaiZe

iwKeboda nodar uTurgaiZidan! es iKo 50 wlis winaT...

nikoloz baraTaSvilis saxelobis goris saxelmwifo pe-

dagogiuri institutis qarTuli enisa da literaturis fa-

kultetis pirvelkurselebTan 1956-57 saswavlo wlis 1 seq-

tembers Semovida axalgazrda leqtori, romelic gagvecno no-

dar uTurgaiZed. igi gvikiTxavda qarTuli enis kurss; xelT

maqvs am leqciebis sruli teqsti, gulmodgined Cawerili Cem

mierve, ris mixedviTac SevecdebiT aGvadginoT Tedo uTurgai-

Zis Tvalsazrisi enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb.

pirvelsave leqciaze axalgazrda leqtorma gamokveTa Ta-

visi midgoma enobrivi sakiTxebis kvlevisadmi: `gramatikis Se-

swavlis meTodi aris istoriul-SedarebiTi... qarTuli sali-

teraturo enis Seswavlis dros aucilebelia vicodeT, rom

igi ar aris erTaderTi gamocalkevebuli ena; unda gaviTvalis-

winoT moZme da monaTesave enebis monacemebi, maTi Tavisebure-

bani... xSirad movlenis axsna, swori kvalifikacia ver xerxdeba

am enaTa Seswavlis gareSe~.

sainteresoa Tedo uTurgaiZiseuli terminologiuri ga-

miJvna: moZme enebad mas miaCnda qarTveluri enebi, xolo mona-

Tesave enebad _ kavkasiuri enebi. es debuleba naTelKo sai-

lustracio nimuSebiT; kerZod: qarTuli enis adreuli perio-

disaTvis niSandoblivi srulxmovnianoba axsna zanuris moSve-

liebiT (Tafli<_Tafali : Tofuri; ZaGli<_*ZaGali :

JoGori; matli<_*matali : munturi). qarTuli xmovandakargu-

li formebi intensiuri maxvilis zemoqmedebiT miviGeTo.

svanuris monacemebze daKrdnobiT ki gamoiTqva varaudi,

rom qarTulSi adreul etapze mesame subieqturi piris niSa-

nic prefiqsi iqnebodao (eJa l-i, eJa l-ˆg).

rodesac leqciis Tema iKo `zmnis piri~, Tedo uTurgaiZe

vrclad Seexo piris niSanTa geneziss da ganacxada: `piris ni-

Sani unda modiodes klasis niSnidan, romelic dGesac cocxa-

lia monaTesave kavkasiur enebSi~.

kavkasiuri enebis monacemebs ukavSirebda agreTve saxelis

brunvis niSnebis geneziss da askvnida, rom micemiTi, naTesaobi-

Ti, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSanTa TanxmovniTi

elementi s, d/T warmomavlobiT klasis niSnebiao.

T. uTurgaiZem enobrivi kontaqtebis sakiTxi gamokveTa

etimologiuri Ziebisas. leqciebze man KuradGeba gaamaxvila

98 99

mTis dialeqtebSi gavrcelebul toponimebze: `fSavSi, xevsu-

reTsa da TuSeTSi SevxvdebiT uamrav toponims, romlebis

warmoSobiT qarTuli ar Cans da modis CaCnur-bacburi enebi-

dan... magaliTad, TuSeTSi aris adgili romelsac hqvia `Jelar-

kue~: `Je~ CaCnurad aris `cxvari~, `larkar~ _ `kreya~, aqedan

adgilis saxeli `Jelarkue~ _ `cxvarsakreyi~. am adgilebis ge-

ografiul saxelebSi SeimCneva CaCnur-bacburi enis mawarmoeb-

lebis mTeli sistema: xi, lo, go, Co...

T. uTurgaiZem gagvacno `pirveli~ ricxviTi saxelis

warmomavlobis akaki SaniZiseuli varaudi, rac gaamKara bacbu-

ris monacemebiT.

Tu gadavxedavT Tedo uTurgaiZis uaGresad naKofier sa-

mecniero moGvaweobas, cxadad davinaxavT, rom misTvis, rogorc

Grmad erudirebuli enaTmecnierisaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia

TvalsazrisTa da SexedulebaTa saocari simKare. amas mowmobs

50 wlis win wakiTxuli qarTuli enis saleqcio kursi, sadac

im periodSi CamoKalibebulma debulebebma Tu gamoTqmulma va-

raudebma Tavisi logikuri ganviTareba da asaxva hpova mis mra-

val sakonferencio gamosvlebSi, samecniero statiebsa Tu mo-

nografiebSi. sanimuSod davasaxelebT erT faqts:

zmnuri kategoriebis ganxilvisas pirvelsave leqciaze

SemogvTavaza debuleba, rom `gramatikuli kategoria Kalibde-

ba toli da gansxvavebuli formebis SepirispirebiT~, rac TiT-

qmis sitKva-sitKviT gaimeora 2002 wels gamocemul monografi-

aSi `gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebisa-

Tvis qarTul zmnaSi~: `morfologiuri kategoria Kalibdeba

Tanazomian formaTa Sepirispirebis niadagze~ (gv. 9).

miuxedavad imisa, rom T. uTurgaiZe samecniero monapo-

varTa niadag damfasebelia, igi mainc ar epueba avtoritetebs

da Tavis pozicias Seuvalad icavs: Jer kidev 1957 wels waki-

Txul leqciaze eyvis qveS daaKena Tavisi usaKvarlesi maswav-

leblis akaki SaniZis mier CamoKalibebuli zmnuri kategorie-

bis uGlebisa da warmoqmnis kategoriebad daKofis marTebu-

loba da ganacxada: ùGlebisa da warmoqmnis kategoriebad

daKofa xelovnuria da arabunebrivi~. 50 wlis winandelma

Tvalsazrisma Tavisi ganviTareba da asaxva hpova zemodasaxele-

bul monografiaSi, sadac radikalurad gansxvavebuli Tvalsaz-

risiT zmnis kategoriebi daKo aqtantur, atributul da ko-

neqciur kategoriebad.

amrigad, Cven SevecadeT SeZlebisdagvarad aGgvedgina

dGes ukve saxelmoxveyili da Gvawlmosili enaTmecnieris Te-

do uTurgaiZis samecniero-pedagogiuri moGvaweobis pirveli

wlebi da 50 wlis win leqciaze mis mier CamoKalibebuli

Tvalsazrisi enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb, rac Semdgom ase

warmatebiT dagvirgvinda mis fundamentur gamokvlevebSi: `Tu-

Suri kilo~ (1960w.), `qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavise-

bureba~ (1966w.), `qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura~

(1976w.), `qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi~

(1986w.), `gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimar-

TebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi~ (2002w.)...

n i n e l i y o x o n e l i Z e (Tbilisi)

idiomebi garekaxurSi

(sarTiyalis metKvelebis mixedviT)

sofeli sarTiyala garekaxeTSi, samgoris velze, mdinare

ivris marJvena napirze mdebareobs. es sofeli adre sagareJos,

axla ki gardabnis raions ekuTvnis. igi istoriul wKaroebSi

me-16 saukunidan ixsenieba. sarTiyalaSi XIX saukunis dasawKis-

Si germanelebi Camoasaxles, xolo Sua aziaSi maTi gasaxlebis

Semdeg aq saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camoasaxles qarTve-

lebi; Kizlaridan (Kizlarelebi), sionis kaSxlis mSeneblobas-

Tan dakavSirebiT sionelebi (fSavlebi, xevsurebi), xaragaulis

raionidan (xaragaulelebi _ imerlebi).

Tavdapirvelad germanelebTan Tanacxovrebis periodSi

100 101

sofelSi arsebobda budionisa da telmanis saxelobis ori di-

di kolmeurneoba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaerTianebuli iKo

budionis saxelobis kolmeurneobaSi, ris gamoc maT budione-

lebi SeerqvaT da dGesac ase uwodeben sxvadasxva kuTxidan

Camosaxlebulebi, Tumca saxelwodebis amosavali mniSvneloba

dGes dabundovanebulia, masSi moiazreba mxolod garekaxelebi.

Kovelive zemoTqmulis mixedviT naTelia, rom am soflis

metKvelebis Seswavla friad saintereso suraTs warmoaCens di-

aleqtTa urTierTzegavlenis TvalsazrisiT.

amJerad Cven ganvixilavT sarTiyalis garekaxurSi (budio-

nelebis) metKvelebaSi dadasturebul idiomebs.

idiomebi leqsikis erT-erTi gamokveTili da gansakuTre-

buli ubania. igi ZiriTadad xalxuri warmoSobisaa da amdenad

dialeqtebis mixedviT maTi Seswavla mraval saintereso sa-

kiTxs wamoyris.

Cven mier sarTiyalis `budionelebis~ metKvelebaSi gamo-

vlenili idiomebi Semdeg suraTs warmoaCens. rogorc mosa-

lodneli iKo, maTi umetesi nawili saliteraturo qarTulSi

gamovlenil idiomebTan Tanxvdomilia. nawili ki 1. fonetiku-

rad cvlili formebiTaa warmodgenili: ainuSi ar Caigdebs,

Sdr. ainunSic ar Caigdebs `KuradGebas ar miaqcevs, arafrad

Caagdebs~; enaze yvali ar moedeba, Sdr. enaze yali ar moede-

ba `kargi molaparakea, laparakSi araferi abrkolebs~;

guli auCoKdeba, Sdr. guli auCuKdeba `grZnoba moereva,

tirilis xasiaTze mova~;

2. saliteraturo qarTulidan cnobili idiomis romeli-

me nawili Secvlilia mTqmelis metKvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li erTeuliT.

guli dauoCndeba `guli daumZimdeba `Sewuxdeba~;

Kels gamoiGadravs `Kels gamoiyris, `daiGupeba~, `Se-

rcxveba~;

pirs mailaSqravs `pirs moxsnis ìKbedebs~, ìlaqlaqebs~;

3. SeiZleba saliteraturo qarTulSi dadasturebuli

idiomi gafarToebuli, ufro dazustebuli saxiT iKos warmo-

dgenili.

autkivar Tavs aitkivebs `Tavs aitkivebs `gairJeba~,

`Tavs Seiwuxebs~

Tavs Sors daiyers `Tavs daiyers `Tavs Seikavebs~;

guli popoqiviT gauskdeba `guli gauskdeba `Zalian Se-

wuxdeba~;

4. iSviaTad cnobili idiomebi saliteraturo qarTuli-

sagan gansxvavebuli SinaarsiTac gamoiKeneba.

yiyinaze skdeba `Surs~, Sdr. yiyinaze gaskda ùcbad mo-

kvda~;

Tvalebi auyreldeba `cudad gaxdeba, Sdr. `Tvalis ay-

releba `motKueba~, Secdena~.

5. dasturdeba iseTi idiomebic romlebic Jer ar aris

asaxuli saliteraturo qarTulSi:

Tavs Samaifrens `Zalian gabrazdeba~;

qoCorze atrialebs `CxubiT gaakeTebinebs saqmes~;

qeds gaisqelebs `qonebrivad movargdeba, gaZlierdeba~;

landi gasdis `Zalian gamxdaria~;

fleitebidan aris moSlili `Zalian nervebaSlilia~,

brazis gamo veGar saqmobs~;

KurebSi saKuresaviT gaiKris `mtkiced daimaxsovrebs~;

Tavisi sapalne ar scildeba `mouclelia~, `KovelTvis

saqme aqvs~;

cxviri piridan ar iyreba `naTesavebi arian~, `ginda

iCxubon mainc erTni arian~ da sxv.

102 103

c i r a J a n J G a v a (Tbilisi) n i n o J o r b e n a Z e (Tbilisi)

qarTuli saliteraturo enidan megrul qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi fonetikuri

dialeqtSi Sesuli leqsikis Sesaxeb kompleqsis Semcveli zogi sitKvis Sesaxeb

(dialeqtTa monacemebze daKrdnobiT)

megruls, saerToqarTveluri warmoSobis sitKvebis

gverdiT, bunebrivia, moepoveba nasesxebi leqsikuri erTeulebi,

romelTa didi nawili qarTuli saliteraturo enidan aris

damkvidrebuli. sesxebisas sitKvaTa fonetikuri saxe xSirad

Secvlilia rigi fonetikuri procesis Sedegad:

saubaria xSiri gamoKenebis oTx formaze: tipuri (tipob-

rivi), faqtobrivi, miTuri da absoluturi. qarTuli salite-

raturo enis normebis mixedviT umarTebuloa maTi amgvari va-

riantebi: tipiuri, faqtiuri, miTiuri da absolituri. pirve-

li sami formis (tipiuri, faqtiuri, miTiuri) Secdomad miCne-

vis safuZvels qarTuli enis gramatikis wesebi gvaZlevs: saxe-

lobiTis -i niSani zedmetia -ur formantis win; Sdr.: kac-i _

kac-ur-i, ZaGl-i _ ZaGl-ur-i da sxva; rac Seexeba mesame

sitKvas (absolituri), misi amosavalia absoluti, romlisganac

aseve -ur sufiqsis darTviT unda miviGoT forma absoluturi.

1. momxdara afrikatizacia (mag., garZax < ganzrax, meZo-

beli < mezobeli, Zenware < zewari... ankeci < ankesi, qurci <

qusli, sakveci < sakvesi....).

2. dezafrikatizacia (mag., Gerze < GerZi, ‡urzeni <

KurZeni, garze < gamZle...).

3. TanxmovanTkompleqsSi pirvel elementad warmodgeni-

li bagismieri xSuli dakargula (mag., saralo < sabralo, xir-

zeli < fxizeli, moTxilafa < mofrTxileba...).

qarTuli enis dialeqtebsa Tu sasaubro metKvelebaSi

(da ara marto aq) sruliad sapirispiro viTareba gvaqvs:

saKovelTaod gavrcelebulia swored tipiuri, faqtiuri, miTi-

uri da absolituri formebi. ra aris amis mizezi? gansxvave-

biT sxva SemTxvevebisagan (rodesac dialeqtebsa Tu sasaubro

metKvelebaSi zepiri gziT Semosuli da arasworad gagebuli,

damaxinJebuli variantebi gvxvdeba), aq aseTi viTarebaa: swori

formebi (qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT) fo-

netikurad arabunebrivia enisaTvis (tipuri, miTuri, absolu-

turi), zog SemTxvevaSi ki (damatebiT) ena ufro mokle da

sxart variants aniyebs upiratesobas (tipiuri _ tipobrivis,

faqtiuri _ faqtobrivis nacvlad).

4. megrulisaTvis arabunebrivi Tanxmovani + sonori ti-

pis kompleqsis superacia sxvadasxva gziT:

a) xmovnis CarTviT (mag., naTilia < naTlia, xaTri || xa-

Tiri, Zimari < Zmari...),

b) sonoris win gadasmiT (mag., mardi < madli, sarsoli

< sasroli, arqemi < aqlemi...),

g) m → v (mag., xvareba < xmareba, saqvari < saqmari, sve-

na < smena...),

d) kompleqsis gamartivebiT (mag., Jari < Javri...).

qarTuli saliteraturo enis orTografiuli xasiaTis

normebis dadgenisas KuradGeba eqceva imas, Tu romeli formaa

ufro gavrcelebuli saliteraturo qarTulSi (1 punqti) da

romelia misaGebi qarTuli enis bunebriv kompleqsTa Tvalsaz-

risiT (3 punqti). vfiqrobT, am ori punqtis mixedviT arsebo-

bis ufleba aqvT qarTuli enisaTvis bevrad ufro bunebriv da

saKovelTaod gavrcelebul formebsac: tipiuri, faqtiuri, mi-

Tiuri da absolituri.

5. aa → a (mag., sarko || sariko < saarako, aSenu < aaSe-

na, saaTi || saTi...).

6. m + Tanxmovani > n + Tanxmovani an Ø (mag., nteri <

mteri, nware < mware, nZori < mZori... tkice < mtkice, wvani-

li < mwvanili...).

7. avi > ai → ei → e (mag., naTese < naTesavi, kare <

karavi, Sve < Svavi...) da sxva.

104 105

m a r i n a J G a r k a v a (soxumi)

nasesxebi zmnebi lazurSi

megrulsa da lazurs Soris gagebinebis e. w. sirTules

nasesxobebi iwvevs, rac drois garkveul monakveTSi kontaqte-

bis darGvevisa da sxva enebTan urTierTobebis Sedegia.

bunebrivia, rom lazurSi mravlad gvxvdeba Turquli eni-

dan Semosuli sitKvebi, bevria arabulidan da sparsulidan mo-

mdinare nasesxobanic, naklebad SemogvrCa berZnuli warmoSobis

fuZeebi.

nasesxobaTa Soris Zalze cotaa zmnebi. maTi gavrcelebis

areali zogJer calkeuli kilokavebiT Semoifargleba.

moxsenebaSi ganvixilavT lazurSi sakuTriv Turqulidan

da Turqulis gziT arabulidan an sparsulidan Semosul

zmnebs (doubaxCiSuf = vCuqni, bla†af = vsaubrob, vifiSmanam =

vinanieb); berZnulidan nasesxebia: 1. xurasuv (saCuqari) _

oxarsuvu (Cuqeba, boZeba). xurasuv Ziridan nawarmoebia zmna

buxarasuvam (vCuqni, vuboZeb);

2. xoron (cekva) _ oxoronu (TamaSi, cekva) _ bxoronaf

º vixoronam (vcekvav);

3. paramiTi (zGapari) _ oparamiTu (laparaki, saburi),

oparamiToni (saubris sagani, salaparako, is, rac unda auwKon)

_ paramiTams (laparakobs);

4. Gnosi (º nosi º nose) (azri, ykua) _ diGnosu (moykvi-

anda, azrze movida).

5. tra-Godu (simGera) _ otraGodu (samGeri) _ tra-

Goduman (mGerian), matara-Goden (memGereba).

nasesxebma Zirebma SeinarCuna ZiriTadi semantika. Tavidan

isini lazurSi, rogorc Cans, Semosulia rogorc saxelebi,

Semdeg ki moxda maTi morfologiuri gaformeba zmnebad. amgva-

ri nasesxobebi megrulSi ar dasturdeba.

106

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