11
Wrocław 2013
SANDSTONE LANDSCAPES Diversity, Ecology and Conservation
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Sandstone Landscapes
Kudowa-Zdrój (Poland), 25–28 April 2012
Edited by
Piotr Migoń and Marek Kasprzak
Danxia Geomorphology IAG Working Group
©Copyright 2013 by Instytut Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
ISBN 978−83−62673−29−2
Department of Geography and Regional Development
University of Wrocław
Plac Uniwersytecki 1, 50–137 Wrocław, Poland
Printed by
I-BiS s.c., ul. Lelewela 4, 53–505 Wrocław
SANDSTONE LANDSCAPES Diversity, Ecology and Conservation
3
Contents
Preface (P. Migoń & M. Kasprzak) ............................................................................................................ 5
Wildfire in the Bohemian Switzerland NP (Czech Republic): Frequency, Distribution and Impact on
Forest Vegetation (M. Adámek & V.Hadincová) ........................................................................................ 7
Origin of regular cavities in European sandstones: field evidence for dissolution of carbonate and
silica cement (J. Adamovič et al.) ............................................................................................................ 13
Idols carved and sculpted in sandstone in western Europe (M.-C. Auffret) .............................................. 19
Holocene fire dynamics and forest composition in the Elbe Sandstone area (P. Bobek) .......................... 23
Eolian phenomena in sandstones and limestones of Egyptian Western Desert and their implications
for Central European sandstone relief (V. Cílek) ..................................................................................... 28
Transboundary LiDAR-Based 3D Landscape assessment in the Elbe/Labe Sandstone Mountains
(E. Csaplovics) ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Biological research and monitoring in the Elbe Sandstones (Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland)
(H. Härtel et al.) ....................................................................................................................................... 38
Central European sandstone regions as islands of montane and Atlantic floristic element
(H. Härtel et al.) ....................................................................................................................................... 44
New insights on biodiversity from old, climatically-buffered, infertile sandstone landscapes exemplified
by Lesueur National Park, southwest Australia (S. D. Hopper) ................................................................ 49
The system of environmental monitoring in the Stołowe Mountains (C. Kabała et al.).............................. 52
Micromorphological characteristics of Podzols developed from sandstone in the Stołowe Mountains
(Poland) (C. Kabała et al.) ....................................................................................................................... 57
Impact of sandstone bedrock on the properties of cover deposits and soils in flysch catenas –
examples from the Carpathians (A. Kacprzak & W. Szymański) .............................................................. 61
Transboundary Education for Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development (D. Kammerschen) ... 67
Comparative morphology of sandstone tors in selected ridge-zones of the Beskid Mały Mts and the
Chornohora Range (Outer Carpathians) (T. Karcz & M. Stano) ............................................................... 69
The Stołowe Mountains – studies in geomorphometry and new facts about landforms (M. Kasprzak) ..... 77
Tubes – remarkable conglomerate caves in Pfälzerwald (SW Germany) (E. Knust & H. Klose)............... 85
The pteridophytes of the Luxembourg Petite-Suisse sandstone area – Past, present and future
(Y. Krippel) .............................................................................................................................................. 90
Geological survey and eventual mining of shale gas – a new danger for the landscape of PLA
Broumovsko and other sandstone regions of Europe? (P. Kuna) ............................................................ 97
Relief development of a highly elevated monoclinal Babia Góra range built by Magura sandstone,
Western Carpathian Mts (A. Łajczak) .....................................................................................................100
Monitoring of Hygrobiella laxifolia (Hook.) Spruce (Bryophyta) in the Bohemian Switzerland National
Park (I. Marková)....................................................................................................................................106
Bryophytes in the Czech sandstone landscape areas (I. Marková) .........................................................111
SANDSTONE LANDSCAPES Diversity, Ecology and Conservation
4
Sandstone boulders as a source of building stone material – a contribution to the cultural heritage of
the Stołowe Mountains, Central Europe (P. Migoń) ................................................................................117
Longevity of residual sandstone boulders in the erosional relief of the Stołowe Mountains, Central
Europe (P. Migoń) ..................................................................................................................................121
Between sand and sandstone: microrelief on very weakly cemented sandstones (R. Mikuláš et al.) ......127
Distinct form of microrelief on steep slopes of the Rogowa Kopa, Stołowe Mts., SW Poland – in the
light of geomorphological and pedological evidence (Ł. Pawlik et al.) .....................................................132
A review on the research of China Danxia geomorphology in the past eighty years
(Peng Hua & Pan Zhixin) ........................................................................................................................139
Study on the weathering pattern and development process of Danxia bedding caves — cases on
bedding caves of Jinshiyan Member of Danxia Formation at Mt. Danxiashan (Peng Hua & Pan Zhixin) .145
“Šatlava” Archaeological Museum in Česká Lípa, northern Bohemia – Speleoarcheology and
speleoanthropology exhibition (V. Peša & P. Jenč) ................................................................................151
Remarks about the diversity of mountain Norway spruce forest in the Sudetes, with particular
reference to the Szczeliniec Massif (Stołowe Mts, Poland) (K. Reczyńska & K. Świerkosz)....................153
The interplay between Taoist philosophy, Danxia Landscape and human beings – ‘Tao follows nature’
(Fang Ren) .............................................................................................................................................159
Study of geological controlling factors in the formation of Danxia Landform in Longhushan Geopark,
southeast China (Fang Ren) ..................................................................................................................163
Integrated system of measured dangerous rock objects in National park Bohemian Switzerland
(J. Šafránek & O. Holešinský) ................................................................................................................171
Hygrophilous tall herb communities in the Stołowe Mts, against their diversity in the Sudetes (Poland)
(K. Reczyńska & K. Świerkosz) ..............................................................................................................177
Role of gravitational processes in the shaping of sandstone rock forms in low mountains:
Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, central Poland, case study (J. Urban) ......................................184
Dating speleothems in sandstone, non-karst caves – methodological aspects and practical
application, Polish Outer Carpathians case study (J. Urban et al.) ..........................................................192
Stability complex deterioration of a Rock Arch – case history of the Pravčická brána (Z. Vařilová et al.) 202
Weathering and conservation of sandstone heritage: the biological dimension (H. A. Viles) ...................210
Pollen spectra in the upper mineral horizons of Podzols in the Stołowe Mountains
(J. Waroszewski et al.) ...........................................................................................................................215
Temporal and spatial variability of microclimate in sandstone landscape: detailed field measurement
(J. Wild et al.) .........................................................................................................................................220
Influence of structural features on the course of river channels – the Stołowe Mountains case study
(M. Witek & J. Remisz) ...........................................................................................................................225
What is the relationship between vegetation in sandstone deep valley and basic measured
microclimatic parameters in the Bohemian Switzerland (J. Zmeškalová & J. Wild) .................................232
Silver fir restitution in the Stołowe Mountains National Park (P. Zwaduch) .............................................235
153
Kamila Reczyńska, Krzysztof Świerkosz University of Wrocław, Poland
Remarks about the diversity of mountain Norway spruce
forest in the Sudetes, with particular reference
to the Szczeliniec Massif (Stołowe Mts, Poland)
Abstract: Between 2011 and 2012 from all sites in the Sudetes on which Calamagrostio
villosae-Piceetum has been reported so far, 56 relevés were collected according to Braun-
Blanquet approach. Collected material enabled us to compare the floristic compositions of
the Norway spruce forests from the Karkonosze Mts, the Śnieżnik Massif, the Orlickie Mts,
the Izerskie Mts, Wielka Sowa Mt. and the highest part of the Stołowe Mts. The results of
analyses revealed that the area of Calamagrostio villosae-Piceeteum is limited to the highest
part of the Sudetes and the association is well developed only in the Karkonosze Mts and the
Śnieżnik Massif, with exception of single locality in the Izerskie Mts (the Płonka stream
valley). The diagnostic species of this association are Homogyne alpina, Plagiothecium un-
dulatum, Sorbus aucuparia var. glabrata, Rumex alpestris, Athyrium distentifolium, Polygo-
num bistorta, Gentiana asclepiadea and the differentiating species are Trientalis europaea,
Polytrichum commune, Deschampsia caespitosa and Nardus stricta. The rest of earlier de-
scribed localities of high-mountain Norway spruce forest (including the Szczeliniec Massif
in the Stołowe Mts) probably belong to two separate associations: to the acidophilous Vac-
cinio vitis-ideae-Abietetum, with occurrence of Abies alba, Betula pubescens agg. and Vac-
cinium vitis-idaea and to the mesotrophic Luzulo luzuloidis-Abietetum with higher abun-
dance of Fagus sylvatica, Melandrium rubrum, Senecio ovatus and Rubus idaeus. It suggests
that the phytocoenoses which have been classified so far in Poland as Abieti-Piceetum (mon-
tanum) Szaf., Pawł. & Kulcz. 1923 em. J. Mat. 1978 should be divided into two separate
associations.
Introduction
The systematic position of the Norway spruce forest occurring in the highest
parts of the Sudetes seemed to be sufficiently clear and did not require further dis-
cussion. According to the recent, comprehensive synthesis about differentiation of
Polish forests (Matuszkiewicz 2001) all the preserved stands of Norway spruce for-
ests occurring above the 1000 m a.s.l. in the Sudetes belong to ass. Calamagrostio
villosae-Piceetum (R. Tx. 1937) Hartm. ex Schluter 1966 and their area covers ap-
proximately 120 square km in the Karkonosze Mts, the Izerskie Mts, the Śnieżnik
Massif, the Bialskie Mts and the small patches in the Sowie Mts and the Orlickie
Mts as well (Matuszkiewicz 2001). However, many authors include here forests
which occur close to the top of Szczeliniec Wielki and Szczeliniec Mały (the
SANDSTONE LANDSCAPES Diversity, Ecology and Conservation
154
Stołowe Mts). The first attempts to determine their syntaxonomical position were
presented in the papers of Szmajda (1979), W. Matuszkiewicz & J. M. Matuszkie-
wicz (1996) and Pender (1996). All above mentioned authors agreed, that this for-
ests present the impoverished form of Calamagrostio villosae-Piceetum, which oc-
curs here below the typical borders of mountain zone, due to specific climatic and
ecological conditions. This claim was also upheld by Świerkosz (2004, 2007).
In 2011, using the standardized transect methods (Mróz 2012), we collected
phytosociological relevés from all sites in the Sudetes on which the Calamagrostio
villosae-Piceetum has been reported so far. It enabled us to compare the floristic
composition of the Norway spruce forests from the Karkonosze Mts, the Śnieżnik
Massif, the Izerskie Mts, the Orlickie Mts, Wielka Sowa Mt. and the highest part of
the Stołowe Mts.
Methods
In 2011–2012, 56 relevés of Calamagrostio villosae-Piceetum were collect-
ed according to Braun-Blanquet approach (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 2003) and
stored in a TURBOVEG database (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001). The area of the
relevés was adapted to these proposed by Chytrý & Otypková (2003). All relevés
were classified using the TWINSPAN method (Roleček et al. 2009) embedded with-
in the JUICE program (Tichý 2002). A Total Inertia method was used as a measure
of cluster heterogeneity (Tichý et al. 2007). Diagnostic species for particular vegeta-
tion units were determined using the phi coefficient as a measure of fidelity (Chytrý
et al. 2002) in a synoptic table. The phi coefficient was used for clusters of equalized
size (Tichý & Chytrý 2006). Only species with both a significant concentration in
particular vegetation units (using the Fisher’s exact test and the significance level P
< 0.5) and phi coefficient ≥ 0.30 were considered to be diagnostic species.
Ordination analyses were performed using the Canoco 4.5/CanoDraw 4.1
software (ter Braak & Šmilauer 2002) for all data set. The structure of data set was
tested with detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Gradient length of the first
DCA axis (2.026 SD units) indicated an application of linear ordination techniques.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to recognize difference between the
collected samples. Default options and logarithmic transformation of species cover
data was used in PCA. Names of the plants are in accordance with the work of
Mirek et al. (2002), and the bryophytes names follow Ochyra et al. (1992)
Results
TWINSPAN classification. According to TWINSPAN analysis three groups of
relevés are distinguished. Synoptic table with modified fidelity phi coefficient and
Reczyńska K. & Świerkosz K. – Remarks about the diversity of mountain Norway spruce forest...
155
percentage frequency (Table 1) shows the main floristic differences between them.
All fidelity values used in the paper are multiplied by 100.
Tab. 3. Synoptic table of three groups of relevés of Norway Spruce forest in the Sudetes with modified
fidelity phi coefficient and percentage frequency in a superscript - Fisher's exact test > 3 (shortened
table); Explanations: 1 – oligotrophic Norway spruce forest communities of “Stołowe Mts group” (800–900
m a.s.l.), 2 – mesotrophic communities of the mountain zone (900–1100 m a.s.l.), 3 – the Karkonosze Mts
and the Śnieżnik Massif above 1100 m a.s.l., (with two relevés from
the Płonka stream valley in the Izerskie Mts).
Group No. 1 2 3
No. of relevés 11 20 25
Betula pubescens agg. 86.7
82 –
. –
.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 62.6 91
–25
–24
Abies alba 39.0 27
– . –
4
Melandrium rubrum – . 37.9
20 –
.
Rubus idaeus –27
33.8 50
– 8
Fagus sylvatica – . 32.6
30 –
12
Senecio ovatus – . 31.3
20 –
4
Homogyne alpina – 9 –
15 77.3
92
Plagiothecium undulatum – . –
45 69.3
96
Polygonum bistorta – . –
. 58.7
44
Rumex arifolius – . –
. 52.3
36
Deschampsia caespitosa – . –
. 49.0
32
Nardus stricta – . –
. 45.5
28
Oxalis acetosella –9 –
65 44.2
84
Trientalis europaea – . –
85 43.3
88
Sorbus aucuparia v. glabrata – . –
. 41.8
24
Athyrium distentifolium – . –
15 39.6
40
Dryopteris dilatata –36
–40
39.4 80
Carex echinata – . –
. 37.9
20
Polytrichum commune – . –
10 36.7
32
Gentiana asclepiadea –9 –
. 33.6
28
Luzula luzuloides –9 –
. 33.6
28
Picea abies –100
–100
–100
Deschampsia flexuosa –100
–100
–100
Vaccinium myrtillus –100
–100
–100
Polytrichastrum formosum –100
–100
–100
Dryopteris carthusiana –100
–85
–92
Sorbus aucuparia –100
29.2 100
–56
Calamagrostis villosa –64
–96
–96
Pleurozium schreberi –45
– –
36
Betula pendula –27
–30
–4
Galium saxatile – . –
45 –
32
Streptopus amplexifolius –9 –
10 –
20
Maianthemum bifolium –9 –
25 –
20
SANDSTONE LANDSCAPES Diversity, Ecology and Conservation
156
The stands investigated in the Stołowe Mts are characterized by a high par-
ticipation of Betula pubescens agg., Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Abies alba and Pleurozi-
um schreberi. Besides the relevés made in the Szczeliniec Massif, the single relevés
from lower altitudes in the Karkonosze and the Izerskie Mts were included in this
group as well.
The second part of vegetation plots, with higher share of Fagus sylvatica,
Melandrium rubrum, Rubus idaeus and Senecio ovatus contains relevés collected
between 925 and 1050 m a.s.l., in the Orlickie Mts, the Sowie Mts (Wielka Sowa
Mt.) and the Izerskie Mts (Stóg Izerski Mt.). This group is clearly of a transitional
character between mountain and high-mountain forests.
A distinctive feature of the third group is participation of Sorbus aucuparia
var. glabrata, Rumex alpestris, Athyrium distentifolium, Polygonum bistorta, Genti-
ana asclepiadea, Nardus stricta and a high abundance of Plagiothecium undulatum
and others species. This community occurs mainly above 1100 m a.s.l. in the Kar-
konosze Mts and the Śnieżnik Massif. Only two relevés from the Płonka stream
valley (the Izerskie Mts) also belong to this group.
Ordination. Ordination diagram shows three separate groups of relevés, as it was
presented in Table 1. PCA analysis revealed that the Norway spruce forest from the
Stołowe Mts are separated not only from the phytocoenoses of the highest part of the
Sudetes, but also from the second group of relevés (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. PCA of relevés of Norway spruce forest in the Stołowe Mts, against the remaining part of the
Sudetes. Explanation: circles – oligotrophic Norway spruce forest communities of “Stołowe Mts group”
(800–900 m a.s.l.); squares – mesotrophic communities of mountain zone (900–1100 m a.s.l.); diamonds
– the Karkonosze Mts and the Śnieżnik Massif above 1100 m a.s.l., (with two relevés from the Płonka
stream valley in the Izerskie Mts).
Reczyńska K. & Świerkosz K. – Remarks about the diversity of mountain Norway spruce forest...
157
1.2. Discussion
In opposite to the dominant opinion in the past, the Norway spruce forest in
the highest part of the the Stołowe Mts probably belongs to an oligotrophic associa-
tion Vaccinio vitis-ideae-Abietetum Oberdordfer 1957, which is common in the
Czech Republic and Slovakia, and known in Poland only from the Beskid Mały
(Klama & Salachna 2011). Preliminary analysis carried out by Świerkosz & Rec-
zyńska (2012) suggested close relationship between this community and the rest of
mountain forests occurred in the Sudetes below 1100 m a.s.l. However application
of more advanced method analysis showed a significant difference between these
communities. Abundance of Fagus sylvatica, Senecio ovatus, Rubus idaeus and
Melandrium rubrum in the second group of analyzed relevés is typical of other asso-
ciation which has not been known from Poland yet – Luzulo luzuloidis-Abietetum
Oberdorfer 1957. It suggest that the phytocoenoses classified so far in Poland as
Abieti-Piceetum montanum Szaf., Pawł. & Kulcz. 1923 em. J. Mat. 1978 should be
divided into two separate associations.
A distinctive feature of the Beskid Mały high-mountain forest belonging to
ass. Calamagrostio villosae-Piceetum occurrence of Homogyne alpina, Plagiotheci-
um undulatum, Sorbus aucuparia var. glabrata, Rumex alpestris, Athyrium distenti-
folium, Polygonum bistorta, Gentiana asclepiadea and the high abudance of Trien-
talis europaea, Polytrichum commune, Deschampsia caespitosa and Nardus stricta.
The area of Calamagrostio villosae-Piceeteum is restricted to the highest part of the
Sudetes and is well developed only in the Karkonosze Mts and the Śnieżnik Massif.
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