1 PART ONE: GENERAL 4.1 INTRODUCTION Ethiopia is endowed with substantial resources particularly limestone, which is abundant throughout the Blue Nile Valley (The Abay), located to the North West and west of Addis Ababa. The major cement manufacturing plants access limestone from this valley. Recently, there has been a remarkable growth in the economy in general and construction industry in particular. Major building constructions are booming in all the major regional towns and several major roads are under construction. As a sequel of such infrastructural developments, the demand for cement has increased many folds. The estimated current demand for cement is above 10.5 million tones per annum. The annual total production capacity of the existing plants is only 1.236 million tonnes of clinker or about 1.687 million tonnes of Portland Pozzolana cement, and this level of production restraining construction work throughout the country on top of pushing the price of cement to unprecedented level beyond any bodies reach. This incremental demand is about 9.0 Million TPA which is 90% of the current supply. ETCEM is promoted by West African Cement S.A’ (WACEM) and Ethiopian entrepreneur Endale Yirga proposes to establish a green field cement plant, 40 km north of Addis Ababa in Oromiya national regional state near Chancho town. The plant will be designed to produce 0.60 Million TPA of clinker and 0.852 Million TPA of Portland Pozzolana Cement Ethio Cement Project is based on local raw materials available at Mugher Valley, Mulo and Bericha area. ETCEM has retained BS Envitech (P) Limited as its consultant to prepare Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the proposed integrated cement project. JEMA International Consulting PLC is the local counter part retained to conduct the baseline survey which is important to finalize the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Chapter – 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
Transcript
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PART ONE: GENERAL
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia is endowed with substantial resources particularly limestone, which is abundant throughout the Blue Nile Valley (The Abay), located to the North West and west of Addis Ababa. The major cement manufacturing plants access limestone from this valley. Recently, there has been a remarkable growth in the economy in general and construction industry in particular. Major building constructions are booming in all the major regional towns and several major roads are under construction. As a sequel of such infrastructural developments, the demand for cement has increased many folds.
The estimated current demand for cement is above 10.5 million tones per annum. The annual total production capacity of the existing plants is only 1.236 million tonnes of clinker or about 1.687 million tonnes of Portland Pozzolana cement, and this level of production restraining construction work throughout the country on top of pushing the price of cement to unprecedented level beyond any bodies reach. This incremental demand is about 9.0 Million TPA which is 90% of the current supply.
ETCEM is promoted by West African Cement S.A’ (WACEM) and Ethiopian entrepreneur Endale Yirga proposes to establish a green field cement plant, 40 km north of Addis Ababa in Oromiya national regional state near Chancho town.
The plant will be designed to produce 0.60 Million TPA of clinker and 0.852 Million TPA of Portland Pozzolana Cement
Ethio Cement Project is based on local raw materials available at Mugher Valley, Mulo and Bericha area.
ETCEM has retained BS Envitech (P) Limited as its consultant to prepare Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the proposed integrated cement project.
JEMA International Consulting PLC is the local counter part retained to conduct the baseline survey which is important to finalize the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).
Chapter – 4BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
2LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA
The project area includes the raw material quarry site (limestone quarry site), the intermediate site, clay mining site and the plant site. The locations of each site are shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2 with respect to different adjacent Woredas. Generally, the project area falls with in four Woredas: Sululta, Mulo, Yaya Gulale and Ade‐a Berga (see fig.1). The ten kilometers radius with respect to limestone quarry site and the plant site at Chancho are also shown with pinkish colour in fig.1.
Figure 1 The location map of the project area.
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Figure 2 a map showing the location of plant site, clay site, intermediate site and quarry site.
Table 1 Location of Raw Material Sources
Sn Material Source Locality Distance from plant (km)
Requirement
Ton per year 1 Limestone Mugher 30 780,000 2 Clay Mulo 23 135,000 3 Sandstone Mugher 30 57,000 4 Gypsum Mugher 30 42,000
44.1.2 OBJECTIVES The over all objectives of the study is to collect socioeconomic indicators which would serve as a bench mark against which impact of the factory’s activities will be measured over time. 1. To collect and analyze information on socio‐economic status of the population that would be
affected by the construction and operation of the factory 2. Collect information on perceived positive/negative impacts of the factory on the population
and recommendations that would help efforts aimed at alleviating/minimizing negative impacts
3. Disseminate information to the community about the project
4.1.3 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
4.1.3.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study includes preparation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study with detailed characterization of various environmental components such as air, noise, water, land and socio economic within an area of 10 km radius around the cement plant and raw material quarry sites.
The main objectives of characterization are:‐
To assess the existing baseline status of air, water, noise, land and socio‐economic environments around 10 km radius of the plant and mine sites.
To identify and quantify significant impacts due to various operations of cement
manufacturing and raw material production on various environmental components through prediction of impacts.
To evaluate the beneficial and adverse impacts of the proposed cement manufacturing
and mining operations. To prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) detailing control
technologies and measures to be adopted for mitigation of adverse impacts if any, as a consequence of the proposed activity.
To prepare a Post Project Monitoring Program for checking and regulating the
environmental quality due to operation of the cement plant and help in sustainable development of the area.
4.1.3.2 METHODOLOGY
Any developmental activity is expected to cause impacts on surrounding environment during the construction and operation phases. The impacts may be adverse or beneficial. In order to assess the impacts, a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment study has been conducted within an area of 10 km radius around the plant and mine sites.
5Standard procedures involved in Environmental Impact Assessment are followed. They are outlined below.
Identification of significant environmental parameters to study the existing status within the impact zone with respect to air, water, noise, soil and socioeconomic components of environment.
Study of various activities of the proposed integrated project of plant and raw material
mines to identify the areas leading to impact/change in environmental quality. Identification/Prediction of impacts for the identified activities and to study level of impact
on various environmental elements Evaluation of impacts after superimposing the predicted/quantified scenario over the
baseline scenario. Preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) detailing control
technologies and measures to be adopted for mitigation of adverse impacts if any, as a consequence of the cement manufacturing and mining of the required raw materials.
To design Post Project Monitoring Programme for regulating the environmental quality
during cement manufacturing and mining and help in sustainable development of the area.
4.1.3.3 COLLECTION OF BASELINE STATUS
4.1.3.3.1 Socio – Economic Environment
The study used cluster sampling method to determine and select its sample. A total of
1200 households were targeted for data collection purpose. A structured household
survey questionnaire was administered to 1182 households out of the total 1200
targeted households. The data is entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS). In addition to household level questionnaire community level
(Woreda and PA/Kebele) semi structured questionnaire was also administered to
capture community level socioeconomic variables. Woredas are districts which are
responsible primarily coordinating and leading development activities at grassroots
level. Kebeles/Peasant Association (Pas) are smallest administrative units in Ethiopia.
The 4 Woreda officials were interview to obtain information on the socioeconomic
profiles of the Woreda. One urban center and 19 rural sub PAs that would be affected
by impacts of the project were covered by the study. More households were selected
from the factory and quarry site (core site) as compared to the buffer zone primarily
taking into consideration that it’s the core project site that would be more affected than
the buffer zone. Besides, Chancho town where the factory will lie at its out skirt has
more population as compared to the rural peasant associations. Data collectors were
6recruited from Kebeles/PA that lie within core and buffer zone of project impact area.
A two days training was given to data collectors on the data collection. Data collectors
were trained in concepts, definitions and techniques of data collection. The training
was supported by mock interviews. To attain maximum impact and improve quality of
data the training was given in a participatory way. In addition, a questionnaire
translated into Amharic was given to each data collector as a reference.
Collection of secondary information about population, land use, climate, topography,
institutional services, and other socio‐economic information from various Woreda offices
focusing on Agriculture, Education, Finance, Water development, Cultural/Religious
affairs, Kebele Administration and Rural with selected elders and individuals who have
rich experience in religious affairs, education, gender issues, and agricultural aspects.
Community elders, Kebele leaders, Women Affairs, Youth and Teachers representing the
community were selected for interview to retrieve as much information as possible in
various aspects of the community.
Geographical coordinates for each water points, conservation areas, and public service
institutions (regular and alternative schools, DA offices, Kebele offices, Framers’ Training
Centers, clinics and veterinary health posts).
The socio economic survey professional team comprises of a Demographer, a
sociologist and a mining engineer as a lead investigators in collaboration with other
related professionals. The data collection thus included household survey, focus group
discussions, key informants, as well as data gathering from schools and churches.
4.1.3.3.2 Physico-Chemical and Biological Environment
Climate
Rainfall, temperature, Wind speed, wind direction data were obtained from secondary sources.
Noise Environment
Noise monitoring was carried out at the various locations to identify the impact due to the
existing sources on the surroundings in the study area.
7Water
Water samples from various locations within 10 km radius were collected for assessment of the
existing physico‐chemical and bacteriological quality. The water samples were analyzed at the
Laboratory of Geological survey of Ethiopia.
Soil
Field surveys were conducted to identify the land use in and around 10 km radius of the sites.
Representative soil samples were collected from three locations within 10 km radius of the
plant and mine sites for analysis of the characteristics. The soil samples were analyzed at the
Laboratory of Geological survey of Ethiopia.
Ambient Air Quality
The scenario of the existing Ambient air quality in the study region has been assessed
through a network of four ambient air quality stations during the study period within
an area of 10 km radius and around the proposed integrated project. The existing
Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) status has been monitored for SPM, RPM, SO2, NOX and CO.
SPM & RPM at each station has been monitored on 24 hourly basis. CO was monitored
on 8 hourly basis.
Land Environment
Field surveys were conducted to identify the land use in and around 10 km radius of the sites.
Information on flora and fauna in the study area has been collected and identified at the
Herbarium of Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology. Regarding the flora, reconnaissance
survey and detailed inventory of the vascular plant species was made by traversing the area from
east to west and from south to north. Samples from representative flora were collected for further
identification at the National Herbarium (Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology). With
respect to wildlife, including birds, identification and classification were made through field
observations and use of field guides for both birds and mammals. A series of photographs were
taken to concretize information generated during site visits and to elucidate verbal information
obtained during interview.
4.1.3.4 STUDY OF VARIOUS ACTIVITIES
Desk reviews of various operations involved in integrated project have been made in detail to
identify areas having impact on various environmental components.
84.1.3.5 THE BASELINE SURVEYING FIRM AND ITS PROFESSIONAL TEAM COMPOSTION
The Jema international Consulting PLC is a company is led by Engineer Assefa Bekele and working in the sector for the last 14 years in consulting various companies in different sector, the details of the company profile is attached as annex 1.
Jema International consulting firm for this particular project mobilizes the following professionals to execute the job described in the terms of reference. And their particular CV is attached as annex 1.
Table 2 MOBILIZED PROFEESIONALS IN THE PROJECT
No Name of the professional Assignment
given in this
project
Qualification
1 Engineer Assefa Bekele G/Manager M.sc in Mining engineering
2 Dr. Ensermu Kelebessa Flora Ph.D in Systematic Botany
3 Dr. Tadesse W/mariam Gole Fauna Ph.D in Ecology/ornithology
4 Ato Gultneh Kebede Socio economy M.sc in Demogarphy
5 W/ro Lelise Dembi Socio economy M.sc in Sociology
6 Ato Lemeesa Mekonta Water Environment M.Sc in hydrogeology
7 Ato Natnael Tesfaye Noise Impact M.Sc in Environ’al engineering
8 Ato Deme Abera Cultural,hist &
Archeological
M.sc in Anthropolgy
The report is divided in to Five Major sections described in part two as a detail baseline environment.
4.2.1 Socio Economic Environment 4.2.2 Physico‐chemical and Biological Env’t of the Project Area. (Hydrometeorology,
Hydrogeolgy, Water quality, Soil Environment, Noise level Monitoring and Biological Resource Base (Flora and Fauna).
4.2.3 Traffic flow survey 4.2.4 Cultural, Historical and Archeological features 4.2.5 Public Consultation
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PART TWO : DETAIL BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
4.2.1 Socio – Economic Environment
4.2.1.1. Introduction Like any developmental project this project is expected to cause both positive and adverse effects to the surrounding population and environment. Collecting baseline information against which change over time due to the establishment and operation of the factory will be measured is paramount importance. To this effect this baseline socioeconomic study will collect bench mark information on socioeconomic indicators and information on environment surrounding the plant and mine sites and surrounding areas with in the radius of ten kilometer. This baseline survey covers 20 sub PA/Kebeles which are assumed to be affected by the factory and its activities. The study covers both rural and urban areas with in the vicinity of the factory. Information presented in this report stems from the household survey and Kebele and Woreda records. In addition Kebele and Woreda officials were interviewed to obtain certain information about their respective Kebeles and Woredas 4.2.1.2 Objectives The over all objectives of the study is to collect socioeconomic indicators which would serve as a bench mark against which impact of the factory’s activities will be measured over time.
1. To collect and analyze information on socio‐economic status of the population that would be affected by the construction and operation of the factory
2. Collect information on perceived positive/negative impacts of the factory on the population and recommendations that would help efforts aimed at alleviating/minimizing negative impacts
3. Disseminate information to the community about the project 4.2.1.3 Methodology 4.2.1.3.1 Household survey The study used cluster sampling method to determine and select its sample. A total of 1200 households were targeted for data collection purpose. A structured household survey questionnaire was administered to 1182 households out of the total 1200 targeted households. The data is entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). In addition to household level questionnaire community level (Woreda and PA/Kebele) semi structured questionnaire was also administered to capture community level socioeconomic variables. Woredas are districts which are responsible primarily coordinating and leading development activities at grassroots level. Kebeles/Peasant Association (Pas) are smallest administrative units in Ethiopia. The 4 Woreda officials were interview to obtain information on the socioeconomic profiles of the Woreda. One urban center and 19 rural sub PAs that would be affected by impacts of the project were covered by the study. More households were selected from the factory and quarry site (core site) as compared to the buffer zone primarily taking into consideration that it’s the core project site that would be more affected than the buffer zone. Besides, Chancho town where the factory will lie at its out skirt has more population as compared to the rural peasant associations. Data collectors were recruited from Kebeles/PA that lie within core and buffer zone of project impact area. A two days training was given to data collectors on the data collection. Data collectors were trained in concepts, definitions and techniques of data collection. The
10training was supported by mock interviews. To attain maximum impact and improve quality of data the training was given in a participatory way. In addition, a questionnaire translated into Amharic was given to each data collector as a reference. 4.2.1.3.2 PA/Kebele Level Focus group discussion of key informants and community leaders were also carried out in all Kebeles covered by the study. In addition, secondary data source were collected from Woreda and Kebele administrative records. Different reports of Central Statistical Authority were reviewed. Semi structure questionnaire was administered to selected kebele/PA officials to get background information on the population and socioeconomic activities with in the kebeles/Pas. 4.2.1.3.3 Woreda Level Involving Woreda officials as government wing responsible for overseeing all development activities in their respective administrative boundaries is crucial for the establishment and ensuring ongoing success of the project. In the light of this Woreda official(s) were interviewed with the help of semi‐structure questionnaire. 4.2.1.3.4 Review of Literature Extensive review of literatures was done to compare survey findings with other zonal and regional documents. Central Statistical Agency reports, North Shoa Zone Bureau of Finance and Economic Development reports, Federal Ministry of publications and other material was done in order to get full information on the socioeconomic profile of the zone and the four project Woredas in particular. 4.2.1.4 Socioeconomic Profile of North Shoa Zone and Project Woredas 4.2.1.4.1 Background North Shoa zone where Ethio cement project is planned to be implemented is located in Oromia region. Ormia region is the largest region in Ethiopia with a total population of 26,553,000. It has 13 zones and – Woredas (districts). North shoa zone on the other hand has a population of 1,626,487 as of July 2006 (CSA 2005). It comprises twenty two Woredas (20 rural and 2 urban) and 321 Peasant Associations. The zone covers an area of 12003 sq km. The age distribution of the population is characterized by high proportion of young age population, which comprises about half of the total population in the area. The zone is classified in traditional ecology of kola/low land, woina dega/sub tropical and dega/highland. The climate of the North shoa zone is characterized by two rainy seasons‐ summer and spring. The summer rainy season lasts from June to October while spring season last from March to May. The annual average rainfall of the zone ranges from 800 to 1600 mm. The topography of the Zone ranges from the lowest 1000 meter to 3500 meter altitude above sea level. The lowest is within the gorge of Blue Nile (Abay) and the highest pick is found in Degem area. About 51% of the zone lies between 2500 to 3000 meter above sea level. There are high forests, woodland, bush and shrub lands in the zone along with plantation trees that are protected by the government and the community. However, there are no national parks, game reserves, sanctuaries and area for wild life conservation in the zone.
11In 2006 there were 92 farmers’ service cooperatives in the zone with 47,156 members and with capital of 26.9 million birr. It is through these cooperative that farmers get fertilizer and other agricultural inputs. According to BOFED report in 2006 a total of 512.108 hectare of land was cultivated under cereals, 112,533 hectare under pulses and 23,387 hectare of land under oil seed. Teff, wheat, Barely, Maize and Sorghum and Beans are the most widely cultivated crops in the zone. 4.2.1.4.2. Population of the Woredas The total population in the four Woredas where the project will be established and operates is about 360,073. Out of this 41 873 (15.8%) are living in urban centers and the remaining in rural areas. The average household size in the four project impact Woredas is 6.3 with the highest household size in Mulo 9.9 and the lowest in Yaya Gulele Woreda 5.2 average household size. The population density ranges from about 107 to 213 per square kilometer. This in agreement with zonal average of 143 persons per square kilometer but very high as compared to regional average which is about 75 persons per square kilo meter. Table 3: Population and household numbers by Woreda
Total 41873 318, 200 360,073 576.3 48458 8,456 56914 6.3 Source: BOFED 2006 and CSA 2005 4.2.1.4.3 Health service coverage North Shoa zone has one hospital, 12 health centers, 34 clinics and 77 health posts in 2006. The most common diseases in the area are respiratory tract infections, parasitic diseases, gastritis, diarrhea and infection of the skin. Basic health service coverage of North Shoa zone was estimated to be 64% in 2006. The health service coverage of the project Woredas various from Woreda to Woreda. The highest basic health service coverage is in Yaya Gulele which is about 78%. In Sululta it is 56% and 52% in Mullo Woreda. Table 4: Basic health service coverage Woredas % of health
12 4.2.1.4.4 HIV/AIDS prevalence Like any other zones within the country, HIV/AIDS is one of serious health problems in the zone. According to Federal Ministry of Health National HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office Oromia’s region HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is about 2.4% (FHAPCO 2006). According to Bureau of Finance and Economic Development assessment the number of HIV positive persons in the zone is increasing based on health facilities report (BOFED 2007). 4.2.1.4.4 Drinking water The coverage of potable water supply to households in Ethiopia in general is very low. The 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey shows that 90 percent of urban and 13 percent of rural households have access to piped water supply (EDHS 2005). Potable water supply coverage for the zone is 42 percent (BOFED 2006). Table 3 below shows percentage of households that have access to improved source of drinking water such as piped water, protected well or spring. Thirty three percent, 19 percent and 31 percent of households in Sululta, Mulo and Yaya Gulele woreda have access to improved water supply, respectively. Table 5: Potable water coverage % of population with
access to potable water
Sululta 33 Mulo 19.2 Yaya Gulele 30.5 AdeaBerga ‐ Source: BOFED 2006 4.2.1.4.5 Education and literacy rate Oromia regional government and different stakeholders are making concerted effort in expanding education services to rural parts of the region. As a result decline in illiteracy rate has been witnessed in recent years (EDHS 2005). In 2006 there were 382 primary schools and 15 secondary schools in North Shoa zone alone. 221,236 students were enrolled in primary and 20922 students were enrolled in secondary schools. Out of the total number of students at secondary schools only 7,019 were girls. There are a total of 64 primary and 2 secondary schools in Sululta, Mullo and Yaya Gulele Woredas with a total of 16,233 male and 12759 female students.
13 Table 6: Number of schools and students in the Woredas
# of students # of schools Male Female Total
Sululta Primary 37 7223 5867 13090 Secondary 1 1101 537 1638 Mullo Primary 9 3670 3264 6934 Secondary 502 282 639 Yaya Gulele Primary 18 3281 2645 5926 Secondary 1 456 164 620 Adea Berga Primary na na na Na Secondary na na na Na Source: BOFED 2006 4.2.1.4.6 Economy, Industry, Mining and tourism Economy of the zone is mainly dependent on agriculture; the major crops produced are cereals, pulses and oil seeds that are used for consumption and for sale. There is no significant cash crop production in the area. Another economic activity practiced in the zone include bee keeping and rearing of livestock such as cattle, sheep and poultry for household consumption and for sale. Animals and their products are marketed within the zone and in near by big markets such as Addis Ababa. There are 996 small scale industries within the zone. Derba water fall, monastery of Debre Libanos, Blue Nile gorge, Portuguese bridge built in 16th century are some of the tourist attractions in the area Large potential of raw materials for cement production exists in different Woredas of North Shoa zone. The raw material is estimated to be about 427.26 square kilo meter. In 2006 there were 7 investors at different stage undertaking construction work for cement production in the zone (North Shoa zone investment cited in BOFED 2006)
144.2.1.4.7 Transport and Communication The road network in the project area is very limited. There is one highway that passes through the area that links Addis Ababa to Amhara region. There are all weather and dry weather roads that link major towns in the area. All Woreda capitals in the zone are accessible by road. The total length of all weather roads in zone is about 629 kms (300 asphalted and 329 km gravel). All capital towns of the Woredas are have digital telephone services with the exception of Jida and Mulo Woredas. The road network in rural parts of the zone isn’t well developed. People in rural parts of the zone like most rural parts of Ethiopia still use animals like donkeys and mules to transport goods and people from place to places. Table 7: Distribution of roads by types Gravel Asphalt Rural Total Sululta 41 55 0 96 Mulo Yaya Gulele 24 15 0 39 Adea Berga Total 65 107 135 4.2.1.4.8 Type of Agriculture and Land Use Rural households in the Woredas have 7 to 11 hectare of land holdings. The main type of agriculture in the area is cereals pulses an oil seeds. Among cereals barely is the most commonly cultivated crop followed by wheat and Teff in terms of total farmed land it covers. Bean and linseed are the other common crop types grown in the four Woredas. According to Central Statistical Agency 2007/2008 agricultural survey report there are 1.4 million cattle, 1.1 million sheeps, 250,000 goats, and 193,000 donkeys in North Shao zone. Livestock production is also very common in the four Woredas. The most common livestock production includes cattle, sheep/goats and donkeys. Table 8: Number of livestock in the project Woreda Sululta Mulo Yaya Gulelel Adea berga Cattle 180,566 66,852 75,262 116,331 Sheep 82,130 66,517 48,014 39,702 Goats 15,070 2,739 15,065 19,145 Equines 37,030 8,114 9,102 27,020 Poultry 77,230 45,901 28,458 63,175
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4.2.1.5 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Project Area Ethio cement factory will be established in Sululta Woreda, Chancho Buba Kebele/ Peasant Association which is adjacent to Chancho town the capital of the Woreda. The factory will have five block of mining sites for limestone, gypsum and sand which will be used as raw materials for the factory. These mining sites lie in four Woredas, three in North Shoa zone and one North West Shoa Zones of Oromia region. The plant site, quarry site and the road which links the quarry site to the plant site along with its surrounding ten kilo meter radius lies with in a total of about 17 Peasant associations (PA)/kebeles and 20 sub PA/kebeles of the Woredas. 4.2.1.5.1 Plant and mining Area The plant site is located in Sululta Woreda at the out skirt of Chancho town which is about 42 kilo meter form Addis Ababab. Chancho town has a population of 8,321 persons. It is located near to the main asphalt road that links Addis Ababa with Amhara region. There are different blockes of mining sites. Limestone mining sites are located in Sululta, Adea Berga and Yaya Gulele Woredas. Gypsum and Sand mining sites are found in Sululta Woreda and clay Mining site is found in Mulo Woreda. The distance between the plant and clay mining site is about 23 kilo meter. There is an all weather gravel road that links the clay mine site with the plant site. A 30 km all weather gravel road that link limestone and gypsum mining site with the plant site is already built by the project. There is an all weather road that links the plant with mine site.
16 Table 9: Population and household number residing within project core and buffer areas by sex
HHD head
Sn PA Male Female Total Male Female Total Aver Density Sululta
TOTAL OF ALL PAs 37,362 43,793 81,155 6,344 781 15,125 3.3 153.7 Source: Kebele and Woreda records Operational definition for the project impact area comprises the plant site, mining site, and all roads that link the two and ten kilo meter radius of the core sites. The Table 7 above shows population of the 17 Kebeles that fall under the project. The total population residing in the PA/Kebeles that fall with the core and buffer zone of the project is about 81,155 out of which 43,793 (54%) are females.
17 4.2.1.5.2 Baseline Environment An assessment of baseline environment was conducted with the purpose of identifying existing environment and key players that would affect the environment of the project area. In addition to wind land dust and biomass fuel that the community uses as source of energy, there are two cement factories within the vicinity of the project area that could contribute to air pollution. One is small cement factory by the name Abysinia cement factory which is currently operating. The other is Derba cement factory currently under construction. Mugeher Cement factory also contributes to environmental pollution of some of the peasant Associations. The other source of air pollution is emission from vehicles passing in the main road which cross the project area. 4.2.1.5.3 Road, electricity and telephone services There is one major asphalted road from Addis Ababa to Debre Markos that passes through the project areas. There are also additional all weather and dry weather gravel roads in the area. In general the road network of the areas is under developed. There is mobile network and landline telephone service in all capital towns of Sululta, Yaya Gulele and Adea Berga Woredas,. The rural side doesn’t have telephone service. Similarly there isn’t electricity service in the rural side of the project area. 4.2.1.5.4. Development Activities There are different development activities that are either currently going on or planned within the project impact areas. Some of these are
Health center construction (planned for 2009) School construction (planned for 2009) Development of stream for drinking water (planned for 2009) Rural road construction (planned for 2010) Telephone line construction (planned for 2009) Irrigations construction (planned for 2009) Tap water construction ( planned for 2009) Derba Cement factory (under construction)
In addition to the above planned developmental activities key informants identified other social infrastructure owned by different stakeholders that benefit the community. Derba Medroc has supplied the community around its project, i.e. Derba PA with electricity and drinking water facilities. 4.2.1.5.5. Population The average household size of the population in the area is 5.1. Out of which 2.53 are male and the remaining are female. This is similar to the national average household size of 5 persons per household (4.2 for urban and 5.2 for rural households) (EDHS 2005). Close to 15% households in the project area have one or two household members, slightly higher than 40% of them have 3‐5 household members and 30% of them have 6 or 7 household members and 20% of them have 8 or more household members. One hundred forty four deaths and 423 births were reported during the past one year prior to the date of the As rural Ethiopia is mainly patriarchal society, the population of the study area is mainly male headed. Out of the total of 1177 household heads interviewed in this study 82% of them are male
18headed households. Only 16 % of the households are female headed households. This probably reflects on the traditional gender role of the society where male are the dominant decision makers within the household and are considered as head. Table 8 shows that 16 percent of households are headed by persons age less than 30 years old. Slightly 4 out of ten household heads between the group of 30‐45 years and close to 1 in 4 household heads are between 45 and 60 years. And 1 in ten of them are above age of 60 years. Table 10: Number of household size and sex of head of household
Background characteristics Frequency Percent Number of Household members =<2 170 14.4 3‐5 497 42.1 6‐7 282 23.8 >=8 225 19.0 Missing 7 0.7 Total 1182 100.0 Sex of head of the household Male 972 82.1 Female 177 15.5 System 33 2.4 Total 1182 100.0 4.2.1.5.6 Language, Ethnic composition and religious affiliation The population in the area is predominantly Oromo (93 %). The remaining are Amhara and other ethnic groups. There are no ethnic minorities in the area that need special protection. Afan Oromo is the major language, if not the only, spoken in the area. Ninety percent of the population speaks Afan Oromo. Population of the project area are predominantly Orthodox Christians (96.3%), followed by tiny fraction 2.3% of protestant and 1.4 % of other religious groups. Table 11: Ethnic group and religion
Background characteristics Frequency Percent Ethnic Group Oromo 1063 89.9 Amhara 60 5.1 Other 20 1.7 Missing 39 3.3 Total 1182 100.0 Religion Orthodox 1123 95.1 Protestant 30 2.6 Other 16 1.3 Missing 12 1.0 Total 1182 100.0
19 4.2.1.5.7 Marital status of head of households Three out of four of household heads in the project areas are married. Nine percent of them are single and close to one out of 10 of them are widowed and about 5 percent are divorced. The study has clearly shown that divorce rate in the area is very small Table 12: Marital status Frequency Percent Single 105 8.9Married 888 75.1Divorced 65 5.5Widowed 96.0 8.1Missing 28 2.4Total 1182 100.0 4.2.1.5.8 Education Education is crucial for development of a country or a community. With a goal of universal education for all, the government of Ethiopia is making concerted effort to expand access to education. It has been noted that there has been declining trend of illiteracy rate. While the illiteracy rate has been decreasing among the youth the effort are relatively recent phenomena to cut down the illiteracy rate significantly among adult population. Six out of 10 interviewed head of households are illiterate. Close to one in five of them have elementary education. Only 14% of them have a high school level education, about 4% of them above high school level education. Table 13: Level of Education Frequency Percent Illiterate 709 60.0Elementary 258 21.8High school 166 14.0College 42 3.6Missing 7 0.6Total 1182 100.0 The gap between girls and boys school enrollment is decreasing in recent years as a result of continues effort from government and other stakeholders. Nonetheless, there still exists a minor difference between boys and girls enrollment ratio. The gap widens as they reach at high school and above.
20Figure 3: Level of education in pie chart
Level of education
Illiterate
Primary
Highschool
College
4.2.1.5.9 Livelihood Like most rural parts of Ethiopia the population in the project area are mostly agrarian. Slightly 6 out of ten respondents identified themselves as farmers. About 80% of households interviewed have land holdings which they use for different purposes. 23% of households have other off farm income source. Carpenter, petty trade and employment in the public sector by household member are some of important off‐farm income sources of households in the area. 20 percent of households in the area don’t have land at all. They depend on petty trade, weaving, daily labor and other means as livelihood. 4.2.1.5.10 Type of housing units Traditional housing units in rural Ethiopia are characterized by round shape, mud wall and grass thatched roof. In the project area close to 29 percent of housing units are mad wall and thatched grass roof. About 2 out of three of them are mud wall and corrugated iron sheet roof, which is an indication of a shift from a more traditional housing style to modern housing type. Table 14: Type of housing unit Frequency Percent Mud wall and grass roof 341 28.8Mud wall and corrugated iron sheet roof 763 64.6Brick/blockade wall and corrugated iron sheet roof 31 2.6Grass roof and grass/wood wall 29 2.5Other 5 0.4Missing 13 1.1Total 1182 100.0
21 4.2.1.5.11 Water and fuel source Safe water coverage in Ethiopia is at its rudimentary stage. The study shows that only 34 % of households have tap water supply as a source of drinking water. Additional 20% have protected well or spring as source of drinking water. The remaining population uses unprotected well, spring or river as source of drinking water. This finding is in line with BOFED report which says that safe water supply coverage in the zone is about 42 percent. Table 15: Source of drinking water Frequency Percent Tap water 403 34.1Protected well/ spring 240 20.3Unprotected well/river/spring 516 43.7Other 9 0.8Missing 14 1.2Total 1182 100.0 The table below presents major problems associated with drinking water supply. According to respondents poor quality and distance from source of water are the two major problems identified by the community. The community also indicated that there is also shortage of drinking water in the area through out the year. Table 16: Major problems associated with source of drinking water
Problems related to drinking water Frequency Percent
Not good for drinking/causes of water borne diseases 138 12.3
Too far from home/distance 221 19.6
Shortage of water through out the year 137 12.2
Seasonal shortage of water 52 4.6
Not good for drinking and too far from home 305 27.1 Not good for drinking and there is also shortage of water through out the year 21 1.9 Not good for drinking and there is seasonal shortage of water 5 0.4
Far from home and there is also seasonal shortage 36 3.2
Other 211 18.7 Total 1126 100.0
22 Main source of fuel for household In general, about 97 % of the population in the area use fire wood and animal manure as the major source of energy. Only 1.5% of the households use Kerosene as source of energy. Four out of 10 households fire wood as source of fuel, 1 out of 10 use animal manure and close to 1 out of them uses combination of fire wood and animal manure as source of fuel. Figure 4: Source of fuel in pie chart
Fire wood only39%
Animal Manure only
9%
Kerosene1%
Electricity0%
Fire wood and animal
manure49%
Other1%
System1%
4.2.1.5.12 Health In general, the health condition of the population is poor. The prevalent diseases in the area are infectious diseases, diarrhea, TB, water borne diseases, STI/HIV/AIDS and malaria (for low land areas).
23 4.2.1.5.13 Gender Male dominance in decision making within households is considered as a norm among population of the area. Male predominantly are household heads who are supposed to make crucial decisions. Women’s role is traditionally limited to child raising, food preparation for household members and assisting in agricultural work. Female circumcision and abduction (marriage by force) are other harmful traditional practices that are affecting girls in the area. Marriage by abduction is forcing girls to abandon their education early in fear of being abducted. Parents of girls also are reluctant to send their girls to far away schools due to the same reason. Normally, high schools are located at towns/ Woreda capitals which is on average about 7 kilo meter far away from most rural households. In the region one out of ten married women got married by abduction as compared to 8 percent of women nationally. Female circumcision is one of the traditional practices that is harmful to the health of girls in the area. According to the 2005 Ethiopian DHS report 87 % of women in Oromia region are circumcised This is even higher than the national average which is around 74% (EDHS 2005). Even though no data is available at zonal and Woreda level on the prevalence of female circumcision it can be assumed that it is similar to the region’s prevalence rate. 4. 2.1.5.14 Agriculture Eighty percent of households have land holdings. Average land holding in the project area is 2.28 hectare. The study area population heavily depends on agriculture as a livelihood. The average agricultural land holdings of households in the area are 1.23 hectares. The residents of the area follow mixed farming where they practice both farming and livestock rearing as means of livelihood. The type of agriculture being practiced is small scale rain fed farming. Mainly grown crops are cereals, pulses and oil seeds. Its rain dependence which is often erratic has created problem. Table 17: Total land cultivated (in hectare) by type of crop Sululta Yaya Gulele Mullo Adeaberga Total Cereals 35,183 24,644 12675 38,608 111,110 Pulses 5,406 5,589 3212 2,610 16,817 Oil Seeds 991 413 1082 1,660 4,146 Spices 94 61 ‐ ‐ 155 Vegetables 369 474 602 469 1,914 Total Farm Lands 42,043 31,181 17,571 43,347 134,142 The staple food crop of the project area is Teff. The staple food in the area is Enjera which is a thin bread made from flour of Teff grains. Shortage of land, erratic and inadequate rain, shortage of agricultural land, shortage of selected seed and inadequate supply of fertilizer are the major problems associated with less crop production.
24Table 18: Average land cultivated per household, production and average annual revenue by type of crop
Type of crop
Cultivated land in hectare
Average production in quintal
Average annual revenue
Teff 0.49 1.9 1074 Maize 0.08 0.00 85 Sorghum 0.21 1.00 683 Wheat 0.36 3.00 744 Barely 0.22 2.00 633 Mille 0.01 0.00 18 Chickpea 0.04 0.00 81 Bean 0.18 1.00 414 Peas 0.03 0.00 128 Seasam 0.02 0.00 26 Nug 0.01 0.00 14 Pepper 0.02 0.00 2 Onion 0.01 0.00 9 Potato 0 0.00 1 Others 0.11 1.00 147 4.2.1.5.15 Agro forestry Agro forestry practice is very limited. Widely planted agro forestry product is eucalyptus. Chat and coffee planting are also being practiced to a limited extent. 4.2.1.5.16 Livestock Production Livestock production is widely being practiced. The most common type of livestock in the area are cattle and sheep/goats. Equines and poultry production are also widely practiced. Table 19: Average livestock production
Number of cattle
Number of Equines
Number of sheep/goats
Number of poultry
Number of beehives
Number of other animals
Mean 5 2 5 3 0 0 Count 1142 1142 1142 1142 1142 1142 Sum 6017 2513 5162 3810 285 275 Communal grazing is the most common type of animal feeding being practiced in the area. Shortage of grazing land, market for animal products, animal feeds and animal diseases are the most common problems related with livestock production. 4.2.1.5.17 Average income and expenditure Most households in the study area lives below poverty line as the average daily per capita income is below the recommended poverty line of one USD. The fact that about 40% of households responded that they have faced food shortage during the last one year period prior to the survey
25date reveals how the population is vulnerable to poverty. The median income of the study population is 9060 birr (about 1000 USD) per annum per household, which is fat below the poverty line of 2 USD per day per person. The survey revealed that one fourth households income come from sell of crop, grain or vegetables, about one thirteenth of their income is generated from sale of animal products. Similarly sale of animal products, petty trade, labor of family member and income from family member employed by government contributes each close to one tenth of household income. Table 20: Average household Income Mean Median Percent
Income from crop, grain and vegetable 3235.516 500 25.5
Income from perennial crops 1029.089 0 8.1
Income from animal products 1579.721 120 12.5
Income from sale of animal 1248.316 0 9.9 Agro‐forestry products 438.4929 0 3.5
Land rent/lease out 176.4567 0 1.4
Petty trading 1251.724 0 9.9 Other agricultural income 35.46495 0 0.3 Income from government permanent employee family member 1322.015 0
10.4
Income from labor family members 1116.118 0 8.8
Income from handicrafts/trade of family member 521.3046 0
4.1
Income from other sources 182.2693 0 1.4
Financial support by family member/relative 413.1196 0 3.3
Income from pension 17.08932 0 0.1
Income from other off farm sources 7.49331 0 0.1
TotaI in come 12671.41 9680 100.0 The table below presents households consumption expenditure. Most of household’s income goes to consumables (about 35%). The distant second consumption expenditure of households in the project area is saving. The survey reveals that households in area save about 10 percent their income on the average. Clothing and social events comprises about 10 % and 7% of households expenditure respectively.
26 Table 21: Average household expenditure Mean Sum Valid N Median Percent Annual expenditure for consumables 2868 3258564 1136 1900 34.9 Annual expenditure for human medical cares 383 435294 1137 100 4.7 Annual expenditure for education 281 318711 1134 100 3.4 Annual expenditure for clothing 800 909322 1136 600 9.7 Annual expenditure for house maintenance/building 497 560380 1127 0 6.0 Annual expenditure for energy 259 293990 1136 130 3.1 Annual expenditure for water 85 96360 1134 0 1.0 Annual expenditure for transport 253 287388 1134 100 3.1 Annual expenditure for other personal requirements 53 60161 1128 0 0.6 Annual expenditure for taxes 140 159230 1134 36 1.7
Annual expenditure for debt payment 290 328086 1130 0 3.5 Annual expenditure for savings 862 973973 1130 0 10.4 Annual expenditure for other financial matters 77 86433 1119 0 0.9 Annual expenditure for farm tools 114 128076 1119 0 1.4 Annual expenditure for farm inputs 265 298496 1126 0 3.2 Annual expenditure for hiring labor 210 235961 1126 0 2.5 Annual expenditure for land rent 224 252365 1127 0 2.7 Annual expenditure for food livestock 495 556725 1124 0 6.0 Annual expenditure for animal health 96 107640 1119 0 1.2 Annual expenditure for buying animals 336 373781 1114 0 4.0 Annual expenditure for Other agricultural and livestock expenses 22 24507 1121 0 0.3 Annual expenditure for social/religious ceremonies 604 682062 1130 350 7.3 Annual expenditure for other cultural events 72 81357 1126 0 0.9 Total Expenditure 9181 9336734 1017 6730 100.0
274.2.2 Physicochemical and Biological Env’t of the Project Area.
4.2.2.1 HYDROMETEOROLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
4.2.2.1.1 Hydro Meteorology
4.2.2.1.1.1 Meteorology
The nearest meteorological station to the project area is that of Chancho town that has rainfall and temperature data record. The record on rainfall data shows that area has uni‐modal rainfall characteristics with highest annual rainfall during the months of mid June to mid August (see fig. 3). Moderate rainfall prevails also during the months of March and April. The mean total annual rainfall based on ten years record 1997‐ 2006) as per this meteorological station is 1460mm. Another data is obtained from the station at Addis Ababa. The monthly mean minimum and mean maximum temperature at Chancho station is also shown in fig. 5 AND FIG 6. The Temprature, relative humidity, annula rainfall, the annual rainfall from the year 1984 upto 2000, the windspeed,suhshine hours, evaporation rates are collected from the Fiche observatory and shown in figure 7 up to Figure 13.
FIG. 5 MEAN MONTHLY RAIN FALL AT CHANCHO STATION
Monthly rainfall in mm at Chancho
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
months
rain
fall
(mm
Monthly rainfall inmm at Chancho
FIG.6 MONTHLY MEAN MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ATCHANCHO
Monthly mean Minimum and Maximum temperature in degree celcius at Chancho station
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
months
aver
age
valu
Monthly meanmaximum temperaturein deg. C. at Chanchostation
Monthly mean min.temperature in deg. C.at Chancho station
28 Fig. 7 TEMPERATURE (OC) – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
The area experiences higher humidity levels during the months of July, August and September. The average relative humidity during the year is 62%.
Fig.8 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
The average total annual rainfall recorded at Fiche station during the year for the period 1954‐1999 is 970.3 mm
29 Fig. 9 RAINFALL (MM) – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
Fig. 10 RAINFALL (MM) – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
The average wind speed during the year for the period 1981‐2005 as recorded at Fiche Observatory is 2.3 m/ s.
30
Figure 11 WINDSPEED (M/S) – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
Sunshine hours as recorded at Fiche Observatory vary from 7‐9 hours during most part of the year excepting the rainy season.
Figure 12 SUNSHINE HOURS – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
Evaporations rates in the area range from 40 mm to 180 mm
31
Figure 13 EVAPORATION RATES (MM) – FICHE OBSERVATORY STATION
The region has a tropical type of climate. The area around the Blue Nile gorge has also a tropical climate (10oc ‐ 25oc and 800‐1200 mm rain fall) that supports the grass and wood savannah. The area is characterized by rainy months from March to October, and small rains in February and October. The heavy rains are from May to September. There is a high concentration of rainfall in June, July, August and September. The annual and seasonal distribution of rainfall makes the zone suitable for agriculture, vegetation, crops, etc. The average annual rainfall fluctuates between 813..22‐ 1,699.1mm. Generally, the area is devoid of vegetation cover except for some remnants of coniferous forests near the town of Derba and its surrounding. Thick patches of Eucalyptus Plantation is grown here and there .. The maximum and minimum average temperatures recorded during the period 1974‐2007 are 19.9oC and 7.4 oC respectively. The average maximum and minimum temperature during the year 2007 has been recorded as 20.7oC and 8.1oC respectively.
32 4.2.2.1.1.1. A METEROLOGY AT THE PROJECT SITE
The meteorological parameters have been monitored at the plant site by purchasing and installing the cement plant meterological station from the National Metrological sation of Ethiopia. The following parameters tabulated below are based on the data collected from at the proposed project site.
ETHIO CEMENT PLC METEOROLOGICAL STATION DALIY OBSERVATION
Date Time (LST) Raim fall(mm) Wind Force Remarks Direction (m/sec) 0600 X X 0700 X X 0800 SE 00 0900 0.0 SW 02 1000 NW 00 17-08-2008 1100 NE 02 1200 NE 06 1300 NE 06 1400 N 04 1500 NE 06 1600 NE 06 1700 NE 04 1800 SE 02 0600 SE 00 0700 SE 00 0800 SE 00 0900 2.0 SW 00 1000 S 02 1100 NW 04 18-08-2008 1200 N 06 1300 SW 00 1400 SW 04 1500 SW 04 1600 S 02 1700 SW 04
1800 SW 02
0600 NW 02
0700 SW 00
0800 SE 00
0900 0.0 SW 00
1000 NE 04
33
Date Time (LST) Raim fall(mm) Wind Force Remarks Direction (m/sec) 19-08-2008 1100 NE 04 1200 NE 02 1300 N 08 1400 SE 04 1500 N 04 1600 NE 04 1700 E 04 1800 E 02 0600 SE 00 0700 SE 00 0800 SE 00 0900 0.0 NE 02 1000 NE 02 1100 NE 02 20-08-2008 1200 SE 06 1300 SE 02 1400 NE 04 1500 NE 04 1600 NE 02 1700 NE 04 1800 NE 04 0600 SE 00 0700 SE 00 0800 SE 00 0900 0.0 E 00
1000 S 04
34
Date Time (LST) Raim fall(mm) Wind Force Remarks Direction (m/sec) 21-08-2008 1100 SE 02 1200 SE 04 1300 SE 04 1400 SE 04 1500 SE 02 1600 SE 02 1700 SE 02 1800 SE 02 0600 SE 00 0700 SE 00 0800 E 00 0900 0.9 SW 02 1000 SE 02 1100 NW 04 22-08-2008 1200 NW 04 1300 NW 06 1400 S 04 1500 S 04 1600 NW 02 1700 SE 00 1800 SE 02
Observer name Abdissa Jobir
Photo Ethio Cement meterological Station in the plant site.
35
DURATION : 16 - 24 HRS.
WINDROSE DIAGRAM
NOTE : All readings are in percentage occurance of wind
DURATION : 00 - 08 HRS.
LEGEND
C = Calm Conditions in Percentage
5-10
0.0-1.7
C1.7-5 >15 KMPH
10-1510 %5 %
SCALE
DURATION : 08 - 16 HRS.
N
2.05N 3.86
NNE 8.19NE
11.82ENE
9.09E
6.82ESE
8.87SE
8.41SSE
1.82S
1.36SSW
1.36SW
0.68WSW
1.81W0.90WNW
1.13NW 0.91
NNW
30.92
0.69N 2.95
NNE 7.72NE
11.81ENE
9.77E
9.32ESE
8.41SE
16.13SSE
7.04S
3.86SSW
3.18SW
1.59WSW0.91
W1.36WNW
0.23NW
0.45NNW
14.58
1.36N
4.09NNE
6.36NE
10.23ENE
8.87E
11.14ESE
20.00SE
13.42SSE
2.95S2.96
SSW2.04SW
1.82WSW1.36
W0.91WNW2.05NW
0.45NNW
9.99
36
NOTE : All readings are in percentage occurance of wind
DURATION : 00 - 24 HRS.
C = Calm Conditions in Percentage
LEGEND
1.7-5
0.0-1.7
C>15 KMPH
10-15
5-10
10 %5 %
SCALE
N
N1.36
3.64NNE
7.42NE
11.29ENE
9.24E
9.09ESE
12.42SE
12.65SSE
3.94S2.73
SSW2.19SW
1.36WSW
1.37W
1.06WNW
1.13NW 0.61
NNW
18.50
WINDROSE DIAGRAM
37 EARTHQUAKE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY
The area of Derba and Chancho is situated in an earthquake zone, whose maximum tremors reached the magnitude of 6.2 – 6.5 Richter units. The last larger epicenter was about 150 km N.E. of Derba in the area of Karakore (Cambotcha). The tremors were up to 6.75 Richter units, and the epicenter was at a depth of 30‐35 kilometers.
4.2.2.1.1.2 Hydrology The area is reach in surface water (perennial and intermittent streams and rivers). Dendritic stream pattern having fourth order are the main features of the area. Regionally, the area is situated with in Abay/Nile basin; where as locally it is situated with in Muger catchment/or sub basin.
The major rivers/or streams draining the area are Muger, Aleltu, Labu and Bole. In addition to these, there are other streams that are draining to the aforementioned rivers/or streams. The trend/or flow directions of the rivers and streams in the area is mainly toward the north/or North West direction. The drainage pattern and distribution of stream as well as the three‐ dimensional view of the area is shown in fig 1, 2, 6 and 7. The shaded relief map of the area is shown in fig.5.
Fig.7.Shaded relief map of the project area
38 4.2.2.1.2 HYDROGEOLOGY The hydrogeology of an area is governed by the existing geology, geomorphology, hydrometeorology and lithology of the area. The project area is not an exceptional to this general principle. Being part of the Ethiopian central plateau, particularly Abay plateau, Tertiary volcanism along with later coming superficial earth process have brought the area to its present landscape. In line with this, the Tertiary basaltic lava flows have significant places in the majority of the hydrogeology of the area, particularly at high land part. The volcanic lava flows cover the majority of the groundwater recharge area at the southern part of the project area. Where as, the northern extreme of the project area, particularly the intended limestone quarry site is situated with in the valley of the Muger River and its tributaries that is in turn the tributary of the Abay River. The valley is part of Abay River, which is characterized by typical Abay valley Mesozoic sedimentary sequences that includes Tertiary volcanics, upper sandstone, gypsum and shale and limestone from top to bottom. The Tertiary volcanics in the area is characterized by multilayer aquifer systems, the main aquifers being fractured and/or weathered basaltic lava flows and scoraceous basalts. The main aquicludes or barriers for the groundwater flow in the area are massive volcanic rocks and paleosols. Boreholes drilled and constructed for different purposes in the area reveals the same situation. There are many springs having different discharges in the area. The springs are mainly controlled by geomorphology rather than structure. They are emerging from volcanic rocks the barrier being paleosol. An exceptional spring is that of Taltale located with in Muger valley along Lebu stream and emerging from lime stone. The main sources of groundwater recharge in the area is precipitation; particularly rainfall. A different source of study for groundwater recharge estimation in the area indicates the annual groundwater recharge varies from 100mm to 250mm. Such value disparity arises from the methodology applied in the recharge estimation and the reliability of source data. Hence, it is reasonable to use the average value of both that becomes about 175mm. This value is more or less similar with the value of groundwater recharge estimation made for Ethiopian central plateau using different methods. The major groundwater flow direction particularly for the shallow groundwater is from south to north though detail investigation is required to identify the detail groundwater dynamics of the area. There could also be local variation for groundwater flow in the area. 4.2.2.1.2.1 WATER RESOURCES 4.2.2.1.2.1.1 Groundwater resources The area has ample groundwater potential that is attributed to the prevailing hydro‐meteorological conditions, geo‐morphological and geological formation. Groundwater is the main sources of domestic water supply both in the urban and rural parts of the area. The main aquifer for the shallow groundwater in the area is weathered and/or fractured basaltic lava flow as well as alluvial sediments along streams/rivers. Although it is not
39exhaustive, it has been tried to measure depth to water level and Electric conductivity in some springs. Accordingly, the depth to groundwater level is very shallow and it is about 4 meters below ground surface as measured in planned clay site. Actually, the depth to water level depends on topography and season measurement/or observation. It was during rainy season that the measurement was taken. Hence, during dry season, the depth to water level obviously decreases. It is the usual practice by the community of the area to use traditional hand dug wells if they do not have access to modern water supply systems such as spring or wells installed with pumps (motorized or on hand pump) as sources of domestic water supply. Some of the springs in area and water wells are shown in table 1. The distribution of springs and water wells in the area is shown in fig.7.
Table 22: Springs & Water wells in the project area
15 Segno Gebeya 455664 1027096 2603 Spring 0.5 Domestic
16 Segno Gebeya 451615 1027364 2673 Spring 10 Domestic
17 Mulo 463227 1037406 2466 Spring 1 Domestic 18 Bowo 485000 1048933 2617 Spring 2 Domestic
Detail information such as depth to water level, depth and discharge of some wells were not obtained during the survey work. 4.2.2.1.2.1.2 Surface water resources The Woreda is situated with in Abay River basin. Surface water resources of the area have also been touched under hydrology part.
40 4.2.2.1.3 WATER QUALITY The general geological and hydrometeorological conditions of the area indicate that there is no a natural threats that hampers the water resources quality to use it for different purposes. The only natural limitation for groundwater is those that are in contact with the gypsum/shale and limestone in the Abay valley, since there could be calcium and/or magnesium hardness problem. Groundwater that is from volcanic lava flows is free from such threats. In order to ascertain the indirect approach of water quality assessment, water samples have been collected from different sources for the analysis of physicochemical and trace element. Natural water is sampled in view of carrying out various analyses on it. A total of eight samples have been collected from different sources: three samples from springs, two samples from streams, and three from well (two hand dug wells and one drilled well). Each sample is taken with a one‐liter polyethylene plastic bottle. Other than this, no chemical treatment has been made to preserve the samples. In taking the water samples, geographical and geological setting, hydrogeological conditions, and intended quarry sites and plant site locations have been taken in to consideration to make the sample representative of the area. The geographical distribution of the sample is shown in fig.6. Where as, the detail of the sample is shown in tables 2 4.
One duplicate sample is collected from spring in order to see the reproducibility of the laboratory results. Accordingly, a comparable result is obtained (samples coded as S01 and S02, see table 3 & 4).
41
Figure 4.14 A map showing water sampling points
42
Figure 4.15 A map showing distribution of water supply schemes in the project area
43
4.2.2.1.3.1. Water quality analysis and interpretation The water samples collected from field have been submitted to the Central Geological Laboratory of Ethiopian Geological Survey. During the sample collection some of the physical parameters such as TDS, EC, pH, T and Eh have been measured at field to check the result with that of laboratory. The detail of the samples is shown in tables 3 – 4.. The result of the water quality analysis has been compared with that of the preset standards of different institutions such as WHO drinking water standard, and Ethiopian drinking water quality standard. Accordingly, the water is safe for agriculture and domestic supply. The following table shows the result of the water quality analysis in comparison with the different standards for some parameters. In addition to the comparison of the analysis result with the preset water quality standard for different water use, some basic physical parameters such as pH and EC (Electric Conductivity) have been made. In order to interpret the results of water quality analysis, pictorial representation/or diagram has been used. In this particular interpretation Stiff diagram has been used as shown in fig.16.
44
The Stiff diagram method uses a scale for concentration of ions in meq/L along the x
axis. The ions are arranged along yaxis in such a way that the cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+
and K+) to the left of the centerof the plotting scale and the anions (HCO3 , Cl, NO3,
and SO42 ) are to the right of it. It is shown for some of the analyzed samples in fig……
According to the results of presentation, the majority of the water samples are Ca‐
Mg‐ HCO3 type; where as two water samples indicate Ca‐ HCO3 (S‐06) type and, Ca‐
Na‐ HCO3 type (S‐08). Sample number 6 (S‐06) has relatively high concentration of
nitrate. This sample is from house hold/family based hand dug well. The relatively
high concentration of Nitrate is attributed to wastes (excretes) from livestock that
was clearly observed during the field work. The sanitary aspect of the hand dug well
was not attractive being it is situated with in the residence compound adjacent to
the livestock’s overnight stay.
The high concentration of sodium for the samples from the drilled borehole for
Chancho town water supply (S‐08) suggests the relatively deep aquifer water in the
area is slightly different from the shallow groundwater. Samples from river/stream,
spring and shallow groundwater are all represented by Ca‐ Mg‐ HCO3 type.
45
Table 23: Comparison of some measured laboratory results with water use quality standards
3 Ethiopian Drinking water quality standards (Ethiopian guidelines specification for drinking water quality, 2002)
All trace elements (Chromium, Cobalt, Tin, Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Manganese, Copper, Silver and Nickel) analyzed are found to be less than o.1mg/L as reported by the Laboratory of Ethiopian Geological Survey.
pH
This represents the negative common logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration /or
activity; pH = log [H+]. Based on pH value, a solution can be acidic (pH < 7), basic (pH
>7) or neutral (pH = 7); the extreme value is being at pH = 0 (extremely acidic) and pH
= 14 (extremely alkaline). The pH value of natural water has a profound effect on the
mobility of many elements. Only few ions such as Na+, K+, NO3 and Cl remain in
solution through out the entire range of pH values found in normal groundwater. In
natural water, pH is mostly controlled by carbon dioxide bicarbonatecarbonate
equilibrium of the system.
The pH values for water samples collected from the project area ranges from 6.3 to
7.76 indicating that it ranges from slightly acidic to slightly basic water.
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
These are two interrelated parameters that indicate the state of water salinity:
Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Based on the TDS
value, water can be grouped into fresh (01000ppm), brackish (1000 10,000ppm),
salty (104 105ppm), and brine (>105ppm), Davis (1966). The crude estimation of Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water based on EC measurement is given by the relation ½ EC
((s/cm) = TDS (mg/l). For the collected and analyzed water samples, a plotted graph
is shown in fig.9.
48
Fig. 9 EC and pH for water samples in the Project area
0123456789
S-01
S-02
S-03
S-04
S-05
S-06
S-07
S-08
Sample code
pH
val
ue
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
EC PH
EC (μ S/Cm)
Figure 16 EC and pH for water samples in the project area.
Among the sampled water, slightly low pH value is measured for sample number 5
(S‐05). This sample has been taken from hand dug well used for domestic water
supply in planned clay mining area. There is no a such pH value variation for other
samples as shown in fig.9.
Electric conductivity values for the collected water samples are also shown in the
same figure. Sample number 4 (S‐04) shows very high EC values unlike other
samples. This sample is from spring source capped for domestic water supply near
the “intermediate site”. The relatively high EC value for this sample cannot be
explained by the geology/or lithology of the area; instead human
interference/anthropogenic factor can better explain the situation. The spring is
emerging from basaltic lava flow. The most likely reason for relatively high EC value
is that the spring might have in contact with domestic wastes including leakage from
latrine. This can be verified by relatively high concentration of nitrate (31mg/L),
chloride (26 mg/L) and sodium (15mg/L). The low EC values are for surface water
(streams and river), which is the case for sample S‐03 and S‐ 07. This complies with
the fact that streams/rivers have low duration of rock‐water interaction and high
rate of dilution compared to groundwater sources.
49
Photos showing the water sources used by the community
PHOTO 1 POND
PHOTO 2 HAND DUG WELL
50
4.2.2.2 SOIL ENVIRONMENT Three Soil samples from different types of soil, i.e. Red Soil , Black Soil and Brown Soil from various locations within 10 km radius were collected for assessment of the existing physico‐chemical characteristics and analyzed at the Laboratory of Ethiopian Geological Survey. The results are shown in Table below. The three samples collected are two from the plant site and one from the quarry site
The soil quality of the samples collected from the above locations is given below
The noise measurement have been conducted using an instrument
of SOUND LEVEL METER Lutron SL‐4001 digital instrument for the
project area of Ethio‐cement Factory which included Chancho town,
Derba town, Mulo town, Plant site and near to quarry site. The
noise levels at project area and in the vicinity have been measured
continuously in each site.
Fig 11 LUTRON SL‐4001 DIGITAL SOUND LEVEL METER
Features of the equipment Large LCD display, easy to read Frequency weighting networks are designed to meet the IEC 651 type 2 A & C weighting networks are conformity to standards time weighting
(FAST & SLOW) dynamic characteristic modes AC/DC output for system expansion Built-in adj. VR is available for easy
calibration Condenser microphone for high accuracy & long-term stability
Max. Hold function for stored the maximum value on display Warning indicator for over and under load LCD display for low power consumption & clear read-out even in bright
ambient light condition Used the durable, long-lasting components, including a strong, light
weight ABS-plastic housing case Small and ligh weight design allow one hand operation
Low battery indicator Standard accessories: instruction manual, calibration screw driver
53
Photo 3 The expert while monitoring the noise level.
4.2.2.3.2. NOISE CRITERIA
World wide History of Development of National Standard In December 1988, the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC), concerned about noise‐induced hearing loss as a major occupational disease, endorsed the National Strategy for the Prevention of Occupational Noise‐induced Hearing Loss [NOHSC:4004(1989). To further this strategy NOHSC endorsed development of a national standard and code of practice.
The draft national standard and code of practice were released for public comment in November 1989. Having considered public comment on the draft document, NOHSC declared the National Standard for Occupational Noise [NOHSC: 1007(1993)] and the National Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work [NOHSC: 2009(1993)] in March 1992.
In 2000 NOHSC amended the national standard and code of practice to update the measurement of peak noise from an unweighted (linear) peak sound pressure level, Lpeak, to a C‐weighted peak sound pressure level, LC,peak. C‐weighting measurement. C‐weighting is a more reliable form of measurement when compared to the linear response to impulse noise, which may vary according to different sound measuring instruments.
In 2003 NOHSC identified inconsistencies in the National Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work [NOHSC:2009 (2000)]. NOHSC agreed to revise the national code to:
address the issues of consistency between the national code and national and international noise management models; and to
encourage national consistency by providing an up to date and practical OHS noise management tool; and in so doing
54
reduce the burden on jurisdictional Governments to develop local codes of practice or guidance material.
The levels specified in the national standard are the maximum acceptable exposure
levels for noise in the workplace. However, over long periods, repeated noise
exposure at between 75 and 85 decibels may be a small risk to some people. With
progressively increasing levels, the risk becomes greater. Workplace noise levels
lower than 85 decibels are, therefore, desirable, if practicable.
Ethiopia
The “GUIDLINE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS FOR ETHIOPIA” of the
Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) prepared by EPA and the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization Prepared Under the
Ecologically Sustainable Industrial Development (ESID) Project
US/ETH/99/068/ETHIOPIA August 2003 and “Occupational, Health and Safety
Package, 1997” of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs are used to assess noise
level measurement.
The EPA guidelines state that: The sensitivity to noise is usually greater at night‐
time than it is during the day, by about 10dB (A). Ideally, if the total noise level from
all sources is taken into account, the noise level at sensitive locations should be kept
within the following values:
Table 27 The noise level limits as per the IFC and EPA Gidelines
Limits in dB (A)
Area Code Category of area Day time Night time
A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45
The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs manual indicate” the Noise is one of the
most widely and most frequently experienced problems of the industrial working
environment and social living area. Noise affects human being physically,
psychologically and socially. Noise can damage hearing, interfere with
communication, annoying, cause tiredness, reduce efficiency and influence blood
55
circulation and cause stress. Volume of different sounds encountered commonly,
expressed in dB (A) is given below
Table 28 Volume of different sounds encountered commonly, expressed in dB (A)
Effect on Human
Beings
Sound Level
in dB (A)
Sound Source
Highly Injurious
140
130
Jet engine
Rivet Hammer
Injurious
Risk
Speech masking
Irritating
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Propeller plane
Rock drill
Chain Saw
Sheet metal Workshop
Heavy Truck
Heavily Trafficked Street
Saloon Car
Normal Conversation
Low Conversation
Quite Radio Music
Whispering
Quite Urban apartment
Rustling Leaves
HEARING THRESHOLD
4.2.2.3.3. SITE DESCRIPTION
The Ethio Cement factory plant site is located south west of Chancho town 40 km
away from Addis Ababa and the quarry site is located near to Derba town (23km
from Chancho) around this area there also Addis Ababa Cement factory ropeway
site and one newly constructed (MIDROCK) quarry site. The plant site is currently
under construction. The general area of the plat site comprises open farming
properties. The aspect of the landscape is open, with significant hills and occasional
56
trees. The area is classified as rural or predominantly rural with some agricultural
activity. The land use in the area mainly comprises intermediate‐sized farming
properties.
4.2.2.3.4. NOISE MEASURING SURVEY
Measurement Equipment
LUTRON SL‐4001 DIGITAL SOUND LEVEL METER was used in all area Chancho
town, Derba town, Mulo town, and Plant site and to quarry site over the period from
30 July 2008 to 03 August 2008 and the data is collected in 30‐minute intervals. The
detail noise level data collected is attached in annex 3.
Measuring Sites
A summary of the sites and their characteristics is provided below:
Table 29:‐ Characteristic of project area and vicinity.
It.No
Site Name Site Characteristics Remark
1 Chancho Town
Rural town Population _____ School: 1 High ,1elementary Health: 1 Health centre Activity: Farm based (milk production), pity trade, Hotels Factory : 1 Absenya Cement factory( 4km from town) and 1 under construction (1km from town)
2 Derba Town
Rural town Population _____ School: 1elementary Health: clinic Activity: Farm based and pity trade, One flower farm Factory : 1Addis Ababa Cement factory processing plant (ropeway) 2 newly constructed (ropeway)
3 Mulo Rural town Population _____ School: 1elementary Activity: Farm based and pity trade Health: clinic
4 Plant site
1.5 km away from the Chancho Town Construction on going: Workshop, Guesthouse and workers house, Office Number of works 92
During construction time there is Hammer, Vibrator compressor and other sound is create a noise in the compound
5 Near Quarry site
Rural town Population _____ School: 1elementary Activity: Farm based and pity trade Health: clinic
57
NOISE LEVELS IN THE STUDY AREA
Mulo seyo
LILO
CHEBEKA GULBEKA
EKO BABO
EKA YAYA
CATLE FARM
DIB
DEG
A
EKO DEGA
MEREWA
BORO
BUBISA
BECHO
Mesobi
ILU DIRE
BECHO GURANDA
BECHO ABALE
GERD
AW
A
SENYO GEBEYA
KETE MA
MAD
ERO
RIDGEMUGER
Ero Geja
Becho Kidane Mihiret
Buba
DENEBA
Weyzero
Handa Weyzero
Ikuyu
ILU MEDALE
Botoro Abo
WEGIDI
Fertoma
Lemi
WELEBISIAND
DEBELE
Goro Yaya
Buba
Gulbi MaryamCHEBEKA GULBEKA
EFOBABO
AMUMA DUMBRI
ASEREDIRE
DILO DERBATIRO KUTULE
DILO
DERBA
DIB DEGA
BERESAMULO
CHANCHO
CHANCHOD
IB D
EG
A
OCHI
SILO GEBETA
MULO
AMUMA BUBISA
KOTICHA
GUMBICHU
PLANT
Dire Medalie
Handa Weyzero
Lebu
l
llu Keteba Ada Ginbichu
Echo Efo Babo
BOLE
MEDARO
LAYNYAW KEDIDA
KETE MA
KER
SA
TACHINYAW KEDIDA
DERBA
MUGERGAL
OLIMESTONE MINE
GULELE
MONITORING STATIONS
TITLE:
PROJECT:
SETTLEMENTS
STREAMS / TANKS
ROADS
ETHIO CEMENT PLC.
Gunbichu
LIMESTONE MINE
PLANT SITE
0938 A4 0938 A4 0938 A4
0938 C2 0938 D1 0938 D2
0938 C4 0938 D3 0938 D4
INDEX TO ADJOINING SHEETS
FITAL DEBRE TSIGE
CHANCHODERBA
ADDIS ABEBANW
ADDIS ABEBANE
N4
N1
N2
N3
MONITORING STATIONS
NOISE LEVEL
NOISE LEVEL
FIG - 3.4
CHANCHO, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA.
58
Table 30: Summary of the noise level data on the area
Name
Average Noise level
data in dB(A)
Remark
1 Chancho Town 59
2 Derba Town 49
3 Mulo 46
4 Plant site 53
5 Quarry site 45 The noise level data anlysis shows that the noise levels in all the area are all within the draft Ethiopian standards as well as IFC EHS guidelines. REFERENCES 1. IFC EHS GHIDELINES
2. GUIDLINE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS FOR ETHIOPIA” of the
Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) prepared by EPA and the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization Prepared under the
Ecologically Sustainable Industrial Development (ESID) Project
US/ETH/99/068/ETHIOPIA August 2003.
3. OCCUPATIONAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY PACKAGE, 1997 of the Ministry of
Labor and Social Affairs are used to assess noise level measurement.
4. Renewable Power Ventures Background Noise Monitoring Report Capital
Wind Farm Document No. 505608‐TRP‐017528‐00 27 April 2005
5. National Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of
Hearing at Work [NOHSC: 2009(2004)] 3rd Edition, Australian Government
National Occupational Health and Safety commission.
6. NATIONAL STANDARD FOR OCCUPATIONAL NOISE [NOHSC: 1007(2000)]
2nd Edition Australian Government National Occupational Health and Safety
commission.
59
4.2.2.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Ambient air quality of the study area has been assessed at four locations. The summary of the ambient air quality is given below
Ambient Air Quality (g/m3)
VALUES Location Name
SPM RPM SO2 NOx
A1 Plant site 78 27 <5 6.4
A2 Mine site 82 31 5.2 6.1
A3 Derba 69 23 <5 7.2
A4 Mulo 73 32 <5 5.9
Note: CO values are observed less than 1 ppm during study period.
Mulo seyo
LILO
CHEBEKA GULBEKA
EKO BABO
EKA YAYA
CATLE FARM
DIB
DEG
A
EKO DEGA
MEREWA
BORO
BUBISA
BECHO
Mesobi
ILU DIRE
BECHO GURANDA
BECHO ABALE
GERD
AW
A
SENYO GEBEYA
KETE MA
MAD
ERO
RIDG
EMUGER
Ero Geja
Becho Kidane Mihiret
Buba
DENEBA
Weyzero
Handa Weyzero
Ikuyu
ILU MEDALE
Botoro Abo
WEGIDI
Fertoma
Lemi
WELEBISIAND
DEBELE
Goro Yaya
Buba
Gulbi MaryamCHEBEKA GULBEKA
EFOBABO
AMUMA DUMBRI
ASEREDIRE
DILO DERBATIRO KUTULE
DILO
DERBA
DIB DEGA
BERESAMULO
CHANCHO
CHANCHO
DIB
DEG
A
OCHI
SILO GEBETA
MULO
AMUMA BUBISA
KOTICHA
GUMBICHU
PLANT
Dire Medalie
Handa Weyzero
Lebu
l
llu Keteba Ada Ginbichu
Echo Efo Babo
BOLE
MEDARO
LAYNYAW KEDIDA
KETE MA
KER
SA
TACHINYAW KEDIDA
DERBA
MUGER
GAL
O
LIMESTONE MINE
GULELE
FIG - 3.3
MONITORING STATIONSAMBIENT AIR QUALITY
TITLE:
PROJECT:
SETTLEMENTS
STREAMS / TANKS
ROADS
ETHIO CEMENT PLC.
Gunbichu
LIMESTONE MINE
PLANT SITE
0938 A4 0938 A4 0938 A4
0938 C2 0938 D1 0938 D2
0938 C4 0938 D3 0938 D4
INDEX TO ADJOINING SHEETS
FITAL DEBRE TSIGE
CHANCHODERBA
ADDIS ABEBANW
ADDIS ABEBANE
A2
A3
A4
A1
AIR QUALITYMONITORING STATIONS
CHANCHO, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA.
60
4.2.2.5 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE BASE ECOLOGICAL BASELINE SURVEY (FLORA, FAUNA, ENDEMIC AND THREATENED
SPECIES, PROTECTED AREAS) IN THE PROJECT CORE AREAS (QUARRY AND
PLANT SITES) OF ETHIOCEMENT.
4.2.2.5.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2.2.5.1.1 Background
Prior to any development intervention, it is vital to assess existing conditions of the
natural environment and possible impacts of the planned interventions. Cement
production is a heavy industry and is expected to change natural habitats, since the
raw materials are entirely land resources. The Ethio‐Cement PLC Project area is
located in the Central Highland Plateau of Ethiopia, which is known for its endemic
plants and animals, and for its uniquehabitats.
The study attempts to address questions like: What are the habitat types in the
project area? What is the current land use type? Which species of plants and animals
occur there? How many of them are endemic and threatened? Which ones have
specific habitat (specificity of species)? Or Biome restricted species? How many are
threatened? What are their threat categories? How much is the habitat represented
in the country? Regionally? How important is the habitat for conservation of
regional flora and fauna?
4.2.2.5.1.2 Objectives
The objectives of this study are:
To describe the vegetation and habitat types, their uniqueness and
representation nationally and regionally;
To list the species of plants and animals, including birds;
To list threatened species and assess their conservation status;
To evaluate the conservation value of the habitat, specially as important bird
area; and
To assess if the area falls within any protected area system in the country.
61
4.2.2.5.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 4. 2.2.5.2 .1 Study area
The areas that have been surveyed are Ethio‐Cement Raw Materials production
(Quarry) and Plant (Cement Plant) sites, which are located in North Shewa Zone of
Oromia Regional State, near Darba and Chancho villages respectively. The Quarry
Site is located at about 75 km north of Addis Ababa, between Darba Town and
Mogor River. The area surveyed in this study lies within 10 km radius of the planned
Quarry Site and the raw material transporting conveyor belt corridor. The Plant Site
is located at 40 km north of Addis Ababa, west of Chancho Town. It is bordering with
Chancho Town on the east, Sibilu River on the west, Chancho‐Darba Road on the
north, and the Sululta Plain on the south. Both the Quarry and Plant sites are parts of
the Central Highlands of Ethiopia.
4. 2.2.5.2.2 Methods of Data Collection and Compilation
In order to accomplish the set objectives of the study pertaining to the ecological
investigation of the Core Project Areas, field survey and sampling of the vegetation
were conducted. The fauna and flora were listed, and those plant species difficult to
identify in the field were collected, pressed and taken to the National Herbarium
(ETH) for drying and determination. For both plants and animals, the survey was
conducted along transect lines crossing the landscape of the sites, covering all
possible land use and vegetation types.
For the evaluation of the conservation status of endemic, near endemic and rare
species of flora and fauna, we used the IUCN Categories and Criteria 3.1 (IUCN,
2001). Accordingly, there are 9 IUCN threat categories, namely: Extinct (EX) Extinct
staddo, Urera hypselodendron, Rosa abyssinica, Pennisetum sphaecelatum,
Kalanchoe petitiana, Laggera tomentosa and Kniphofia foliosa. Currently, it is
mainly occupied by villages and homestead plantation of Eucalyptus globulus.
4.2.2.4.3.1.1.1 Vegetation of Quarry Site: The study on the vegetation of the Quarry Site resulted in three types: Acacia dominated woodland which is now
predominantly under cultivation, occupying the low‐lying river valleys and gentle
65
slopes, followed by scrubland on steep slopes at middle altitude, and montane
grassland with some scattered trees at the upper most part of the area. Totally,
about 275 species of vascular plants have been recorded from the study area
surrounding the Quarry Site. Of these, 16 species are endemic and near endemic to
Ethiopia (the near endemic taxa extending into the highland of Eritrea). The lists of
plant species recorded from the area and the conservation status of endemic and
near endemic taxa are given in Annex 4 and Table 31 respectively.
Table 31. List of endemic and near endemic plants in the Ethio‐Cement PLC Quarry Site and their conservation status No. Species and Authority(ies) names Family Conservation
Status 1 Aloe debrana Christian Aloaceae LC 2 Aloe elegans Tod. Aloaceae LC (Eritrea) 3 Becium grandiflorum (Lam.) Pic.Serm. Lamiaceae NT (Eritrea) 4 Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne‐Redh. ex
Polhill Fabaceae NT
5 Cussonia ostinii Chiov. Araliaceae NT 6 Cyphostemma niveum (Schweinf.)
Descoings Vitaceae LC (Eritrea)
7 Impatiens rothii Hook.f. Balsaminaceae LC 8 Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich. Crassulaceae LC (Eritrea) 9 Laggera tomentosa (A.Rich.) Sch.‐ Bip. Asteraceae NT 10 Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Lamiaceae NT 11 Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex Walp. Verbenaceae LC (Eritrea) 12 Maytenus addat (Loes.) Sebsebe Celastraceae NT 13 Rhus sp. nov. Anacardiaceae CR 14 Solanum marginatum L.f. Solanaceae LC (Eritrea) 15 Trifolium schimperi A. Rich. Fabaceae NT 16 Urtica simensis Hochst. e Steud. Urticaceae LC CR = Critically Endangered; NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern 4.2.2.5.3.1.1.2 Vegetation of the Plant Site: the vegetation of the Plant Site is mainly wetland, grassland and cultivated land, and highly degraded dry evergreen
montane forest (now mainly settlement surrounded by Eucalyptus globulus
plantation and some remnant trees). There are about 234 species of vascular plants,
of which 17 are endemic or near endemic to Ethiopia (the near endemic species
extending into the highland of Eritrea). The lists of plant species recorded from the
area and the conservation status of endemic taxa are given in Annex 5 and Table 32
66
respectively. Of the 16 endemic and near endemic species recorded, only one, the
un‐named Rhus species, which is known only from two collections, have been
assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), based on the IUCN Categories and Criteria
(IUCN, 2001), while the rest have already been assessed as Near Threatened (7
species) or Least Concern (8 species) by Vivero et al. (2005, 2006). One of the
species, Maytenus addat, was assessed as Endangered (E), by Ensermu Kelbessa et
al. (1992), based on the old IUCN Categories and Criteria (Davis et al. 1986). Among
those that have been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) and Least Concern (LC), six
species also occur in Eritrea and are considered near endemic, as they mainly occur
in Ethiopia with extension into the highland of Eritrea, as the species belong to the
Eastern Afromontane Hotspot (CI, 2004). The Quarry Site does not belong to any
protected area. However, although most areas have been severely degraded and
may not deserve protection, the hill slopes deserve rehabilitation through physical
and biological means. Otherwise, further degradation may incur serious landslide
which would affect people living in the lowland.
Table 32. List of endemic and near‐endemic plants from the Ethio ‐ Cement PLC Plant Site and their conservation status No. Species and Authority (ies) Names Family Conservation
Status 1 Aeollanthus abyssinicus Hochst. ex Benth. Lamiaceae LC 2 Aloe debrana Christian Aloaceae LC 3 Arisaema addisababense Chiov. Arecaceae CR 4 Bidens carinata Cuf. ex Mesfin Asteraceae VU (Eritrea) 5 Bidens macroptera (Sch.Bip. ex Chiov.)
Mesfin Asteraceae LC (Eritrea)
6 Echinops longisetus A. Rich. Asteraceae LC 7 Impatiens rothii Hoo.f. Balsaminaceae LC 8 Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich. Crassulaceae LC (Eritrea) 9 Kniphofia foliosa Hochst. Asphodeliaceae LC 10 Kniphofia insignis Rendle Asphodeliaceae CR 11 Laggera tomentosa (A.Rich.) Sch.‐ Bip. Asteraceae NT 12 Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Lamiaceae NT 13 Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex Walp. Verbenaceae NT (Eritrea) 14 Plectocephalus varians (A. Rich.) C. Jeffrey
ex Cuf. Asteraceae LC (Eritrea)
15 Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey Asteraceae LC 16 Solanum marginatum L.f. Solanaceae LC (Eritrea) 17 Urtica simensis Hochst. ex Steud. Urticaceae LC
67
CR = Critically Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern Of the 234 plant species recorded in the Ethio–Cement Plant Site, 17 have been
found to be endemic or near endemic to Ethiopia. Two of the strict endemic taxa
have been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) by Vivero et al. (2006), while one
taxon was assessed as Vulnerable (VU). These three taxa should be given special
attention in any development intervention, as they have already been threatened.
The rest, 14 species have been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) or Least Concern
(LC), which means that with the currently available information, they are not
threatened, although precautionary steps may be needed not to drive them towards
the more threatened categories. Six of the taxa are near endemics with their
distribution extended into the highland of Eritrea. Although the Plant Site does not
fall within any of the protected areas in Ethiopia, compared to the Quarry Site, it is
inhabits more threatened plant species and the wetland is very crucial for the
survival of not only the threatened plants but also for birds and other animals. It is
also a major source of water and hay for the local people
4.2.2.5.3.2. Fauna
4.2.2.5.3.2. 1. Quarry site As described above, the original natural habitat at the Quarry Site is highly
degraded. Most characteristic species of birds with specific natural habitat are
thought to have been lost with habitat loss. During the study, a transect walk of at
least 7 km along the conveyor belt route and Quarry Site was assessed to record
birds. Totally, 102 species of birds were recorded, out of which three were endemic.
From the conservation point of view, most are of Least Concern (LC) according to
IUNCN red list (IUCN, 2007), while one species, i.e. Ruppell’s Vulture, is Near
Threatened (NT). Among the biome assemblage species, 10 Afrotropical Highland
Biome (HB) species were recorded from the area. There are 48 HB species in
Ethiopia, and the site holds 20% of those. The list of endemic species of birds, HB
species and all mammals reported to occur in the area is presented in Table 33. The
checklist of all birds and the conservation status is found in Annex 6. Given the low
number of HB and species and absence of significant number of threatened species,
68
the Quarry Site does not qualify to be designated as a protected area, nor does it fall
in any such area.
Table 33. List of birds with conservation significance and mammals of Quarry Site (R‐ resident, E‐ endemic, HB‐ Afrotropical Highland Biome Assemblage species) Birds No. Latin Name Vernacular Name Remarks IUCN
Categ. IBA Categ.
1 Gyps ruppellii Ruppell’s Vulture R NT 2 Francolinus erckelii Erkel’s Francolin R LC HB 3 Streptopelia lugens Dusky Turtle Dove R LC HB 4 Agapornis taranta Black‐winged Love Bird E*, R LC HB 5 Dendropicos
abyssinicus Abyssinian Woodpecker
R LC HB
6 Psophocichla litsipsirupa
Ground‐scraper Thrush R LC HB
7 Myrmecocichla semirufa
White‐winged Cliff Chat E*, R LC HB
8 Nectarinia tacazze Tacazze Sunbird R LC HB 9 Corvus crassirostris Thick‐billed Raven E*, R LC 10 Serinus citrinelloides: African Citril R LC HB 11 Serinus tristriatus Brown‐rumped Seed‐
eater R LC HB
12 Serinus striolatus Streaky Seed‐eater R LC HB Mammals 1 Orycteropus afer Aardvark LC 2 Genetta Genetta Common Genet NT
3 Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey NT
4 Papio anubis Olive Baboon NT
5 Theropithecus gelada Gelada NT
6 Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck NT
7 Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupine LC
8 Phacochoerus aethiopicus Warthog LC
9 Potamochoerus larvatus Bushpig LC
10 Heterohyrax brucei Yellow‐spotted Rock Hyrax LC
11 Canis mesomelas Black‐backed Jackal LC 12 Lepus habessinicus Abyssinian Hare NT
13 Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyena NT
69
4.2.2.2.5.2. 2. Plant Site The habitat around the Plant Site is more diverse in species of birds, including those
endemic to Ethiopia. The majority of the area around the Plant Site is under its
natural cover type, which is dominated by highland grassland. The grassland is still
managed for hay production without much modification than annual harvesting and
regular grazing by animals. Birds were recorded along transect line of ca. 10 km
passing through the landscape covering all habitat types. Around 132 species were
recorded, of which 11 species are endemic. Based on IUCN red list (IUCN, 2001),
there are one Endangered (EN) species, one Vulnerable (VU) and seven Near
Threatened (NT) species of birds from the area. From IBA site evaluation point of
view, the area is rich in Afrotropical Highland Biome Assemblage, having 22 species
of the total 48 species of this category known to occur in the whole of Ethiopia. The
globally threatened species, EN, species found in the area is the White‐winged
Fluftails. The area is one of the few known breeding sites for the species, perhaps
the most important in the world. The site falls within the Sululta Important Bird
Area, which is one of the 78 sites identified as priority areas for the conservation of
birds and associated habitat (EWNHS, 1996). The lists of birds recorded, and those
of conservation importance are presented in Annnex 7 and Table 34.
Table 34. List of birds with conservation significance and mammals of Quarry Site (PM‐ Palearctic migrant)
Birds No. Latin Name Vernacular Name Remarks IUCN
Categ. IBA Categ.
1 Bostrychia carunculata
Wattled Ibis E, R LC HB
2 Cyanochen cyanoptera Blue‐winged Goose E, R NT HB 3 Anas undulate Yellow‐billed Duck R LC HB 4 Gyps africanus White‐backed
Vulture R NT
5 Gyps ruppellii Ruppell’s Vulture R NT 6 Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier R NT 7 Francolinus sephaena Crested Francolin R LC HB 8 Sarothrura ayresi White‐winged
Flufftail R EN
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9 Ruogetius rougetii Rouget’s Rail E, R NT HB 10 Grus carunculatus Wattled Crane R VU 11 Vanellus
melanocephalus Spot‐breasted Plover E, R LC
HB 12 Gallinago media Great Snipe PM NT 13 Columba albitorques White‐collard Pigeon E, R LC HB 14 Poicephalus flavifrons Yellow‐fronted
Parrot E, R LC HB
15 Caprimulgus poliocephalus
Mountain Nightjar R LC HB
16 Macronyx flavicollis Abyssinian Longclaw E, R NT HB 17 Psophocichla
litsipsirupa Ground‐scraper Thrush
R LC HB
18 Cercomela sordida Alpine Chat R LC HB 19 Parophasma galinieri Abyssinian Catbird E, R LC HB 20 Parus leuconotus White‐backed Black
Table 1 up to table 3 shows each shifts traffic flow of Addis Ababa to Bahirdar main
road followed by table 4 which shows the daily average of 24 hours traffic flow. As it is
observed from Table 4 average daily traffic flow on the Derba road is very high
compared to the traffic flow on the Derba road as it is observed in Table 8
Table 5‐Table7 shows each shifts traffic flow of the Derba road. The traffic flow of the
Derba road as it is tabulated in Table8 for the 24 hours; the traffic flow is currently led
by the pickup’s and Isuzu’s they are mainly carrying seeds and products of the farmers
to the market the pickups are used by companies like old Mugher, Derba Midrock,
governmental offices and Ethio Cement . Then followed by the Mini buses and they are
basically used for the community transportation. The Medium and large dump trucks
are currently used mainly for cement and raw material transportation of the Abyssinia
cement ,for the construction activities of Derba Midrock and Ethio Cement.
4.2.3.2. CONCLUSIONS
Ethio Cement will produce 2800 tons of cement per day to be dispatched to the market
when the factory reaches to its full capacity. As it is observed the cement industry‘s
cement delivery trend in the country mostly trailers are used having a loading capacity
from 300‐ 400 quintals. Therefore if this trend is followed for the calculation and if the
minimum loading capacity is taken 93 trucks will be required to deliver the cement to
the market. If we consider the proposed Derba Midrock with a daily capacity of
5600tons per day and if we take the same assumptions, it may requires around 187
trucks to deliver the cement to the market.
Ethio Cement to dispatch the cement and to reach to the main road there is only 2
kilometer distance from the factory. However the raw material transported from the
Derba area will use the dump trucks and 30 tons dump trucks are planned to be used
for this purpose. To transport the 3000 tons of raw material from this area around 35
trucks will be used. Therefore totally the traffic flow in the area will reach to be more
than 315 trucks.
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Therefore with the joint effort of Ethio Cement and Derba Midrock a standard road
which will accommodate the above indicated traffic flow will be constructed. The joint
collaboration of these two companies is already started in the 8 kilometer road
construction from Derba to Becho (Ethio Cement intermediate site and Derba Midrock
plant site). This trend will continue and highly strengthen in constructing the remaining
23 kilometer road from Derba to Chancho. In the beginning this 8 kilometer new road
was opened by Ethio Cement and then after it is done jointly. And the opening of this
road create access to the community to transport all their product to directly to the
market using Isuzu’s, previously they were enforced to transport their product through
the back of Donkeys or by shoulder carrying to the market and back from the market.
Therefore the construction of the road is changing and will change tremendously the
livelihood of the farmers in the area.
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4.2.4 CULTURAL, HISTORICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES
The study generally relied on qualitative methods to understand different perception and interest and how these influence the impacted community. Particularly, the following approaches were employed to gather, analyze, and interpret data: Informal interview Key informant interview Observation Secondary data review.
4.2.4.1 Background to the project area According to the current administrative structure, the project area is situated in Oromia Regional National State in Mulo (mining & transit area) and Sululuta (plant area) districts of north Shoa Zone. The present settlement is dated back to 1974 popular revolution of Ethiopia the abolished ownership of the land to private land owners
The coming of Meneiik administration paved way for the footing of Alagaa (aliens) into Oromo land that intensified during Haile Sellassie (Alemayehu, 2004 and Hirpha, 2006). Moreover these researchers noted that the Oromo suffers from daunting poverty because of government planned ‘development’ and land tenure system. The coming of successive rulers of Ethiopia to power was not only to serve government structures, but also in the form of landlord before the popular revolution of 1974. Despite all these people claim that they belong to this land on which their and their ancestor’s handhurraa (umbilical cord) was buried. A number of rivers and mountain are found northwest in the environs of the study site, Siblu, Garbi, and mugar are the major tributary of Blue Nile. These rivers and mountain serve as ritual (Irrechaa) places. The dominant population of the area is Oromos that they earn living from mixed agriculture the sole occupation that absorbs the rapidly growing indigenous inhabitants. 4.2.4.2 History of the Region The Oromo are one of the ancient groups of people living in the horn of Africa. The Oromo being one of the most numerous nations in Africa enjoy a homogenous culture and shared common language, history and descent. Baxter (1983:131) states, ‘each of the several Oromo groups cherishes descent from an eponymous ancestors or family stock named Oromo. The Oromo from one of those Cushitics groups, which spread southwards and then east and west occupying large part of the horn of Africa. Despite different in locating the specific area of the origin of the Oromo, these and many other authors have not questioned the fact that Oromo are indigenous to eastern and
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northeastern Africa. For instance, Aleqa Taye (cited in Alemeyehu, P.23) alliged that the Oromo migrated from Asia and Madagascar, entered Africa Via Mombasa and spread north and east wards. Even today there are elite still sees these myths and fables of ancient world to be relevant to the present day life (Megerssa). 4.2.4.3 Religion In describing the nature of religion, the study community predominantly believes in Orthodox Christianity dominated with juxtaposed Oromo traditional believe and practice. These traditional beliefs and rituals include Ayana, Atete, Adbar, Irreechaa and Hamachisa. The Oromo traditional religion, ‘Waaqeffannaa’ which is believed to have existed since mythical times and at the same time indigenous to the study people prevailed despite the fact that almost all the study people had taken Christianity. Bartels (1995) also reaffirmed that taking Christianity or Muslim couldn’t refrain Oromo from worshiping their Waqaa all the way through conducting ritual ceremonies similar to their ancestors. For them Waqaa is the creator of everything, source of all life, omnipotent, infinite, and incompressible (Bartels 1995). He can do anything. He is pure, intolerant of injustice, crime, sin and all falsehood.
Their clan based social institution plays pivotal role in keeping the community to remain intact with their indigenous religious practices as every member of the community merely advises begotten children and others to perform the religious rituals in order to be successful in their daily life.
The local population has scared associations, place of funeral at different churchs such as Saint Medihen Alem quarry area, Saint Mary intermediate site, Matimiku Yohanes at clay material area and Egizerab plant area. However there is no direct impact related with the project excep the fear for blocking access road because of mining only. Furthermore, before they took Christianity as informants explained there are funeral places in and around there faming and grazing land that they considered as sacred places. On the other hand places of traditional worship and residence of “Abba Ayana” are located in and around the project intervention area.
Irreecha Ritual Every year on the same day with Meskele ‘the finding of the true cross’ at the end of September, faithful community members come together to celebrate Irreechaa ritual. Irreecha (thanks giving and praying festival) is celebrated annually before the beginning of the harvest season. According to informants, Irreechaa is attached most importantly to the trees, the mountains, and the lake and permanent water source. Irreecha takes place among faithful Oromos while they cross the river, climb mountain or hill or cross known ritual places.
Irreecha is celebrated at times when every plant becomes green and the environment adjoining Malka Dire is eye‐catching. At the end of September rain bring to an end, mud dry and dust not aggravated. In the words of the informants, before time of successive government lead intervention, at this time of the year cows give better milk and the
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bulls fattening as there is adequate grass grown in the area for which, the livestock have accessed to reserved fodder after the rain stopped.
Every member of the community greets each other by saying, Baga Booruu Gannaa ceetani boaqa birraa geessaan meaning you are welcome from the rainy summer season to sunny spring season. On the occasion women usually wear buree (colored dress made up of cotton), Chalee (ornament) and hold sinqee (ritual stick) and okolee (milk container). According to the informants, they encounter societal illness unless every thing that their ancestor’s experienced performed.
To thank and pray to their Waqaa for his deed and to the betterment of the future is a belief system that has long tradition among the faithful study community. In the words of the informant obedience to safu (peace and order of Waqaa) enables them to lead healthy, wealthy and prosperous life, while violating safu results in prevalence of chaos and disaster and societal illness. Thanks giving and praying commenced by three elders. The last prayer started his praying by saying yaa waqii sadii ebifaana sanyi sadeen nu qjeelichi meaning God please favor us for perpetuation of the three genes (human being, cattle and crops).
Elders with fresh memories recall that cases at which Irreecha ritual conducted when the particular community faces disaster, drought, famine and war. In such case mostly women go to Melka (river bank) to pray to seek solution from Waqaa for their inquires. In the view of faithful community members, the performance of the ritual is the integral part of their spiritual life. They pray for improvement of crop yield, for cure of societal and individual illness, for fertility of animals and plants for grass to grow well and for the cows to give milk. During the ritual men, women and children descended down to the riverbank holding chaqorsa (grass) and bloomed daises that grows wild and wet during spring by chanting maree’o. The ritual involves the use of words and action to give thanks and to pray to Waqaa. In sum, when they chant for maree’o they request Waqaa to be responsive to their prayer as every prayer is convinced Waqaa is forgiving and generous. The prayers placed their grass across the shore of Melka touched and every body kneeled down and kissed ground and continued praying. According to the informants, the ritual reinforces the basic tenets of Oromo religion as performing the Irreecha is communicating to Waqaa in response to their spiritual and material inquires. By reinforcing group norms of worshipers, it helps to bring social harmony.
In the belief system of the community the most logical explanation of social illness, accidents and other unexpected occurrences is the will of Waqaa for misbehaviors by member of the family or community. Thus, Irreecha pilgrimage is the peace making ritual among the particular group and conveys solidarity among community. It is one of
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the places where the study community prays and acknowledges their Waqaa for all his did all the way through pray and song. The Irreecha persists even if all community members accept Christianity. This is different from what anthropologist called syncretism. They openly practice the ritual and there are times at which their father‐father confessors participate with them. Access to religious and Ritual places As we mentioned in the previous paragraph, the study people are orthodox. However they perform other ritual activities that they believe are associated with the wellbeing of their family and success in their daily life. One pf the key informants said they have strong association with the land were they earn living and buried their dead as they have obedience with ‘Dekera’ (sprit of the dead). However there is no church that is going to be demolished because of the intervention by the project.The ritual places such as Adbar, Malka, Burka, Tullu, and burial of the ancestors before they take Christianity are possibley dispossessed by the project.
4.2.4.4 Mutual Help Organization Daboo/Jigie Daboo is task oriented traditional structures organized to pull labor for various activities that might not be managed privately. It is one of the most well known indigenous forms of voluntary association through which rural communities co‐operate with each other to meet social and economic ends (Taddesse, 2000:2). Member of the study community practiced Daboo for agricultural activities such as ploughing, weeding and harvesting. Furthermore construction of houses and fencing are some of non‐agricultural activities that can be carried out under Daboo. This often practiced and involves preparation of food and drink for the labor that the hosting person has obtained.
Daboo is not necessarily based on the bases of reciprocity. According to Taddesse (2000) there are occasions when other considerations other than reciprocity are taken into account. The physically hand caped, widow and sick and aged persons are helped by daboo in agricultural activities and in building houses.
The social bond created by this arrangement is strong and they serve as a forum for the exchange of experiences on timely operations, market information and weather conditions. It also serves for sharing information on the prevailing situation and problems such as HIV/AIDS. Thus, its contribution towards information dissemination is immense as it serves as a platform where one can effortlessly equipped himself with contemporary undertakings.
Iddir Iddir is the most frequent type of community based mutual help organizations in and around Dire area. It is another form of indigenous voluntary association through which intercultural collaboration has been possible in Ethiopia primarily in urban areas
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(Taddesse, 2000:4). It is primarily aimed to give support both financially and labour following the incidents of death. Aggrieved family that lose a member will be given the above mentioned types of support.
Iddirs have capital that is obtained from members’ monthly contribution. The amount of contribution that members give varies from iddir to iddir based on the type of the service that the iddir is going to offer to its members. In general members are expected to contribute same amount of money per month. Iddir that demand fewer amounts of money from it’s members only give support following the incident of death; on the other hand iddirs that collect large amount of money relatively give other types of support such as giving support during times of sicknesses and robbery. This type of support is not common in many iddirs. Every one can be a member as far as he/she fulfils the following criteria:
One should be able to pay the entrance fee that set by the members. One should be able to contribute some amount of money every month that will serve as a capital. One should agree to be governed by the by laws of the iddir One has to agree to attend the monthly meeting of the iddir usually is held on Sunday morning.
According to Taddesse (2000), community iddir is open to everybody regardless of ethnic, religious, and gender and wealth backgrounds. He further noted that even the very poor are not necessarily excluded, as provision is frequently made for certain members to render services, such as grave digging, instead of money. In the study community however, eligibility to membership depends on the byelaws. Committees elected by the majority vote from members commonly manage these iddirs. ‘Dabo’ (labour contribution for agriculture) is going to be weaken as dispossession automatically reduced land holding that decreases or ban individual farmland holding that prohibit member of the community to mobilize additional labour. Besides, it is learned that the project will not affect their mutual aid organization Iddir as it is functional where ever there is settlement.
4.2.4.5 Previous Archaeological Research in the Area
Key informants consulted during the field survey couldn’t remember nor claim location and stories of archaeological places except the burial, Irrechaa and Adbar places. In 1996 study was commissioned with agreement of Addis Ababa Water Supply and Sewerage Authority stage III water supply project and Archaeology and Anthropology of CRCCH.The study identified two distinct cultural remains. These are megalithic and medieval cultures. The team recognized trace of archaeological elements at Deneba, Fita, Didibe, Birbiritu and Galiye mana Abichu Burika, Bodo, and Boru. However these all sites are out of the mining and plant area.
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Similarly the team also spent some days in Ochi Luncha to carry out archaeological ground survey. Six archaeological areas were found concentrated on far mining and grazing areas with plain and slope land morphology and their finding pinpoint that in the long past people were living on those basaltic rocks, managed part of the spaces and left some trace of archaeological elements on the surface. They were observed the stone that was used by the ancient people and tumuli with standing stone. 4.2.4.6 Arch logical Survey Result 4.2.4.6.1 Plant and Mining Site The survey result revealed that there are no observable artefacts, features, and fossils in the plant site. As learned from the discussion with the key informant they have no knowledge of observable ruined structure, standing stone tools or ceramic fragments in project area. Therefore the excavations in the quarry site have no direct impact on the archaeological materials. Besides the sites has no significant importance for archaeological study. 4.2.4.7 Conclusion Recognition of cultural and religious values, customary laws and traditional land right will enhance socio psychological wellbeing of the impacted community. In the preceding chapter attempts have been made to asses cultural impacts of the project on the lives of the impacted community. The consultant assessed the likely cultural risk and impoverishment induced by the project. In order the likely cultural impacts induced by the project paper based its analysis on observation, interview, focus group discussion and key informants interview and written document. Loss of cultural identity and community social interaction due to the project and new likes created with outside community will be fully compensated. For the assumed new barriers access created to the cultural sites can be compensated by created new and better access created by permanent road and foot bridges can be an added value. Cultural identity and community social interactions can be accessed and closer integration with rest community and provision of communal infrastructure through compensation can decreases the probable impacts. Except the burial of four fathers there is no archaeological site that is going to be impacted by the project. Therefore removing graves where exist to the new burial places can enable to suppress psychological stress associated with sprit of the dead.
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Photo 12 The Anthropologist asking the key informant about the area.
Photo 13 The archeologists finding pinpointing that in the long past people were living on those basaltic rocks in area around the Ochi luncha. 4.2.4.8 References Alemeyahu Diro. (2004) Oromo Development Conception and Practice: An Ethnographic study of the Tulama Oromo, Addis Ababa University:School of Graduate Study. Bartels, Lambert. (1990) Oromo Religion: Myths and Rites of the Western Oromo of Ethiopia _ An Attempt to Understand. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin.
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Baxter, Paul. (1983). The problem of Oromo or The Problem for The Oromo?. Paper Contributed to National and Self Determination in the Horn of Africa. (ed.) by Lewis I. M. PP. 129‐149. Legesse, Asmarom. (1987). Gada: Three Approaches to the study of African Society. The Free Press, New York. Megersa, Gemetchu. (2001) The Oromo and the Ethiopian State Ideology in a Historical Perspective. Paper contributed to Ethiopia Studies: Ethiopia in Broader Perspective Vol. II, pp. 479‐485, Addis Ababa University
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4.2.5: PUBLIC CONSULTATION 4.2.5.1 Introduction Ethio Cement gives attention to the public consultation process of the stakeholder groups who are” external” to the core operation of the business, such as affected communities, local government authorities, non‐governmental and other local institutions and other interested or affected parties. In the context of Ethiopia the public consultation is also addressed in the Constitution of FDRE in describing the importance of it in connection with development projects as per article 92 of Chapter 10, which specifies: “People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of their views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly.” The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) recognizes the need for an EIA to address social, socio‐economic, political and cultural impacts, in addition to physical and biological impacts, and for public consultation to be integrated within EIA procedures. The Environmental Assessment Proclamation and related procedures also place emphasis on the need for public consultation. Therefore, in response to the requirements of the EPA guidelines, a detailed Public Consultation has been carried out as an integral part of the EIA for the proposed Cement project of Ethio Cement. As Jema International Consulting firm as it is a consulting firm engaged locally to study the Baseline environment with the Public consultation, we tried to help our clients achieve better project outcomes and we underlined the value of high‐quality engagement through the public consultation. Jema International Consult capitalize on this issue is also by understanding that as this point is the concern of the local stakeholders and the also the International Finance corporation (IFC). For this reason, we highly encouraged our client Ethio Cement to be proactive in managing this issue. This process was very difficult to implement in the project area but we manage it by taking time to build the relationship. We have seen the use of building the relationship starting form this early stage. We have laid good foundation through the public consultation process and it will ultimately be a rewarding process in the life of the project. The process is started by identifying the project stakeholders this identification was made as per the local regulation of the FDRE which then is the flows stakeholder analysis, a more in‐depth look at stakeholder group interests, how they will be affected and to what degree, and what influence they could have on our project. The answers to these questions will provide the basis from which to build our stakeholder engagement strategy.
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4.2.5.2 The Objective of the Public consultation
1. To identify potential negative and positive impacts of the project as well as the associated appropriate remedial measures that could be identified through the participation of the people.
2. To include the opinion of the community and the officials that will be affected by the project so that their views and proposals are addressed in the formulation of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures
3. To increase public awareness and understanding of the project and its acceptance.
The Public consultation meetings were undertaken by the team of experts comprising of socio‐economist, environmentalists, Engineers and Geologists having relevant work experience and qualifications in the field. The project area and the 10 kilometer study area is found in the oromiya regional state and fall with in North and West Shoa Zones in three woredas namely Sululta, Yaya Gulele and Mulo Woreda. The Identified stakeholders are the following:‐
1. Government officials at Regional, Woreda and Kebele levels. 2. Communities and people located in and around the project area.
4.2.5.3 The Consultative Process and Participatory Discussions The consultative process was conducted using the participatory or involvement of both affected and interested community groups of the project area. The first unstructured consultation process was held on July 24/11/08 was carried out with the Fitche Zonal Land Use and Investment Promoition Head Ato Fasil Alemayhu on matters concerning about the socio ‐ economic and their working relations with the respective woredas in general and targeted project sites of the Ethio Cement Plant potential in particular. As the result valuable information was obtained on policy and legislation,the their working relations and their vision of project implementation process. Some relevant information/data on the general profile of the targeted woredas , with special focus on socio economic of the project area was obtained from the Fetice Zonal Office. Discussions were also held with, Sululta, Yaya Gulele, Mulo Woreda administrations and other responsible offices particularly the respective to Land Use Department and Environmental Protection Teams. Each respected Kebeles officials’ were consulted about the project. Similarly, during our field work mission, structured discussion was held at Mulo, Chancho Buba, Yaya Gulele, etc rural community with more than 60 members of different social groups including elders, women, peasants, youths, industry workers, and religious representatives of the project area.
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The purpose of these discussions were to find out the perceptions of the affected and interested groups of the immediate adjacent rural settlement and the community as a whole towards the Ethio ‐ Cement project potential development activity together with the potential project environmental impacts (positive & negative) and prevailing socio‐economic situation on the respective community. From the discussions it was evident that the adjacent rural settlement are fairly aware about the importance of this on going activities and the advantages that could emanate by implementing the project. Informal discussions were also held with those knowledgeable and multi ‐disciplinary professionals in their respective responsibilities and their opinions were used as inputs to the study. The survey summarizes the problems of the community and most of the problems examined here comprise a complex and inter‐acting constraints including: All agree that, water is a scarce commodity in the area. According to the community opinions, all agreed that, the natural resource on which the population of the project area depends is threatened by degradation of vegetation. Hence, the degree of severity of the ecology problem seems high. The potential project area upon which the cement plant potential is proposed to intalled is located very close (<1km) to the existing small‐ scale Abyssnia Cment Plant which is being found is under continuous and extensively contaminating the adjacent areas with dust emission from the processing plant creating some strong negative impression amoung the adjacent communities.Population increase resulting in shortage of agricultural and grazing land. 4.2.5.4: Public Consultation at Regional Level Officials Minutes of Discussion Region: Oromia National Regional State Office: Environmental Protection Office Meeting Place: At Environmental Protection Office Date: 29/07/08 Time: Morning, 10:45 AM ‐ 12:30PM Present: 1. Ato Siraj Bekelli, Head, Oromia Regional State Environmental Protection Office 2. Ato Ahemed Hussien Head, Environmental Impact Assessment and Eco System Department 3. Eng. Assefa Bekele, General Manager, JEMA International Consulting Plc 4. Mr.A.R.K. PRASAD, Project Co‐ coordinator, Ethio Cement PLC 5. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Technical Director, Ethio Cement PLC
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Agenda ESIA Baseline Data Survey on the Ethio Cement Project The summary of the discussion were as follows:‐ At the Regional level, the consultative process was conducted with the presence of one of the main stakeholder representatives Ato Siraj Bekelli and Ahemed Hussien Heads of Oromia Environmental Protection Office and Environmental Impact Assessment & Eco ‐ System Department respectively.According to the participants, the initiated ESIA Baseline data survey programme to be undertaken was highly valued. Some relevant information on the general profile of the earlier submitted EIA report and its status was reviewed; it was learnt that, during the EIA document appraisal, the baseline data and project impacts on the socio‐economic livelihoods of the community has been totally overlooked and thus, the initiation taken by the Ethio ‐ Cement Plc to further undertake particularly the baseline study including the socio ‐ economic part of the EIA study needs were appreciated. Further more, the valuable information was obtained on the existing policy and legislation, and the potential study was encouraged to be prepared in line with the available Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines (Proclamation, regulations and Environmental Pollution Control). The Office of Oromia Environmental Protection volunteered and provided us the copy of “Guideline Series Documents For Reviewing Environmental Impact Study ReportS, May, 2006". Finally the participants agreed that, the EIA baseline data survey should include a public participation program which provides them with an opportunity to participate in the environmental impact (negative/positive) assessment process and therefore, the socio‐ economic impact study must be carried out at an equal depth with that of physical impact assessments study and to implement this, the consultant is expected to deploy a senior sociologist/ anthropologist.
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4.2.5.5 Public Consultation at Woreda Level Officials The following are the Minutes translated in English and the original is annexed with this report. A. Sululta Woreda Administration Minute of Discussion /English Version/ Minute of Discussion /English Version/ Woreda: Sululta Woreda Administration Meeting Place: At Sululta Administration Office Date: 6/11/2000 (E.C) Time: Morning, 11:45 AM ‐ 2:10PM Present: 1. Ato Addisu Damitewu, Public Relations Officer, Sululta Woreda 2. Ato Tadesse Balcha, Head, WHO 3. Ato Seuyfu GogaTeshome, Head, Youth and Sport Affairs 4. Ato Girma Nurgi, Finance and Economic Development 5. Ato Girma Syoum, Head, Woreda Education Office 6. Ato Gadissa Adane, Finance and Economic Development 7. Ato Asiye Mohammed, Public and Information Officer 8. Ato Terefe Benti, Head, Agricultural ,deputy 9. Ato Adugna Adane, Dep. Head, Public Organizer 10. Ato Tesfaye Olana, Vice Administrator and Capacity Building 11. Ato Theodros Mersha, Ethio Cement Plc 12. W/ro. Lelissie Dembi, Sociologist, JEMA International Consulting Plc 13. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Project Co ‐ ordinator, Ethio Cement PLC Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts Sululta is the Woreda where the factory plant is planned to be established and most of the raw material is found. Similarly the intention of the project and how it plans to operate was explained to the cabinet members and they were asked to express their impression regarding the positive aspects that the project will bring to the area, the undesired impacts that might be imposed by the project and possible mitigation actions that should be taken to avoid the anticipated negative impacts. The discussion was started with pointing out the benefits of the project for the nation as a whole and specifically to the target area generally the minute of the meeting is summarized as follows:‐
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1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Create job opportunity for skilled and unskilled personnel; Increases productivity and help to diversify the commercial activities of the area; Reduce the cost of cement and accelerates local construction activities; Brings new technology and experience from abroad; Stabilizing the present shortage of cement market; Supporting the development of infrastructure (access road, water & electric
supply, school, ,etc); Communities’ way of living and thinking will be improved; Income generation for the government in form of royalty, income tax, rent, etc;
2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory Many school aged boys and girls would drop their school in seeking of
temporary job at the factory; Expansion of HIV/ AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases; Noise and dust pollutions from high trucks and factory causing health problem
of workers and settlements; Usually the such investors immediately secure the land but don't start the
implementation of the project for long time keeping the farming land idle; Degradation of natural resource affects the eco‐system including flora and fauna; Lack of support from the community;
3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts As much ass possible the dust emission released to air must completely be
eliminated using environmental friendly technology; The Company should be committed to support with potable water, electric
power, and access road outlets to the health, schooling, marketing points, etc particularly the affected community group being found in both mine and plant potential areas.
Implement the physical soil conservation practices by constructing cut ‐off drains to divert the run off water;
Brief all employees to ensure awareness and sensitivity to the local culture, traditions and lifestyles of the community;
As much as possible, the Company should give an employment priority for the project affected members of local community;
Planning of training for unskilled community members will highly assist to acquire skills.
The problem of boundary/ fence, actual area measurements, and tax collection for the compensated land must shortly resolved in consultation with the Woreda, Kebele, and jointly with the affected group.
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B. Mullo Woreda Administration Minute of Discussion /English Version/ Woreda: Mullo Woreda Administration Meeting Place: Mullo Woreda Administration Office Date: 6/12/2000 (E.C) Time: Morning, 11:30 AM Present: 1. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Project Co ‐ ordinator, Ethio Cement PLC 2. Ato Theodros Mersha, Ethio Cement Plc 3. W/ro. Lelissie Dembi, Sociologist, JEMA International Consulting Plc 4. Ato Girma Legesse, Vice Woreda Administrator Capacity Building
5. Ato Feyissa Debele, Head, Public Organization Office 6. Ato Getahun Kebede, Head, Youth and Sport Affairs 7. Ato Bedhadha Gela, Woreda Agriculture Office 8. Ato Chairenet Teka , Head, Security and Administration 9. Ato Fekadu Girma, Head, Public Organizer 10. Ato Dejene Berhane, Education Office 11. Ato Adane Homa, Head, OPDO Office Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impact First, in order to give an insight for the meeting participants a brief introduction of the cement factory that is going to be established at Chancho, Sululta Woreda was made by Ato Tesfaye, Technical Director of the project. Mullo Woreda is one of the areas that the company identified as source of raw material for the cement factory. It is a quarry site
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for the extraction of clay soil which makes the Woreda as important as the plant site. After the introduction the major agendas for discussion regarding the impacts of the project were forwarded to the meeting attendants as: what impressions they have about the positive impacts that are anticipated from the project, possible negative impacts it might pose if any and possible mitigation efforts to deter the negative impacts. 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project The discussion was facilitated by the Woreda Administrator and points regarding the positive and negative impacts and possible measures to overcome the challenges of the project were identified. Accordingly, the positive aspects of the project mentioned include that it will solve the vast problem of cement in the country; it will encourage the use of local resources and will create job opportunity for young and unemployed members of the community. In addition, there will be infrastructure development such as road, electricity and others and attracts other investments which will contribute to the development of the Woreda. The company as a stakeholder will participate in the development endeavors of the area through the supply of construction materials. 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory Coming to the possible negative impacts, the cabinet members said that in order to get space for the raw material extraction farmers will be removed from their plots that is demarcated for quarry area and these farmers who have been well established and have family to support will be highly affected unless they are well compensated and given an opportunity to work in the factory in their capacity. The use of the place for clay production may also require clearing of forests and this will create serious problem on the wild life that are found in the forest. The deforestation will also affect the climate of the area. 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts In order to prevent the above mentioned problems the participants suggested that though the establishment of the factory is a good insight to strengthen and enhance government’s strategy in expanding investment it has to be in harmony with the existing local conditions. The farmers that will be removed from the raw material site should be given fair compensation and they should also be very well oriented on how to pursue their future life with the money they get. The local people should also be given the chance to work for the factory. The degradation which might result from the extraction of the raw material should also be taken into consideration while working in the area. The participants finally acknowledged the importance of the investment with the mentioned precautions properly addressed and the meeting was concluded.
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C. Yaya Gullele Woreda Administration Minute of Discussion /English Version/ Woreda: Yaya Gullele Woreda Administration Meeting Place: Yaya Gullele Woreda Administration Office Date: 9/11/2000 (E.C) Time: Morning, 10:00 AM ‐ 11:30PM Present: 1. Ato Habetamu Legesse, Vice Administrator and Capacity Building,Chairman 2. Ato Gasahw Seyoum, Public organization and social affairs head 3. Ato Abiyot Gizachew, Head, Youth and Sport Affairs 4. Ato Niway Wendimu, Capacity Building vice head. 5. Ato Taye Bogale, Public Information vice head. 6. Ato Hebtamu Assefa, Finance and Economic Development head. 7. Ato Fikadu Abay, Woreda Health office head. 8. W/ro Mesert Abera , Woman affairs head.
Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts Yayagulele Woreda vice administrator was contacted on 06/11/2000 and explained about the project and the need of consulting the cabinet members about the project. As
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it is shown in the photo below.The vice chairman promised to call meeting.The cabinet members held meeting on 9/11/2000 E.C and expressed their impression regarding the positive aspects, that the project will bring to the area, the undesired impacts that might be imposed by the project and possible mitigation actions that should be taken to avoid the anticipated negative impacts. The minute of the meeting is attached as annex and it is summarized as follows:‐ 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Create job opportunity for skilled and unskilled personnel; Construction of road connecting the area with the main asphalt road. A compensation will be paid for farmers which can change their life; Stabilizing the present shortage of cement market; Supporting the development of infrastructure ( health center ,water & electric
supply etc); 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory The water may be polluted. The air may be polluted The displacement of farmers may occur. The impact on the eco‐system including flora and fauna; The air pollution may bring some impact on the health of the community.
3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts Ethio cement should involve in the environmental protection activities in the
area which will solve the impact. A good example is to participate in the Green belt development, to eliminate the dust emission released to the air using environmental friendly technology;
To pay to the affected community a compensation as per the regulation. To create job opportunities for the affected community. To show commitment for infrastructural development like potable water, electric
power, and access road construction.
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4.2.5.6 Public Consultation at Kebele Level Officials A) Chancho 01 Administration Office Minute of Discussion /English Version/ Woreda: Sululta Kebele: Chancho 01 Adminstration Office Meeting Place: At 01 Kebele Office Date: 13 August 2008 (7/12/2000 E.C) Time: Afternoon 3:45 PM Present: 1. Ato Desalegn Negera, Chairman of Kebele 01 2. Ato Bizuneh Bekele, Education Cabinet 3. Ato Tamirat Abebe , Chair person of OPDO 4. Ato Mengistu Tesfaye, Kebele Manager 5. Eng. Assefa Bekele, G. M, JEMA International Consulting Plc 6. W/ro. Lelissie Dembi, Sociologist, JEMA International Consulting Plc 7. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Technical Director, Ethio Cement PLC. Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts
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1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project The identified positive/ beneficial impacts of the potential project on the environment are as follows: Employment opportunity for jobless citizens; Petty traders and other business men will benefit from the marketing of different
commodities; Reduce the existing high cost of cement and as the result the poor social class can own
their shelter at cheap costs; Revenue/ income generation for the government in form of royalty, income tax, VAt,
rent, etc; Saving of foreign exchange; Supports the community development through improving basic infrastructure facilities
(access road, water & electric power supply, communication, etc.) Improves social infrastructure (health, education, potable water, etc); Facilitates technology transfer from abroad; Communities’ way of living and thinking will be improved.
2. Possible Negative Impacts (Physical and Socio Economic) Stripping of vegetation cover causes to create of pits and trenches and loss of soil
fertility and destruction of wild life habitats; Air pollution generating from dust producing cement plant (Good example, the
Abyssinian Cement Factory found adjacent to the potential cement plant) could be the cause of air born diseases affecting the respiratory infection of humans. Similarly, the dust particulate could cover and stick on agricultural farms and leaves of the surrounding plants with diverse effect.
Loss soil causes siltation for down streams and accelerates erosion and reduces the natural stability of the area ;
Noise pollution from high noise levels causes health problem of workers and settlements related to hearing from plant machinery and equipment;
Land conflicts due to loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income driven from the land.
Land use conflicts with native cultures, traditions and lifestyles. Traffic congestion and hazards especially from trucks and vehicles; Water pollution due to silting and sedimentation can increase salinity of soil; Disturbance of river affects the eco‐system including flora and fauna; The uncontrollable influx and settlement of many non indigenous populations, leading
to a severe HIV/AIDS spread among the former communities; Conflicts associated with the loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income
driven from land; Expansion of HIV/ AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases; The intensity of road traffic will increase resulting in hazards; Large number of workers moving into the area, and then the movement in by other
people attracted by the economic activities by possibility of work or trade; Disturbance of livelihood as result of displacement resulting in loss of resource;
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3. Possible Solutions to the Potential Negative Impacts Proposed preventing/ remedial measures to avoid the negative environmental impacts include: As much ass possible the dust emission released to air must completely be eliminated
using environmental friendly technology; The potential cement plant site location must be selected within the standard safety
zone particularly from schools, clinic, residential houses marketing places, churches, etc; The cement plant potential is much advised to be located close to the cement raw material base.
The Company project should be committed to support particularly the affected community group being found in both mine and plant potential areas i.e. provide them with potable water , electric power, access road outlets to the health, schooling, marketing points, etc;
Implement the physical soil conservation practices by constructing cut ‐off drains to divert the run off water;
Provide reasonable compensation for the affected group/ landowners for lost both agricultural and grazing lands by licensee;
Assist in advising the affected and those compensated population how to use the money compensated in resettlement programme together with how to better be organized in groups or cooperatives, to cause an enabling condition in establishing mini trade/ business before they spend unwisely elsewhere; The formation of advisory committee composed of members from woreda & kebele administrators, Ethio Cement factory along with the representatives of the affected group will play a great role in implementing the proper resettlement programme;
Enforce the implementation of training of drivers, road signs, speed limits and proper periodical inspections;
Educate all levels of government and affected/ interested community about the cement raw materials mining and cement manufacturing sector activities;
The dust emission especially from manufacturing plant and vehicular movement can be realized into the surrounding atmosphere. Thus, dedusting mechanisms for plant fan and dust suppression using water sprayer for disturbed by trucks. Selection of an appropriate design and technology has been proposed to be considered;
The native leaders/ elders should be aware of the quarry and plant operation activities and they can assist in identifying impacts that may be particular to them. They should have a voice in finding in appropriate mitigation measures;
All local communities are briefed on the potential hazards and necessary safety precautions;
Brief all employees to ensure awareness and sensitivity to the local culture, traditions and lifestyles of the community;
Water pond features, which are ideal places for reproduction of malaria and other water born diseases, should be avoided by dewatering and refilling means.
Required strengthening of the existing health care system particularly the HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention programme right from the project construction start up;
As much as possible, the Company should give an employment priority/ opportunity for the project affected members of local community; Planning of training for unskilled community members will highly assist to acquire skills.
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B) Boro Tiro Dorroba Administration Minute of Discussion /English Version/ Woreda: Mullo Kebele: Boro Tiro Dorroba Administration Office Meeting Place: At Kebele Office Date: 13 August 2008 (7/12/200 E.C) Time: Morning, 10:30 AM Present: 1. Ato Getachew Kebede, Chairman, Boro Tiro Dorroba Kebele Peasant Association (PA) 2. Ato Mekonen Dhaba, Vice Chairman, Boro Tiro Dorroba Kebele PA 3. Ato Hailu Demissie, Public Relation, Boro Tiro Dorroba Kebele PA 4. Ato Asrat Mekonen Head, Security and Public Organizer 5. Ato Getahun, Head, Mullo Woreda Sport & Youth Affairs 6. Eng. Assefa Bekele, G. M, JEMA International Consulting Plc 7. W/ro. Lelissie Dembi, Sociologist, JEMA International Consulting Plc 8. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Project coordinator, Ethio Cement PLC. 9. Other Participants ‐ 180 ( Including men, women and youth )
Keble's relation to the potential cement project: Interested (Less affected) targeted group. Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory
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3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts In order to involve the community and lower level administration in areas where the project has direct impact discussion was held with the cabinets of Boro Tiro Doroba Kebele, an area which is targeted as source of clay material in Mullo Woreda. The major issues of discussion were similar to the others which are the positive contributions expected from the project, its possible negative implications and measures that need to be taken to prevent the negative impacts. The cabinet members reflected that the project is highly beneficial to the community in a way that it will create job opportunity to the community members and it will contribute to the growth of the locality as a result of improved infrastructure, flow of money and introduction of new ways of income generation through small businesses. The company is believed to support development activities that are being undertaken in the area and also helps to attract other investments. One of the negative impacts is that farmers will be displaced from the site that is needed for raw material production and unless they are well compensated for what is taken from them to lead their life and support their families it will create burden on the community. In order to solve this problem they suggested that the farmers should be fairly compensated and they should be given education on how to use the money the received properly and support their families. They should also be given a chance to work for the factory.
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C) Chancho Buba Kebele Minute of Discussion Woreda: Sululta Kebele: Chancho Buba Kebele Adminstration Office Meeting Place: At Kebele Office Date: 4th September 2008 (29/12/200 E.C) Time: Morning, 11:45 AM ‐ 2:10PM Similar discussion was held with Cabinets of Chancho 01 and Chancho Buba Kebeles on positive impacts anticipated form the project, possible negative impositions and suggested solutions to prevent the negative impacts. With regard to the benefits of the project the cabinet members in both kebeles said that it opens employment opportunity to the unemployed, expands diversified local business by creating market outlet and also contributes to the development of the area. The increase in the income of the area through money gained from taxes is also mentioned as an advantage. The negative aspect of the project is that the plant is close to the town and residence of the people and it might expose the community to health hazards. The smock and dust that will be released from the factory will pollute the environment and also affect plants and animals. In addition there are farmers who are displaced from their plots for the establishment of the plant and if these farmers are not given the right compensation and orientation on the proper use of the money the well being of their families will be at risk. It will also have an impact on the road and bridges due to overload unless properly used. To mitigate these possible problems the factory management should think of absorption mechanism for the smock and dust instead of releasing it to the air. The farmers that are going to be relocated should get proper payment and orientation regarding how to use the money and also they should be given priority during the employment process so that the security of their families can be protected. They also mentioned that it is important to ensure workers’ safety at the work place and provide them with fair salary and benefits that will help lead descent life. In conclusion, all the Kebele and Woreda officials that were involved in the meetings were positive about the establishment of the factory in their locality and they are willing to support in their capacity as demanded provided that the factory management is willing to consider and address the possible negative impacts of the project ahead of time.
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4. 2.5.7 COMMUNITY MEETINGS A) Minute of Discussion with the Chancho Buba community Woreda: Sululta Kebele: Chancho Buba Kebele Adminstration Office Meeting Place: At Chancho Buba Kebele Cabinet Office Date: 7/12/200 (E.C) Time: Morning, 11:00 AM ‐ 2:00PM Present: 1. Ato Ketema Adugna, Administrator and Capacity Building, Chancho Woreda 2. Ato Addis Metaferia, Public Relation, Chancho Buba Administration 3. Ato Ashenafi Beshadha , Kebele Manager 4. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Project Co ‐ ordinator, Ethio Cement PLC 5. Eng. Assefa Bekele, General Manager, JEMA International Consulting Plc 6. W/ro. Lelissie Dembi, Sociologist, JEMA International Consulting Plc 7..Other Participants 69 (Men, women and youth)name attched as annex
Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts
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Chanacho Buba is the Kebele where the factory plant is planned to be established. The intention of the project and how it plans to operate was explained to the community members and they were asked to express their impression regarding the positive aspects that the project will bring to the area, the undesired impacts that might be imposed by the project and possible mitigation actions that should be taken to avoid the anticipated negative impacts. The community after hearing this day clarification about the project they want to postponed the meeting to another day because they have an issue to discuss in the in the presence of the woreda cabinet and therefore a meeting was scheduled to conduct on September 4/2008 and they select four members of the community to attend the meeting with the other fifteen members who were displaced from the area.
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B) Minute of Discussion with the affected group and community representatives Woreda: Sululta Kebele: Chancho Buba Kebele Adminstration Office Meeting Place: At Chancho Buba Kebele Cabinet Office Date: 7/12/200 (E.C) Time: Morning, 11:00 AM ‐ 2:00PM Present: 1. Ato Tesfaye Olana, Vice Administrator and Capacity Building, Chancho Woreda 2. Ato Addis Damtew, Public Relation, Chancho Woreda Administration 3. Ato Teshome, Chancho Woreda Administration 4 Ato Bekele Ketema Mekonen, Chancho Buba Kebele Administration 5. Ato Endale Yirga, General Manager, Ethio Cement PLC 6. Mr.A.R.K. PRASAD, Project Co‐ coordinator, Ethio Cement PLC 7. Mr. Y.H.RAO, Finance Manager, Ethio Cement PLC 8. Ato Tesfaye Gezahegn, Technical Director, Ethio Cement PLC 9. Eng. Assefa Bekele, General Manager, JEMA International Consulting Plc 10. W/ro. Lelissie Dembi, Sociologist, JEMA International Consulting Plc 11. Other Participants 20 (Men 19 and woman 1) name attched as annex.
Agenda 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project 2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory 3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts 1. Expected Positive Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project
The expected positive impacts of the Ethio Cement Project were summarized as follows: Employment opportunity for jobless citizens; Petty traders and other business men will benefit from the marketing of different
commodities; Reduce the existing high cost of cement and as the result the poor social class can own
their shelter at cheap costs; Income generation for the government in form of royalty, income tax, rent, etc; Savings of foreign exchange for the country; Supports the community development through improving basic infrastructure facilities
(access road, water & electric power supply, communication, etc.) Improves social infrastructure (health, education, potable water, etc); Facilitates technology transfer and experience of the developed countries; Communities’ way of living and thinking will be improved.
2. Possible Negative Impacts of the Ethio Cement Project Factory Air pollution generating from dust producing cement plant (Good example, the
Abyssinian Cement Factory found adjacent to the potential cement plant) could be the cause of air born diseases affecting the respiratory infection of humans. Similarly, the
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dust particulate could cover and stick on agricultural farms and leaves of the surrounding plants with diverse effect.
Non indigenous are taking of the jobs and businesses; Problems related with loss of access to the grassing land and adjoining areas for foot
path as well as for cattle grazing; Unhappiness with the measurements and inadequate payments made for compensation
of land by the company; The compensation already made for the land was probably still much below the
replacement cost thus, it was requested that the compensation conditions of the company rates should be adjusted upwards by at least small margin;
Most complained that " Our land has long been tranferred to the Ethio Cement Company however, the annual land rent/ tax is still being paid by us because of may be, lack of communication information from Woreda Administration ".
Loss soil causes siltation for down streams and accelerates erosion and reduces the natural stability of the area ;
Noise pollution from high noise levels causes health problem of workers and settlements related to hearing from plant machinery and equipment;
Land conflicts due to loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income driven from the land.
Land use conflicts with native cultures, traditions and lifestyles. Traffic congestion and hazards especially from trucks and vehicles; The uncontrollable influx and settlement of many non indigenous populations, leading
to a severe HIV/AIDS spread among the former communities; Conflicts associated with the loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income
driven from land; Expansion of HIV/ AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases; Large number of workers moving into the area, and then the movement in by other
people attracted by the economic activities by possibility of work or trade; Disturbance of livelihood as result of displacement resulting in loss of resource; Traffic congestion and hazards especially from big trucks and vehicles; Non indigenous are taking most of the jobs and dominate most of the business One of the major concerns of project affected persons is the inability of indigenous to
raise money to start business Some project affected persons complained of lack of electric power and potable water
within their communities; A few people fright that sooner or later, the culture and values of their people would be
lost; Companies make a number of promises (for example such as the existing Abyssinian
Cement factory situated adjacent to the potential Ethio Cement plant at < 2km) but have not been realized;
3. Possible Solutions/ Remedial Measures to the Potential Negative Impacts
- In order to solve the problem claimed on discrepancy measurements already made
on the land ‐ boundary, the survey must be done again to settle the dispute between the ex ‐ land owners and the Company;
- Assist to secure other farming lands in replacement for those people who lost their farming lands along with restoring livelihoods and other benefits;
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- According to series of discussion made with target group, the resettlements plan should be viewed as part of project implementation programme to restore / improve their livelihoods;
- Establish a community investment strategy which better help affected and interested community groups and propose ideas that could lead to sustainable benefits as employment;
- The company could assist the project affected group in establishing the investments strategy that leads to sustainable benefits before they exhaustively finish their money which was paid for compensation.
- In order to supplement the provision of employment opportunity especially for unskilled persons, the company is expected to offer a proper programme of skills training to deepen local employment opportunities arising from the project.
- Even though the community raise the issue Ethio Cement committed to fulfill the
promises already made to the affected community group example potable water and electric power supply which are being found under the implementation.
- Brief all employees to ensure awareness and sensitivity to the local culture,
traditions and lifestyles of the community; - Required strengthening of the existing health care system particularly the HIV/AIDS
awareness and prevention programme right from the project construction start up; - As much as possible, the Company should give an employment priority for the
project affected members of local community;
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C) Boro Tiro Deroba Minute of Discussion Woreda: Sululta Kebele: Chancho Buba Kebele Administration Office Meeting Place: At Chancho Buba Kebele Cabinet Office Date: 7/12/200 (E.C) Time: Morning, 11:00 AM ‐ 2:00PM In order to involve the community and lower level administration in areas where the project has direct impact discussion was held with the cabinets of Boro Tiro Doroba Kebele, an area which is targeted as source of clay material in Mullo Woreda. The major issues of discussion were similar to the others which are the positive contributions expected from the project, its possible negative implications and measures that need to be taken to prevent the negative impacts. The cabinet members reflected that the project is highly beneficial to the community in a way that it will create job opportunity to the community members and it will contribute to the growth of the locality as a result of improved infrastructure, flow of money and introduction of new ways of income generation through small businesses. The company is believed to support development activities that are being undertaken in the area and also helps to attract other investments. One of the negative impacts is that farmers will be displaced from the site that is needed for raw material production and unless they are well compensated for what is taken
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from them to lead their life and support their families it will create burden on the community. In order to solve this problem they suggested that the farmers should be fairly compensated and they should be given education on how to use the money the received properly and support their families. They should also be given a chance to work for the factory.
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Table 1 Total consulted groups
Sn Consultation Name Number of Place of Consultation Meeting Participants Consultation Date
