1

PUBLICINTERNATIONALLAWEXAMNOTESPUBLICINTERNATIONALLAWEXAMNOTES...................................................................................................................1

NATURE,DEVELOPMENT&STRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALLAW(wk01)..................................................3

NatureOfInternationalLaw:................................................................................................................................................3

TheEnforcementProblem.....................................................................................................................................................3

Positivism......................................................................................................................................................................................3

IntroductiontotheUnitedNations.....................................................................................................................................4

InternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ).....................................................................................................................................6

Fivemethodsofconferral(indepth).................................................................................................................................6

InternationalLawCommission............................................................................................................................................9

SOURCESOFINTERNATIONALLAW(WK02).................................................................................................................11

StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice................................................................................................................11

Formal&MaterialSources..................................................................................................................................................11

Treaties........................................................................................................................................................................................12

Custom.........................................................................................................................................................................................15

ElementsOfCIL........................................................................................................................................................................16

1.STATEPRACTICE(objectiveelement)......................................................................................................................16

2.OPINIOJURIS(subjectiveelement).............................................................................................................................19

UNGeneralAssemblyResolutionsandCustom.........................................................................................................20

THELAWOFTREATIES(Wk03&Wk04).........................................................................................................................23

ElementsofaTreaty..............................................................................................................................................................23

ExclusionsfromVCLT............................................................................................................................................................25

ConclusionofTreaties...........................................................................................................................................................25

ConsenttobeBound..............................................................................................................................................................25

Ratification.................................................................................................................................................................................26

EntryintoForce.......................................................................................................................................................................26

Reservations..............................................................................................................................................................................26

Incompatibilitywithobjectandpurpose...........................................................................................................................28

Article21-Legaleffectsofreservationsandofobjectionstoreservations.......................................28

Article22-Withdrawalofreservationsandofobjectionstoreservations.......................................29

Article23-Procedureregardingreservations...................................................................................................29

InvalidityofTreaties..............................................................................................................................................................30

Termination...............................................................................................................................................................................31

THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINTERNATIONAL&MUNICIPALLAW.............................................................33

MonismvDualism...................................................................................................................................................................33

2

CustomaryInternationalLawInMunicipalLaw.......................................................................................................36

CustomInMunicipalLaw(AustralianApproach).....................................................................................................37

CustomConflictingwithStatute(AustralianApproach)........................................................................................38

CustomaryCrimesinMunicipalLaw..............................................................................................................................39

CustomaryCrimesinMunicipalLaw(AustralianApproach)...............................................................................40

TreatiesinMunicipalLaw...................................................................................................................................................41

‘Hard’TransformationTreatyApproachinAustralia.............................................................................................42

Treaties:LegitimateExpectation?.....................................................................................................................................42

PERSONALITY,STATEHOODANDRECOGNITION........................................................................................................43

TITLETOTERRITORY................................................................................................................................................................53

EssenceofTitle.........................................................................................................................................................................53

TransmissionofTitle.............................................................................................................................................................53

ModesofAcquisition..............................................................................................................................................................53

OtherRegions............................................................................................................................................................................55

STATEJURISDICTION.................................................................................................................................................................58

ConcurrentJurisdiction........................................................................................................................................................58

JurisdictionalLimits...............................................................................................................................................................58

CivilJurisdiction.......................................................................................................................................................................58

CriminalJurisdiction..............................................................................................................................................................59

Territoriality..............................................................................................................................................................................60

Nationality..................................................................................................................................................................................61

PassivePersonality.................................................................................................................................................................61

Protective/SecurityPrinciple............................................................................................................................................62

Universality................................................................................................................................................................................63

Piracy............................................................................................................................................................................................64

Genocide......................................................................................................................................................................................64

Torture.........................................................................................................................................................................................64

WarCrimes.................................................................................................................................................................................65

CrimesAgainstHumanity....................................................................................................................................................65

ProsecuteorExtradite..........................................................................................................................................................65

IMMUNITYFROMJURISDICTION..........................................................................................................................................66

STATERESPONSIBILITY...........................................................................................................................................................81

CharacterandBasisofStateResponsibility................................................................................................................81

Attribution..................................................................................................................................................................................82

Breach...........................................................................................................................................................................................85

CircumstancesPrecludingWrongfulness.....................................................................................................................85

3

Consequences............................................................................................................................................................................86

Invocation...................................................................................................................................................................................87

USEOFFORCE...............................................................................................................................................................................88

NATURE,DEVELOPMENT&STRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALLAW(wk01)NatureOfInternationalLaw:Internationallawisasystemofrules,principlesandconceptsthatgovernsrelationsamongstatesand,increasinglyinternationalorganizations,individuals,andotheractorsinworldpolitics.InternationallawhasgrownandexpandedatarapidratesinceWorldWarIItoencompassadiverserangeofissuesandtopics,includingthepreservationoftheenvironment,therighttouseforceagainstanotherstate,territorialrightsinAntarctica,andtherightsofchildren.Thereusnownoaspectofworldpoliticsthatcanbefullyunderstoodwithoutsomeknowledgeofinternationallaw,andanawarenessofhowitoperates.–Scott,InternationalLawinWorldPolitics,2004.

- InternationallawistraditionallydefinedasthesystemoflawgoverningrelationsbetweenStates(Oppenheim,InternationalLaw:atreatise(1sted,1905)3.

- Traditionallyonlystateswereconsideredsubjectsofinternationallaw,thisischangingnow.- Naturalpersonswerethesubjectsofmunicipallaw(domestic)- Privateinternationallawdealswithinternationalmattersarisingindomesticcornet(eg;

foreignmarriage;contract)

TheEnforcementProblem- sometheoristsclaimaproblemwiththeperceptionofinternationallaw’slegitimacyisthelack

ofeffectiveenforcementmechanisms:Ø theinternationalorder…hasnotyetmademuchprogressintheenforcementof

internationalrightsandobligationsgenerally,orofinternationallawassuch.Itnowfrownsonself-help,without,however,asyethavingputanythinginitsplace.(Harris,CasesandMaterials(2010))

- howevertherearecountervailingarguments:Ø “almostallnationsobservealmostallprinciplesofinternationallawandalmostalltheir

obligationsalmostallthetime”:LouisHenkin,HowNationsBehave1979)Ø “therecordprovesthatthereisa‘lawhabit’ininternationalrelations.Itisnotimmaterial

toaddthattheinstancesinwhichjudgmentsofinternationaltribunalshavebeenfloutedaresorarethattheheadline-readermaywellplacethemintheman-bites-dogcategory.”(Harris,CasesandMaterials,2010).

Positivism- by1700peoplewerestartingtoarguethatlawwas‘positive’i.eman-made.;consequently,law

andjusticewerenotthesamething,andlawsmightvaryfromtimetotimeandplacetoplace,accordingtothewhimofthelegislator.

4

- Positivismwasthereforeanempiricalmethodbasedonascertainingobjective,man-maderulesasthesourcesofthelaw(treaties,custom,etc).

- AnattempttocombinenaturalismandpositivismwasmadebytheSwisswriterEmerichdeVattel…heemphasizedtheinherentrightswhichstatesderivedfromnaturallaw,butsaidthattheywereaccountableonlytotheirownconsciencesfortheobservanceofthedutiesimposedbynaturallaw,unlesstheyhadexpresslyagreedtotreatthosedutiesaspartofpositivelaw.(PeterMalanczuk,ModernIntroductiontoInternationalLaw(1997)17)

IntroductiontotheUnitedNations

- Background&FormationafterWWIØ USPresidentWoodrowWilson’sFourteenPointsdelivered8January1918:

• “14.Ageneralassociationofnationsmustbeformedunderspecificcovenantsforthepurposeofaffordingmutualguaranteesofpoliticalindependenceandterritorialintegritytogreatandsmallstatesalike.”

Ø ParisPeaceConference:TreatyofVersaillescontainedCovenantoftheLeagueofNations- Structure

Ø Secretariat;Council;Assembly;PermanentCourtofInternationalJustice;InternationalLabourOrganisation;otherorganisationscreatedbyCovenant

- DissolutionØ Ceasedtofunctionin1938asWWIIescalated,butcontinueddejureuntil1945

Establishment

Ø declarationbyunitednations1.01.1942Ø 21Augustto7October1944:WashingtonConversationsonInternationalpeaceand

Securityorganisation;delegatesconcludedasetofProposalsfortheEstablishmentofaGeneralInternationalOrganization;effectivedraftoftheUNCharter

Ø UNChartersigned26June1945Ø UNcomesintobeingon24October1945,whentheUNCharterisratified

5

GeneralAssembly

- UNCharterChapterIVØ Article9:“GeneralAssemblyshallconsistofallMembersoftheUnitedNations”Ø Article10:“maydiscussanyquestionsormatterswithinthescopeofthepresentCharter

orrelatingtothepowersandfunctionsofanyorgansprovidedforinthepresentCharter,and,exceptasprovidedinArticle12,maymakerecommendationstotheMembersoftheUnitedNationsortotheSecurityCouncil”

Ø Article12:“WhiletheSecurityCouncilisexercisinginrespectofanydisputeorsituationthefunctionsassignedtoitinthepresentCharter,theGeneralAssemblyshallnotmakeanyrecommendationwithregardtothatdisputeorsituationunlesstheSecurityCouncilsorequests.”

Ø Article18:“EachmemberoftheGeneralAssemblyshallhaveonevote…DecisionsoftheGeneralAssemblyonimportantquestionsshallbemadebyatwo-thirdsmajority…Thesequestionsshallinclude:recommendationswithrespecttothemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,theelectionofthenon-permanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncil…theadmissionofnewMembersoftotheUnitedNations…expulsionofMembers…andbudgetaryquestions.”

SecurityCouncil- UNCharterChapterV

Ø Article23:membershipconsistsof15states:5permanent,10temporaryØ Article24:InordertoensurepromptandeffectiveactionbytheUnitedNations,its

membersconferontheSecurityCouncilprimarilyresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofInternationalpeaceandsecurity”

Ø Article25:ThemembersoftheUNagreetoacceptandcarryoutthedecisionsoftheSecurityCouncil

Ø Article27:EachmemberoftheSCshallhaveonevote…decisionsonproceduralmattersshallbemadebyanaffirmativevoteofninemembers…decisionsonallothermatters