14
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NTCÔoeehar Xm[aÐç{ZdmaUmMm‘oYm {H$arQ>
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
5
àmñVm{dH$
e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ joÌmV H$m‘ H$aVmZm Amnë`m {dMmam§Mo Am{U H$m`m©Mo bú` H$m` Agmdo? Agm {dMma H$aVmZm OmUdVo H$s d§{MV, emo{fV Am{U gdm©Wm©Zo nr{S>V Agboë`m KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo hoM bú¶ Agm`bm hdo. AWm©V A§Ë`moX`mMm ^md hmM CÔoe hdm.
`m CÔoemMr g’$b aMZm H$arV g‘n©H$ g§X^© Am{U H$mbgÑe VÏ`m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoV CÔoe : ehar Xm[aÐç{ZdmaUmMm ho nwñVH$ Iè`m AWm©Zo dmMH$mbm A§Ë`moX`mgmR>r ào[aV H$aVo. ehar Xm[aÐçmMo {d{dY H§$Jmoao, Ë`m~ÔbMm B{Vhmg, dmñVd, g‘O, J¡ag‘O `m gdmªMm `Wmo{MV g‘mMma KoV nwñVH$mÀ`m bo{IH$m S>m°. ‘oYm {H$arQ> dmMH$m§g‘moa EH$m doJù`m ‘w§~B©Mr H$Wm Am{U ì`Wm ‘m§S>Vo. `m H$WoV, `m ì`WoV 16 {df`m§Mm A§V^m©d Amho. ho {df` H$moUVo AgVrb? nwñVH$mMr gwédmV hmoVo Vr PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘ amoOJmamÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr `m {df`mZo. n{hë`m§Xm dmQ>Vo H$s, PmonS>nÅ>çm§~m~V dmMmdo bmJUma Amho ~hþVoH$. nU Vgo hmoV Zmhr H$maU nwñVH$m‘Ü`o ehar Xm[aÐçmMm D$hmnmoh H$aVmZm PmonS>nÅ>rg§X^m©V {dMma ‘m§S>bo AmhoV.
‘mÌ, ho {dMma PmonS>nÅ>r ~amo~aM ehamVrb gd©M g‘ñ`m§gmo~V àemgH$s` `moOZm§Mm, bmoH$gh^mJmMm, amOH$s` d¥ÎmrMm Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ{VH$ nmœ©^y‘rMm g§X^© KoUmao AmhoV. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©nmgyZ ‘w§~B© ehamMo YJYJVo Am{U {Od§V dmñVd `m nwñVH$mV nmZmonmZr {Od§V Pmbo Amho. ‘w§~B©Vrb pñWË`§VamMm B{Vhmg `m {df`mA§VJ©V bo{IH$m ghOnUo ‘w§~B©Mm
nmM
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
6
ghm / CÔoe … ehar Xm[aÐ>ç{ZdmaUmMm
B{Vhmg ‘m§S>Vo. YmamdrMo nwZd©gZ `m {df`mA§VJ©V ñb‘ S>m°J {‘{b{Z{`‘À`m YmamdrMo A§Va§J, YmamdrMo àý Am{U Cnm``moOZm `mda ^a {Xbm Jobm Amho. {ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU Am{U PmonS>nÅ>r `m {df`mA§VJ©V bo{IHo$Mo ‘Z g§doXZerb ‘moH$io hmoVo. EH$ g‘mOerb {e{jH$m ì`º$ hmoVo. PmonS>nÅ>rVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g‘ñ`m {Od§VnUo ‘m§S>VmZm bo{IHo$Mo eãX H$mVa hmoVmV. Vr doXZm ‘Zmbm MQ>H$m bmdVo. ‘w§~B©À`m g‘ñ`m, PmonS>nÅ>rVrb OrdZ `mda IynXm ~mobbo OmVo, nU Ë`m g‘ñ`m§da Cnm` H$m`? Va `m Cnm`m§~m~V Aä`mgy Am{U qMVZerb g{H«$` H$m`©H$Vm© Agbobr bo{IH$m ghO Cnm``moOZmhr gwMdVo. ZJa{dH$mgmÀ`m ‘yi àdmhmV PmonS>nÅ>çm§Mm g‘mdoe, ñdÀN> ^maV A{^`mZ D$’©$ H$Mam ì`dñWmnZ, emoY JmoR>boë`m dmQ>m§Mm-‘wbm§Mm, H$m¡eë` {dH$mg XoemMr JaO-`emMr JaO dJ¡ao {df`m§VyZ ehamVrb Xm[aÐç H$go Xya H$amdo `mMo ‘yë`m§H$Z bo{IH$m g‘W©nUo H$aVo.
g‘mOmda ào‘ AgUmè`m Am{U emœV ‘mZdr ‘yë`m§Mr àoaUm OnUmè`m§V àË`oH$ g§doXZerb H$m`©H$Vm©, {dMmad§V Am{U ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r CÔoe : ehar Xm[aÐ>ç{ZdmaUmMm ho nwñVH$ {Z{d©dmXnUo {XemXe©H$ Amho. `m nwñVH$m‘YyZ ‘oYm {H$arQ> `m§Mr qMVZerb, g§doXZerb Am{U Aä`mgy d¥Îmr {XgVo. hr d¥Îmr dm§MH$m§Zmhr OJÊ`mMr {Xem XoVo.
- `mo{JVm gmidrnÌH$ma, H$m`©dmh, g‘agVm AÜ``Z H|$Ð,
{gZoQ> gXñ` Eg.EZ.S>r.Q>r. {dÚmnrR>.
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
7
PmonS>nÅ>r Am{U ehar J[a~r ho ‘mPo Aä`mgmMo {df`. nU Ë`mhyZhr A{YH$
{Oìhmù`mMo.
Ë`mbm {Z{‘Îmhr AgoM Pmbo. IaoVa gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s Am{U godoMo
~miH$Sy> dmagm åhUyZM {‘imbo Amho. n§{S>V XrZX`mi CnmÜ`m`m§Mo A§Ë`moX`
doJio {eH$dmdo bmJbo Zmhr. nU Ooìhm `wdH$ à{Vð>mZÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {’$aVm
XdmImZm Am{U VnmgUr {e{~ao dñË`mdñË`m§VyZ KoV Agy Voìhm EH$Xm Aem
{e{~amV ^oQ>bobo EH$ d`ñH$a J¥hñW åhUmbo, "^m^r, Vwåhr hr dadaMr
‘b‘nÅ>r H$aVm, Ë`mMm H$m` Cn`moJ? Ë`mnojm ‘wimbmM hmV Kmbm.' ‘r
ImobmV OmD$Z {dMmabo Va åhUmbo - "Am‘À`m Km‘mMo Am{U aº$mMo n¡go
OmVmV PmonS>nÅ>r XmXmÀ`m {IemV. Vmo eoOmaÀ`m JwÎ`mV ~gyZ Xmê$ T>mogVmo Vr
Am‘À`m n¡emMr Am{U Am‘À`m ‘wbm§Zm EH$m doiMo XyY nU {‘iV Zmhr.'
˶m§Mo dmŠ` ‘ZmV ‘moS>Š`m H$mQ>çmgmaIo éVyZ ~gbo.
Ë`mVyZ {dMma Ambm, PmonS>nÅ>rVrb gm‘m{OH$ H$m`m©Mr gm§JS>
Aä`mgH$mÀ`m ^y{‘Ho$VyZ VnmgÊ`mMm. Ë`mda {dMma H$aÊ`mMm. VmoS>Jm {ZKVmo
H$m Vo nmhÊ`mMm. gmono ZìhVo Vo. PmonS>nÅ>r ZmdmbmM {H$Vr {damoY hmoVm, nU
S>m°. a‘oe gmZo ga `m§À`m àmoËgmhZm‘wio, ‘w§~B© {dœ{dÚmb`mV doJim {d^mJ
CKS>Ê`mn`ªV Pon KoVm Ambr. `m {df`mH$So> nmhÊ`mMm bmoH$m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ
~Xbbm, Ë`mMr à{MVr Ambr.
‘ZmoJV
gmV
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
8
Ago AZoH$ {Xdg Jobo H$s, Voìhm ‘r XodimV Jobo ZgoZ; nU PmonS>nÅ>rV Joë`m{edm` am{hbo Zmhr.
Ë`m ‘mÂ`m dñË`mdñË`m§‘YyZ ^oQ>boë`m Xod-XodVm§‘wioM ho eŠ` Pmbo.
AmR> / CÔoe … ehar Xm[aÐ>ç{ZdmaUmMm
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
9
CÔoe : ehar Xm[aÐç{ZdmaUmMm - øm nwñVH$mVrb Aä`mg boIm§gmR>r Iyn OUm§Mo ghH$m`© bm^bo Amho.
g§emoYZ à~§YmgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©H$ àm. ‘Zrfm {Q>Ho$H$a, PmonS>nÅ>r Aä`mgH«$‘ H|$ÐmgmR>r {àpÝgnb a‘oe gmZo, ehar J[a~r Aä`mgmgmR>r àm. AVwb noR>o, S>m°. naewam‘Z, ̀ mM ~amo~a ìhr. amYm, S>m°. A{‘Vm {^So>, S>m°. ñZohm niZrQ>H$a, gr‘m aoS>H$a, YraO lrdmñVd, `mo{JVm gmidr Ago AZoH$ gaH$mar Am{U J¡agaH$mar g§KQ>Zm§‘Yrb A{YH$mar Am{U H$‘©Mmar `m§Mo A‘mn ghmæ` Pmbo, Ë`m§Mo Z‘Znyd©H$ YÝ`dmX. `m {df`mV ag KoD$Z Vmo {df` nwT>o ZoÊ`mgmR>r AJ{UV {dÚmWu nwT>o Ambo. Ë`m§À`m AZw^dH$WZm§Vrb YmJm Am{U YmJm VgoM {dMma à{H«$`oVrb H$U Am{U H$U {M‘UrÀ`m XmVm§Zr ‘bm doMVm Ambo; ehar Xm[aÐç{ZdmaUmgmR>r d¡Mm[aH$ {Zdmam C^m H$aVmZm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Pmbm. Aem {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m A‘yë` `moJXmZmMo Am^ma.
àH$meH$, ‘wÐH$ lr. AmZ§X {b‘`o `m§Zr ho nwñVH$ N>mnë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Mo d B§{S>`m qàqQ>J d³g©‘Yrb H$‘©Mmar dJm©Mo gwÕm Am^ma. PmonS>nÅ>>çm§‘Yrb a{hdmem§Mo Am^ma ‘mZÊ`mnojm ̀ m§À`m F$UmV ahmUo ‘bm AmdSo>b. AZdYmZmZo am{hboë`m AZoH$m§Zm YÝ`dmX.
- ‘oYm {H$arQ>
F$U{ZX}e
ZD$
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
11
1. PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘ … amoOJmamÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr - (2003)
13
2. PmonS>nÅ>rH$So> nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ (2003) 17
3. ‘w§~B©Vrb pñWË`§VamMm B{Vhmg (2004) 22
4. PmonS>nÅ>r hr AmOÀ`m ehamMr AmË`§{VH$ JaO (2004) 27
5. PmonS>nÅ>r nwZd©gZmVrb AmìhmZo (2004) 31
6. Ymamdr nwZd©gZ (2004) 38
7. PmonS>nÅ>r g‘Ýd`H$ `moOZm 41
8. {ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU Am{U PmonS>nÅ>r‘Yrb {dÚmWu (2005)
43
9. ehamMo gmoZo H$aUma H$m`? (2005) amï´>r` ZmJar nwZ{Z©‘m©U {‘eZ
47
10. PmonS>nÅ>r - EH$ amOH$s` O‘mV (2006) 52
11. Xm[aÐçaofm ZmdmMm gaH$mar {dZmoX (2006) 55
12. ‘w§~B©Mo em§Km` H$s ‘w§~B©Mo qgJmnya? (2008) 57
13. ZJa{dH$mgmÀ`m ‘yi àdmhmV PmonS>nÅ>çm§Mm g‘mdoe (2011)
62
14. ñdÀN> ^maV A{^¶mZ D$’©$ H$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ (2016) 66
AH$am
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
12
15. emoY: JmoR>boë`m dmQ>m§Mm (1985) 68
16. H$m¡eë` {dH$mg XoemMr JaO - `emMr Jwé{H$„r (2015)
75
àm. ‘oYm {H$arQ> gmo‘¡`m à{gÕ Pmbobo Aä`mg Ahdmb
~mam / CÔoe … ehar Xm[aÐ>ç{ZdmaUmMm
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
13
Ymamdr nwZd©gZ àH$ënmÀ`m {Z{‘ÎmmZo EH$m ~¡R>H$sV ImXr Am{U J«m‘moÚmoJ
{d^mJmVrb H|$Ð gaH$maMo A{YH$mar, amÁ` gaH$ma Am{U ‘hmnm{bHo$Mo H${Zð>
A{YH$mar g‘moa ~gboë`m ì`mdgm{`H$m§er MMm© H$aV hmoVo. MM}‘Ü`o H$moUË`m
àH$maMo ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU Ymamdr nwZd©gZmA§VJ©V XoUo eŠ` hmoB©b Am{U
Vo Ho$ìhm Úmd`mMo `m~Ôb gdªH$f MMm© gwê$ hmoVr. qH$~hþZm Vr EH$V’$r©M
Mmbbr hmoVr. A{YH$mar {dMmaV hmoVo H$s, Amnë`m g§ñWo‘Ü`o g‘mOgodH$
AmhoV H$m? ‘{hbm§Mo ~MV JQ> AmhoV H$m? nwéfm§Mo H$mhr JQ> AmhoV H$m?
‘moR>r EZ.Or.Amo. (Non Government Organisation) Amho H$m? g§ñWo‘Ü`o bhmZ bhmZ gr.~r.Amo. (Community Based Organisations); H$moUË`m AmhoV? ˶m H$moUË`m àH$maMo H$m‘ H$aVmV? Ë`m§Zm à{ejU {Xbo Amho H$m?
Vw‘Mr gmogm`Q>r Amho H$m? Ë`mÛmao IMm©Mo dmQ>n hmoVo H$m? dJ¡ao, dJ¡ao.......
`m§Vrb ~hþVoH$ àým§Mr CÎmao {VWë`m a{hdmem§Zm XoVm `oV ZìhVr, qH$~hþZm
H$mhr àý A{O~mVM g‘OV ZìhVo. AZoH$ àý àW‘M H$mZmda nS>V hmoVo.
Vgo nm{hbo Va a{hdmem§‘Yrb H$mhr ì`mdgm{`H$ Va ImXr J«m‘moÚmoJmgmaIr
AZoH$ XwH$mZo Mmb{dÊ`mÀ`m Hw$dVrMo hmoVo. H$mhtMo ì`dgm` Va BVHo$
^a^amQ>rV hmoVo H$s, Ë`m§Zr Aem XwH$mZm§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ e¥§Ibmhr V`ma Ho$br
hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m hmVmImbr 100 Vo 200 H$m‘Jma H$m‘ H$arV hmoVo. nU Ë`m§Zm
à{ejU, OmUrd OmJ¥Vr, EZ.Or.Amo.Mo H$m`©, gr.~r.Amo. Aem Jmoï>t~Ôb
‘m{hVr ZìhVr Am{U AmOn`ªV Ver Amdí`H$Vmhr ^mgbr ZìhVr.
PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘amoOJmamÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr - (2003)
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
14 / CÔoe … ehar Xm[aÐç{ZdmaUmMm
ho EH$ àm{V{Z{YH$ CXmhaU Amnë`mg‘moa R>odÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo amoOJma{Z{‘©VrÀ`m ì`dgm`m§V hmoUmao ~Xb.
AmOÀ`m VéUm§nwT>o {ejU H$emgmR>r ¿`md`mMo hm EH$ ‘moR>m `jàý Amho Am{U ømMo EH$M CÎma Ë`m§Zm {‘iV Amho Vo åhUOo amoOJma {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r. ~oH$mam§Mr g‘ñ`m {Xdg|{Xdg {~H$Q> hmoV Amho. gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§‘Ü`o H$nmVrMo YmoaU Ambo Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJm§Mo ImOJrH$aU Mmby Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m bmQ>o~amo~a ^maVm‘Ü`o g‘mOì`dñWm H$mV Q>mHy$ bmJbr Amho. Mma {nT>çm§nyduMm ^maV AmOÀ`m ^maVmbm AmoiIy eH$Uma Zmhr. gd©àW‘ Amnë`m Xoem‘Ü`o eoVr d eoVr{df`H$ ‘mbmMo CËnmXZ hoM amoOJmamMo qH$dm AWm©O©Zm§Mo ‘yi Am{U à‘wI gmYZ hmoVo. ‘mÌ ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm‘wio ~arMer ‘§S>ir H$ÀÀ`m ‘mbmda à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mÀ`m amoO§Xmar ì`dñWoV AWm©O©Z H$ê$ bmJbr. AmO Vr nÕV ~XbyZ godm {df`mH$So> diV Amho. E‘.E‘.Ama.S>r.E.À`m gd}jUmà‘mUo 17 Q>¸o$M amoOJma secondary Am{U 83 Q>¸o$ amoOJma tertiary sector ‘Ü`o CncãY AmhoV. ‘mÌ Ë`mZwgma e¡j{UH$ Aä`mgH«$‘m‘Ü`o ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. OmñVrV OmñV VéU gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§H$So> AWm©O©ZmMo à‘wI gmYZ åhUyZ nmhV AmhoV Am{U Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo {ejU {‘i{dÊ`mMr YS>nS> H$arV AmhoV. AOyZn`ªV {ejUjoÌmV ‘mÌ àm‘w»`mZo S>m°ŠQ>a, B§{OZr¶agmaIo ì`mdgm{`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘ Am{U ~r.H$m°‘., ~r.E. gmaIo H$maHw$Zr, H$m`m©b`mV H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMo Aä`mgH«$‘ øm§VM {dÚmWu Jw§Vbobm Amho. ‘mZd g§gmYZm§gmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo Aä`mgH«$‘ AZoH$ {dÚmnrR>m§Zr Joë`m nmM dfmªV gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbr bmoH${à`Vm àmá hmoV Amho. H$mhr {dÚmWu Va ^a‘gmQ> ’$s ̂ am`bm ‘mJonwT>o Z nmhVm Hotel Management, Hospitality, Catering Courses Aem nydu Xwæ`‘ XOm©À`m g‘Oë`m OmUmè`m AZoH$ Aä`mgH«$‘m§Zm JXu H$arV AmhoV.
godm {d^mJmVrb AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdmMm ^mJ åhUOo ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m ‘Ü`mV ^maVmV ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zr B§{OZr¶[a¨J Am{U S>m°ŠQ>ar joÌm‘Ü`o gd© OJ^amV nm` ngam`bm gwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V ̂ maVmZo gd© OJmV ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ Am{U g§JUH$ {dkmZ; `m§‘wio Zmd H$‘mdbo hmoVo Am{U 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrnmgyZM Aer
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘ amoOJmamÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr - (2003) / 15
{MÝho {XgV AmhoV H$s, `mZ§VaMm H$mi ‘mZd g§gmYZ à^wËdmMm AgUma Amho. Information Technology à‘mUoM Ë`m‘Yrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMr emIm åhUOo gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZ. AmO gd© OJ^amV ømbm àM§S> ‘mJUr Amho Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Mm§Jë¶m ñH$m°ba{en qH$dm ’o$bmo{enhr {‘iV AmhoV. AmO AmnU nm{hbo Va E_.~r.E.bm àdoe KoUmè¶m {dÚmÏ`mª‘Ü`o H$bm, dm{UÁ`, {dkmZ nXdrYmaH$m~amo~aM gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo à‘mUhr S>moù¶m§V ̂ aÊ`mOmoJo Amho. Ho$di g‘mOgodm H$aUo hoM ̀ m {dÚmÏ`mªMo H$m`© ZgyZ Ë`mM~amo~a {Z`moOZ, A§‘b~OmdUr `m§Vrb ÌwQ>r emoYUo, Ë`m§Mo {dûcofU H$aUo Aer H$m‘ohr g‘m{dï> AmhoV. gd© joÌm‘Ü`o `m joÌmV gm‘m{OH$ d¡km{ZH$mMr JaO A{Zdm`© ~Zbr Amho. Ymamdr nwZd©gZ ho Ë`mMo EH$ CÎm‘ CXmhaU Amho. gZ 2004-2005‘Ü`o H$bm emIoH$S>o OmÊ`mMm {dÚm϶mªMm AmoT>m {Z{üVnUo hoM Xe©{dVmo H$s `oUmao {Xdg ho ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mgmMo AmhoV.
gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZmA§VJ©V EH$ à‘wI {d^mJ åhUOo ZmJar {dH$mg; AmO ^maVmVrb ‘w§~B©, nwUo `m§gma»`m ‘moR>çm eham§Mr g§»`m 35 EdT>r Pmbr Amho. Va 300 hÿZ A{YH$ Šbmg dZ eham§‘Ü`o bmoH$ ‘moR>çm g§»`oZo amhVmV. eham‘Yrb bmoH$g§»`on¡H$s 50 Q>³³`m§À`m Amgnmg bmoH$ PmonS>nÅ>çm§‘Ü`o amhVmV. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s, XoemMm {dH$mg H$am`Mm Agob Va Vmo eham§‘m’©$V hmoUma Am{U eham§Mm {dH$mg H$am`Mm Agob Va PmonS>nÅ>çm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`m{edm` n`m©` Zmhr. `mgmR>r PmonS>nÅ>rg§X^m©V Agbobm "d¡Mm[aH$ {dQ>mi' Cƒ^«y bmoH$m§Zr Xya Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`m§Mm PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xbbm nm{hOo. Omon`ªV emór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ g‘ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg Am{U {dH$mgmMr {Xem {Z{üV hmoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV `m VWmH${WV Cƒ^«y Am{U ‘Ü`‘dJu`m§Mo PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ ‘V ~Xby eH$Uma Zmhr. KZH$Mam {Z¶moOZ hm {df` Oa H$m Aä`mgH«$‘mV {eH${dbm OmVmo Va H$mimMr JaO AmoiIyZ PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘hr nXdr Aä`mgH«$‘mV g‘m{dï> H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
Vgo ~Km`bm Jobo Va PmonS>nÅ>r åhUOo Xwgao-{Vgao H$mhrM ZgyZ eham§‘Yrb IoS>rM AmhoV. qH$~hþZm AmO IoS>çm§nojmhr eham§Vrb PmonS>nÅ>çm§Mr n[apñWVr IynM Mm§Jbr Amho. VoWo nmUr, drO, em¡Mmb`o `m
SAMP
LE C
ONTE
NT
16 / CÔoe … ehar Xm[aÐç{ZdmaUmMm
‘yb^yV gw{dYm WmoS>çm H$m hmoB©Zm, nU {‘iVmV. ^wHo$ë`m ‘mUgmbm hmVnm` hb{dbo Va AÞ {‘iVo, amÌrMm {Zdmamhr {‘iVmo. {ejU Am{U d¡ÚH$s` CnMma `m Jmoï>rhr hmHo$À`m A§VamdaM AgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r ’$ma Xyan`ªV nm`nrQ> H$amdr bmJV Zmhr. Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm åhUm`Mo Pmbo Va PmonS>nÅ>çm øm eham§Mr B§{OZo AmhoV. Mmëg© H$mo[a`m `m§Zr eham§Zm XoemMr B§{OZo åhQ>ë`mà‘mUo ‘r åhUVo, "PmonS>nÅ>r åhUOo n§Om~mVrb eoVO‘rZ' Amho. Á`m‘wio ehambm Va bm^ hmoVmoM, na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a AmOy~mOyÀ`m {Z‘ehar ^mJmbmhr àJVrgmR>r `mMm nwaonya ’$m`Xm hmoV AgVmo.
dmZJrXmIb H$moH$UmVrb Jmdm§À`m ‘§{Xam§Mm OrUm}Õma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘w§~B©V ~¡R>H$ hmoVo Am{U dJ©UrgwÕm ‘w§~B©V O‘m Ho$br OmVo. AmO gaH$ma AZoH$ `moOZm Omhra H$arV AgVo, Ë`m `moOZm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr Mm§Jë`m àH$mao hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMr AÝ` H$maUo H$mhrhr AgmoV, nU àm‘w»`mZo A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r bmJUmè¶m à{e{jV ‘mUgm§Mr ’$m¡O V`ma hmoV Zmhr. AmO ^maVmV PmonS>nÅ>r{df`H$ Aä`mg H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m g‘ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo, {dH$mg H$aUo Am{U gaH$mar `moOZm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aUo `mg§~§YrMo Aä`mgH«$‘ CnbãY ZmhrV. nU H$mhr ~mhoarb Xoem§V Ago Aä`mgH«$‘ AmhoV. CXm. 1) Burmingham University, England, 2) A. I. T. University, Bangkok, 3) Institute for Housing (IHS), Netherland. Aem àH$maÀ`m Aä`mgH«$‘mMr gwédmV ^maVmV àW‘M ‘w§~B©V éB©`m H$m°boO‘Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 2002 ‘Ü ò VËH$mbrZ ehar {dH$mg ‘§Ìr ‘m. Amo. amOJmonmb `m§À`m hñVo `m Aä`mgH«$‘mMo CX²KmQ>Z Pmbo. JV VrZ dfmªV ~mamdr nmg Pmboë`m {dÚm϶mªgmR>r MmbdrV Agboë`m "g{Q>©{’$Ho$Q> H$mog}g BZ ñb‘ ñQ>S>rO'; ̀ m Aä`mgH«$‘mVrb "H$‘dm Am{U {eH$m' ̀ m ̀ moOZoA§VJ©V n{hë¶m dfu gw‘mao 90 {dÚmWu ~mhoa nS>bo Am{U A{^‘mZmMr Jmoï> åhUOo Ë`m§Vrb EH$hr {dÚmWu ~oamoOJma Zmhr. qH$~hþZm øm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g§K{Q>V à`ËZmZo doJdoJù¶m gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWm V`ma Pmë`m AmhoV Am{U gaH$mar `moOZm§À`m A§‘b~OmdUrMr H§$ÌmQ>o ˶m KoVmV.
ZdrZ dmQ>m MmoImiUmè`m {dÚm϶mªZm `m {df`mÀ`m Aä`mgH«$‘mH$So> OmÊ`mMr Am{U Ë`mÛmao AWm©O©Z H$aÊ`mMr hr EH$ Mm§Jbr g§Yr Amho. ^maVmVrb nwT>rb XeH$ ho PmonS>nÅ>rVrb g‘mOgodH$ KS>dVrb `mV `pËH¨${MVhr e§H$m Zmhr.
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